Potassium
Potassium Channels
Potassium Channel Blockers
Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying
Potassium Deficiency
Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated
Potassium Isotopes
Potassium Chloride
Shaker Superfamily of Potassium Channels
Kv1.3 Potassium Channel
Potassium Iodide
Potassium Radioisotopes
Sodium
Membrane Potentials
Kv1.2 Potassium Channel
Shaw Potassium Channels
Hypokalemia
Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated
Potassium Citrate
Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels
Potassium Channels, Tandem Pore Domain
KCNQ Potassium Channels
Delayed Rectifier Potassium Channels
Kv1.5 Potassium Channel
Kv1.4 Potassium Channel
Potassium Permanganate
Hyperkalemia
Shab Potassium Channels
Shal Potassium Channels
KCNQ2 Potassium Channel
Patch-Clamp Techniques
KCNQ3 Potassium Channel
Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels
Ion Channel Gating
Potassium Dichromate
4-Aminopyridine
Electrophysiology
G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channels
Rubidium
Small-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels
Calcium
Ouabain
Action Potentials
KATP Channels
Potassium Cyanide
Cesium
Barium
Biological Transport, Active
Potassium Acetate
Electrolytes
Ion Channels
Magnesium
Cromakalim
Charybdotoxin
Neurons
Adenosine Triphosphate
Intermediate-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Guinea Pigs
Pinacidil
Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channel alpha Subunits
Diazoxide
Oocytes
Aldosterone
Xenopus laevis
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Sulfonylurea Receptors
Scorpion Venoms
Cell Membrane Permeability
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Apamin
Antimony Potassium Tartrate
Water-Electrolyte Balance
Extracellular Space
Aminopyridines
Ion Transport
Osmolar Concentration
Xenopus
Elapid Venoms
Rubidium Radioisotopes
Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase
Lithium
Cations, Monovalent
Receptors, Drug
Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channel beta Subunits
Decapodiformes
Cell Membrane
Biological Transport
Molecular Sequence Data
Nicorandil
Rats, Wistar
Kidney
Cells, Cultured
Amino Acid Sequence
Rabbits
Sodium Isotopes
Anura
Sodium, Dietary
Dogs
Tetrodotoxin
Bicarbonates
Microelectrodes
Myocardium
Cation Transport Proteins
Kv Channel-Interacting Proteins
Quinidine
Potassium-Hydrogen Antiporters
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
Mollusca
Ions
Streptomyces lividans
Mutation
Furosemide
Kidney Tubules, Distal
Valinomycin
Long QT Syndrome
Acetylcholine
Cations
Spironolactone
Models, Biological
Anti-Arrhythmia Agents
Minoxidil
Muscle Contraction
Acid-Base Equilibrium
Hypertension
Rats, Inbred Strains
Erythrocytes
Bartter Syndrome
Triamterene
Tolbutamide
Vasodilation
Calcium Channel Blockers
Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis
Water
Tellurium
Norepinephrine
Diet, Sodium-Restricted
Isaacs Syndrome
Scorpions
Models, Molecular
Protein Subunits
CHO Cells
Strophanthins
Cricetinae
Protein Structure, Tertiary
Diuresis
Ion Exchange
Muscle, Smooth
ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters
Kidney Tubules
Sodium Channels
Renin
Heart Ventricles
Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors
Temperature
Homeostasis
Quinine
Acidosis
Muscarine
Binding Sites
Hippocampus
Myocardial uptake of digoxin in chronically digitalized dogs. (1/15898)
1 The time course of myocardial uptake of digoxin, increase in contractility and changes in myocardial potassium concentration was studied for 90 min following an intravenous digoxin dose to long-term digitalized dogs. 2 Nineteen dogs were investigated by the use of a biopsy technique which allowed sampling before and after administration of digoxin. 3 Ten minutes after administration of digoxin the myocardial concentration increased from 60 to 306 nmol/kg tissue, the myocardial concentration of digoxin was significantly lower (250 nmol/kg tissue) after 30 min and then increased again. 4 The transmural myocardial distribution of digoxin was uniform before and 90 min after administration of digoxin in long-term digitalized dogs but at 10 min after administration, both the subepicardial and the subendocardial concentration of digoxin were significantly lower than that of the mesocardial layer. 5 During the first 10 min the dp/dtmax increased to 135% of the control level. The increase remained unchanged during the rest of the study. 6 Myocardial potassium decreased throughout the study. 7 The M-configuration of the myocardial uptake curve and the non-uniformity of myocardial distribution of digoxin observed at 10 min after administrating digoxin to long-term digitalized dogs indicate that the distribution of myocardial blood flow may be changed during chronic digitalization. (+info)Automatic activity in depolarized guinea pig ventricular myocardium. Characteristics and mechanisms. (2/15898)
Membrane potential was changed uniformly in segments, 0.7-1.0 mm long, of guinea pig papillary muscles excised from the right ventricle by using extracellular polarizing current pulses applied across two electrically insulated cf preparations superfused with Tyrode's solution at maximum diastolic membrane potentials ranging from-35.2+/-7.5 (threshold) to +4.0+/-9.2 mV. The average maximum dV/dt of RAD ranged from 17.1 to 18.0 V/sec within a membrane potential range of -40 to +20 mV. Raising extracellular Ca2+ concentration [Ca2+]0 from 1.8 to 6.8 mM, or application of isoproterenol (10(-6)g/ml) enhanced the rate of RAD, but lowering [Ca2+]0 to 0.4 mM or exposure to MnCl2 (6 mM) abolished RAD. RAD were enhanced by lowering extracellular K+ concentration [K+]0 from 5.4 to 1.5 mM. RAD were suppressed in 40% of fibers by raising [K+]0 to 15.4 mM, and in all fibers by raising [K+]0 to 40.4 mM. This suppression was due to increased [K+]0 and not to K-induced depolarization because it persisted when membrane potential was held by means of a conditioning hyperpolarizing puled gradually after maximum repolarization. These observations suggest that the development of RAD in depolarized myocardium is associated with a time-dependent decrease in outward current (probably K current) and with increase in the background inward current, presumably flowing through the slow cha-nel carrying Ca or Na ions, or both. (+info)Acute and chronic dose-response relationships for angiotensin, aldosterone, and arterial pressure at varying levels of sodium intake. (3/15898)
We examined the acute and chronic dose-response relationships between intravenously infused angiotensin II (A II) and the resulting changes in arterial pressure and plasma aldosterone concentration at varying levels of sodium intake. Sequential analysis of plasma aldosterone at each A II infusion rate resulted in an acute dose-related increase in plasma aldosterone which was markedly attenuated after the first 24 hours of infusion, the final level being directly related to the dose of A II and inversely related to sodium intake. A II infused at 5,15, and 23 ng/kg per min was associated with an initial increase (2nd to 8th hour) in plasma aldosterone to 2,6, and 9 times control values, respectively, in dogs receiving 40 mEq Na+/day. But, after the 1st day, aldosterone averaged only 1, 1.7, and 3 times control values for the next 2 weeks at the same rates of A II infusion. Dogs receiving 120 mEq Na+/day during A II infusion exhibited only a transient increase in plasma aldosterone during the 1st day. Sustained hypertension developed over a period of a week at all doses of A II at normal and high sodium intake, but did not occur at any dose of A II in sodium-depleted dogs. Increasing sodium intake from 40 to 120 mEq/day resulted in higher levels of hypertension, 125% compared to 140% of ocntrol values for dogs infused with A II, 5.0 ng/kg per min. We conclude that primary angiotensin-induced hypertension need not be associated with increased levels of plasma aldosterone, which appears to remain elevated only with amounts of A II greater than those required to sustain a significant degree of hypertension. (+info)The optically determined size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool correlates with the quantal content at the neuromuscular junction of Drosophila larvae. (4/15898)
According to the current theory of synaptic transmission, the amplitude of evoked synaptic potentials correlates with the number of synaptic vesicles released at the presynaptic terminals. Synaptic vesicles in presynaptic boutons constitute two distinct pools, namely, exo/endo cycling and reserve pools (). We defined the vesicles that were endocytosed and exocytosed during high K+ stimulation as the exo/endo cycling vesicle pool. To determine the role of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool in synaptic transmission, we estimated the quantal content electrophysiologically, whereas the pool size was determined optically using fluorescent dye FM1-43. We then manipulated the size of the pool with following treatments. First, to change the state of boutons of nerve terminals, motoneuronal axons were severed. With this treatment, the size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool decreased together with the quantal content. Second, we promoted the FM1-43 uptake using cyclosporin A, which inhibits calcineurin activities and enhances endocytosis. Cyclosporin A increased the total uptake of FM1-43, but neither the size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool nor the quantal content changed. Third, we increased the size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool by forskolin, which enhances synaptic transmission. The forskolin treatment increased both the size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool and the quantal content. Thus, we found that the quantal content was closely correlated with the size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool but not necessarily with the total uptake of FM1-43 fluorescence by boutons. The results suggest that vesicles in the exo/endo cycling pool primarily participate in evoked exocytosis of vesicles. (+info)Ionic currents underlying spontaneous action potentials in isolated cerebellar Purkinje neurons. (5/15898)
Acutely dissociated cell bodies of mouse Purkinje neurons spontaneously fired action potentials at approximately 50 Hz (25 degrees C). To directly measure the ionic currents underlying spontaneous activity, we voltage-clamped the cells using prerecorded spontaneous action potentials (spike trains) as voltage commands and used ionic substitution and selective blockers to isolate individual currents. The largest current flowing during the interspike interval was tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium current (approximately -50 pA between -65 and -60 mV). Although the neurons had large voltage-dependent calcium currents, the net current blocked by cobalt substitution for calcium was outward at all times during spike trains. Thus, the electrical effect of calcium current is apparently dominated by rapidly activated calcium-dependent potassium currents. Under current clamp, all cells continued firing spontaneously (though approximately 30% more slowly) after block of T-type calcium current by mibefradil, and most cells continued to fire after block of all calcium current by cobalt substitution. Although the neurons possessed hyperpolarization-activated cation current (Ih), little current flowed during spike trains, and block by 1 mM cesium had no effect on firing frequency. The outward potassium currents underlying the repolarization of the spikes were completely blocked by 1 mM TEA. These currents deactivated quickly (<1 msec) after each spike. We conclude that the spontaneous firing of Purkinje neuron cell bodies depends mainly on tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium current flowing between spikes. The high firing rate is promoted by large potassium currents that repolarize the cell rapidly and deactivate quickly, thus preventing strong hyperpolarization and restoring a high input resistance for subsequent depolarization. (+info)Inducible genetic suppression of neuronal excitability. (6/15898)
Graded, reversible suppression of neuronal excitability represents a logical goal of therapy for epilepsy and intractable pain. To achieve such suppression, we have developed the means to transfer "electrical silencing" genes into neurons with sensitive control of transgene expression. An ecdysone-inducible promoter drives the expression of inwardly rectifying potassium channels in polycistronic adenoviral vectors. Infection of superior cervical ganglion neurons did not affect normal electrical activity but suppressed excitability after the induction of gene expression. These experiments demonstrate the feasibility of controlled ion channel expression after somatic gene transfer into neurons and serve as the prototype for a novel generalizable approach to modulate excitability. (+info)Identification of the Kv2.1 K+ channel as a major component of the delayed rectifier K+ current in rat hippocampal neurons. (7/15898)
Molecular cloning studies have revealed the existence of a large family of voltage-gated K+ channel genes expressed in mammalian brain. This molecular diversity underlies the vast repertoire of neuronal K+ channels that regulate action potential conduction and neurotransmitter release and that are essential to the control of neuronal excitability. However, the specific contribution of individual K+ channel gene products to these neuronal K+ currents is poorly understood. We have shown previously, using an antibody, "KC, " specific for the Kv2.1 K+ channel alpha-subunit, the high-level expression of Kv2.1 protein in hippocampal neurons in situ and in culture. Here we show that KC is a potent blocker of K+ currents expressed in cells transfected with the Kv2.1 cDNA, but not of currents expressed in cells transfected with other highly related K+ channel alpha-subunit cDNAs. KC also blocks the majority of the slowly inactivating outward current in cultured hippocampal neurons, although antibodies to two other K+ channel alpha-subunits known to be expressed in these cells did not exhibit blocking effects. In all cases the blocking effects of KC were eliminated by previous incubation with a recombinant fusion protein containing the KC antigenic sequence. Together these studies show that Kv2.1, which is expressed at high levels in most mammalian central neurons, is a major contributor to the delayed rectifier K+ current in hippocampal neurons and that the KC antibody is a powerful tool for the elucidation of the role of the Kv2.1 K+ channel in regulating neuronal excitability. (+info)Treating the syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion with isotonic saline. (8/15898)
It has been widely accepted that there is little use for saline treatment in the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of ADH (SIADH). However, having observed that most SIADH patients increased their plasma sodium (PNa) after 2 l isotonic saline over 24 h, we investigated whether urine osmolality or the sum of urinary sodium and potassium (UNa + K) predicted this response, in 17 consecutive patients with chronic SIADH. The initial measure of urinary sodium plus potassium (UNa + K t0) was weakly correlated to the change in PNa (DPNa) after infusion (r = -0.51; p < 0.05), while initial urine osmolality (UOSM t0) was a much better predictor (y = -0.024x + 12.90; r = -0.81; p < 0.001). The lack of predictive value for UNa + K t0 was probably because urine electrolyte concentrations were not maximal for the corresponding initial UOSM. This reflects differences in salt intake between the patients. The theoretical maximal value for UNa + K t0 (th max UNa + K t0) for a given USOM t0, was as good a predictor as UOSM t0 (th max UNa + K vs. DPNa: r = -0.81; p < 0.001). A theoretical model describing the effect of 2 l isotonic saline infusion on DPNa as a function of UNa + K, produced values comparable to those observed in our patients. Only 6/17 patients, those with UOSM > 530 mOsm/kg, had their hyponatraemia aggravated by 2 l isotonic saline. Many SIADH patients have lower UOSM; in most such patients, 2 l of isotonic saline will improve PNa. (+info)Causes of Potassium Deficiency:
There are several factors that can contribute to potassium deficiency, including:
1. Poor diet: A diet that is low in potassium-rich foods, such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, can lead to a deficiency.
2. Diarrhea and vomiting: These gastrointestinal issues can cause the body to lose excessive amounts of potassium, leading to a deficiency.
3. Certain medications: Diuretics, laxatives, and certain antibiotics can cause potassium loss in the urine or stool.
4. Kidney problems: Kidney disease or dysfunction can impair the body's ability to retain potassium, leading to a deficiency.
5. Hormonal imbalances: Certain hormonal imbalances, such as excessive production of aldosterone, can cause potassium loss and deficiency.
Symptoms of Potassium Deficiency:
The symptoms of potassium deficiency can vary in severity and may include:
1. Muscle weakness and cramping
2. Fatigue and lethargy
3. Heart palpitations and arrhythmias
4. Abnormal heart rhythms
5. Constipation
6. Nausea and vomiting
7. Headaches
8. Muscle twitching and spasms
9. Inability to regulate blood pressure
10. Decreased reflexes and response to stimuli
Diagnosis of Potassium Deficiency:
Potassium deficiency is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as:
1. Blood tests: Measurement of potassium levels in the blood can confirm a deficiency.
2. Urine tests: Measurement of potassium excretion in the urine can help identify excessive potassium loss.
3. Electrocardiogram (ECG): An ECG can detect abnormal heart rhythms and signs of potassium deficiency.
4. Physical examination: Signs such as muscle weakness, cramping, and twitching can indicate potassium deficiency.
Treatment of Potassium Deficiency:
The treatment of potassium deficiency typically involves correcting the underlying cause and supplementing with potassium salts. The goal is to restore normal potassium levels and prevent complications such as cardiac arrhythmias and muscle weakness. Treatment may include:
1. Dietary changes: Increasing potassium-rich foods such as bananas, avocados, and leafy greens can help restore normal potassium levels.
2. Potassium supplements: Oral or intravenous supplements can be used to replenish potassium stores.
3. Addressing underlying causes: Identifying and treating conditions such as diabetes, kidney disease, or excessive vomiting can help resolve the potassium deficiency.
4. Monitoring: Regular blood tests and electrocardiograms are necessary to monitor potassium levels and ensure that the treatment is effective.
In conclusion, potassium deficiency can have serious consequences if left untreated. It is important to be aware of the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for this condition. If you suspect you or someone you know may have a potassium deficiency, consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.
The normal range for potassium levels in the blood varies depending on age, gender, and other factors, but generally it is between 3.5 and 5.5 mEq/L (milliequivalents per liter).
Hypokalemia can be caused by a variety of factors such as diarrhea, vomiting, certain medications (diuretics, laxatives), kidney disease or malfunctioning of the parathyroid glands.
Causes of Hyperkalemia:
1. Kidney dysfunction: When the kidneys are not able to excrete excess potassium, it can build up in the bloodstream and lead to hyperkalemia.
2. Medications: Certain drugs, such as ACE inhibitors, potassium-sparing diuretics, and NSAIDs, can increase potassium levels by blocking the excretion of potassium in the urine.
3. Diabetic ketoacidosis: High levels of potassium can occur in people with uncontrolled diabetes who have diabetic ketoacidosis.
4. Acute kidney injury: This condition can cause a rapid increase in potassium levels as the kidneys are unable to remove excess potassium from the blood.
5. Heart disease: Potassium levels can rise in people with heart failure or other cardiac conditions, leading to hyperkalemia.
Symptoms of Hyperkalemia:
1. Muscle weakness and fatigue
2. Abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias)
3. Palpitations
4. Constipation
5. Nausea and vomiting
6. Abdominal cramps
7. Fatigue
8. Confusion
9. Headaches
10. Weakness in the legs and feet
Treatment of Hyperkalemia:
The treatment of hyperkalemia depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. Some of the common methods for lowering potassium levels include:
1. Diuretics: These medications help remove excess fluid and electrolytes, including potassium, from the body.
2. Calcium gluconate: This medication can help stabilize cardiac function and reduce the risk of arrhythmias.
3. Insulin and glucose: Giving insulin and glucose to someone with diabetic ketoacidosis can help lower potassium levels by increasing glucose uptake in the cells.
4. Hemodialysis: This is a process that uses a machine to filter waste products, including excess potassium, from the blood.
5. Potassium-binding resins: These medications can bind to potassium ions in the gut and prevent their absorption into the bloodstream.
6. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate): This medication can help lower potassium levels by binding to excess potassium in the gut and causing it to be eliminated in the stool.
7. Activated charcoal: This medication can help bind to potassium ions in the gut and prevent their absorption into the bloodstream.
In severe cases of hyperkalemia, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat the condition. In some instances, dialysis may be required to remove excess potassium from the blood. It is important to note that the treatment for hyperkalemia should only be done under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as some medications or procedures can worsen the condition if not properly managed.
The QT interval is a measure of the time it takes for the ventricles to recover from each heartbeat and prepare for the next one. In people with LQTS, this recovery time is prolonged, which can disrupt the normal rhythm of the heart and increase the risk of arrhythmias.
LQTS is caused by mutations in genes that encode proteins involved in the cardiac ion channels, which regulate the flow of ions into and out of the heart muscle cells. These mutations can affect the normal functioning of the ion channels, leading to abnormalities in the electrical activity of the heart.
Symptoms of LQTS can include palpitations, fainting spells, and seizures. In some cases, LQTS can be diagnosed based on a family history of the condition or after a sudden death in an otherwise healthy individual. Other tests, such as an electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram, and stress test, may also be used to confirm the diagnosis.
Treatment for LQTS typically involves medications that regulate the heart's rhythm and reduce the risk of arrhythmias. In some cases, an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) may be recommended to monitor the heart's activity and deliver an electric shock if a potentially life-threatening arrhythmia is detected. Lifestyle modifications, such as avoiding stimuli that trigger symptoms and taking precautions during exercise and stress, may also be recommended.
In summary, Long QT syndrome is a rare inherited disorder that affects the electrical activity of the heart, leading to an abnormal prolongation of the QT interval and an increased risk of irregular and potentially life-threatening heart rhythms. It is important for individuals with LQTS to be closely monitored by a healthcare provider and to take precautions to manage their condition and reduce the risk of complications.
There are two types of hypertension:
1. Primary Hypertension: This type of hypertension has no identifiable cause and is also known as essential hypertension. It accounts for about 90% of all cases of hypertension.
2. Secondary Hypertension: This type of hypertension is caused by an underlying medical condition or medication. It accounts for about 10% of all cases of hypertension.
Some common causes of secondary hypertension include:
* Kidney disease
* Adrenal gland disorders
* Hormonal imbalances
* Certain medications
* Sleep apnea
* Cocaine use
There are also several risk factors for hypertension, including:
* Age (the risk increases with age)
* Family history of hypertension
* Obesity
* Lack of exercise
* High sodium intake
* Low potassium intake
* Stress
Hypertension is often asymptomatic, and it can cause damage to the blood vessels and organs over time. Some potential complications of hypertension include:
* Heart disease (e.g., heart attacks, heart failure)
* Stroke
* Kidney disease (e.g., chronic kidney disease, end-stage renal disease)
* Vision loss (e.g., retinopathy)
* Peripheral artery disease
Hypertension is typically diagnosed through blood pressure readings taken over a period of time. Treatment for hypertension may include lifestyle changes (e.g., diet, exercise, stress management), medications, or a combination of both. The goal of treatment is to reduce the risk of complications and improve quality of life.
The main symptoms of Bartter Syndrome are:
* Low potassium levels (hypokalemia)
* High aldosterone levels (hyperaldosteronism)
* Normal blood pressure
* Increased urine production (polyuria)
* Dehydration
* Fatigue
Bartter Syndrome can be diagnosed with a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis. Treatment for the condition typically involves potassium supplements, dietary restrictions, and medications to control blood pressure and electrolyte levels. In severe cases, dialysis may be required.
The prognosis for Bartter Syndrome is generally good if the condition is properly managed. However, in some cases, the syndrome can progress to more severe forms of kidney disease, such as end-stage renal disease. With proper treatment and management, many individuals with Bartter Syndrome are able to lead normal lives and avoid complications.
The symptoms of hypokalemic periodic paralysis can vary in severity and may include:
* Muscle weakness or paralysis, typically affecting the legs but sometimes affecting the arms or face as well
* Muscle cramps and twitching
* Abnormal heart rhythms
* Weakness or paralysis of the respiratory muscles, which can lead to breathing difficulties
* Vision problems, such as blurred vision or double vision
* Dizziness and fainting
The exact cause of hypokalemic periodic paralysis is not known, but it is thought to be related to mutations in certain genes that affect the way potassium ions are regulated in the body. The disorder is usually diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis.
There is no cure for hypokalemic periodic paralysis, but treatment options may include:
* Potassium supplements to maintain normal potassium levels in the blood
* Medications to regulate heart rhythms and prevent abnormal heartbeats
* Physical therapy to improve muscle strength and function
* Avoiding triggers such as stress, certain medications, or changes in potassium levels
* In severe cases, a pacemaker may be implanted to regulate the heartbeat.
It is important to note that hypokalemic periodic paralysis can be a challenging disorder to manage and may have a significant impact on quality of life. However, with proper treatment and management, many individuals with this condition are able to lead active and fulfilling lives.
Word origin: Named after Dr. Martin Isaacs, a British neurologist who first described the condition in 1980.
Isaac's syndrome: A rare genetic disorder that affects the development of the nervous system. It is caused by mutations in the ISCA1 gene and is usually inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means that a single copy of the mutated gene is enough to cause the condition. The symptoms of Isaac's syndrome can vary in severity but may include intellectual disability, seizures, vision loss, and physical abnormalities such as joint deformities or growth delays. Treatment for Isaac's syndrome is focused on managing the symptoms and may include medication, therapy, and supportive care. With appropriate treatment and support, many individuals with Isaac's syndrome are able to lead fulfilling lives.
Word origin: Named after Dr. Martin Isaacs, a British neurologist who first described the condition in 1980.
There are several types of alkalosis, including:
1. Respiratory alkalosis: This type is caused by an excessive breathing of carbon dioxide into the lungs, which increases the bicarbonate levels in the blood.
2. Metabolic alkalosis: This type is caused by a decrease in the production of acid in the body, such as in diabetic ketoacidosis or liver disease.
3. Inherited alkalosis: This type is caused by inherited genetic disorders that affect the regulation of acid-base homeostasis.
4. Drug-induced alkalosis: Certain medications, such as antacids and diuretics, can increase bicarbonate levels in the blood.
5. Post-operative alkalosis: This type can occur after surgery, particularly gastrointestinal surgery, due to the release of bicarbonate from damaged tissues.
The symptoms of alkalosis can vary depending on the severity and duration of the condition. They may include:
* Nausea and vomiting
* Abdominal pain
* Headache
* Fatigue
* Muscle weakness
* Tingling sensations in the extremities
* Confusion and disorientation
If left untreated, alkalosis can lead to more severe complications such as:
* Respiratory acidosis (a decrease in blood pH due to a lack of oxygen)
* Cardiac arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats)
* Seizures
* Coma
Diagnosis of alkalosis is based on a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests. Laboratory tests may include:
* Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis to measure the pH and PCO2 levels in the blood
* Serum electrolyte levels to assess the levels of sodium, potassium, and chloride
* Urine testing to assess the levels of bicarbonate and other electrolytes
Treatment of alkalosis depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. General measures may include:
* Correction of any underlying metabolic disorders, such as diabetes or kidney disease
* Discontinuation of medications that may be contributing to the alkalosis
* Fluid and electrolyte replacement to correct dehydration or imbalances
* Oxygen therapy to treat respiratory acidosis
In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat the condition. In some cases, medications such as sodium bicarbonate may be prescribed to help restore acid-base balance. Surgery may be required in cases where the alkalosis is caused by a structural problem, such as a hiatal hernia.
Prognosis for alkalosis depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In general, early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes. However, untreated severe alkalosis can lead to complications such as seizures, coma, and cardiac arrhythmias.
Prevention of alkalosis involves identifying and treating underlying conditions that may contribute to the development of the condition. This includes managing chronic diseases such as diabetes and kidney disease, and avoiding medications that may cause alkalosis. Additionally, maintaining a balanced diet and staying hydrated can help prevent electrolyte imbalances that can lead to alkalosis.
In conclusion, alkalosis is a condition characterized by an excess of base in the body, which can lead to respiratory and metabolic disturbances. The diagnosis of alkalosis is based on a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition, and may include fluid and electrolyte replacement, medication, and addressing any underlying conditions. Early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes for patients with alkalosis.
There are several types of acidosis, including:
1. Respiratory acidosis: This occurs when the lung's ability to remove carbon dioxide from the blood is impaired, leading to an increase in blood acidity.
2. Metabolic acidosis: This type of acidosis occurs when there is an excessive production of acid in the body due to factors such as diabetes, starvation, or kidney disease.
3. Mixed acidosis: This type of acidosis is a combination of respiratory and metabolic acidosis.
4. Severe acute respiratory acidosis (SARA): This is a life-threatening condition that occurs suddenly, usually due to a severe lung injury or aspiration of a corrosive substance.
The symptoms of acidosis can vary depending on the type and severity of the condition. Common symptoms include:
1. Fatigue
2. Weakness
3. Confusion
4. Headaches
5. Nausea and vomiting
6. Abdominal pain
7. Difficulty breathing
8. Rapid heart rate
9. Muscle twitching
If left untreated, acidosis can lead to complications such as:
1. Kidney damage
2. Seizures
3. Coma
4. Heart arrhythmias
5. Respiratory failure
Treatment of acidosis depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. Some common treatments include:
1. Oxygen therapy
2. Medications to help regulate breathing and heart rate
3. Fluid and electrolyte replacement
4. Dietary changes
5. Surgery, in severe cases.
In conclusion, acidosis is a serious medical condition that can have severe consequences if left untreated. It is important to seek medical attention immediately if you suspect that you or someone else may have acidosis. With prompt and appropriate treatment, it is possible to effectively manage the condition and prevent complications.
Symptoms of hyperaldosteronism may include high blood pressure, low potassium levels, muscle weakness, and heart arrhythmias. Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause but may include medications to reduce aldosterone production, dietary modifications, and in some cases, surgery or radiation therapy.
It is important for individuals with hyperaldosteronism to receive regular monitoring and treatment from a healthcare provider to manage their condition effectively and prevent complications such as heart disease and stroke.
There are many different types of cardiac arrhythmias, including:
1. Tachycardias: These are fast heart rhythms that can be too fast for the body's needs. Examples include atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia.
2. Bradycardias: These are slow heart rhythms that can cause symptoms like fatigue, dizziness, and fainting. Examples include sinus bradycardia and heart block.
3. Premature beats: These are extra beats that occur before the next regular beat should come in. They can be benign but can also indicate an underlying arrhythmia.
4. Supraventricular arrhythmias: These are arrhythmias that originate above the ventricles, such as atrial fibrillation and paroxysmal atrial tachycardia.
5. Ventricular arrhythmias: These are arrhythmias that originate in the ventricles, such as ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.
Cardiac arrhythmias can be diagnosed through a variety of tests including electrocardiograms (ECGs), stress tests, and holter monitors. Treatment options for cardiac arrhythmias vary depending on the type and severity of the condition and may include medications, cardioversion, catheter ablation, or implantable devices like pacemakers or defibrillators.
There are several types of RTA, including:
1. Type 1 RTA: This is caused by a defect in the genes that code for the proteins involved in acid secretion in the renal tubules.
2. Type 2 RTA: This is caused by damage to the renal tubules, such as from exposure to certain drugs or toxins.
3. Type 4 RTA: This is caused by a deficiency of the hormone aldosterone, which helps regulate electrolyte levels in the body.
Symptoms of RTA can include:
* Nausea and vomiting
* Abdominal pain
* Fatigue
* Weakness
* Dehydration
* Increased heart rate
* Decreased urine production
RTA can be diagnosed through blood tests that measure the pH levels in the body, as well as tests that assess kidney function and electrolyte levels. Treatment for RTA typically involves correcting any underlying causes, such as stopping certain medications or addressing electrolyte imbalances. In some cases, medications may be prescribed to help regulate acid levels in the body.
Prevention of RTA includes maintaining proper hydration, avoiding exposure to harmful substances, and managing any underlying medical conditions that may increase the risk of developing RTA. Early detection and treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes for individuals with RTA.
The symptoms of limbic encephalitis can vary depending on the severity of the inflammation and the specific areas of the brain affected. Common symptoms include:
* Memory loss and confusion
* Seizures
* Vision problems
* Speech difficulties
* Emotional changes, such as anxiety or depression
* Behavioral changes, such as aggression or apathy
* Personality changes
The exact cause of limbic encephalitis is not fully understood, but it is believed to be an autoimmune response, where the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in the brain. In some cases, the condition may be triggered by a viral or bacterial infection, and in others, it may be associated with certain medical conditions, such as multiple sclerosis or lupus.
There is no cure for limbic encephalitis, but treatment options are available to manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These may include:
* Medications to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system
* Anticonvulsants to prevent seizures
* Cognitive rehabilitation to improve memory and other cognitive functions
* Behavioral therapy to manage emotional and behavioral changes
The prognosis for limbic encephalitis varies depending on the severity of the inflammation and the specific areas of the brain affected. In some cases, the condition may resolve on its own over time, while in others, it may result in long-term cognitive and behavioral impairments.
There is currently no way to prevent limbic encephalitis, but early diagnosis and treatment can help manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. Researchers are continuing to study the condition to better understand its causes and develop more effective treatments.
The exact cause of benign neonatal epilepsy is not well understood, but it is thought to be related to abnormalities in the developing brain that occur before birth. Some cases may be associated with genetic mutations or other medical conditions, such as brain injuries or infections.
The symptoms of benign neonatal epilepsy can vary depending on the individual baby, but may include:
* Recurrent seizures, which can be described as stiffness, tremors, or jerky movements of the arms and legs
* Loss of consciousness or confusion during the seizure
* Changes in breathing or heart rate during the seizure
* Increased muscle tone or rigidity
* Increased sensitivity to light, sound, or touch
* Poor feeding or vomiting during the seizure
Benign neonatal epilepsy is usually diagnosed based on a combination of clinical features and diagnostic tests such as electroencephalography (EEG) or imaging studies. The condition typically resolves on its own within a few weeks to months after birth, but in some cases may persist longer.
Treatment for benign neonatal epilepsy is typically focused on managing the seizures and supporting the baby's overall health and development. This may include anticonvulsant medications, changes in feeding or sleep routines, and other supportive measures such as physical therapy or specialized care for any associated medical conditions. In rare cases, surgery may be recommended to remove the area of the brain that is causing the seizures.
The prognosis for babies with benign neonatal epilepsy is generally good, and most will outgrow the condition without any long-term effects. However, some may experience ongoing seizures or developmental delays, and may require ongoing medical care and support. It is important for parents and caregivers to work closely with their baby's healthcare team to monitor their progress and adjust treatment as needed.
There are several possible causes of hypoaldosteronism, including:
1. Adrenal gland disorders: Damage to the adrenal glands, such as from injury or infection, can lead to a decrease in aldosterone production.
2. Genetic mutations: Some people may be born with genetic mutations that affect the production of aldosterone.
3. Autoimmune disorders: In some cases, the immune system may attack the adrenal glands and disrupt aldosterone production.
4. Medications: Certain medications, such as steroids and diuretics, can suppress the production of aldosterone.
5. Primary aldosteronism: This is a condition where the adrenal glands produce too much aldosterone, leading to an imbalance in electrolytes and fluids.
Treatment for hypoaldosteronism will depend on the underlying cause of the condition. In some cases, medications such as salt substitutes or diuretics may be prescribed to help manage symptoms. In other cases, hormone replacement therapy may be necessary to replace the missing aldosterone.
It is important to note that hypoaldosteronism can lead to more serious complications if left untreated, such as dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and heart arrhythmias. If you suspect you may have hypoaldosteronism, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.
Body weight is an important health indicator, as it can affect an individual's risk for certain medical conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Maintaining a healthy body weight is essential for overall health and well-being, and there are many ways to do so, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and other lifestyle changes.
There are several ways to measure body weight, including:
1. Scale: This is the most common method of measuring body weight, and it involves standing on a scale that displays the individual's weight in kg or lb.
2. Body fat calipers: These are used to measure body fat percentage by pinching the skin at specific points on the body.
3. Skinfold measurements: This method involves measuring the thickness of the skin folds at specific points on the body to estimate body fat percentage.
4. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA): This is a non-invasive method that uses electrical impulses to measure body fat percentage.
5. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA): This is a more accurate method of measuring body composition, including bone density and body fat percentage.
It's important to note that body weight can fluctuate throughout the day due to factors such as water retention, so it's best to measure body weight at the same time each day for the most accurate results. Additionally, it's important to use a reliable scale or measuring tool to ensure accurate measurements.
Potassium
Potassium ferrooxalate
Potassium ferrocyanide
Potassium aluminate
Potassium citrate
Potassium polonide
Potassium trispyrazolylborate
Potassium carbonate
Potassium phthalimide
Potassium phosphate
Potassium azodicarboxylate
Potassium propanoate
Oxprenoate potassium
Potassium nitrate
Potassium hydride
Potassium salicylate
Potassium bisulfite
Potassium arsenite
Potassium benzoate
Potassium thiocyanate
Potassium phosphide
Potassium sorbate
Potassium polyacrylate
Potassium selenocyanate
Potassium argentocyanide
Potassium ferrioxalate
Potassium iodate
Potassium ferricyanide
Potassium fluorosilicate
Potassium dithionite
Potassium Iodide (KI) | Radiation Emergencies | NCEH | CDC
Sodium, Potassium and Health
DailyMed - DICLOFENAC POTASSIUM tablet, film coated
Potassium Test - Testing.com
Potassium: MedlinePlus
Potassium Salt Outperforms Precious Metals As a Catalyst
|
www.caltech.edu
CMP Pharma's Potassium Phosphates Injection Receives FDA Shelf Life Extension for Specific Lots
Potassium-Sparing Diuretics - Health Library
Vitacost Potassium Citrate Dietary Supplement 99mg, 180 ct - Ralphs
Postal Service Decision to Issue Potassium Iodide Highlights Nuclear Risks - Public Citizen
Potassium Carbonate Dihydrate - Tech-FAQ
Reflectoquant® Potassium Test
ITC Vote: Duties Will Continue for Potassium Permanganate from China; September 20,
2010
Browsing by Subject "Potassium"
Sample of the element Potassium in the Periodic Table
Potassium Permanganate<...
Solgar Potassium Tablets - 100
PRIME PubMed | A study of the preparation and reactivity of potassium ferrate
Chemical Database: Sodium nitrite and Potassium nitrate mixture (EnvironmentalChemistry.com)
Top Foods High in Potassium
Potassium-Hydrogen Antiporters | Harvard Catalyst Profiles | Harvard Catalyst
Bananas - High in Potassium and Low in Sodium
Alio Becomes World's First Non-invasive Potassium Monitor
Potassium Iodide radiation protection tablets now available at the Natural News Store - NaturalNews.com
MOSSBAUER STUDY OF MAGNETIC STATES OF POTASSIUM IRON FLUORIDE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR RUBIDIUM IRON FLUORIDE. - Nokia Bell Labs
6 Ways to Control Potassium Levels to Manage Renal Disease
Early-Onset Epileptic Encephalopathy Caused by Gain-of-Function Mutations in the Voltage Sensor of Kv7.2 and Kv7.3 Potassium...
Continuing ACE Inhibitors Despite Potassium Change Can Have Benefits - Renal and Urology News
Analysis of Aluminum Potassium Sulfate-Classic Lab Kit for AP® Chemistry | Flinn Scientific
Sodium12
- Potassium and sodium are electrolytes that help your body function normally by maintaining fluid and blood volume. (cdc.gov)
- However, consuming too little potassium and too much sodium can raise your blood pressure. (cdc.gov)
- Most Americans eat too little potassium and too much sodium. (cdc.gov)
- You can find potassium and sodium content, and percent Daily Values (%DV) on Nutrition Facts Labels for packaged foods. (cdc.gov)
- Blood levels of potassium are frequently measured in a panel test along with other electrolytes, including sodium , chloride , and bicarbonate . (testing.com)
- Like sodium and chloride, potassium is an electrolyte, meaning it takes on a positive or negative charge when dissolved in fluids. (ralphs.com)
- It's scrap potassium from my anonymous sodium supplier, carefully cut up under oil to reveal shiny surfaces. (theodoregray.com)
- Bananas are high in potassium and low in sodium, making them a heart-healthy fruit. (professorshouse.com)
- potassium iodide will decrease the level or effect of sodium iodide I-131 by Other (see comment). (medscape.com)
- BP was measured in triplicate and 24 h urine was collected for the determination of urinary sodium (Na), potassium (K), creatinine (Cr) and iodine levels. (bvsalud.org)
- Dietary sodium to potassium (Na K) ratios above 2 mmol/mmol were positively associated with increasing BP with age. (bvsalud.org)
- Most of patients with falciparum malaria also have significantly high serum concentrations of urea, creatinine, sodium and potassium showing alteration in kidney function. (who.int)
Iodide14
- Potassium iodide (KI) is a type of iodine that is not radioactive and can be used to help block one type of radioactive material, radioactive iodine (I-131), from being absorbed by the thyroid. (cdc.gov)
- Public Citizen applauds the recent decision of the United States Postal Service to provide all of its employees with potassium iodide (KI) pills as a protective measure in the event of a radiological release, be it a terrorist attack or a disastrous accident. (citizen.org)
- NaturalNews) No emergency preparedness kit is complete without potassium iodide (KI) to protect every family member from radiation. (naturalnews.com)
- In a world where a Fukushima-style disaster could happen any day, potassium iodide is an FDA-approved supplement that's scientifically proven to help protect your body from radiation . (naturalnews.com)
- Specifically, if potassium iodide is taken before exposure to a large-scale radiation event (or radioactive fallout), it will prevent radioactive isotopes from concentrating in the thyroid gland and "burning out" the thyroid (which usually leads to thyroid cancer). (naturalnews.com)
- We've selected the IOSAT brand of potassium iodide because it is approved by the FDA and manufactured under rigorous quality controls. (naturalnews.com)
- Each package of the IOSAT brand potassium iodide delivers 14 tablets, each with 130mg of potassium iodide. (naturalnews.com)
- The Natural News Store sells only freshly-acquired potassium iodide that we purchased directly from the manufacturer. (naturalnews.com)
- The "blister strip" format of these IOSAT potassium iodide tablets makes them super easy to carry . (naturalnews.com)
- This means one package of IOSAT potassium iodide covers two adults for one week, or four adults for roughly half a week. (naturalnews.com)
- potassium iodide and amiloride both increase serum potassium. (medscape.com)
- potassium iodide and aspirin both increase serum potassium. (medscape.com)
- potassium iodide and azilsartan both increase serum potassium. (medscape.com)
- potassium iodide and celecoxib both increase serum potassium. (medscape.com)
Amount of potassium4
- Most potassium tests measure the amount of potassium in the liquid portion of your blood (serum or plasma), but a urine potassium test is also used in some situations. (testing.com)
- Do not exceed the maximum daily amount of potassium or the recommended infusion rate. (prnewswire.com)
- Your kidneys help to keep the right amount of potassium in your body. (medlineplus.gov)
- You may need a special diet to lower the amount of potassium that you eat. (medlineplus.gov)
Bananas2
- Some good sources of potassium include bananas, oranges and melons, cooked spinach and broccoli, and potatoes and sweet potatoes. (cdc.gov)
- Potassium is a mineral found in foods such as bananas, orange juice and potatoes. (ralphs.com)
Creatinine3
- In some urine potassium tests, creatinine is measured along with potassium. (testing.com)
- Simultaneous measuring urine creatinine normalizes the potassium excretion, independent of how many fluids you consume before the test and how diluted your urine is, without having to do a full 24-hour urine collection. (testing.com)
- Blood samples were collected for all subjects enrolled in the study and subjected to analysis including complete blood count (CBC) using five parts cell counter and renal function test (RFT), including urea, creatinine using dry chemistry, and potassium using direct ion-selective electrode method. (who.int)
Foods High in Potassium3
- Avoid or limit foods high in potassium . (magickitchen.com)
- Eat a variety of foods in moderation, but avoid foods high in potassium. (magickitchen.com)
- If you do eat foods high in potassium, leach them first. (magickitchen.com)
Intake5
- Increasing potassium intake can help decrease your blood pressure if you have high blood pressure. (cdc.gov)
- By lowering blood pressure, increasing potassium intake can also reduce your risk for heart disease and stroke. (cdc.gov)
- Evidence suggests potassium intake plays an important role in helping to maintain blood pressure levels already within normal range. (ralphs.com)
- Certain people need to watch their potassium intake, such as those with kidney issues or taking certain medicines. (medlineplus.gov)
- Salt and potassium intake among adult Ghanaians: WHO-SAGE Ghana Wave 3. (bvsalud.org)
Ions3
- Potassium citrate is a form of potassium in which potassium ions are bonded to citric acid. (ralphs.com)
- The Reflectoquant® Potassium test includes test strips and all necessary additional reagents and is used used for the determination of potassium ions in drinking water and mineral water, industrial water, wastewater, beverages and soils after sample pretreatment. (thomassci.com)
- Membrane proteins that allow the exchange of hydrogen ions for potassium ions across the cellular membrane. (harvard.edu)
Serum8
- A potassium test measures the amount of the mineral in a blood (serum or plasma) or urine sample. (testing.com)
- Continuation of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor therapy is associated with better clinical outcomes, despite early fluctuation in serum potassium, according to investigators. (renalandurologynews.com)
- Using the serum potassium value at 3 weeks after ACE inhibitor initiation, investigators classified patients into hyperkalemia (5.0 mEq/L or higher in 5.6%), normokalemia (93.2%), and hypokalemia (less than 3.5 mEq/L in 1.0%) groups. (renalandurologynews.com)
- Effect magnitude did not differ significantly by serum potassium subgroup. (renalandurologynews.com)
- The relationship between the serum potassium level and symptoms is not consistent. (medscape.com)
- Widened QRS complexes in a patient whose serum potassium level was 7.8 mEq/L. (medscape.com)
- Incidence, characteristics and outcomes among inpatient, outpatient and emergency department with reported high critical serum potassium values. (medscape.com)
- Short-term mortality risk of serum potassium levels in acute heart failure following myocardial infarction. (medscape.com)
Chloride3
- Electrolysis produces potassium carbonate in commercial quantities by running an electrical current through potassium chloride. (tech-faq.com)
- Potassium carbonate is a suitable replacement for calcium chloride and magnesium sulfate when used as a drying agent in the lab. (tech-faq.com)
- ECG of a patient with pretreatment potassium level of 7.8 mEq/L and widened QRS complexes after receiving 1 ampule of calcium chloride. (medscape.com)
Kidneys6
- Potassium is predominantly present inside cells throughout the body, and its level in the liquid portion of blood is regulated by the kidneys. (testing.com)
- Because the kidneys are centrally involved in regulating potassium levels, a potassium test is often used to help evaluate the status of your kidneys. (testing.com)
- Repeat testing of potassium alone or in a panel can also be part of the ongoing evaluation of the kidneys or cardiovascular system. (testing.com)
- Under normal circumstances, your body absorbs and stores the potassium it needs, and the kidneys primarily remove any excess through urine. (testing.com)
- Potassium-sparing diuretics cause the kidneys to hold potassium in the body. (epnet.com)
- If you have chronic kidney disease , your kidneys may not remove extra potassium from the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
Citrate3
- What is Potassium Citrate? (ralphs.com)
- What are the key benefits of Vitacost® Potassium Citrate? (ralphs.com)
- Potassium citrate supports a healthy acid/alkaline balance in the body, which is important to kidney health. (ralphs.com)
Take potassium3
- When you are taking these medications you generally should not take potassium supplements because your potassium levels might rise too high. (epnet.com)
- If you are taking such a combination medication, do not take potassium except on the advice of your physician. (epnet.com)
- 1 This is a potential concern for individuals who take potassium-sparing diuretics. (epnet.com)
Extra potassium1
- But extra potassium may not be right for everyone. (medlineplus.gov)
Renal3
- Potassium can be measured individually, but it is often included in broader tests such as an electrolyte, renal, or basic or comprehensive metabolic panel. (testing.com)
- Increased risk in patients with renal impairment, severe adrenal insufficiency, or treated with drugs that increase potassium. (prnewswire.com)
- One nutrient that you need to regulate when you have renal disease is potassium. (magickitchen.com)
Diuretics6
- This family of diuretics was invented to avoid the potassium loss common with loop and thiazide diuretics. (epnet.com)
- Potassium-sparing diuretics include drugs such as amiloride hydrochloride (Midamor), spironolactone (Aldactone), and triamterene (Dyrenium), among others. (epnet.com)
- Treatments that combine thiazide diuretics (which cause potassium loss) and potassium-sparing diuretics can affect potassium levels unpredictably. (epnet.com)
- On this basis, it might not be advisable to combine white willow with potassium-sparing diuretics. (epnet.com)
- Can Diuretics Decrease Your Potassium Level? (medlineplus.gov)
- Potassium salts may increase the hyperkalemic effects of potassium-sparing diuretics. (medscape.com)
Amiloride2
Sulfate4
- With the Analysis of Aluminum Potassium Sulfate Classic Lab Kit for AP ® Chemistry, students analyze aluminum potassium sulfate using different techniques to determine its exact composition and gain experience in gravimetric determination. (flinnsci.com)
- Students analyze aluminum potassium sulfate (alum) using three techniques to determine its exact composition. (flinnsci.com)
- Analysis of Aluminum Potassium Sulfate Inquiry Guidance & AP ® Chemistry Curriculum Alignment Transition Guide available! (flinnsci.com)
- contradiction in the mechanism of action of alum, we evaluated the in vivo effect of Alum (aluminium potassium sulfate) is a alum in terms of collagen-induced platelet food additive and traditional remedy used to aggregation and bleeding time. (who.int)
Tablets6
- Diclofenac potassium tablets USP are a benzeneacetic acid derivative. (nih.gov)
- Diclofenac potassium tablets USP, 50 mg are available as orange, film-coated tablets for oral administration. (nih.gov)
- Diclofenac potassium tablets are a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that exhibits anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities in animal models. (nih.gov)
- The mechanism of action of diclofenac potassium tablets, like that of other NSAIDs, is not completely understood but may be related to prostaglandin synthetase inhibition. (nih.gov)
- In some fasting volunteers, measurable plasma levels are observed within 10 minutes of dosing with diclofenac potassium tablets. (nih.gov)
- Potassium Tablets is one of Solgar's premium-quality mineral products. (health4youonline.com)
Hyperkalemia2
- ECG findings generally correlate with the potassium level, but potentially life-threatening arrhythmias can occur without distinct ECG changes at almost any level of hyperkalemia. (medscape.com)
- Viera AJ, Wouk N. Potassium Disorders: Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia. (medscape.com)
Calcium1
- By sparing calcium from excessive loss, potassium may play a vital part in maintaining healthy bone density. (ralphs.com)
Chlorine1
- chlorine and potassium (from the flux added before soldering), and sulfur and silicon, indicating that these elements were integral to the soldering process. (cdc.gov)
Anhydrous1
- Potassium carbonate is used to maintain the anhydrous (without water) conditions possible when used in a way that will not react with other reactants or any products that are formed from the processing of said reactants. (tech-faq.com)
Byproduct1
- The process creates a byproduct of potassium hydroxide, which is then mixed with carbon dioxide to produce potassium carbonate and water. (tech-faq.com)
Electrolyte3
- A proper electrolyte balance is vital for maintaining fluid levels, acid-base balance, and overall health, so regular monitoring of potassium and other electrolytes is frequently done in these settings. (testing.com)
- Potassium carbonate dihydrate is a suitable electrolyte replacement when used in generators and other devices that run on the electrolyte solution processes. (tech-faq.com)
- In the nuclear fusion field, potassium carbonate can be formed into an electrolyte that aids in cold fusion experiments. (tech-faq.com)
Salt2
- And it turns out that the potassium salt is more effective than state-of-the-art precious metal complexes at running very challenging chemical reactions. (caltech.edu)
- Salt from potassium carbonate and water from the dihydrate are mixed into a deliquescent (wet salt). (tech-faq.com)
Mineral found1
- Potassium is a mineral found throughout your body that is essential to your health. (testing.com)
Adults1
- CMP Pharma's Potassium Phosphates Injection is appropriate for pediatric patients 12 years of age and older who weigh at least 40 kg and adults weighing at least 45 kg. (prnewswire.com)
Muscles4
- Without potassium, the heart and other muscles cannot function. (testing.com)
- And your muscles need potassium to help you move and lift things. (magickitchen.com)
- But when potassium levels get too high, you could have a heart attack, or you might feel weakness, numbness, or tingling in your muscles. (magickitchen.com)
- Potassium is a mineral in your body that helps your nerves and muscles work. (medlineplus.gov)
High6
- If potassium levels are too high or too low, it can cause numerous symptoms and health risks, and can be life-threatening. (testing.com)
- High or low potassium levels can cause multiple types of symptoms, which can prompt potassium testing. (testing.com)
- With potassium testing, screening is most common in people who have a higher risk for kidney or cardiovascular disease, such as those with diabetes or high blood pressure. (testing.com)
- Based on experience with intravenous arginine, it is possible that the use of high-dose oral arginine might alter potassium levels in the body, especially in people with severe liver disease. (epnet.com)
- Potassium carbonate can be used in extinguishers to out high heat flame fires (such as oil fires and other types of class B fires). (tech-faq.com)
- It was found that potassium ferrate solution had a maximum stability at pH 9-10 and that ferrate solution at low concentration (0.25 mM) was more stable than at high concentration (0.51 mM). (unboundmedicine.com)
Diagnosis2
- Whether potassium is tested alone or as part of a panel, it can be part of diagnosis, monitoring, or screening evaluation. (testing.com)
- For diagnosis, a potassium blood test is usually performed if you have symptoms that could be related to an abnormal potassium level. (testing.com)
Dietary supplements1
- Some people also obtain potassium from dietary supplements. (testing.com)
Patients4
- For example, patients with a chronically elevated potassium level may be asymptomatic at much higher levels than other patients. (medscape.com)
- undertaken from July 15th, 2017 to March 15th, 2018.The multicentrique de cohorte prospective a inclus des Glasgow Coma Scale helped to determine the severety of the patients consécutifs admis en phase aiguë d AVC, disease at admission. (who.int)
- More than half of critically des patients avec AVC en phase aiguë présentent ill patients exhibit admission hyperglycemia with age, severity of stroke and known diabetes as its main associated principaux facteurs de risque a risk factors. (who.int)
- Ces résultats semblent indiquer que l'utilisation de l'alun en tant qu'antiplaquettaire oral pourrait faire l'objet d'études complémentaires, en tenant compte des effets secondaires éventuels notamment chez les patients dont la fonction rénale est altérée. (who.int)
Hydrogen3
- Potassium-Hydrogen Antiporters" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Potassium-Hydrogen Antiporters" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Potassium-Hydrogen Antiporters" was a major or minor topic of these publication. (harvard.edu)
- Below are the most recent publications written about "Potassium-Hydrogen Antiporters" by people in Profiles. (harvard.edu)
Specimens2
- The organic drying phase can be done with the potassium carbonate to carefully remove small traces of acidic impurities for better preservation of dried specimens. (tech-faq.com)
- The specimens were digested with potassium-hydroxide. (cdc.gov)
Regulate1
- Potassium helps regulate the body''s fluid levels. (ralphs.com)
Found4
- Potassium, an essential nutrient found throughout the body, is necessary for healthy cell activity. (testing.com)
- Instead, the new technique uses as a catalyst a cheap, abundant chemical that is commonly found in chemistry labs around the world-potassium tert-butoxide-to help create a host of products ranging from new medicines to advanced materials. (caltech.edu)
- In 1742, Antonio Campanella discovered potassium carbonate and found it to be the primary component of potash. (tech-faq.com)
- The characteristics of solid potassium ferrate were investigated and from XRD spectra it was found that samples of the solid have a tetrahedral structure with a space group of D(2h) (Pnma) and a=7.705A, b=5.863A, and c=10.36A. The aqueous stability of potassium ferrate at various pH values and different concentrations was investigated. (unboundmedicine.com)
Levels4
- These tests can determine whether you have normal levels of potassium. (testing.com)
- It is involved in the electric signal functioning of the heart muscle, so potassium levels are frequently checked if you have heart-related symptoms. (testing.com)
- When treatment is given for abnormal potassium levels, repeat testing can indicate how well that treatment is working. (testing.com)
- The rapidity of change in the potassium level influences the symptoms observed at various potassium levels. (medscape.com)
Chemistry3
- We have shown for the first time that you can efficiently make carbon-silicon bonds with a safe and inexpensive catalyst based on potassium rather than ultrarare precious metals like platinum, palladium, and iridium,' says Anton Toutov, a graduate student working in the laboratory of Bob Grubbs , Caltech's Victor and Elizabeth Atkins Professor of Chemistry. (caltech.edu)
- Coauthor Brian Stoltz , professor of chemistry at Caltech, says the reason for this strong response is that while the chemistry the catalyst drives is challenging, potassium tert-butoxide is so seemingly simple. (caltech.edu)
- To be able to do this type of reaction, which is one of the most-studied problems in the world of chemistry, with potassium tert-butoxide-a material that's not precious-metal based but still catalytically active-was a total shocker,' Stoltz says. (caltech.edu)
Body2
- In this way, a potassium measurement can detect disruptions to how the body stores, uses, and excretes potassium. (testing.com)
- Potassium is a mineral that your body needs to work properly. (medlineplus.gov)
Characteristic1
- I could have worked harder to prevent this, but actually the blue cast is somewhat attractive in the photographs, and it is quite characteristic of the early stages of potassium oxidation. (theodoregray.com)
Evidence1
- A recent study provides early evidence that increased potassium may help prevent hardening of the arteries, which contributes to serious heart-related conditions. (medlineplus.gov)
Tablet1
- Each tablet, for oral administration, contains 50 mg of diclofenac potassium. (nih.gov)
Influences1
- The action of these antiporters influences intracellular pH and potassium ion homeostasis. (harvard.edu)
People2
- Many people get all the potassium they need from what they eat and drink. (medlineplus.gov)
- For most people, natural foods rich in potassium are safe and part of a healthy diet. (medlineplus.gov)
Plays an important role1
- Potassium also plays an important role in healthy heart function. (testing.com)
Heart2
- Potassium is extremely important for the normal fluid balance on cell walls and extremely important for all sports and heart function. (myfit.ca)
- You need potassium to keep your heart beating properly. (magickitchen.com)
Clinical1
- Tests that measure potassium have multiple applications in clinical medicine. (testing.com)
Level2
- Some medicines also can raise your potassium level. (medlineplus.gov)
- ECG changes have a sequential progression of effects, which roughly correlate with the potassium level. (medscape.com)
Commonly1
- Potassium carbonate is still commonly used as a baking ingredient in thick breads such as gingerbread. (tech-faq.com)
Helps1
- A diet rich in potassium helps to offset some of sodium's harmful effects on blood pressure. (medlineplus.gov)