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PotassiumPotassium ChannelsPotassium Channel BlockersPotassium Channels, Inwardly RectifyingPotassium, DietaryPotassium DeficiencyPotassium Channels, Voltage-GatedPotassium CompoundsPotassium IsotopesPotassium ChlorideShaker Superfamily of Potassium ChannelsKv1.3 Potassium ChannelPotassium IodidePotassium RadioisotopesSodiumMembrane PotentialsKv1.2 Potassium ChannelShaw Potassium ChannelsKCNQ1 Potassium ChannelHypokalemiaPotassium Channels, Calcium-ActivatedPotassium CitrateEther-A-Go-Go Potassium ChannelsPotassium Channels, Tandem Pore DomainKCNQ Potassium ChannelsDelayed Rectifier Potassium ChannelsKv1.5 Potassium ChannelKv1.4 Potassium ChannelPotassium PermanganateHyperkalemiaShab Potassium ChannelsShal Potassium ChannelsTetraethylammoniumKCNQ2 Potassium ChannelPatch-Clamp TechniquesKCNQ3 Potassium ChannelLarge-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium ChannelsIon Channel GatingPotassium Dichromate4-AminopyridineTetraethylammonium CompoundsElectric ConductivityElectrophysiologyG Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium ChannelsRubidiumSmall-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium ChannelsCalciumGlyburideOuabainAction PotentialsChloridesKATP ChannelsBarium CompoundsPotassium CyanideCesiumBariumBiological Transport, ActivePotassium AcetateElectrolytesKineticsIon ChannelsBoratesMagnesiumCromakalimCharybdotoxinNeuronsAdenosine TriphosphateIntermediate-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium ChannelsHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationGuinea PigsPinacidilLarge-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channel alpha SubunitsDiazoxideOocytesAldosteroneXenopus laevisDose-Response Relationship, DrugSulfonylurea ReceptorsTime FactorsScorpion VenomsCell Membrane PermeabilityRats, Sprague-DawleyApaminAntimony Potassium TartrateWater-Electrolyte BalanceExtracellular SpaceAminopyridinesIon TransportOsmolar ConcentrationXenopusBenzopyransElapid VenomsRubidium RadioisotopesSodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPaseLithiumCations, MonovalentReceptors, DrugDiureticsLarge-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channel beta SubunitsSodium ChlorideDecapodiformesCell MembraneBiological TransportMolecular Sequence DataNicorandilRats, WistarKidneyCells, CulturedElectric StimulationAmino Acid SequenceDecanoic AcidsRabbitsBromatesHydroxy AcidsSodium IsotopesAnuraSodium, DietaryDogsTetrodotoxinBicarbonatesMicroelectrodesMyocardiumCation Transport ProteinsKv Channel-Interacting ProteinsQuinidineBlood PressurePotassium-Hydrogen AntiportersQuaternary Ammonium CompoundsMolluscaHeartIonsCanrenoic AcidStreptomyces lividansWhole-Body CountingMutationFurosemideVasodilator AgentsPicolinesMusclesKidney Tubules, DistalValinomycinLong QT SyndromeAcetylcholineCationsSpironolactonePhenylenediaminesModels, BiologicalAxonsAnti-Arrhythmia AgentsPhotometryMinoxidilMuscle ContractionAcid-Base EquilibriumHypertensionRats, Inbred StrainsBody WaterErythrocytesBartter SyndromeTriamtereneTolbutamideVasodilationCalcium Channel BlockersHypokalemic Periodic ParalysisWaterMuscle, Smooth, VascularTelluriumNorepinephrinePhosphatesPerfusionDiet, Sodium-RestrictedIsaacs SyndromeScorpionsModels, MolecularDietProtein SubunitsAlkalosisCHO CellsStrophanthinsCricetinaeCell LineFludrocortisoneProtein Structure, TertiaryDiuresisIon ExchangeMuscle, SmoothATP-Binding Cassette TransportersKidney TubulesNeurilemmaSodium ChannelsReninHeart VentriclesNatriuresisSodium Chloride Symporter InhibitorsTemperatureHomeostasisQuinineAcidosisHeart AtriaMuscarineBinding SitesHippocampus
Potassium: An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.Potassium Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins that are selectively permeable to potassium ions. At least eight major groups of K channels exist and they are made up of dozens of different subunits.Potassium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by inhibition of potassium efflux through cell membranes. Blockade of potassium channels prolongs the duration of ACTION POTENTIALS. They are used as ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS and VASODILATOR AGENTS.Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying: Potassium channels where the flow of K+ ions into the cell is greater than the outward flow.Potassium, Dietary: Potassium or potassium compounds used in foods or as foods.Potassium Deficiency: A condition due to decreased dietary intake of potassium, as in starvation or failure to administer in intravenous solutions, or to gastrointestinal loss in diarrhea, chronic laxative abuse, vomiting, gastric suction, or bowel diversion. Severe potassium deficiency may produce muscular weakness and lead to paralysis and respiratory failure. Muscular malfunction may result in hypoventilation, paralytic ileus, hypotension, muscle twitches, tetany, and rhabomyolysis. Nephropathy from potassium deficit impairs the concentrating mechanism, producing POLYURIA and decreased maximal urinary concentrating ability with secondary POLYDIPSIA. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated: Potassium channel whose permeability to ions is extremely sensitive to the transmembrane potential difference. The opening of these channels is induced by the membrane depolarization of the ACTION POTENTIAL.Potassium Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain potassium as an integral part of the molecule.Potassium Isotopes: Stable potassium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element potassium, but differ in atomic weight. K-41 is a stable potassium isotope.Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.Shaker Superfamily of Potassium Channels: Voltage-gated potassium channels whose primary subunits contain six transmembrane segments and form tetramers to create a pore with a voltage sensor. They are related to their founding member, shaker protein, Drosophila.Kv1.3 Potassium Channel: A delayed rectifier subtype of shaker potassium channels that is the predominant VOLTAGE-GATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL of T-LYMPHOCYTES.Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed)Potassium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of potassium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. K atoms with atomic weights 37, 38, 40, and 42-45 are radioactive potassium isotopes.Sodium: A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.Membrane Potentials: The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).Kv1.2 Potassium Channel: A delayed rectifier subtype of shaker potassium channels that is selectively inhibited by a variety of SCORPION VENOMS.Shaw Potassium Channels: A shaker subfamily that is prominently expressed in NEURONS and are necessary for high-frequency, repetitive firing of ACTION POTENTIALS.KCNQ1 Potassium Channel: A voltage-gated potassium channel that is expressed primarily in the HEART.Hypokalemia: Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated: Potassium channels whose activation is dependent on intracellular calcium concentrations.Potassium Citrate: A powder that dissolves in water, which is administered orally, and is used as a diuretic, expectorant, systemic alkalizer, and electrolyte replenisher.Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels: A family of voltage-gated potassium channels that are characterized by long N-terminal and C-terminal intracellular tails. They are named from the Drosophila protein whose mutation causes abnormal leg shaking under ether anesthesia. Their activation kinetics are dependent on extracellular MAGNESIUM and PROTON concentration.Potassium Channels, Tandem Pore Domain: Potassium channels that contain two pores in tandem. They are responsible for baseline or leak currents and may be the most numerous of all K channels.KCNQ Potassium Channels: A family of delayed rectifier voltage-gated potassium channels that share homology with their founding member, KCNQ1 PROTEIN. KCNQ potassium channels have been implicated in a variety of diseases including LONG QT SYNDROME; DEAFNESS; and EPILEPSY.Delayed Rectifier Potassium Channels: A group of slow opening and closing voltage-gated potassium channels. Because of their delayed activation kinetics they play an important role in controlling ACTION POTENTIAL duration.Kv1.5 Potassium Channel: A delayed rectifier subtype of shaker potassium channels that conducts a delayed rectifier current. It contributes to ACTION POTENTIAL repolarization of MYOCYTES in HEART ATRIA.Kv1.4 Potassium Channel: A fast inactivating subtype of shaker potassium channels that contains two inactivation domains at its N terminus.Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)Hyperkalemia: Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)Shab Potassium Channels: A subfamily of shaker potassium channels that shares homology with its founding member, Shab protein, Drosophila. They regulate delayed rectifier currents in the NERVOUS SYSTEM of DROSOPHILA and in the SKELETAL MUSCLE and HEART of VERTEBRATES.Shal Potassium Channels: A shaker subfamily of potassium channels that participate in transient outward potassium currents by activating at subthreshold MEMBRANE POTENTIALS, inactivating rapidly, and recovering from inactivation quickly.Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)KCNQ2 Potassium Channel: A very slow opening and closing voltage-gated potassium channel that is expressed in NEURONS and is commonly mutated in BENIGN FAMILIAL NEONATAL CONVULSIONS.Patch-Clamp Techniques: An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.KCNQ3 Potassium Channel: A very slow opening and closing voltage-gated potassium channel that is expressed in NEURONS and is closely related to KCNQ2 POTASSIUM CHANNEL. It is commonly mutated in BENIGN FAMILIAL NEONATAL CONVULSIONS.Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels: A major class of calcium activated potassium channels whose members are voltage-dependent. MaxiK channels are activated by either membrane depolarization or an increase in intracellular Ca(2+). They are key regulators of calcium and electrical signaling in a variety of tissues.Ion Channel Gating: The opening and closing of ion channels due to a stimulus. The stimulus can be a change in membrane potential (voltage-gated), drugs or chemical transmitters (ligand-gated), or a mechanical deformation. Gating is thought to involve conformational changes of the ion channel which alters selective permeability.Potassium Dichromate: Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison.4-Aminopyridine: One of the POTASSIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS, with secondary effect on calcium currents, which is used mainly as a research tool and to characterize channel subtypes.Tetraethylammonium CompoundsElectric Conductivity: The ability of a substrate to allow the passage of ELECTRONS.Electrophysiology: The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channels: A family of inwardly-rectifying potassium channels that are activated by PERTUSSIS TOXIN sensitive G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS. GIRK potassium channels are primarily activated by the complex of GTP-BINDING PROTEIN BETA SUBUNITS and GTP-BINDING PROTEIN GAMMA SUBUNITS.Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.Small-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels: A major class of calcium-activated potassium channels that are found primarily in excitable CELLS. They play important roles in the transmission of ACTION POTENTIALS and generate a long-lasting hyperpolarization known as the slow afterhyperpolarization.Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions similar to those of chlorpropamide.Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.Action Potentials: Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.Chlorides: Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion.KATP Channels: Heteromultimers of Kir6 channels (the pore portion) and sulfonylurea receptor (the regulatory portion) which affect function of the HEART; PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS. KATP channel blockers include GLIBENCLAMIDE and mitiglinide whereas openers include CROMAKALIM and minoxidil sulfate.Barium Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain barium as an integral part of the molecule.Potassium Cyanide: A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes, but has been shown to be an especially potent inhibitor of heme enzymes and hemeproteins. It is used in many industrial processes.Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.Biological Transport, Active: The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.Potassium Acetate: A potassium salt used to replenish ELECTROLYTES, for restoration of WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE, as well as a urinary and systemic alkalizer, which can be administered orally or by intravenous infusion. Formerly, it was used in DIURETICS and EXPECTORANTS.Electrolytes: Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for ION CHANNEL GATING can be due to a variety of stimuli such as LIGANDS, a TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, mechanical deformation or through INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS.Borates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of boric acid.Magnesium: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.Cromakalim: A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)Charybdotoxin: A 37-amino acid residue peptide isolated from the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus. It is a neurotoxin that inhibits calcium activated potassium channels.Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Adenosine Triphosphate: An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.Intermediate-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels: A major class of calcium-activated potassium channels that were originally discovered in ERYTHROCYTES. They are found primarily in non-excitable CELLS and set up electrical gradients for PASSIVE ION TRANSPORT.Hydrogen-Ion Concentration: The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Guinea Pigs: A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channel alpha Subunits: The pore-forming subunits of large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. They form tetramers in CELL MEMBRANES.Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.Oocytes: Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).Aldosterone: A hormone secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX that regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium.Xenopus laevis: The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Sulfonylurea Receptors: ATP-BINDING CASSETTE PROTEINS that are highly conserved and widely expressed in nature. They form an integral part of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel complex which has two intracellular nucleotide folds that bind to sulfonylureas and their analogs.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Scorpion Venoms: Venoms from animals of the order Scorpionida of the class Arachnida. They contain neuro- and hemotoxins, enzymes, and various other factors that may release acetylcholine and catecholamines from nerve endings. Of the several protein toxins that have been characterized, most are immunogenic.Cell Membrane Permeability: A quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Apamin: A highly neurotoxic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It consists of 18 amino acids with two disulfide bridges and causes hyperexcitability resulting in convulsions and respiratory paralysis.Antimony Potassium Tartrate: A schistosomicide possibly useful against other parasites. It has irritant emetic properties and may cause lethal cardiac toxicity among other adverse effects.Water-Electrolyte Balance: The balance of fluid in the BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS; total BODY WATER; BLOOD VOLUME; EXTRACELLULAR SPACE; INTRACELLULAR SPACE, maintained by processes in the body that regulate the intake and excretion of WATER and ELECTROLYTES, particularly SODIUM and POTASSIUM.Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by INTERSTITIAL FLUID as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. For organisms with a CELL WALL, the extracellular space includes everything outside of the CELL MEMBRANE including the PERIPLASM and the cell wall.Aminopyridines: Pyridines substituted in any position with an amino group. May be hydrogenated, but must retain at least one double bond.Ion Transport: The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active, passive or facilitated. Ions may travel by themselves (uniport), or as a group of two or more ions in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) directions.Osmolar Concentration: The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per liter of solution. Osmolality is expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent.Xenopus: An aquatic genus of the family, Pipidae, occurring in Africa and distinguished by having black horny claws on three inner hind toes.Benzopyrans: Compounds with a core of fused benzo-pyran rings.Elapid Venoms: Venoms from snakes of the family Elapidae, including cobras, kraits, mambas, coral, tiger, and Australian snakes. The venoms contain polypeptide toxins of various kinds, cytolytic, hemolytic, and neurotoxic factors, but fewer enzymes than viper or crotalid venoms. Many of the toxins have been characterized.Rubidium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of rubidium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Rb atoms with atomic weights 79-84, and 86-95 are radioactive rubidium isotopes.Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase: An enzyme that catalyzes the active transport system of sodium and potassium ions across the cell wall. Sodium and potassium ions are closely coupled with membrane ATPase which undergoes phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, thereby providing energy for transport of these ions against concentration gradients.Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.Cations, Monovalent: Positively charged atoms, radicals or group of atoms with a valence of plus 1, which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.Receptors, Drug: Proteins that bind specific drugs with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Drug receptors are generally thought to be receptors for some endogenous substance not otherwise specified.Diuretics: Agents that promote the excretion of urine through their effects on kidney function.Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channel beta Subunits: The regulatory subunits of large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels.Sodium Chloride: A ubiquitous sodium salt that is commonly used to season food.Decapodiformes: A superorder of CEPHALOPODS comprised of squid, cuttlefish, and their relatives. Their distinguishing feature is the modification of their fourth pair of arms into tentacles, resulting in 10 limbs.Cell Membrane: The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.Rats, Wistar: A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.Kidney: Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Electric Stimulation: Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Decanoic Acids: 10-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acids.Rabbits: The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.Bromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.Hydroxy Acids: Organic compounds containing both the hydroxyl and carboxyl radicals.Sodium Isotopes: Stable sodium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element sodium, but differ in atomic weight. Na-23 is a stable sodium isotope.Anura: An order of the class Amphibia, which includes several families of frogs and toads. They are characterized by well developed hind limbs adapted for jumping, fused head and trunk and webbed toes. The term "toad" is ambiguous and is properly applied only to the family Bufonidae.Sodium, Dietary: Sodium or sodium compounds used in foods or as a food. The most frequently used compounds are sodium chloride or sodium glutamate.Dogs: The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.Microelectrodes: Electrodes with an extremely small tip, used in a voltage clamp or other apparatus to stimulate or record bioelectric potentials of single cells intracellularly or extracellularly. (Dorland, 28th ed)Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.Cation Transport Proteins: Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of positively charged molecules (cations) across a biological membrane.Kv Channel-Interacting Proteins: A family of neuronal calcium-sensor proteins that interact with and regulate potassium channels, type A.Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.Blood Pressure: PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.Potassium-Hydrogen Antiporters: Membrane proteins that allow the exchange of hydrogen ions for potassium ions across the cellular membrane. The action of these antiporters influences intracellular pH and potassium ion homeostasis.Quaternary Ammonium Compounds: Derivatives of ammonium compounds, NH4+ Y-, in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with hydrocarbyl groups. These are distinguished from IMINES which are RN=CR2.Mollusca: A phylum of the kingdom Metazoa. Mollusca have soft, unsegmented bodies with an anterior head, a dorsal visceral mass, and a ventral foot. Most are encased in a protective calcareous shell. It includes the classes GASTROPODA; BIVALVIA; CEPHALOPODA; Aplacophora; Scaphopoda; Polyplacophora; and Monoplacophora.Heart: The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as CATIONS; those with a negative charge are ANIONS.Canrenoic Acid: A synthetic pregnadiene derivative with anti-aldosterone activity.Streptomyces lividans: An actinomycete used for production of commercial ANTIBIOTICS and as a host for gene cloning.Whole-Body Counting: Measurement of radioactivity in the entire human body.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.Vasodilator Agents: Drugs used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.Picolines: A group of compounds that are monomethyl derivatives of pyridines. (From Dorland, 28th ed)Muscles: Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.Kidney Tubules, Distal: The portion of renal tubule that begins from the enlarged segment of the ascending limb of the LOOP OF HENLE. It reenters the KIDNEY CORTEX and forms the convoluted segments of the distal tubule.Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.Long QT Syndrome: A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.Cations: Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827)PhenylenediaminesModels, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.Anti-Arrhythmia Agents: Agents used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. They may affect the polarization-repolarization phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibers. Anti-arrhythmia agents are often classed into four main groups according to their mechanism of action: sodium channel blockade, beta-adrenergic blockade, repolarization prolongation, or calcium channel blockade.Photometry: Measurement of the various properties of light.Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371)Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.Acid-Base Equilibrium: The balance between acids and bases in the BODY FLUIDS. The pH (HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION) of the arterial BLOOD provides an index for the total body acid-base balance.Hypertension: Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.Rats, Inbred Strains: Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.Body Water: Fluids composed mainly of water found within the body.Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.Bartter Syndrome: A group of disorders caused by defective salt reabsorption in the ascending LOOP OF HENLE. It is characterized by severe salt-wasting, HYPOKALEMIA; HYPERCALCIURIA; metabolic ALKALOSIS, and hyper-reninemic HYPERALDOSTERONISM without HYPERTENSION. There are several subtypes including ones due to mutations in the renal specific SODIUM-POTASSIUM-CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290)Vasodilation: The physiological widening of BLOOD VESSELS by relaxing the underlying VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.Calcium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cellular membranes.Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis: An autosomal dominant familial disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of skeletal muscle weakness associated with falls in serum potassium levels. The condition usually presents in the first or second decade of life with attacks of trunk and leg paresis during sleep or shortly after awakening. Symptoms may persist for hours to days and generally are precipitated by exercise or a meal high in carbohydrates. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1483)Water: A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Muscle, Smooth, Vascular: The nonstriated involuntary muscle tissue of blood vessels.Tellurium: Tellurium. An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.Phosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.Perfusion: Treatment process involving the injection of fluid into an organ or tissue.Diet, Sodium-Restricted: A diet which contains very little sodium chloride. It is prescribed by some for hypertension and for edematous states. (Dorland, 27th ed)Isaacs Syndrome: A rare neuromuscular disorder with onset usually in late childhood or early adulthood, characterized by intermittent or continuous widespread involuntary muscle contractions; FASCICULATION; hyporeflexia; MUSCLE CRAMP; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; HYPERHIDROSIS; TACHYCARDIA; and MYOKYMIA. Involvement of pharyngeal or laryngeal muscles may interfere with speech and breathing. The continuous motor activity persists during sleep and general anesthesia (distinguishing this condition from STIFF-PERSON SYNDROME). Familial and acquired (primarily autoimmune) forms have been reported. (From Ann NY Acad Sci 1998 May 13;841:482-496; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1491)Scorpions: Arthropods of the order Scorpiones, of which 1500 to 2000 species have been described. The most common live in tropical or subtropical areas. They are nocturnal and feed principally on insects and other arthropods. They are large arachnids but do not attack man spontaneously. They have a venomous sting. Their medical significance varies considerably and is dependent on their habits and venom potency rather than on their size. At most, the sting is equivalent to that of a hornet but certain species possess a highly toxic venom potentially fatal to humans. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Smith, Insects and Other Arthropods of Medical Importance, 1973, p417; Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology, 5th ed, p503)Models, Molecular: Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.Diet: Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.Protein Subunits: Single chains of amino acids that are the units of multimeric PROTEINS. Multimeric proteins can be composed of identical or non-identical subunits. One or more monomeric subunits may compose a protomer which itself is a subunit structure of a larger assembly.Alkalosis: A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.CHO Cells: CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.Strophanthins: A number of different cardioactive glycosides obtained from Strophanthus species. OUABAIN is from S. gratus and CYMARINE from S. kombe. They are used like the digitalis glycosides.Cricetinae: A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.Protein Structure, Tertiary: The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.Diuresis: An increase in the excretion of URINE. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Ion Exchange: Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often one of the ION EXCHANGE RESINS, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry.Muscle, Smooth: Unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. Contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (From Stedman, 25th ed)ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters: A family of MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS that require ATP hydrolysis for the transport of substrates across membranes. The protein family derives its name from the ATP-binding domain found on the protein.Kidney Tubules: Long convoluted tubules in the nephrons. They collect filtrate from blood passing through the KIDNEY GLOMERULUS and process this filtrate into URINE. Each renal tubule consists of a BOWMAN CAPSULE; PROXIMAL KIDNEY TUBULE; LOOP OF HENLE; DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULE; and KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCT leading to the central cavity of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS) that connects to the URETER.Neurilemma: The outermost cytoplasmic layer of the SCHWANN CELLS covering NERVE FIBERS.Sodium Channels: Ion channels that specifically allow the passage of SODIUM ions. A variety of specific sodium channel subtypes are involved in serving specialized functions such as neuronal signaling, CARDIAC MUSCLE contraction, and KIDNEY function.Renin: A highly specific (Leu-Leu) endopeptidase that generates ANGIOTENSIN I from its precursor ANGIOTENSINOGEN, leading to a cascade of reactions which elevate BLOOD PRESSURE and increase sodium retention by the kidney in the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM. The enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.99.19.Heart Ventricles: The lower right and left chambers of the heart. The right ventricle pumps venous BLOOD into the LUNGS and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic arterial circulation.Natriuresis: Sodium excretion by URINATION.Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors: Agents that inhibit SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS. They act as DIURETICS. Excess use is associated with HYPOKALEMIA.Temperature: The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable.Quinine: An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood.Acidosis: A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.Heart Atria: The chambers of the heart, to which the BLOOD returns from the circulation.Muscarine: A toxic alkaloid found in Amanita muscaria (fly fungus) and other fungi of the Inocybe species. It is the first parasympathomimetic substance ever studied and causes profound parasympathetic activation that may end in convulsions and death. The specific antidote is atropine.Binding Sites: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.Hippocampus: A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.

Myocardial uptake of digoxin in chronically digitalized dogs. (1/15898)

1 The time course of myocardial uptake of digoxin, increase in contractility and changes in myocardial potassium concentration was studied for 90 min following an intravenous digoxin dose to long-term digitalized dogs. 2 Nineteen dogs were investigated by the use of a biopsy technique which allowed sampling before and after administration of digoxin. 3 Ten minutes after administration of digoxin the myocardial concentration increased from 60 to 306 nmol/kg tissue, the myocardial concentration of digoxin was significantly lower (250 nmol/kg tissue) after 30 min and then increased again. 4 The transmural myocardial distribution of digoxin was uniform before and 90 min after administration of digoxin in long-term digitalized dogs but at 10 min after administration, both the subepicardial and the subendocardial concentration of digoxin were significantly lower than that of the mesocardial layer. 5 During the first 10 min the dp/dtmax increased to 135% of the control level. The increase remained unchanged during the rest of the study. 6 Myocardial potassium decreased throughout the study. 7 The M-configuration of the myocardial uptake curve and the non-uniformity of myocardial distribution of digoxin observed at 10 min after administrating digoxin to long-term digitalized dogs indicate that the distribution of myocardial blood flow may be changed during chronic digitalization.  (+info)

Automatic activity in depolarized guinea pig ventricular myocardium. Characteristics and mechanisms. (2/15898)

Membrane potential was changed uniformly in segments, 0.7-1.0 mm long, of guinea pig papillary muscles excised from the right ventricle by using extracellular polarizing current pulses applied across two electrically insulated cf preparations superfused with Tyrode's solution at maximum diastolic membrane potentials ranging from-35.2+/-7.5 (threshold) to +4.0+/-9.2 mV. The average maximum dV/dt of RAD ranged from 17.1 to 18.0 V/sec within a membrane potential range of -40 to +20 mV. Raising extracellular Ca2+ concentration [Ca2+]0 from 1.8 to 6.8 mM, or application of isoproterenol (10(-6)g/ml) enhanced the rate of RAD, but lowering [Ca2+]0 to 0.4 mM or exposure to MnCl2 (6 mM) abolished RAD. RAD were enhanced by lowering extracellular K+ concentration [K+]0 from 5.4 to 1.5 mM. RAD were suppressed in 40% of fibers by raising [K+]0 to 15.4 mM, and in all fibers by raising [K+]0 to 40.4 mM. This suppression was due to increased [K+]0 and not to K-induced depolarization because it persisted when membrane potential was held by means of a conditioning hyperpolarizing puled gradually after maximum repolarization. These observations suggest that the development of RAD in depolarized myocardium is associated with a time-dependent decrease in outward current (probably K current) and with increase in the background inward current, presumably flowing through the slow cha-nel carrying Ca or Na ions, or both.  (+info)

Acute and chronic dose-response relationships for angiotensin, aldosterone, and arterial pressure at varying levels of sodium intake. (3/15898)

We examined the acute and chronic dose-response relationships between intravenously infused angiotensin II (A II) and the resulting changes in arterial pressure and plasma aldosterone concentration at varying levels of sodium intake. Sequential analysis of plasma aldosterone at each A II infusion rate resulted in an acute dose-related increase in plasma aldosterone which was markedly attenuated after the first 24 hours of infusion, the final level being directly related to the dose of A II and inversely related to sodium intake. A II infused at 5,15, and 23 ng/kg per min was associated with an initial increase (2nd to 8th hour) in plasma aldosterone to 2,6, and 9 times control values, respectively, in dogs receiving 40 mEq Na+/day. But, after the 1st day, aldosterone averaged only 1, 1.7, and 3 times control values for the next 2 weeks at the same rates of A II infusion. Dogs receiving 120 mEq Na+/day during A II infusion exhibited only a transient increase in plasma aldosterone during the 1st day. Sustained hypertension developed over a period of a week at all doses of A II at normal and high sodium intake, but did not occur at any dose of A II in sodium-depleted dogs. Increasing sodium intake from 40 to 120 mEq/day resulted in higher levels of hypertension, 125% compared to 140% of ocntrol values for dogs infused with A II, 5.0 ng/kg per min. We conclude that primary angiotensin-induced hypertension need not be associated with increased levels of plasma aldosterone, which appears to remain elevated only with amounts of A II greater than those required to sustain a significant degree of hypertension.  (+info)

The optically determined size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool correlates with the quantal content at the neuromuscular junction of Drosophila larvae. (4/15898)

According to the current theory of synaptic transmission, the amplitude of evoked synaptic potentials correlates with the number of synaptic vesicles released at the presynaptic terminals. Synaptic vesicles in presynaptic boutons constitute two distinct pools, namely, exo/endo cycling and reserve pools (). We defined the vesicles that were endocytosed and exocytosed during high K+ stimulation as the exo/endo cycling vesicle pool. To determine the role of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool in synaptic transmission, we estimated the quantal content electrophysiologically, whereas the pool size was determined optically using fluorescent dye FM1-43. We then manipulated the size of the pool with following treatments. First, to change the state of boutons of nerve terminals, motoneuronal axons were severed. With this treatment, the size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool decreased together with the quantal content. Second, we promoted the FM1-43 uptake using cyclosporin A, which inhibits calcineurin activities and enhances endocytosis. Cyclosporin A increased the total uptake of FM1-43, but neither the size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool nor the quantal content changed. Third, we increased the size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool by forskolin, which enhances synaptic transmission. The forskolin treatment increased both the size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool and the quantal content. Thus, we found that the quantal content was closely correlated with the size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool but not necessarily with the total uptake of FM1-43 fluorescence by boutons. The results suggest that vesicles in the exo/endo cycling pool primarily participate in evoked exocytosis of vesicles.  (+info)

Ionic currents underlying spontaneous action potentials in isolated cerebellar Purkinje neurons. (5/15898)

Acutely dissociated cell bodies of mouse Purkinje neurons spontaneously fired action potentials at approximately 50 Hz (25 degrees C). To directly measure the ionic currents underlying spontaneous activity, we voltage-clamped the cells using prerecorded spontaneous action potentials (spike trains) as voltage commands and used ionic substitution and selective blockers to isolate individual currents. The largest current flowing during the interspike interval was tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium current (approximately -50 pA between -65 and -60 mV). Although the neurons had large voltage-dependent calcium currents, the net current blocked by cobalt substitution for calcium was outward at all times during spike trains. Thus, the electrical effect of calcium current is apparently dominated by rapidly activated calcium-dependent potassium currents. Under current clamp, all cells continued firing spontaneously (though approximately 30% more slowly) after block of T-type calcium current by mibefradil, and most cells continued to fire after block of all calcium current by cobalt substitution. Although the neurons possessed hyperpolarization-activated cation current (Ih), little current flowed during spike trains, and block by 1 mM cesium had no effect on firing frequency. The outward potassium currents underlying the repolarization of the spikes were completely blocked by 1 mM TEA. These currents deactivated quickly (<1 msec) after each spike. We conclude that the spontaneous firing of Purkinje neuron cell bodies depends mainly on tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium current flowing between spikes. The high firing rate is promoted by large potassium currents that repolarize the cell rapidly and deactivate quickly, thus preventing strong hyperpolarization and restoring a high input resistance for subsequent depolarization.  (+info)

Inducible genetic suppression of neuronal excitability. (6/15898)

Graded, reversible suppression of neuronal excitability represents a logical goal of therapy for epilepsy and intractable pain. To achieve such suppression, we have developed the means to transfer "electrical silencing" genes into neurons with sensitive control of transgene expression. An ecdysone-inducible promoter drives the expression of inwardly rectifying potassium channels in polycistronic adenoviral vectors. Infection of superior cervical ganglion neurons did not affect normal electrical activity but suppressed excitability after the induction of gene expression. These experiments demonstrate the feasibility of controlled ion channel expression after somatic gene transfer into neurons and serve as the prototype for a novel generalizable approach to modulate excitability.  (+info)

Identification of the Kv2.1 K+ channel as a major component of the delayed rectifier K+ current in rat hippocampal neurons. (7/15898)

Molecular cloning studies have revealed the existence of a large family of voltage-gated K+ channel genes expressed in mammalian brain. This molecular diversity underlies the vast repertoire of neuronal K+ channels that regulate action potential conduction and neurotransmitter release and that are essential to the control of neuronal excitability. However, the specific contribution of individual K+ channel gene products to these neuronal K+ currents is poorly understood. We have shown previously, using an antibody, "KC, " specific for the Kv2.1 K+ channel alpha-subunit, the high-level expression of Kv2.1 protein in hippocampal neurons in situ and in culture. Here we show that KC is a potent blocker of K+ currents expressed in cells transfected with the Kv2.1 cDNA, but not of currents expressed in cells transfected with other highly related K+ channel alpha-subunit cDNAs. KC also blocks the majority of the slowly inactivating outward current in cultured hippocampal neurons, although antibodies to two other K+ channel alpha-subunits known to be expressed in these cells did not exhibit blocking effects. In all cases the blocking effects of KC were eliminated by previous incubation with a recombinant fusion protein containing the KC antigenic sequence. Together these studies show that Kv2.1, which is expressed at high levels in most mammalian central neurons, is a major contributor to the delayed rectifier K+ current in hippocampal neurons and that the KC antibody is a powerful tool for the elucidation of the role of the Kv2.1 K+ channel in regulating neuronal excitability.  (+info)

Treating the syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion with isotonic saline. (8/15898)

It has been widely accepted that there is little use for saline treatment in the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of ADH (SIADH). However, having observed that most SIADH patients increased their plasma sodium (PNa) after 2 l isotonic saline over 24 h, we investigated whether urine osmolality or the sum of urinary sodium and potassium (UNa + K) predicted this response, in 17 consecutive patients with chronic SIADH. The initial measure of urinary sodium plus potassium (UNa + K t0) was weakly correlated to the change in PNa (DPNa) after infusion (r = -0.51; p < 0.05), while initial urine osmolality (UOSM t0) was a much better predictor (y = -0.024x + 12.90; r = -0.81; p < 0.001). The lack of predictive value for UNa + K t0 was probably because urine electrolyte concentrations were not maximal for the corresponding initial UOSM. This reflects differences in salt intake between the patients. The theoretical maximal value for UNa + K t0 (th max UNa + K t0) for a given USOM t0, was as good a predictor as UOSM t0 (th max UNa + K vs. DPNa: r = -0.81; p < 0.001). A theoretical model describing the effect of 2 l isotonic saline infusion on DPNa as a function of UNa + K, produced values comparable to those observed in our patients. Only 6/17 patients, those with UOSM > 530 mOsm/kg, had their hyponatraemia aggravated by 2 l isotonic saline. Many SIADH patients have lower UOSM; in most such patients, 2 l of isotonic saline will improve PNa.  (+info)

Passive potassium transport in LK sheep red cells. Effects of anti-L antibody and intracellular potassium. | JGPPassive potassium transport in LK sheep red cells. Effects of anti-L antibody and intracellular potassium. | JGP
The passive K influx in low K(LK) red blood cells of sheep saturates with increasing external K concentration, indicating that this mode of transport is mediated by membrane-associated sites. The passive K influx, iMLK, is inhibited by external Na. Isoimmune anti-L serum, known to stimulate active K transport in LK sheep red cells, inhibits iMLK about twofold. iMLK is affected by changes in intracellular K concentration, [K]i, in a complex fashion: increasing [K]i from near zero stimulates iMLK, while further increases in [K]i, above 3 mmol/liter cells, inhibit iMLK. The passive K influx is not mediated by K-K exchange diffusion. The effects of anti-L antibody and [K]i on passive cation transport are specific for K: neither factor affects passive Na transport. The common characteristics of passive and active K influx suggest that iMLK is mediated by inactive Na-K pump sites, and that the inability to translocate Na characterizes the inactive pumps. Anti-L antibody stimulates the K pump in ...
Low affinity potassium transport system protein elisa and antibodyLow affinity potassium transport system protein elisa and antibody
Shop Low affinity potassium transport system protein ELISA Kit, Recombinant Protein and Low affinity potassium transport system protein Antibody at MyBioSource. Custom ELISA Kit, Recombinant Protein and Antibody are available.
Regulation of Potassium Balance | Vanders Renal Physiology, 8e | AccessMedicine | McGraw-Hill MedicalRegulation of Potassium Balance | Vander's Renal Physiology, 8e | AccessMedicine | McGraw-Hill Medical
A manifestation of changing dietary loads over time is to regulate the distribution of ROMK channels between the apical membrane and intracellular storage, that is, high-potassium diets lead to insertion of apical channels and therefore higher potassium secretion. In contrast, during periods of prolonged low potassium ingestion, there are few ROMK channels in the apical membrane. Yet another adaptation to prolonged periods of low potassium ingestion is an increase in H-K-ATPase activity in intercalated cells, resulting in even more efficient reabsorption of filtered potassium. (3) Aldosterone. We discussed the role of aldosterone in regulating sodium excretion in Chapter 7. Here we describe its role in potassium excretion. A stimulator of aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex, in addition to AII, is an increase in plasma potassium concentration. This is a direct action of potassium and does not involve the renin-angiotensin system. If anything, high levels of potassium decrease the ...
Low potassium diet kidney disease / Gta 5 to download for freeLow potassium diet kidney disease / Gta 5 to download for free
In this article, you will get some detailed information about low potassium diet for.Apples are low in potassium. Some medical conditions, such as kidney disease, may require a low potassium diet,.A low potassium diet is a diet that is usually recommended for people who have journeyed down the road towards end stage renal disease.High potassium in the blood is called hyperkalemia, which may occur in people with advanced stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD).Low Phosphorus, Low Potassium, Low. public health education and research into the causes and treatments of chronic kidney disease ...
The clinical relevance of plasma potassium abnormalities on admission in trauma patients: a retrospective observational study |...The clinical relevance of plasma potassium abnormalities on admission in trauma patients: a retrospective observational study |...
Abnormalities in potassium levels can lead to several clinical difficulties in trauma patients admitted to the ICU. However, the significance of potassium abnormalities soon after admission in trauma patients has not yet been clearly delineated. The objective of this study was to describe the plasma potassium abnormalities in trauma patients on admission and to examine the clinical outcomes associated with these abnormalities. We performed a retrospective observational study of plasma potassium levels in trauma patients admitted to the Fukuyama City Hospital between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2013. Five hundred twenty consecutive trauma patients were included and categorized into six groups according to their plasma potassium level on admission (|3.0, 3.0-|3.5, 3.5-|4.0, 4.0-|4.5, 4.5-|5.0, and ≥5.0 mEq/L). After adjusting for covariates, including age, gender, the Revised Trauma Score, and the Injury Severity Score, logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between plasma
Mineral Patterns - Low Sodium/Potassium Ratio - ARL is an Authority on Nutrition and the Science of Balancing Body Chemistry...Mineral Patterns - Low Sodium/Potassium Ratio - ARL is an Authority on Nutrition and the Science of Balancing Body Chemistry...
Research indicates that an inversion can be understood in a number of ways. The different ways of understanding an inversion overlap and relate to one another. Let us discuss them one by one.. Adrenal Burnout. The sodium/potassium ratio is called the vitality ratio. A low ratio is indicative of an exhaustion stage of stress. A high sod-ium/potassium ratio is an alarm or early stage of stress. As the ratio declines, the body moves into an exhaustion stage of stress.. The sodium level is controlled by aldosterone. As adrenal activity declines, sodium falls in relation to potassium. Potassium is more closely tied to the level of the glucocorticoid hormones (cortisone and cortisol). Hans Selye, M.D. noted that cortisol levels rise in the exhaustion stage of stress.. Glucose Intolerance. An inversion is a clear indica-tor of glucose intolerance. The body is unable to adequately burn glucose in the Krebs and glycol-ysis cycles adequately. This contributes to fatigue, cravings for sweets and many ...
Seachem - Flourish PotassiumSeachem - Flourish Potassium
Flourish Potassium™ contains 50,000 mg/L of potassium suitable for the natural planted aquarium. Potassium is one of several elements that are vitally important to maintaining a vigorous level of growth in a planted aquarium. Potassium can become depleted in a rapidly growing system or when the source water has a low mineral content. In these cases potassium could become the limiting factor to growth. Use Flourish Potassium™ to prevent potassium depletion (signs of which include yellowing in older leaves) and maintain the highest level of growth.. The most easily obtained sources of potassium are potassium nitrate and potassium phosphate. Both of these sources add to either nitrogen or phosphorus as well as potassium, making it virtually impossible to target a specific NPK ratio. Flourish Potassium™ is derived from potassium sulfate, allowing the user to adjust potassium levels without affecting nitrogen or phosphorus.. ...
PRIME PubMed | Effect of different cycling frequencies during incremental exercise on the venous plasma potassium concentration...PRIME PubMed | Effect of different cycling frequencies during incremental exercise on the venous plasma potassium concentration...
PubMed journal article: Effect of different cycling frequencies during incremental exercise on the venous plasma potassium concentration in humans. Download Prime PubMed App to iPhone, iPad, or Android
Polymorphisms in the WNK1 gene are associated with blood pressure variation and urinary potassium excretion. - Nuffield...Polymorphisms in the WNK1 gene are associated with blood pressure variation and urinary potassium excretion. - Nuffield...
WNK1--a serine/threonine kinase involved in electrolyte homeostasis and blood pressure (BP) control--is an excellent candidate gene for essential hypertension (EH). We and others have previously reported association between WNK1 and BP variation. Using tag SNPs (tSNPs) that capture 100% of common WNK1 variation in HapMap, we aimed to replicate our findings with BP and to test for association with phenotypes relating to WNK1 function in the British Genetics of Hypertension (BRIGHT) study case-control resource (1700 hypertensive cases and 1700 normotensive controls). We found multiple variants to be associated with systolic blood pressure, SBP (7/28 tSNPs min-p = 0.0005), diastolic blood pressure, DBP (7/28 tSNPs min-p = 0.002) and 24 hour urinary potassium excretion (10/28 tSNPs min-p = 0.0004). Associations with SBP and urine potassium remained significant after correction for multiple testing (p = 0.02 and p = 0.01 respectively). The major allele (A) of rs765250, located in intron 1, demonstrated the
Lasix low potassium levels / Bactrim oral suspension costLasix low potassium levels / Bactrim oral suspension cost
Furosemide (Lasix) Uses, Dosage, Side Effects - Drugs.comHigh doses of furosemide may cause irreversible hearing loss. (such as low levels of potassium or magnesium.HEART DISEASES IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN CHILDREN TREATMENT OF HEART. Lasix 1mg/kg injected with a rate of. • Check serum potassium levels at.lasix 12,5 mg achat en ligne ordonnance bizone: PHARMACIE DES COTEAUX, pharmacie sur ARGENTEUIL. acheter Motrin livraison 48h chrono peugeot pas cher avion low.. Insulin, chemical structure and metabolism. This increase in ATP induces the closing of ATP-dependant potassium. The renal insulin elimination is low.An open trial was carried out on ten middle-aged and elderly patients in cardiac failure to assess the effect on plasma potassium levels of one or more tablets.will lasix remove water from lungs accutane birth defects men Site développé par Alexandre Langlais (PawnsMaster) levitra 20 mg yorumlar Pawnsmaster.com ...
Potassium Levels Possible Key To Racial Disparity In Type 2 Diabetes - RedorbitPotassium Levels Possible Key To Racial Disparity In Type 2 Diabetes - Redorbit
Johns Hopkins researchers find mineral deficiency increases disease risk. Lower potassium levels in the blood may help explain why African-Americans are twice as likely to be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes as whites, according to a new study by Johns Hopkins researchers.. The findings, if confirmed, suggest that part of diabetes prevention may someday prove as easy as taking a cheap potassium supplement.. "This research doesnt mean people should run out and start taking potassium supplements," says Hsin-Chieh "Jessica" Yeh, Ph.D., an assistant professor of medicine at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and an author of the study, which appears in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. "But we now know lower serum potassium is an independent risk factor for diabetes and that African-Americans have, on average, lower potassium levels than whites. What remains to be seen is if increasing potassium levels through diet or supplementation can prevent the most common form of ...
Does High Potassium Cause High Blood PressureDoes High Potassium Cause High Blood Pressure
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THE EFFECT OF A LOW EXTERNAL POTASSIUM CONCENTRATION ON THE NA/K-ATPASE OF HUMAN-LYMPHOBLASTS - University of Oxford, Nuffield...THE EFFECT OF A LOW EXTERNAL POTASSIUM CONCENTRATION ON THE NA/K-ATPASE OF HUMAN-LYMPHOBLASTS - University of Oxford, Nuffield...
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Kcnk5 - Potassium channel TASK2 - Mus musculus (Mouse) - Kcnk5 gene & proteinKcnk5 - Potassium channel TASK2 - Mus musculus (Mouse) - Kcnk5 gene & protein
integral component of plasma membrane, potassium ion leak channel activity, voltage-gated potassium channel activity, cellular potassium ion transport, stabilization of membrane potential
HIGH SODIUM/POTASSIUM RATIOHIGH SODIUM/POTASSIUM RATIO
As the sodium/potassium ratio rises on a hair mineral analysis above about 5 or perhaps 6, more symptoms involving this ratio are likely to arise. These may include a tendency for acute stress, inflammation or pain somewhere in the body. Other symptoms may include water retention, edema, and perhaps a higher blood pressure or a labile or fluctuating blood pressure due to water retention and/or kidney stress. These are among the prominent physical symptoms that come with higher aldosterone levels in relation to cortisol, for example ...
Characteristics of sodium and potassium transport in the lungCharacteristics of sodium and potassium transport in the lung
Freshly prepared lung slices were incubated in an oxygenated Krebs Ringer bicarbonate medium for 90 min at 0.5°C (chilling) followed by 60 min at 37°C (rewarming). Fresh tissue cation contents (mean ± SE) in mmol/kg dry wt were: sodium, 431 ± 7: potassium, 416 ± 10. After chilling, tissue sodium increased to 757 ± 11 and potassium decreased to 113 ± 6. Upon rewarming there was a net increase in tissue potassium of about 150 (mmol/kg dry wt) and a net decrease in tissue sodium of about 130. Tissue extrusion of sodium and reaccumulation of potassium observed at 37°C were abolished when 1 mM ouabain, dinitrophenol, or iodoacetamide was added to the incubation medium. Similar results were obtained when the medium contained no potassium or when medium Na was replaced by choline. The data indicate the presence of active Na+ K+ transport in lung cells somewhat similar to that found in other mammalian tissue ...
Extracellular fluid - WikipediaExtracellular fluid - Wikipedia
There is a significant difference between the concentrations of sodium and potassium ions inside and outside the cell. The concentration of sodium ions is considerably higher in the extracellular fluid than in the intracellular fluid.[11] The converse is true of the potassium ion concentrations inside and outside the cell. These differences cause all cell membranes to be electrically charged, with the positive charge on the outside of the cells and the negative charge on the inside. In a resting neuron (not conducting an impulse) the membrane potential is known as the resting potential, and between the two sides of the membrane is about -70 mV.[12]. This potential is created by sodium-potassium pumps in the cell membrane, which pump sodium ions out of the cell, into the ECF, in return for potassium ions which enter the cell from the ECF. The maintenance of this difference in the concentration of ions between the inside of the cell and the outside, is critical to keep normal cell volumes stable, ...
Low potassium level - Coordinated HealthLow potassium level - Coordinated Health
Potassium is needed for cells to function properly. You get potassium through food. The kidneys remove excess potassium in the urine to keep a proper balance of the mineral in the body.. Common causes of low potassium level include:. ...
Mind Body and Food | POTASSIUMMind Body and Food | POTASSIUM
WHAT DOES POTASSIUM DO FOR US?. Sodium and potassium have similar chemical properties but their functions are very different. Blood plasma is mostly made up of sodium cations and cell fluid is made up mostly of potassium cations. Potassium influences the pressure (osmotic balance) of the fluids surrounding the cells of our bodies (the interstitial fluids). This is done with the action of something called the Na+/K+ ATPase pump (the sodium/potassium adenosine triphosphatase pump). This is an ion pump and it maintains 3 sodium ions outside of a cell for every 2 potassium ions inside a cell keeping the balance of potassium and sodium ions at its correct levels creating what is called the membrane potential. tube.com/watch?v=awz6lIss3hQ&feature=related. The cell membrane potential is critical for muscle contractions, proper functioning of our hearts and for nerve impulse transmissions.. The term electrolyte applies to a substance that separates into ions or charged particles of which potassium is ...
potassium - υγείαpotassium - υγεία
Potassium is a mineral found in varying amounts in almost all foods. Vegetables, especially green leafy varieties, are generally our richest sources of potassium.. We list three excellent sources of potassium, 16 as very good sources, and 39 as good sources by our Nutrient Rating System. In other words, over half of our WHFoods provide you with significant amounts of potassium! In fact, all of our WHFoods contain at least some small but measurable amount of this mineral.. Along with sodium, chloride, calcium, and magnesium, potassium is an electrolyte, meaning that it helps to conduct electrical charges in the body. Like all the other electrolytes, our bodies have evolved elaborate systems to control blood levels in a narrow range. This is good news since normal levels of potassium are absolutely critical to life-if potassium levels get too high or too low, the heart and nervous system completely shut down. Luckily, most of us are able to obtain enough potassium from foods to meet our most basic ...
Eniva Potassium Mineral Liquid Concentrate (32 oz) | The Nutritional SourceEniva Potassium Mineral Liquid Concentrate (32 oz) | The Nutritional Source
Eniva Minerals for Life Potassium Liquid Minerals Concentrate is a dietary supplement of the Cell-Ready mineral POTASSIUM in a proprietary nutrient delivery system.Potassium (symbol "K") comprises 5% of the total mineral content of the body. It is a primary electrolyte and is known as a great alkalizer, important in pH and water balance. Potassium is vital in promoting cardiovascular health and muscle contraction.* In addition, Potassium plays a vital role in nerve and cellular integrity by playing a role in the transfer of nutrients into and out of the cell.Potassium constitutes 5% percent of the total mineral content of the body, even though only about 34 ounces are found in the body at one time. Because it is a primary electrolyte, potassium is known as a great alkalizer, important in pH and water balance. Potassium is easily absorbed, but at least 90% of it is excreted through the kidneys and bowels. Potassium is vital to the elimination of wastes in the body.Potassium is a natural diuretic, ...
The Experiment Research of Yield Increasing and Circulating of Potassium in Winter Wheat-summer Corn Rotation--《Journal of...The Experiment Research of Yield Increasing and Circulating of Potassium in Winter Wheat-summer Corn Rotation--《Journal of...
The fixed position experiment research of Potassium circulating in plant-soil system showed that two controls of applying Potassium and wheat straw return to soil can obviously increase yield. They can keep Potassium balance in growth circle. Applying Potassium can increase yield 7.9%～8.9% on winter wheat and 12.4%～14.4% on summer corn. The Potassium balance coefficient reached 0.95 with the application of Potassium, and 1.15 with Potassium application and straw return to soil together.
A Genomewide Screen for Tolerance to Cationic Drugs Reveals Genes Important for Potassium Homeostasis in Saccharomyces...A Genomewide Screen for Tolerance to Cationic Drugs Reveals Genes Important for Potassium Homeostasis in Saccharomyces...
EN] Potassium homeostasis is crucial for living cells. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the uptake of potassium is driven by the electrochemical gradient generated by the Pma1 H +-ATPase, and this process represents a major consumer of the gradient. We considered that any mutation resulting in an alteration of the electrochemical gradient could give rise to anomalous sensitivity to any cationic drug independently of its toxicity mechanism. Here, we describe a genomewide screen for mutants that present altered tolerance to hygromycin B, spermine, and tetramethylammonium. Two hundred twenty-six mutant strains displayed altered tolerance to all three drugs (202 hypersensitive and 24 hypertolerant), and more than 50% presented a strong or moderate growth defect at a limiting potassium concentration (1 mM). Functional groups such as protein kinases and phosphatases, intracellular trafficking, transcription, or cell cycle and DNA processing were enriched. Essentially, our screen has identified a ...
A Potassium Channel Hypertension - High Potassium FoodsA Potassium Channel Hypertension - High Potassium Foods
In this recent study the researchers discovered a change in a potassium channel that is a major cause of secondary hypertension. Remember that normally an increase in aldosterone leads to an increase in sodium reabsorption in the kidney and a rise in blood pressure. Normally when there is an increase in potassium outside the cell, potassium will move into the cell.. In certain adrenal gland cells the resulting increase in membrane polarization (the difference in electrical charges across the membrane) leads to less aldosterone secretion. The lowering of aldosterone leads to less sodium reabsorption in the kidney, and thus lower blood pressure. In some people blood pressure is high and does not come down, because they have a gene that prevents this normal sequence.. In this particular study, a gene variant was found that affected part of a potassium channel. The change meant that the channel no longer allowed only potassium to pass. The channel allowed sodium to pass through the potassium channel ...
Medicowesome: Why does heart stop in diastole when plasma potassium level rises?Medicowesome: Why does heart stop in diastole when plasma potassium level rises?
I am a nursing instructor. In order for me to teach I like to understand it myself down to the cellular level. It bugs me that in the text book it will say do not give potassium IV push.....why? I want to know why? What happens? What does it do? So I appreciate this new forum I have found. Thanks!. ReplyDelete ...
Understanding A High Sodium/Potassium Ratio 1/1992Understanding A High Sodium/Potassium Ratio 1/1992
Another way to view this is that the high Na/K ratio, provided it is within a normal range between about 2 and 10, is indicative of a person who is responding well to their environment. A lower or higher ratio indicates abnormal responses that are less healthful. The exception is if the circumstances demand a different response. This could either be one of extreme fight-or-flight (a very high Na/K ratio) or one of paralysis or fright that demands that one just stop and rest, which could cause a low Na/K ratio ...
Themodernmaven.biz :: How To Reduce Potassium Levels In BloodThemodernmaven.biz :: How To Reduce Potassium Levels In Blood
Ebook How To Reduce Potassium Levels In Blood :: Magnesium rich foods list printable how to avoid, Low sodium effects on health men day program, Home cures from the kitchen to reduce high blood pressure, 1000 images about health benefits reference charts on, Potassium rich foods can lower the risk of high blood, Potassium rich foods can lower the risk of high blood, Can prednisone raise potassium levels, Home remedies for high blood pressure mtatva health pie, 12 foods to overcome low potassium dr axe, Nhfkp a new hope for kidney patients
KCNB1 - Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily B member 1 - Oryctolagus cuniculus (Rabbit) - KCNB1 gene & proteinKCNB1 - Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily B member 1 - Oryctolagus cuniculus (Rabbit) - KCNB1 gene & protein
Voltage-gated potassium channel that mediates transmembrane potassium transport in excitable membranes, primarily in the brain, but also in the pancreas and cardiovascular system. Contributes to the regulation of the action potential (AP) repolarization, duration and frequency of repetitive AP firing in neurons, muscle cells and endocrine cells and plays a role in homeostatic attenuation of electrical excitability throughout the brain. Plays also a role in the regulation of exocytosis independently of its electrical function. Forms tetrameric potassium-selective channels through which potassium ions pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient. The channel alternates between opened and closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane. Homotetrameric channels mediate a delayed-rectifier voltage-dependent outward potassium current that display rapid activation and slow inactivation in response to membrane depolarization. Can form functional homotetrameric and
HORIBA LAQUAtwin K-11 Compact Potassium Ion Meter - EnviroSupply & ServiceHORIBA LAQUAtwin K-11 Compact Potassium Ion Meter - EnviroSupply & Service
The only pocket meter that directly measures potassium ion concentration in 0.3ml sample (or 0.05ml sample with sampling sheet B). The unique sensor allows measurement of viscous liquids, solids, and even powder samples. No need for a beaker to calibrate your meter or measure a sample! Just place few drops of the stand
potassium | Diet Magazinepotassium | Diet Magazine
Sodium and potassium are two major electrolytes. Potassium is the major intracellular cation. Total body potassium content is approximately 50 mEq per kilogram body weight. Potassium assists in muscle contraction … Read More ...
Overview of Disorders of Potassium Metabolism - Metabolic Disorders - Merck Veterinary ManualOverview of Disorders of Potassium Metabolism - Metabolic Disorders - Merck Veterinary Manual
Learn about the veterinary topic of Overview of Disorders of Potassium Metabolism. Find specific details on this topic and related topics from the Merck Vet Manual.
A Study on Sodium and Potassium Balance of College Women in SeoulA Study on Sodium and Potassium Balance of College Women in Seoul
The purpose of this study was to investigate Na and K balances in healthy adult women. Anthropometric assessments, biochemical analysis of blood, 3-day dietary flood records and collections of 3-day food, 24-hr urine and faces were performed to evaluate intakes and excretions of Na and K in 20 college women living in Seoul. The mean BMI and blood pressure of the subjects were 21.08 and 110.25/67.50mmHg, respectively. Mean daily intake of energy was 1578.84 kcal, 79% of Korean RDA. Also, daily intakes of Na and K ware 120.86mEq and 44.20mEq. The urinary and fecal excretions of Na were 99.88 and 4.45mEq/day, and those of K were 30.41 and 8.66mEq/day, respectively. The body retention, retention rate, and apparent absorption of Na were 17.11mEq, 13.23%, and 96.31%, and those of K were 5.82mEq, 8.69%, and 80.12%, respectively. The urinary and fecal Na/K ratio were 3.48 and 0.52. There were significantly positive correlations between 1) urinary Na, K excretions and intakes of Na or K, 2) urinary K and ...
Excitation block in a nerve fibre model owing to potassium-dependent changes in myelin resistance | Interface FocusExcitation block in a nerve fibre model owing to potassium-dependent changes in myelin resistance | Interface Focus
We introduced a model of extracellular potassium accumulation in the periaxonal space of the myelinated nerve fibre during prolonged repetitive stimulation. The accumulation of potassium was linked to the myelin resistance, which was variable in the model. Thus, excitability of the fibre was affected by potassium not only via the depolarization block, but also through increased electrical leakage through the myelin. The model has an electrical scheme for a space-lumped fibre, which is superimposed on several concentrational compartments.. Nerve excitability is a function of myelin resistance. Therefore, making it dependent on sub-myelin potassium concentration has lead to new patterns of nerve behaviour. At high frequencies of stimulation (greater than 150 Hz for near-threshold stimulation and model parameters considered normal), the model fibre was periodically or completely blocked, depending on the frequency and amplitude of stimulation. This was not observed if the myelin resistance was ...
Potassium | Tamatieprodusente-organisasiePotassium | Tamatieprodusente-organisasie
Perhaps the most important way to ensure strong kidney health is to keep your blood pressure under good control. As discussed above, diets high in potassium are well known to help with this.. In addition, diets rich in potassium have been associated with a reduction in kidney stone risk. This is thought to be because the naturally occurring potassium salts in plant foods help to neutralize acidity in the blood stream. This prevents leeching of calcium from the bones to buffer the acid, which in turn reduces urine calcium, preventing its deposition in the form of a stone. Please note that while diets rich in potassium can be helpful in preventing certain kidney-related problems in a healthy people with good kidney function, persons already known to have kidney problems and who are diagnosed with certain diseases of the kidney may need to carefully regulate their intake of potassium, since their kidneys might not otherwise be able to regulate the levels of potassium in their bloodstream.. ...
K(+) versus Na(+) ions in a K channel selectivity filter: a simulation study. - Oxford NeuroscienceK(+) versus Na(+) ions in a K channel selectivity filter: a simulation study. - Oxford Neuroscience
Molecular dynamics simulations of a bacterial potassium channel (KcsA) embedded in a phospholipid bilayer reveal significant differences in interactions of the selectivity filter with K(+) compared with Na(+) ions. K(+) ions and water molecules within the filter undergo concerted single-file motion in which they translocate between adjacent sites within the filter on a nanosecond timescale. In contrast, Na(+) ions remain bound to sites within the filter and do not exhibit translocation on a nanosecond timescale. Furthermore, entry of a K(+) ion into the filter from the extracellular mouth is observed, whereas this does not occur for a Na(+) ion. Whereas K(+) ions prefer to sit within a cage of eight oxygen atoms of the filter, Na(+) ions prefer to interact with a ring of four oxygen atoms plus two water molecules. These differences in interactions in the selectivity filter may contribute to the selectivity of KcsA for K(+) ions (in addition to the differences in dehydration energy between K(+) and Na(+)
SmartChart - Investigating Elevated Potassium ResultsSmartChart - Investigating Elevated Potassium Results
Are physicians questioning your labs potassium results? This troubleshooting guide covers more than 40 patient and preanalytical variables that can elevate K+ in the samples your laboratory tests.
Got Potassium? - Toby Amidor NutritionGot Potassium? - Toby Amidor Nutrition
Potassium is a mineral electrolyte thats very important for the bodys growth and maintenance. Its crucial for water and pH balance within the body and plays a role in muscle contractions and heart and brain function.. Fortunately, most folks get enough potassium from a well-balanced diet with lots of fruits and veggies and fortified foods. Those on certain medications (like water pills) or who are following special diets (like the DASH diet for high blood pressure) may need an extra boost of potassium. If youre looking to add potassium, its suggested to do so by increasing potassium-rich foods as opposed to popping a supplement (unless directed by a registered dietitian of doctor).. Potassium-Rich ...
What are the effects of low potassium on the body? | Reference.comWhat are the effects of low potassium on the body? | Reference.com
Potassium levels below 3.5 millimoles per liter can lead to weakness, tiredness, abdominal cramping, tingling and palpitations, according to WebMD. A very low potassium level below 2.5 millimoles per...
High Potassium Levels and Stage 4 Chronic Kidney DiseaseHigh Potassium Levels and Stage 4 Chronic Kidney Disease
Stage 4 chronic kidney disease is characterized by severe decline of kidney function. With declined kidney function, many symptoms will come along. Some patients are diagnosed with high potassium levels. Why there will be high potassium lev
Top 15 Potassium-Rich Foods And Their Benefits - Benefits And DosageTop 15 Potassium-Rich Foods And Their Benefits - Benefits And Dosage
Potassium is one important mineral that helps maintain the electrolyte balance in the body. Heres a list of the top 15 potassium-rich foods. Read on.
Potassium - Are You Ready for a Change?Potassium - Are You Ready for a Change?
Muscular Strength: One of the most useful benefits of potassium is its role in ensuring the proper growth of muscle tissues and the proper utilization of energy released during metabolism, which adds significantly to muscular strength. The muscles, including those all-important cardiac muscles, are prone to paralysis due to a deficiency of potassium in a persons diet. Stimulating cell growth and providing the metabolic energy to do so is a vital function of potassium, and muscular health would be compromised without it. Also, without the contractions and relaxations that potassium allows muscles to perform, exercise and additional muscle training would be impossible ...
New aspects of renal potassium transport. - MyScienceWorkNew aspects of renal potassium transport. - MyScienceWork
New aspects of renal potassium transport.: The kidneys major role in potassium (K) homeostasis depends on its ability to respond effectively to changes in exte
Top 10 Potassium-Rich Foods And Their Benefits | Organic FactsTop 10 Potassium-Rich Foods And Their Benefits | Organic Facts
Potassium-rich foods include tuna, spinach, pomegranate, lentils, mushrooms and milk. Potassium helps in maintaining water balance & blood pressure, & strengthens bones.
How many moles of potassium are in 156.4 gramsHow many moles of potassium are in 156.4 grams
Atomic mass of potassium, K = 39.1 Amount of potassium is 156.4g sample = 156.4/39.1 = 4.00mol There are 4 moles of potassium in 156.4 grams of potassium.
Top 20 High-Potassium FoodsTop 20 High-Potassium Foods
We are so obsessed with reducing salt that we sometimes forget to look at the other half of the equation: getting enough potassium. Potassium, as Go UnDiet author Gloria Tsang describes it, is "another mineral that can counteract the damaging effect of sodium." Potassium has been shown to lower blood pressure. Fortunately, there is a wide range of potassium-rich foods, making it easy to get potassium from the foods you eat and not from a supplement. ...
5-Amino-1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrazole Potassium Salt CAS 136369-04-55-Amino-1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrazole Potassium Salt CAS 136369-04-5
... specifications & features from suppliers/manufacturer We offer 5-Amino-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrazole potassium salt for competitive price. Synonym: 1H-Tetrazol-5-amine potassium saltIf you need a specific offer, please send us your enquiry mentioning the quantity you are interested in, so we are able to give you
ThInK dIfFeReNt.... Do DiFfErEnT....: Potassium Rich FoodsThInK dIfFeReNt.... Do DiFfErEnT....: Potassium Rich Foods
Potassium is a mineral that is found in almost every food item we eat, differing only in the amount. So, a well balanced diet, with fruits, vegetables, milk, etc in it, is all you need to maintain the proper level of potassium in the body. Though lack of potassium has not been directly linked to a disease, the mineral has been found to be of great importance in helping body perform its vital functions. However, even too much of potassium is not good for health. An average adult is required to consume 2,100 to 3,200 mg of potassium in a day. Check out the amount of potassium in various food items, mentioned below, to know whether you are getting enough potassium in your daily diet or not ...
The role of extracellular potassium in the epileptogenic transformation of recurrent GABAergic inhibition. - Department of...The role of extracellular potassium in the epileptogenic transformation of recurrent GABAergic inhibition. - Department of...
PURPOSE: Epileptiform burst-firing can occur in hippocampal area CA1 where recurrent excitation is relatively weak and recurrent inhibition strong. Recent observations suggest that recurrent inhibition can transform into recurrent excitation because of collapse of the chloride gradient. Here we assess the role of potassium in this epileptogenic transformation. METHODS: Extracellular field potential recordings, combined with either intracellular recordings from pyramidal neurons or extracellular potassium concentration recordings, were made in vitro from isolated CA1 minislices cut from the rat hippocampus and in vivo from area CA1 in urethane-anesthetized rats. Burst responses were evoked by 5-Hz alveus stimulation. RESULTS: The 5-Hz alveus stimulation in vitro caused a transient period of burst responses that was associated with a transient increase in synaptic input in stratum oriens and a transient shift of the reversal potential of the synaptic potential. These changes were related to the transient
Control of Potassium Transport by Turtle Colon: Role of Membrane Poten by Dan R. Halm and David C. Dawson"Control of Potassium Transport by Turtle Colon: Role of Membrane Poten" by Dan R. Halm and David C. Dawson
To more clearly define the role of the transepithelial electrical potential difference (V m→s), potassium permeability, and sodium-potassium pump rate in transcellular potassium transport by isolated turtle colon, we measured transmural potassium fluxes under open-circuit conditions in the presence and absence of putative blockers of potassium transport: amiloride and barium. The results were consistent with the notion that V m→s is a major determinant of cellular potassium secretion, whereas active potassium absorption is insensitive to changes in V m→s. These observations suggest that coupling between colonic sodium absorption and potassium secretion in vivo could be due primarily to the effect of the lumen negative V m→s on transcellular secretory potassium flow. Amiloride-induced inhibition of potassium secretion appeared to be due to the reductions in V m→s and sodium-potassium pump rate that accompanied the inhibition of active sodium absorption.
DIGITAL.CSIC: Cloning and functional characterization of the high-affinity K+ transporter HAK1 of pepperDIGITAL.CSIC: Cloning and functional characterization of the high-affinity K+ transporter HAK1 of pepper
High-affinity K+ uptake in plants plays a crucial role in K+ nutrition and different systems have been postulated to contribute to the high-affinity K+ uptake. The results presented here with pepper (Capsicum annum) demonstrate that a HAK1-type transporter greatly contributes to the high-affinity K+ uptake observed in roots. Pepper plants starved of K+ for 3 d showed high-affinity K+ uptake (K m of 6 mgrM K+) that was very sensitive to NH and their roots expressed a high-affinity K+ transporter, CaHAK1, which clusters in group I of the KT/HAK/KUP family of transporters. When expressed in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), CaHAK1 mediated high-affinity K+ and Rb+ uptake with K m values of 3.3 and 1.9 mgr M, respectively. Rb+ uptake was competitively inhibited by micromolar concentrations of NH and Cs+, and by millimolar concentrations of Na+ ...
Hyperkalemia - WikipediaHyperkalemia - Wikipedia
Metabolic acidosis is a cause of hyperkalemia because increase in hydrogen ions in the cells can displace potassium out of the cells, causing a rise of serum potassium levels. However, in organic acidosis such as lactic acidosis, ketoacidosis, the effect on serum potassium levels are absent possibly because of the presence of organic ion-hydrogen ion co-transporter into the cells that minimises the displacement of potassium out of the cells. Meanwhile, in respiratory acidosis, the effect on serum potassium level is small due to unknown mechanism.[12]. Insulin increases the uptake of potassium into the cells. Therefore, insulin deficiency can cause hyperkalemia. In addition to that, hyperglycemia, which causes hyperosmolality in extracellular fluid, increases water diffusion out of the cells, which in turns increases the intracellular potassium concentration and causes potassium to move alongside water out of the cells also. The co-existence of insulin deficiency, hyperglycemia, and ...
Potassium binder - WikipediaPotassium binder - Wikipedia
Potassium binders are medications that bind potassium ions in the gastrointestinal tract, thereby preventing its intestinal absorption. They consist of polystyrene sulfonate resins attached to a cation and are administered either orally or by retention enema to patients who are at risk of developing hyperkalaemia (abnormal high serum potassium levels). Increased serum potassium levels are a condition likely to occur in patients suffering from chronic kidney disease in advanced stages. Potassium, the most abundant intracellular cation, is essential for life. An adequate gradient of potassium across the cell membrane is necessary in order to enable excitability of cell membranes. This is particularly important for nerve and muscle function. In humans, mainly the kidneys are responsible for the regulation of serum potassium levels by excreting excess potassium via the urine. As kidney failure progresses, with a consequent decline of excretory function, potassium is likely to accumulate with ...
Humic acid plus potassium Manufacturers & Suppliers, China humic acid plus potassium Manufacturers & FactoriesHumic acid plus potassium Manufacturers & Suppliers, China humic acid plus potassium Manufacturers & Factories
humic acid plus potassium manufacturer/supplier, China humic acid plus potassium manufacturer & factory list, find qualified Chinese humic acid plus potassium manufacturers, suppliers, factories, exporters & wholesalers quickly on Made-in-China.com.
Potassium-induced vascular relaxation in two kidney-one clip, renal hypertensive rats<...Potassium-induced vascular relaxation in two kidney-one clip, renal hypertensive rats<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Potassium-induced vascular relaxation in two kidney-one clip, renal hypertensive rats. AU - Clinton Webb, R.. AU - Cohen, David M.. AU - Bohr, David F.. PY - 1983/1/1. Y1 - 1983/1/1. N2 - This study was designed to characterize potassium-induced relaxation in vascular smooth muscle in two kidneyone clip (2K-1C), renal hypertensive rats. Potassium-induced relaxation was evaluated in the isolated tail artery and in the isolated pump perfused renal vasculature. Both preparations relaxed in response to potassium after contraction induced by norepinephrine in potassium-free solution. Arterial preparations from hypertensive rats showed greater relaxation than did those from normotensive rats. Potassium-induced relaxation in tail arteries from hypertensive rats was more sensitive to ouabain inhibition than those from normotensive rats; the renal vasculature of hypertensive rats did not differ from controls with respect to ouabain sensitivity. Relaxation in response to potassium in ...
Potassium balance in crop rotation fields where slurry was applied | VDU CRISPotassium balance in crop rotation fields where slurry was applied | VDU CRIS
In this article, the results of research on WRI of LUA Juodkiskiai experiment field (1999 - 2003) are discussed. Fertilize other factors influence over potassium fluctuation, its balance and leaching into drainage water during crop rotation are a In order to evaluate the potassium balance and its quantity passed together with rainfall, seeds, fertilizers and take with j (secondary and primary production) was established in plant residues and drainage water. When fertilizing with liquid manure, potassium balance was negative while growing perennial grasses as much potass: needed to mature their yield. The investigations established that potassium concentration in drainage water and its leachi increased by precipitation during the research period, and it was reduced by the amount of this element taking out with y.s geochemical environment had influence on the increase of potassium supply in soil. It was established that long-term fertilization with liquid manure had raised the potassium supply in ...
Effects of Potassium Salts on Blood Pressure and Target Organ Damage - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.govEffects of Potassium Salts on Blood Pressure and Target Organ Damage - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Randomised trials have shown that increasing potassium intake lowers blood pressure. However, most previous trials used potassium chloride. Whereas, potassium in fruits and vegetables is not a chloride salt, but a mixture of potassium phosphate, sulphate, citrate, and many organic anions, most of which are precursors of potassium bicarbonate. It is unclear whether non-chloride salt of potassium has greater or lesser effect on blood pressure compared to potassium chloride.. Experimental studies in animals and epidemiological studies in humans suggest that a high potassium intake may have beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system and the kidney, independent of its effect on blood pressure, and also reduce the risk of osteoporosis.. We propose to carry out a randomised double-blind trial to compare potassium bicarbonate with potassium chloride looking at their effect on blood pressure, and also to determine whether these potassium salts have beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system, ...
Catecholamine-induced myocardial potassium uptake mediated by beta 1-adrenoceptors and adenylate cyclase activation in the pig....Catecholamine-induced myocardial potassium uptake mediated by beta 1-adrenoceptors and adenylate cyclase activation in the pig....
The myocardial potassium uptake during intracoronary isoproterenol stimulation was characterized in 12 anesthetized pigs. The beta-receptor subtype specificity and the effect of adenylate cyclase activation were determined. Potassium concentrations were continuously recorded by PVC-valinomycin minielectrodes in the left atrial cavity and in coronary sinus blood diverted through a shunt to the right atrium. The difference in potassium concentration between the left atrial cavity and coronary sinus, and the accumulated myocardial potassium uptake were calculated after computerized data sampling. By intracoronary drug infusion, changes in heart rate and systemic effects were minimized. Isoproterenol (0.6-0.8 microgram/min), a nonspecific beta-agonist, reduced coronary sinus potassium concentration transiently to a nadir of 0.28 (0.15-0.43) mM (median and 95% confidence interval) below control values (n = 12). The potassium uptake, which amounted to 140 (79-202) mumol/100 g tissue, corresponding to ...
High PotassiumHigh Potassium
Potassium is an essential electrolyte, which is a mineral your body needs to function correctly. Potassium is especially important for your nerves and muscles, including your heart. While potassium is important to your health, getting too much of the nutrient can be just as bad as, or worse than, not getting enough. Normally, your kidneys keep a healthy balance of potassium by flushing excess potassium out of your body. But for many reasons, the level of potassium in your blood can get too high. This is called hyperkalemia, or high potassium. According to the Mayo Clinic, a normal range of potassium is between 3.6 and 5.2 millimoles per liter (mmol/L) of blood. A potassium level higher than 5.5 mmol/L is critically high, and a potassium level over 6 mmol/L can be life-threatening. Small variations in ranges may be possible depending on the laboratory. Whether you have mild or severe hyperkalemia, you should get prompt medical attention to prevent possible complications.. ...
sodium potassium pump diseasesodium potassium pump disease
The Na+ K+-ATPase pump maintains the gradient of a higher concentration of sodium extracellularly and a higher level of potassium intracellularly. The sodiumâ potassium pump is found in many cell (plasma) membranes. The sodium/potassium ATPase pump is essential to many physiological processes, and so targeting it with medication can be useful clinically. Explore the sodium potassium pump (Na+/K+ pump), with the Amoeba Sisters! Examples of â ¦ It also involves being conscious of every hint of flavoring in your food and how you cook your meals. In the kidneys, sodium and potassium have a reciprocal relationship. Na+-K+ pump in chronic renal failure. In a single cycle of the pump, three sodium ions are extruded from and two potassium â ¦ Powered by ATP, the pump moves sodium and potassium ions in opposite directions, each against its concentration gradient. Acting on the distal tubules, the hormone aldosterone triggers potassium excretion and resorption of sodium. Conversely, drugs which act ...
Pathophysiology of potassium absorption and secretion by the human intestine<...Pathophysiology of potassium absorption and secretion by the human intestine<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Pathophysiology of potassium absorption and secretion by the human intestine. AU - Agarwal, Rajiv. AU - Afzalpurkar, Rekha. AU - Fordtran, John S.. PY - 1994/8. Y1 - 1994/8. N2 - When normal people ingest 90 mEq/day of K+ in their diet, they absorb about 90% of intake (81 mEq) and excrete an equivalent amount of K+ in the urine. Normal fecal K+ excretion averages about 9 mEq/day. The vast majority of intestinal K+ absorption occurs in the small intestine; the contribution of the normal colon to net K+ absorption and secretion is trivial. K+ is absorbed or secreted mainly by passive mechanisms; the rectum and perhaps the sigmoid colon have the capacity to actively secrete K+, but the quantitative and physiological significance of this active secretion is uncertain. Hyperaldosteronism increases fecal K+ excretion by about 3 mEq/day in people with otherwise normal intestinal tracts. Cation exchange resin by mouth can increase fecal K+ excretion to 40 mEq/day. The absorptive ...
transtubular potassium gradient | Tabers Medical Dictionarytranstubular potassium gradient | Taber's Medical Dictionary
transtubular potassium gradient answers are found in the Tabers Medical Dictionary powered by Unbound Medicine. Available for iPhone, iPad, Android, and Web.
Potassium Gluconate Weight LossPotassium Gluconate Weight Loss
By now you have probably seen the ads for MiO Liquid Water Enhancer, Kraft Foods new gimmick aimed at young consumers seeking "cool" new ways to stand out.. Lycopene from the neo-Latin Lycopersicum, the tomato species, is a bright red carotene and carotenoid pigment and phytochemical found in tomatoes and other red fruits.. No, 500 mg of potassium means 500 mg of elemental potassium. Usually both dietary recommendations and nutritional information are written with elemental potassium in mind. Incidentally, the adult RDA for potassium is 4700 milligrams per day (exc.. High/low potassium foods, kidney disease, sodium/potassium ratio, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, potassium supplements for kidney stones and blood pressure.. Apr 22, 2014. There are a wide variety of oral potassium supplements Potassium Gluconate Supplement Brands Available at VetRxDirect. Increased water intake; Increased urination; Having "accidents" indoors, even though housebroken; Sudden weight loss; Vomiting; Lethargy; Frequent ...
Smell the potassiumSmell the potassium
In the new study, Yu, Kim and their colleagues looked for VNO potassium channels, which admit positively charged potassium ions. They began by setting up whole-cell patch clamp tests, in which tiny electrodes measure the net flow of charged ions through the membranes of neurons in a slice of mouse VNO tissue. To determine the contribution of potassium ions to these currents, they replaced the potassium ions in the neurons with chemically similar cesium ions, which cannot get through potassium channels. When these potassium-depleted VNO neurons were exposed to pheromone-containing mouse urine, the usual net inward flow of positive charge was significantly greater than it had been when the neurons contained potassium.. That and other experiments with the VNO tissue slices suggested that potassium ions normally flow out of VNO neurons through potassium channels when a VNO receptor is activated. This was not completely unexpected; neurons typically have a greater concentration of potassium ions ...
Mens Health And Potassium Supplements | Misouryi HealthMen's Health And Potassium Supplements | Misouryi Health
Should someone supplement Potassium? Potassium is a key ingredient to maintaining a healthy heart, muscle function, kidneys, nerves, and your digestive system. While certain foods naturally will provide the potassium levels most women and men need, there are select individuals who must have much more than what can be processed through eating like those without potassium issues. A potassium supplement is necessary for those who have either temporary or permanent deficiency that deplete their body of potassium, such as: being dehydrated, having vomited while sick, diarrhea, inflicted with kidney disease or gastrointestinal disease and from having fluids sweated out from your pores (heat stroke, sweat, dehydration, diarrhea, etc.), from vomiting (the 24 hour flu, bulimia, as a result of another condition), or because of having a disease, like Gastrointestinal disease, etc. Potassium supplements are specifically made to to restore or thwart potassium deficiencies.. Is there an ideal time to take ...
Mens Health And Potassium SupplementsMen's Health And Potassium Supplements
Should someone supplement Potassium? Potassium is a key ingredient to maintaining a healthy heart, muscle function, kidneys, nerves, and your digestive system. While certain foods naturally will provide the potassium levels most women and men need, there are select individuals who must have much more than what can be processed through eating like those without potassium issues. A potassium supplement is necessary for those who have either temporary or permanent deficiency that deplete their body of potassium, such as: being dehydrated, having vomited while sick, diarrhea, inflicted with kidney disease or gastrointestinal disease and from having fluids sweated out from your pores (heat stroke, sweat, dehydration, diarrhea, etc.), from vomiting (the 24 hour flu, bulimia, as a result of another condition), or because of having a disease, like Gastrointestinal disease, etc. Potassium supplements are specifically made to to restore or thwart potassium deficiencies.. Is there an ideal time to take ...
Celery (w/ potassium content) Nutrition Facts, Celery (w/ potassium content) Calories, Nutritional InformationCelery (w/ potassium content) Nutrition Facts, Celery (w/ potassium content) Calories, Nutritional Information
Celery (w/ potassium content) nutrition facts and nutritional information. Find calories, carbs, and nutritional contents for Celery (w/ potassium content) and over 2,000,000 other foods at MyFitnessPal.com.
Fruit Hat Fruits High In PotassiumFruit Hat Fruits High In Potassium
Below is a list of fruits high in potassium, for more, see the extended lists of potassium rich need to lower their potassium, this list can serve as a guide on what fruits to eat or avoid Potassium in g, Per cup, sliced (g), Per fruit (86g). High potassium foods include dried apricots, white beans, avocados, For a list of fresh fruit high in potassium see the article on high potassium fruits. . I need to limit my potassium intake, what foods are low in potassium? There are many more high potassium fruits other than bananas to get your daily intake of Raisins are another dried fruit that knocks out its fresh form, with a fifth of Medjool dates are a fine source of potassium, providing a fifth of what you ...
Potassium - WikipediaPotassium - Wikipedia
K are foond in aw potassium, an it is the maist common radioisotope in the human bouk. Potassium is chemically very seemilar tae sodium, the previous element in group 1 o the periodic table. Thay hae a seemilar first ionisation energy, which allows for each atom tae gie up its sole outer electron. That thay are different elements that combine wi the same anions tae mak seemilar salts wis suspected in 1702,[6] an wis proven in 1807 uisin electrolysis. Maist industrial applications o potassium exploit the heich solubility in watter o potassium compoonds, sic as potassium saips. Hivy crop production rapidly depletes the sile o potassium, an this can be remedied wi agricultural fertilizers containin potassium, accoontin for 95% o global potassium chemical production.[7]. Potassium ions are necessar for the function o aw livin cells. The transfer o potassium ions throu nerve cell membranes is necessar for normal nerve transmission; potassium depletion can result in numerous abnormalities, includin an ...
High Potassium Levels (Hyperkalemia) in the Blood | SeniorHealth365.comHigh Potassium Levels (Hyperkalemia) in the Blood | SeniorHealth365.com
Potassium is an important mineral (ion) in the human body. It plays various roles in muscle and nerve activity, and influences the blood volume and blood pressure. The potassium in our body comes from certain foods like meat, potatoes, beans and fruits among others. It is the most abundant ion in our cells. However, potassium levels outside the cells (in the tissue fluids and blood) is maintained at a lower level than potassium levels inside the cells. The excess potassium in the blood is excreted out in the urine by the kidneys.. ...
Potassium FertilizersPotassium Fertilizers
Potassium, also called potash, is mined from the soil like phosphate fertilizers. Being soluble in water, it is sometimes dissolved from the soil and handled as brine. Processing potassium ore, unlike phosphorus, is a matter of purification, not increasing solubility.. Muriate of potash (potassium chloride) (0-0-60) is by far the most common and, hence, least expensive form. Two other sources of potassium worth noting are potassium sulfate (0-0-50) and potassium nitrate (13-0-44). Potassium chloride is the most salty of the above. Also some plants, citrus for instance, are sensitive to excess chloride. Potassium sulfate is used primarily in crops that dont tolerate the chloride.. Potassium nitrate is relatively expensive to make so is not used much. It is a good non-chloride potassium fertilizer and supplies nitrate nitrogen as well.. All potassium fertilizers easily dissolve in water and are immediately available to the plant. In use, they may be applied directly mixed into the soil, dissolved ...
Potassium Channels in Health and Disease - Nova Science PublishersPotassium Channels in Health and Disease - Nova Science Publishers
Potassium ion (K+) channels are ubiquitous components and are widely distributed on the surface of the cell membrane in various tissues. There are many types of potassium ion channels (voltage-gated K+ channels, ATP-sensitive K+ channels, Ca2+-activated K+ channels, etc.), and each type of potassium ion channel has its own characteristic features concerning electrophysiology and molecular biology in each potassium ion channel. The potassium ion current across the plasma membrane is considered to have two main physiological functions, one for determining the membrane potential and the other regulating the electrical activity. Membrane hyperpolarization would reduce the excitability of the membrane by shifting the membrane potential away from the threshold for excitation and would inhibit, where it existed, calcium ion (Ca2+) influx through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels by closing the Ca2+ channel. Outward potassium ion currents activated upon depolarization would counteract the depolarizing action ...
Medical Advisor Journals, Kyle J. Norton Site, Health Tips for Better Living and Living Health: #Healthy Foods - Tomatoes ...Medical Advisor Journals, Kyle J. Norton Site, Health Tips for Better Living and Living Health: #Healthy Foods - Tomatoes ...
Potassium beside is important in maintaining the regular contraction and relaxation of the muscle, that helps to reducing the risk of hypokalemia, it also helps the lymphatic system in regulating the levels of fluid in the body, thus lessening the risk of lymphedema, swelling caused by the accumulation of lymph fluid. In a study of "Narrative review: evolving concepts in potassium homeostasis and hypokalemia" by Greenlee M, Wingo CS, McDonough AA, Youn JH, Kone BC., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19414841), researchers found that recent experimental insights into the participation of feedback and feedforward control mechanisms in potassium homeostasis. New data make clear that feedforward homeostatic responses activate when decreased potassium intake is sensed, even when plasma potassium concentration is still within the normal range and before frank hypokalemia ensues, in addition to the classic feedback activation of renal potassium conservation when plasma potassium ...
Potassium and Sodium Transport across Single Distal Tubules of Amphiuma | JGPPotassium and Sodium Transport across Single Distal Tubules of Amphiuma | JGP
The transport properties of potassium (K) and sodium (Na) were studied in single distal tubules of Amphiuma using free-flow micropuncture techniques and stationary microperfusion methods. The transepithelial movement of labeled potassium was measured utilizing a three-compartment system in series in which the time course of tracer disappearance from the lumen was followed. Under control conditions, in blood- and doubly-perfused kidneys, extensive active net reabsorption of sodium and potassium obtains along single distal tubules. Tubular potassium reabsorption is abolished by ouabain at a concentration of 5 x 10-6 M. Significant net secretion of K can be induced by exposing Amphiuma to a high K environment (100 mM KCl) or by adding acetazoleamide (1 x 10-4 M) to the perfusion fluid. Transepithelial movement of potassium involves mixing with only a small fraction of total distal tubular cell potassium. This transport pool of potassium increases significantly with the transition from tubular net ...
Potassium | Technology TrendsPotassium | Technology Trends
Potassium is a chemical element with symbol K (from Neo-Latin kalium) and atomic number 19. Elemental potassium is a soft silvery-white alkali metal that oxidizes rapidly in air and is very reactive with water, generating sufficient heat to ignite the hydrogen emitted in the reaction.. Because potassium and sodium are chemically very similar, their salts were not at first differentiated. The existence of multiple elements in their salts was suspected from 1702, and this was proven in 1807 when potassium and sodium were individually isolated from different salts by electrolysis. Potassium in nature occurs only in ionic salts. As such, it is found dissolved in seawater (which is 0.04% potassium by weight), and is part of many minerals.. Most industrial chemical applications of potassium employ the relatively high solubility in water of potassium compounds, such as potassium soaps. Potassium metal has only a few special applications, being replaced in most chemical reactions with sodium ...
Active Transport by the Cecropia Midgut | Journal of Experimental BiologyActive Transport by the Cecropia Midgut | Journal of Experimental Biology
1. From two lines of evidence, we conclude that the potassium transport gives rise directly to the midgut potential, i.e. that the active potassium transport mechanism is electrogenic.. 2. First, diffusion potentials of neither potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, nor chloride could give rise to the large midgut potential if values for tissue concentrations are accepted for their respective activities in the epithelium.. 3. Secondly, no externally added cation other than potassium is required to sustain either the potential or short circuit current, no specific anion is required, and no metabolic ion is known to be produced in sufficient amount to act as a counter ion for potassium in a non-electrogenic process.. 4. Changes in the concentration of potassium on the blood-side of the midgut always lead to changes in potential in the direction predicted by the Nernst equation. Moreover, a tenfold change in potassium concentration leads to the expected 59 mV. potential change provided that the ...
Hypokalemia and Intravenous Patient Controlled Analgesia - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.govHypokalemia and Intravenous Patient Controlled Analgesia - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Intravenous patient controlled analgesia(IV-PCA) has been widely used to control postoperative pain. The increase in stress hormone level and hyperventilation caused by the postoperative pain may contribute to the development of hypokalemia during postoperative period. Hypokalemia is a risk factor for postoperative arrhythmia. Therefore, if the postoperative pain is well controlled by the IV-PCA, the plasma potassium level during the postoperative period may be not affected by stress response, and the incidence of hypokalemia may be reduced. The researchers tried to investigate the effect of IV-PCA on potassium regulation during the postoperative period.. The researchers divided the patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy into two groups of IV-PCA group and control group. The researchers compared the plasma potassium concentration from the preoperative to postoperative period. ...
We Are What We Eat: Potassium, the Real Special K « Fiesta FarmsWe Are What We Eat: Potassium, the Real Special K « Fiesta Farms
But most of us are not getting the recommended amount of potassium. Adults have about 120 g of potassium in their composition, about .2% of our mass, and we need to ingest 4.7g a day to keep in tip-top shape. In metabolic functioning potassium helps to maintain balance between individual cells and the fluid surrounding them, it acts in brain and nerve functioning and is necessary in preventing erratic muscle contraction, or cramping. High levels of potassium are also associated with lower blood pressure, a reduced risk of stroke, helping to maintain muscle mass and bone density and assist in preventing kidney stones. Not overly surprisingly, given North Americas predilection for highly processed foods, only about 2% of the population on this continent get enough potassium.. Potassium Deficiency, known as hypokalaemia is often vague, and the symptoms somewhat difficult to attribute, can be characterized by general weakness, fatigue, cramping, tingling, nausea, excessive urination, bloating, ...
Medical Advisor Journals, Kyle J. Norton Site, Health Tips for Better Living and Living Health: #Healthy #Foods - Fruits -...Medical Advisor Journals, Kyle J. Norton Site, Health Tips for Better Living and Living Health: #Healthy #Foods - Fruits -...
4. PotassiumPotassium beside is important in maintaining the regular contraction and relaxation of the muscle, that helps to reducing the risk of hypokalemia, it also helps the lymphatic system in regulating the levels of fluid in the body, thus lessening the risk of lymphedema, swelling caused by the accumulation of lymph fluid. In a study of "Narrative review: evolving concepts in potassium homeostasis and hypokalemia" by Greenlee M, Wingo CS, McDonough AA, Youn JH, Kone BC., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19414841), researchers found that recent experimental insights into the participation of feedback and feedforward control mechanisms in potassium homeostasis. New data make clear that feedforward homeostatic responses activate when decreased potassium intake is sensed, even when plasma potassium concentration is still within the normal range and before frank hypokalemia ensues, in addition to the classic feedback activation of renal potassium conservation when plasma ...
ACTION OF K-STROPHANTHIN ON POTASSIUM LEAKAGE FROM FROG SARTORIUS MUSCLE The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental...ACTION OF K-STROPHANTHIN ON POTASSIUM LEAKAGE FROM FROG SARTORIUS MUSCLE The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental...
Fig. 2. Abscissa and ordinate as in fieure 1 hut not» j:«? „ • , .,. . , . , „ "Kuie i, oui note the difference in scale. All muscles. were stimulated a a rate of 30 per minute. Only the muscles in DNP showed a significantly higher potass,urn loss than the untreated ones. Strophanthin plus DNP make the muscles lose less potassium than DNP alone, which is in contrast to the findings in resting muscle. K-STROPHANTHIN ON POTASSIUM LEAKAGE. 505. either to there being no difference at all or to an insufficient number of experiments; regarding these values no statements can be made.. Discussion. All experiments were performed in potassium free Ringer solution so as to be able to measure even minor changes in potassium concentration in the bath with sufficient accuracy. It is well known that muscle in potassium free Ringer solution loses potassium (Steinbach, 1940, 1951, 1952). Accordingly we found a mean loss of 0.0913 nM- in 10 minutes from a freshly dissected muscle if no drug was added. ...
How to Lower Potassium LevelsHow to Lower Potassium Levels
... Let us see in detail how to lower potassium levels in blood and restore normal potassium levels. Potassium (chemical element K) is a mineral, in the same...
Potassium -- metabolism (Concept) - University of Missouri LibrariesPotassium -- metabolism (Concept) - University of Missouri Libraries
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DailyMed - POTASSIUM PHOSPHATES- monobasic potassium phosphate and dibasic potassium phosphate injectionDailyMed - POTASSIUM PHOSPHATES- monobasic potassium phosphate and dibasic potassium phosphate injection
POTASSIUM PHOSPHATES INJECTION may increase the risk of hyperkalemia, including life-threatening cardiac events, especially when administered in excessive doses, undiluted or by rapid intravenous infusion [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]. Patients with severe renal impairment and end stage renal disease are at increased risk of developing life-threatening hyperkalemia, when administered intravenous potassium [see Contraindications (4)]. Other patients at increased risk of hyperkalemia include those with severe adrenal insufficiency or treated concurrently with other drugs that cause or increase the risk of hyperkalemia [see Drug Interactions (7.1)]. Patients with cardiac disease may be more susceptible to the effects of hyperkalemia.. Consider the amount of potassium from all sources when determining the dose of POTASSIUM PHOSPHATES INJECTION and do not exceed the maximum age-appropriate recommended daily amount of potassium. In patients with moderate renal impairment (eGFR ≥30 mL/min/1.73 ...
Difference between revisions of Potassium chloride - Sciencemadness WikiDifference between revisions of "Potassium chloride" - Sciencemadness Wiki
Potassium chloride can be easily obtained in relatively pure form at the grocery store as a salt substitute for people with low-sodium diets. This source is mixed in with potassium bitartrate to improve taste. Some salt substitutes tend to have merely a KCl addition, as still have lots of sodium chloride. Recrystallization is required to further purify the compound. However, salt substitute is deliberately overpriced by the companies that make it; it is many times cheaper to obtain potassium chloride through other means, often through larger industrial quantities, which are usually purer anyway. This includes buying potassium chloride as fertilizer, sometimes referred to as muriate of potash. In some hardware stores, sodium-free water purification tablets made of 99% or higher potassium chloride can be purchased, usually in bags weighing about 40 lbs. These are by far the most economic method of purchasing potassium chloride. ...
The importance of potassium in heart health (Pt. 2)The importance of potassium in heart health (Pt. 2)
Consensus guidelines for the use of potassium replacement in clinical practice Low serum potassium concentration is perhaps the most common electrolyte abnormality encountered in clinical practice. According to the National Council on Potassium in Clinical Practice, in order to maintain normal levels of potassium several factors must be take into account such as: Baseline potassium…
Gardening St Ives: Plants And PotassiumGardening St Ives: Plants And Potassium
The effects of potassium on plants is well known in that it improves how well a plant grows and produces but exactly why and how is not known. As a gardener, you do not need to know the why and how in order to be hurt by a potassium deficiency in plants. Keep reading to learn more about how potassium affects the plants in your garden and how to correct a potassium deficiency. ...
About: PotassiumAbout: Potassium
Potassium is a chemical element with the symbol K (from Neo-Latin kalium) and atomic number 19. Potassium is a silvery-white metal that is soft enough to be cut with a knife with little force. Potassium metal reacts rapidly with atmospheric oxygen to form flaky white potassium peroxide in only seconds of exposure. It was first isolated from potash, the ashes of plants, from which its name derives. In the periodic table, potassium is one of the alkali metals, all of which have a single valence electron in the outer electron shell, that is easily removed to create an ion with a positive charge - a cation, that combines with anions to form salts. Potassium in nature occurs only in ionic salts. Elemental potassium reacts vigorously with water, generating sufficient heat to ignite hydrogen emitted in the reaction, and burning with a lilac-colored flame. It is found dissolved in sea water (which is 0.04% potassium by weight), and occurs in many minerals such as orthoclase, a common constituent of ...
Potassium voltage-gated channel Shal-related subfamily member 1 | definition of potassium voltage-gated channel Shal-related...Potassium voltage-gated channel Shal-related subfamily member 1 | definition of potassium voltage-gated channel Shal-related...
Looking for online definition of potassium voltage-gated channel Shal-related subfamily member 1 in the Medical Dictionary? potassium voltage-gated channel Shal-related subfamily member 1 explanation free. What is potassium voltage-gated channel Shal-related subfamily member 1? Meaning of potassium voltage-gated channel Shal-related subfamily member 1 medical term. What does potassium voltage-gated channel Shal-related subfamily member 1 mean?
Potassium voltage-gated channel, KQT-like subfamily, member 5 | definition of potassium voltage-gated channel, KQT-like...Potassium voltage-gated channel, KQT-like subfamily, member 5 | definition of potassium voltage-gated channel, KQT-like...
Looking for online definition of potassium voltage-gated channel, KQT-like subfamily, member 5 in the Medical Dictionary? potassium voltage-gated channel, KQT-like subfamily, member 5 explanation free. What is potassium voltage-gated channel, KQT-like subfamily, member 5? Meaning of potassium voltage-gated channel, KQT-like subfamily, member 5 medical term. What does potassium voltage-gated channel, KQT-like subfamily, member 5 mean?
Potassium and potassium oxide monolayers on the platinum (111) and stepped (755) crystal surfaces: A LEED, AES, and TDS study<...Potassium and potassium oxide monolayers on the platinum (111) and stepped (755) crystal surfaces: A LEED, AES, and TDS study<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Potassium and potassium oxide monolayers on the platinum (111) and stepped (755) crystal surfaces. T2 - A LEED, AES, and TDS study. AU - Garfunkel, Eric. AU - Somorjai, G. A.. PY - 1982/3/1. Y1 - 1982/3/1. N2 - The adsorption of potassium and the coadsorption of potassium and oxygen on the Pt(111) and stepped Pt(755) crystal surfaces were studied by AES, LEED, and TDS. Pure potassium adlayers were found by LEED to be hexagonally ordered on Pt(111) at coverages of θ = K0.9-;1. The monolayer coverage was 5.4 × 1014K atoms/cm2 (0.36 times the atomic density of the Pt(111) surface). Orientational reordering of the adlayers, similar to the behavior of noble gas phase transitions on metals, was observed. The heat of desorption of K decreased, due to depolarization effects, from 60 kcal/mole at θK K = 1 on both Pt(111) and Pt(755). Exposure to oxygen thermally stabilizes a potassium monolayer, increasing the heat of desorption from 25 to 50 kcal/mole. Both potassium and oxygen were ...
Fertility Check Corner: Potassium (K) | SGSFertility Check Corner: Potassium (K) | SGS
Elements are essential for plant growth. Chemical elements are obtained from the air and water, unlike nutrient elements found in the soil. Nutrient element Potassium (K) is an essential major nutrient for crop production. Classified as a macronutrient, Potassium is absorbed in large amounts by most plants through root uptake. Of all the essential elements, potassium is the third most likely, after nitrogen and phosphorous, to limit plant productivity. In soil, potassium is present as K+, enabling potassium to be held tightly within the soil matrix, limiting offsite movement. Potassium is found naturally in many soils. However, highly weathered soils usually contain lower levels.. Potassium absorbed by plants is used to control or regulate cellular enzymes responsible for energy metabolism, starch synthesis, nitrate reduction, photosynthesis and sugar degradation. Potassium plays a major role in a plants ability to withstand drought conditions, provide better resistance to certain fungal ...
Potassium Intake, Bioavailability, Hypertension, and Glucose Control by Michael S. Stone, Lisa Martyn et al."Potassium Intake, Bioavailability, Hypertension, and Glucose Control" by Michael S. Stone, Lisa Martyn et al.
Potassium is an essential nutrient. It is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid where it plays a key role in maintaining cell function. The gradient of potassium across the cell membrane determines cellular membrane potential, which is maintained in large part by the ubiquitous ion channel the sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) ATPase pump. Approximately 90% of potassium consumed (60-100 mEq) is lost in the urine, with the other 10% excreted in the stool, and a very small amount lost in sweat. Little is known about the bioavailability of potassium, especially from dietary sources. Less is understood on how bioavailability may affect health outcomes. Hypertension (HTN) is the leading cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and a major financial burden ($50.6 billion) to the US public health system, and has a significant impact on all-cause morbidity and mortality worldwide. The relationship between increased potassium supplementation and a decrease in HTN is relatively well understood, but the effect of
Bad Fats And Potassium Sodium Ratio - High Potassium FoodsBad Fats And Potassium Sodium Ratio - High Potassium Foods
A recent study (1) gives insight into how the lipids in the cell membranes affect how well one particular potassium channel functions. The particular channel the researchers investigated is one of the most studied potassium channels. This channel demonstrates how the function of other channels and pumps also may be affected by the composition of the cell membranes.. The researchers showed that the pore that lets potassium flow through the channel is fine-tuned by the physical characteristics of the lipid in the cell membrane. When the membrane allows protein in the pore of the channel to change more easily, potassium can get through faster.. This study changed two characteristics of the membrane that potassium channels sit in. The two characteristics of the membrane that the researchers changed were the temperature of the membrane, and the type of fats the membrane was made of. Both of these characteristics changed the fluidity of the membrane.. The researchers then determined whether the ...
NPK Industries: RAW Potassium, 2 lbs [hf-OG3620] - Nutrients & Supplements - Gardening & Hydroponics Store - Horticulture SourceNPK Industries: RAW Potassium, 2 lbs [hf-OG3620] - Nutrients & Supplements - Gardening & Hydroponics Store - Horticulture Source
NPK Industries RAW Potassium, 2 lbs RAW Potassium is a soluble plant supplement that is used for horticultural purposes. RAW Potassium contains 50% Soluble Potash which is the highest concentration of fully water Soluble Potassium available to the home gardener. This product is used to treat deficiencies or boost Potassium levels. A 2 oz package of RAW Potassium makes up to 200 gallons, an 8 oz package makes up to 800 gallons and a 2 lb package makes up to 3,200 gallons. RAW = soluble / Solubility = Availability NPK Industries: RAW Potassium, 2 lbs [hf-OG3620] - Nutrients & Supplements - Gardening & Hydroponics Store -
Eating right includes water, salt and potassiumEating right includes water, salt and potassium
Sun , Health & Fitness. Sally Squires, The Washington Post - Mar 1st, 2004 You dont hear much about potassium in the world of nutrition, but it played a sizable role in a report from the National Academy of Sciences, which among other things, overturned the commonly held advice to drink eight glasses of water per day for good health. The report also urged Americans to eat a healthy amount of salt. For most, that will mean reducing what is currently consumed. (More about that below.). The NAS report said that potassium intake hovers around 3 grams per day -- thats about half the adequate daily intake the NAS set at 4.7 grams. Skimping on potassium-rich food is a bad idea since research suggests that this level of potassium helps lower blood pressure and can blunt the effects of the high-salt diets. Plus, theres strong evidence that potassium helps protect bones and appears to reduce the risk of kidney stones.. "An increased intake of potassium would not only lead to lower sodium intake but ...
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 2Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 2
Voltage-gated potassium channel that mediates transmembrane potassium transport in excitable membranes, primarily in the brain and the central nervous system, but also in the cardiovascular system. Prevents aberrant action potential firing and regulates neuronal output. Forms tetrameric potassium-selective channels through which potassium ions pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient. The channel alternates between opened and closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane (PubMed:19912772, PubMed:8495559, PubMed:11211111, PubMed:23769686). Can form functional homotetrameric channels and heterotetrameric channels that contain variable proportions of KCNA1, KCNA2, KCNA4, KCNA5, KCNA6, KCNA7, and possibly other family members as well; channel properties depend on the type of alpha subunits that are part of the channel (PubMed:8495559, PubMed:20220134). Channel properties are modulated by cytoplasmic beta subunits that regulate the subcellular location ...
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List of chemical element name etymologiesList of chemical element name etymologies
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Pigeon peaPigeon pea
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ElinogrelElinogrel
Index of oral health and dental articlesIndex of oral health and dental articles
Sulfuryl chloride fluorideSulfuryl chloride fluoride
Lactarius torminosusLactarius torminosus
RaltegravirRaltegravir
BentoniteBentonite
SarcosphaeraSarcosphaera
SH2D3ASH2D3A
OrganotrifluoroborateOrganotrifluoroborate
Athletes footAthlete's foot
DoughDough
AzeloprazoleAzeloprazole
HygrometerHygrometer
Dough conditionerDough conditioner
Galilee BasinGalilee Basin
Uncle Sam CerealUncle Sam Cereal
FerricyanideFerricyanide
BromideBromide
AnticonvulsantAnticonvulsant
CuprateCuprate
Cation channel superfamilyCation channel superfamily
K-Ca datingK-Ca dating
Polystyrene sulfonatePolystyrene sulfonate
Sulfonylurea receptorSulfonylurea receptor
HyperkalemiaHyperkalemia
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation ScienceHealth Care
PotassiumPotassium ChannelsPotassium Channel BlockersPotassium Channels, Inwardly RectifyingPotassium, DietaryPotassium DeficiencyPotassium Channels, Voltage-GatedPotassium CompoundsPotassium IsotopesPotassium ChlorideShaker Superfamily of Potassium ChannelsKv1.3 Potassium ChannelPotassium IodidePotassium RadioisotopesSodiumMembrane PotentialsKv1.2 Potassium ChannelShaw Potassium ChannelsKCNQ1 Potassium ChannelHypokalemiaPotassium Channels, Calcium-ActivatedPotassium CitrateEther-A-Go-Go Potassium ChannelsPotassium Channels, Tandem Pore DomainKCNQ Potassium ChannelsDelayed Rectifier Potassium ChannelsKv1.5 Potassium ChannelKv1.4 Potassium ChannelPotassium PermanganateHyperkalemiaShab Potassium ChannelsShal Potassium ChannelsTetraethylammoniumKCNQ2 Potassium ChannelPatch-Clamp TechniquesKCNQ3 Potassium ChannelLarge-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium ChannelsIon Channel GatingPotassium Dichromate4-AminopyridineTetraethylammonium CompoundsElectric ConductivityElectrophysiologyG Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium ChannelsRubidiumSmall-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium ChannelsCalciumGlyburideOuabainAction PotentialsChloridesKATP ChannelsBarium CompoundsPotassium CyanideCesiumBariumBiological Transport, ActivePotassium AcetateElectrolytesKineticsIon ChannelsBoratesMagnesiumCromakalimCharybdotoxinNeuronsAdenosine TriphosphateIntermediate-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium ChannelsHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationGuinea PigsPinacidilLarge-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channel alpha SubunitsDiazoxideOocytesAldosteroneXenopus laevisDose-Response Relationship, DrugSulfonylurea ReceptorsTime FactorsScorpion VenomsCell Membrane PermeabilityRats, Sprague-DawleyApaminAntimony Potassium TartrateWater-Electrolyte BalanceExtracellular SpaceAminopyridinesIon TransportOsmolar ConcentrationXenopusBenzopyransElapid VenomsRubidium RadioisotopesSodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPaseLithiumCations, MonovalentReceptors, DrugDiureticsLarge-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channel beta SubunitsSodium ChlorideDecapodiformesCell MembraneBiological TransportMolecular Sequence DataNicorandilRats, WistarKidneyCells, CulturedElectric StimulationAmino Acid SequenceDecanoic AcidsRabbitsBromatesHydroxy AcidsSodium IsotopesAnuraSodium, DietaryDogsTetrodotoxinBicarbonatesMicroelectrodesMyocardiumCation Transport ProteinsKv Channel-Interacting ProteinsQuinidineBlood PressurePotassium-Hydrogen AntiportersQuaternary Ammonium CompoundsMolluscaHeartIonsCanrenoic AcidStreptomyces lividansWhole-Body CountingMutationFurosemideVasodilator AgentsPicolinesMusclesKidney Tubules, DistalValinomycinLong QT SyndromeAcetylcholineCationsSpironolactonePhenylenediaminesModels, BiologicalAxonsAnti-Arrhythmia AgentsPhotometryMinoxidilMuscle ContractionAcid-Base EquilibriumHypertensionRats, Inbred StrainsBody WaterErythrocytesBartter SyndromeTriamtereneTolbutamideVasodilationCalcium Channel BlockersHypokalemic Periodic ParalysisWaterMuscle, Smooth, VascularTelluriumNorepinephrinePhosphatesPerfusionDiet, Sodium-RestrictedIsaacs SyndromeScorpionsModels, MolecularDietProtein SubunitsAlkalosisCHO CellsStrophanthinsCricetinaeCell LineFludrocortisoneProtein Structure, TertiaryDiuresisIon ExchangeMuscle, SmoothATP-Binding Cassette TransportersKidney TubulesNeurilemmaSodium ChannelsReninHeart VentriclesNatriuresisSodium Chloride Symporter InhibitorsTemperatureHomeostasisQuinineAcidosisHeart AtriaMuscarineBinding SitesHippocampus
Top 20 High-Potassium FoodsTop 20 High-Potassium Foods
How many moles of potassium are in 156.4 gramsHow many moles of potassium are in 156.4 grams
Potassium-rich food a life saver - BelfastTelegraph.co.ukPotassium-rich food 'a life saver' - BelfastTelegraph.co.uk
Potassium Levels Possible Key To Racial Disparity In Type 2 Diabetes - RedorbitPotassium Levels Possible Key To Racial Disparity In Type 2 Diabetes - Redorbit
Low carb AND low potassium dietLow carb AND low potassium diet
The Importance of Sodium and Potassium Balance in the Body - InfoBarrelThe Importance of Sodium and Potassium Balance in the Body - InfoBarrel
China Sodium Potassium, Sodium Potassium Manufacturers, Suppliers | Made-in-China.comChina Sodium Potassium, Sodium Potassium Manufacturers, Suppliers | Made-in-China.com
Facts About Potassium Iodide (KI) | CDCFacts About Potassium Iodide (KI) | CDC
Potassium lowers blood pressure - Harvard HealthPotassium lowers blood pressure - Harvard Health
Potassium test - QUANTOFIX Potassium test stripsPotassium test - QUANTOFIX Potassium test strips
Potassium bisulfite - WikipediaPotassium bisulfite - Wikipedia
Potassium nitrate - WikipediaPotassium nitrate - Wikipedia
potassium chloride | Infopleasepotassium chloride | Infoplease
Potassium Bromate | EWGPotassium Bromate | EWG
potassiumpotassium
potassium perchlorate - Speakeasy Sciencepotassium perchlorate - Speakeasy Science
potassium thiocyanate (CHEBI:30951)potassium thiocyanate (CHEBI:30951)
How to get potassiumHow to get potassium
Potassium Chloride | Encyclopedia.comPotassium Chloride | Encyclopedia.com
Smell The Potassium - RedorbitSmell The Potassium - Redorbit
Potassium: MedlinePlus Drug InformationPotassium: MedlinePlus Drug Information
Potassium Chloride - MeSH - NCBIPotassium Chloride - MeSH - NCBI
potassium sulfate (CHEBI:32036)potassium sulfate (CHEBI:32036)
Radiation and Potassium Iodide (KI)|CDCRadiation and Potassium Iodide (KI)|CDC
Potassium-losing Nephritis | The BMJPotassium-losing Nephritis | The BMJ
Category:Potassium bitartrate - Wikimedia CommonsCategory:Potassium bitartrate - Wikimedia Commons
Potassium-aggravated myotonia: MedlinePlus GeneticsPotassium-aggravated myotonia: MedlinePlus Genetics
Category:Potassium sorbate - Wikimedia CommonsCategory:Potassium sorbate - Wikimedia Commons
Potassium-argon Dating | Encyclopedia.comPotassium-argon Dating | Encyclopedia.com
The nutrients: Potassium - Orlando SentinelThe nutrients: Potassium - Orlando Sentinel
Potassium | Buzzle.comPotassium | Buzzle.com
Foods with PotassiumFoods with Potassium
Is potassium sorbate bad for you? - YouTubeIs potassium sorbate bad for you? - YouTube
Potassium Iodate for dogs and cats - YouTubePotassium Iodate for dogs and cats - YouTube
PotassiumPotassium
PotassiumPotassium
How are serum potassium levels determined?How are serum potassium levels determined?
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation ScienceHealth Care
PotassiumPotassium ChannelsPotassium Channel BlockersPotassium Channels, Inwardly RectifyingPotassium, DietaryPotassium DeficiencyPotassium Channels, Voltage-GatedPotassium CompoundsPotassium IsotopesPotassium ChlorideShaker Superfamily of Potassium ChannelsKv1.3 Potassium ChannelPotassium IodidePotassium RadioisotopesSodiumMembrane PotentialsKv1.2 Potassium ChannelShaw Potassium ChannelsKCNQ1 Potassium ChannelHypokalemiaPotassium Channels, Calcium-ActivatedPotassium CitrateEther-A-Go-Go Potassium ChannelsPotassium Channels, Tandem Pore DomainKCNQ Potassium ChannelsDelayed Rectifier Potassium ChannelsKv1.5 Potassium ChannelKv1.4 Potassium ChannelPotassium PermanganateHyperkalemiaShab Potassium ChannelsShal Potassium ChannelsTetraethylammoniumKCNQ2 Potassium ChannelPatch-Clamp TechniquesKCNQ3 Potassium ChannelLarge-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium ChannelsIon Channel GatingPotassium Dichromate4-AminopyridineTetraethylammonium CompoundsElectric ConductivityElectrophysiologyG Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium ChannelsRubidiumSmall-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium ChannelsCalciumGlyburideOuabainAction PotentialsChloridesKATP ChannelsBarium CompoundsPotassium CyanideCesiumBariumBiological Transport, ActivePotassium AcetateElectrolytesKineticsIon ChannelsBoratesMagnesiumCromakalimCharybdotoxinNeuronsAdenosine TriphosphateIntermediate-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium ChannelsHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationGuinea PigsPinacidilLarge-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channel alpha SubunitsDiazoxideOocytesAldosteroneXenopus laevisDose-Response Relationship, DrugSulfonylurea ReceptorsTime FactorsScorpion VenomsCell Membrane PermeabilityRats, Sprague-DawleyApaminAntimony Potassium TartrateWater-Electrolyte BalanceExtracellular SpaceAminopyridinesIon TransportOsmolar ConcentrationXenopusBenzopyransElapid VenomsRubidium RadioisotopesSodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPaseLithiumCations, MonovalentReceptors, DrugDiureticsLarge-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channel beta SubunitsSodium ChlorideDecapodiformesCell MembraneBiological TransportMolecular Sequence DataNicorandilRats, WistarKidneyCells, CulturedElectric StimulationAmino Acid SequenceDecanoic AcidsRabbitsBromatesHydroxy AcidsSodium IsotopesAnuraSodium, DietaryDogsTetrodotoxinBicarbonatesMicroelectrodesMyocardiumCation Transport ProteinsKv Channel-Interacting ProteinsQuinidineBlood PressurePotassium-Hydrogen AntiportersQuaternary Ammonium CompoundsMolluscaHeartIonsCanrenoic AcidStreptomyces lividansWhole-Body CountingMutationFurosemideVasodilator AgentsPicolinesMusclesKidney Tubules, DistalValinomycinLong QT SyndromeAcetylcholineCationsSpironolactonePhenylenediaminesModels, BiologicalAxonsAnti-Arrhythmia AgentsPhotometryMinoxidilMuscle ContractionAcid-Base EquilibriumHypertensionRats, Inbred StrainsBody WaterErythrocytesBartter SyndromeTriamtereneTolbutamideVasodilationCalcium Channel BlockersHypokalemic Periodic ParalysisWaterMuscle, Smooth, VascularTelluriumNorepinephrinePhosphatesPerfusionDiet, Sodium-RestrictedIsaacs SyndromeScorpionsModels, MolecularDietProtein SubunitsAlkalosisCHO CellsStrophanthinsCricetinaeCell LineFludrocortisoneProtein Structure, TertiaryDiuresisIon ExchangeMuscle, SmoothATP-Binding Cassette TransportersKidney TubulesNeurilemmaSodium ChannelsReninHeart VentriclesNatriuresisSodium Chloride Symporter InhibitorsTemperatureHomeostasisQuinineAcidosisHeart AtriaMuscarineBinding SitesHippocampus
ChlorideMineralAmount of potassiumDeficiencyElectrolyteLevel of potassiumCarbonateHypokalemiaHyperkalemiaMuscle contractionConcentrationsRich in potassiumBananasEnough potassiumKidneysIntake of potassiumSupplementsIodidePlasma potassiumDietSupplementRenalUrineBicarbonatePermanganateBloodRatioPotashExtracellular potassiumElectrolytes
Chloride2
Mineral8
Amount of potassium5
Deficiency2
Electrolyte1
  • my grandmother was hospitalized two months ago for low potassium , electrolyte and something else, and someone told her that since she. (healthcaremagic.com)
Level of potassium1
Carbonate1
Hypokalemia2
Hyperkalemia1
  • You don't wanna give rapid infusion of potassium because it can cause hyperkalemia which can lead to a number of adverse effects. (medicowesome.com)
Muscle contraction1
Concentrations2
Rich in potassium2
Bananas1
  • Millions of lives could be saved every year if people ate more potassium-rich foods such as bananas and cut down on their salt intake, research suggests. (belfasttelegraph.co.uk)
Enough potassium1
Kidneys1
  • Previous studies have suggested that older people are at an increased risk of harm from potassium because as people get older, their kidneys may become less able to remove potassium from their blood. (belfasttelegraph.co.uk)
Intake of potassium2
Supplements7
Iodide2
Plasma potassium1
Diet2
Supplement2
  • Fortunately, there is a wide range of potassium-rich foods, making it easy to get potassium from the foods you eat and not from a supplement. (healthcastle.com)
  • By understanding what is needed from potassium, you can ensure that you get the best potassium supplement to suit your needs and ensure that you obtain the right amount for your body. (supplementstadium.com)
Renal1
Urine3
Bicarbonate3
Permanganate1
Blood29
Ratio12
Potash1
  • The potassium feldspar is abundant ore potash want to use you first need to be processed potassium ore crushing here focuses on potassium production and manufacturing processes used by the crushing equipment. (moviesclubdordt.nl)
Extracellular potassium3
  • The cell's resting membrane potential is very sensitive to changes in extracellular potassium ion concentration. (medicowesome.com)
  • Increased extracellular potassium is also seen in rhabdomyoloysis, tumor cell lysis, hemolysis etc. (medicowesome.com)
  • If the concentration gradient is ruined because of extracellular potassium, the extracellular space have become even more positive and the membrane potential is wider, hence more negative? (medicowesome.com)
Electrolytes1
Keto Electrolytes: Why You Need More Sodium and Potassium on the Keto Diet | Livestrong.com
Keto Electrolytes: Why You Need More Sodium and Potassium on the Keto Diet | Livestrong.com (livestrong.com)
Dropbox - Potassium_Handout.pages
Dropbox - Potassium_Handout.pages (dropbox.com)
Foods Containing Potassium Citrate | Livestrong.com
Foods Containing Potassium Citrate | Livestrong.com (livestrong.com)
KLOR-CON (potassium chloride powder, for solution) | Healthgrades.com
KLOR-CON (potassium chloride powder, for solution) | Healthgrades.com (healthgrades.com)
Potassium silver cyanide | KAg(CN)2 - PubChem
Potassium silver cyanide | KAg(CN)2 - PubChem (pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
Natural Ways to Lower Potassium Levels | Livestrong.com
Natural Ways to Lower Potassium Levels | Livestrong.com (livestrong.com)
Mixed potassium sodium... - Registration Dossier - ECHA
Mixed potassium sodium... - Registration Dossier - ECHA (echa.europa.eu)
Hexabromorhenium;potassium | Br6K2Re - PubChem
Hexabromorhenium;potassium | Br6K2Re - PubChem (pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
Potassium diethyl dithiophosphate | C4H10KO2PS2 - PubChem
Potassium diethyl dithiophosphate | C4H10KO2PS2 - PubChem (pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
Thanksgiving recipes sides, where to get potassium chlorate, kirkland omega 3 fish oil 1200 mg
Thanksgiving recipes sides, where to get potassium chlorate, kirkland omega 3 fish oil 1200 mg (s3.amazonaws.com)
Potassium (Fluorosulfonyl)(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide | CF4KNO4S2 - PubChem
Potassium (Fluorosulfonyl)(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide | CF4KNO4S2 - PubChem (pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
Potassium to control Moss | Pitchcare Forum
Potassium to control Moss | Pitchcare Forum (pitchcare.com)
Potassium chlorotrioxochromate | ClCrKO3 - PubChem
Potassium chlorotrioxochromate | ClCrKO3 - PubChem (pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
Potassium permanganate | Boreal Science
Potassium permanganate | Boreal Science (boreal.com)
Aluminum potassium sulfate | AlK(SO4)2 - PubChem
Aluminum potassium sulfate | AlK(SO4)2 - PubChem (pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
Potassium Nitrate : United Nuclear , Scientific Equipment & Supplies
Potassium Nitrate : United Nuclear , Scientific Equipment & Supplies (unitednuclear.com)
TROPHIC POTASSIUM AMINO ACID CHELATE 90 CAPS
TROPHIC POTASSIUM AMINO ACID CHELATE 90 CAPS (astronutrition.com)
Tag: potassium channel | Highlight HEALTH
Tag: potassium channel | Highlight HEALTH (highlighthealth.com)
Potassium (5-chloropyrimidin-2-yl)trifluoroborate | C4H2BClF3KN2 - PubChem
Potassium (5-chloropyrimidin-2-yl)trifluoroborate | C4H2BClF3KN2 - PubChem (pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
Affliction Aviana Hooded Sweatshirt - Women's Sweatshirts in Charcoal Potassium Spray | Buckle
Affliction Aviana Hooded Sweatshirt - Women's Sweatshirts in Charcoal Potassium Spray | Buckle (buckle.com)
Potassium bromate Archives - Be Well Buzz
Potassium bromate Archives - Be Well Buzz (bewellbuzz.com)
High potassium Archives - Be Well Buzz
High potassium Archives - Be Well Buzz (bewellbuzz.com)
Potassium Standards | BioExpress
Potassium Standards | BioExpress (bioexpress.com)
RadBlock - iOSAT Potassium Iodide Pills : United Nuclear , Scientific Equipment & Supplies
RadBlock - iOSAT Potassium Iodide Pills : United Nuclear , Scientific Equipment & Supplies (unitednuclear.com)
Potassium (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)trifluoroborate | C5H3BClF3KN - PubChem
Potassium (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)trifluoroborate | C5H3BClF3KN - PubChem (pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
Healthy diets to lose weight in a week, bananas are a good source of potassium vine, how to lose weight without exercise or...
Healthy diets to lose weight in a week, bananas are a good source of potassium vine, how to lose weight without exercise or... (s3.amazonaws.com)
Potassium Sorbate (Inhibitor/Stabilizer) - Mainbrew
Potassium Sorbate (Inhibitor/Stabilizer) - Mainbrew (mainbrew.com)