Porifera
Placozoa
Suberites
Mediterranean Sea
Genes, Mitochondrial
Cnidaria
RNA, Ribosomal, 28S
Evolution, Molecular
Molecular Sequence Data
High-throughput screening of small molecules in miniaturized mammalian cell-based assays involving post-translational modifications. (1/851)
BACKGROUND: Fully adapting a forward genetic approach to mammalian systems requires efficient methods to alter systematically gene products without prior knowledge of gene sequences, while allowing for the subsequent characterization of these alterations. Ideally, these methods would also allow function to be altered in a temporally controlled manner. RESULTS: We report the development of a miniaturized cell-based assay format that enables a genetic-like approach to understanding cellular pathways in mammalian systems using small molecules, rather than mutations, as the source of gene-product alterations. This whole-cell immunodetection assay can sensitively detect changes in specific cellular macromolecules in high-density arrays of mammalian cells. Furthermore, it is compatible with screening large numbers of small molecules in nanoliter to microliter culture volumes. We refer to this assay format as a 'cytoblot', and demonstrate the use of cytoblotting to monitor biosynthetic processes such as DNA synthesis, and post-translational processes such as acetylation and phosphorylation. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of these assays to natural-product screening through the identification of marine sponge extracts exhibiting genotype-specific inhibition of 5-bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and suppression of the anti-proliferative effect of rapamycin. CONCLUSIONS: We show that cytoblots can be used for high-throughput screening of small molecules in cell-based assays. Together with small-molecule libraries, the cytoblot assay can be used to perform chemical genetic screens analogous to those used in classical genetics and thus should be applicable to understanding a wide variety of cellular processes, especially those involving post-transitional modifications. (+info)Promoter and exon-intron structure of the protein kinase C gene from the marine sponge Geodia cydonium: evolutionary considerations and promoter activity. (2/851)
We report the gene structure of a key signaling molecule from a marine sponge, Geodia cydonium. The selected gene, which codes for a classical protein kinase C (cPKC), comprises 13 exons and 12 introns; the introns are, in contrast to those found in cPKC from higher Metazoa, small in size ranging from 93 nt to 359 nt. The complete gene has a length of 4229 nt and contains exons which encode the characteristic putative regulatory and catalytic domains of metazoan cPKCs. While in the regulatory domain only one intron is in phase 0, in the catalytic domain most introns are phase 0 introns, suggesting that the latter only rarely undergo module duplication. The 5'-flanking sequence of the sponge cPKC gene contains a TATA-box like motif which is located 35-26 nt upstream from the start of the longest sequenced cDNA. This 5'-flanking sequence was analyzed for promoter activity. The longest fragment (538 nt) was able to drive the expression of luciferase in transient transfections of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts; the strong activity of the sponge promoter was found to be half the one displayed by the SV40 reference promoter. Deletion analysis demonstrates that the AP4 site and the GC box which is most adjacent to the TATA box are the crucial elements for maximal promoter activity. The activity of the promoter is not changed in 3T3 cells which are kept serum starved or in the presence of a phorbol ester. In conclusion, these data present the phylogenetically oldest cPKC gene which contains in the 5'-flanking region a promoter functional in the heterologous mammalian cell system. (+info)Apicularens A and B, new cytostatic macrolides from Chondromyces species (myxobacteria): production, physico-chemical and biological properties. (3/851)
A novel macrolide, apicularen A, was produced by several species of the genus Chondromyces. Initially it was discovered by bioassay-guided RP-HPLC-fractionation of culture extracts of Chondromyces robustus, strain Cm a13. Apicularen A showed no antimicrobial activity, but was highly cytotoxic for cultivated human and animal cells, with IC50 values ranging between 0.1 and 3 ng/ml. A cometabolite of apicularen A, the N-acetylglucosamine glycoside apicularen B, was distinctly less cytotoxic with IC50 values between 0.2 and 1.2 microg/ml, and showed weak activity against a few Gram-positive bacteria. Apicularen A is chemically closely related to the salicylihalamides A and B from the marine sponge Haliclona sp. (+info)Latrunculin-A causes mydriasis and cycloplegia in the cynomolgus monkey. (4/851)
PURPOSE: To determine the effect of latrunculin (LAT)-A, which binds to G-actin and disassembles actin filaments, on the pupil, accommodation, and isolated ciliary muscle (CM) contraction in monkeys. METHODS: Pupil diameter (vernier calipers) and refraction (coincidence refractometry) were measured every 15 minutes from 0.75 to 3.5 hours after topical LAT-A 42 microg (approximately 10 microM in the anterior chamber [AC]). Refraction was measured every 5 minutes from 0.5 to 1.5 hours after intracameral injection of 10 microl of 50 microM LAT-A (approximately 5 microM in AC), with intramuscular infusion of 1.5 mg/kg pilocarpine HCl (PILO) during the first 15 minutes of measurements. Pupil diameter was measured at 1 and 2 hours, and refraction was measured every 5 minutes from 1 to 2 hours, after intravitreal injection of 20 microl of 1.25 mM LAT-A (approximately 10 microM in vitreous), with intramuscular infusion of 1.5 mg/kg PILO during the first 15 minutes of measurements (all after topical 2.5% phenylephrine), and contractile response of isolated CM strips, obtained <1 hour postmortem and mounted in a perfusion apparatus, to 10 microM PILO +/- LAT-A was measured at various concentrations. RESULTS: Topical LAT-A of 42 microg dilated the pupil without affecting refraction. Intracameral LAT-A of 5 microM inhibited miotic and accommodative responses to intramuscular PILO. Intravitreal LAT-A of 10 microM had no effect on accommodative or miotic responses to intramuscular PILO. LAT-A dose-dependently relaxed the PILO-contracted CM by up to 50% at 3 microM in both the longitudinal and circular vectors. CONCLUSIONS: In monkeys, LAT-A causes mydriasis and cycloplegia, perhaps related to its known ability to disrupt the actin microfilament network and consequently to affect cell contractility and adhesion. Effects of LAT-A on the iris and CM may have significant physiological and clinical implications. (+info)Evolutionary relationships of Metazoa within the eukaryotes based on molecular data from Porifera. (5/851)
Recent molecular data provide strong support for the view that all metazoan phyla, including Porifera, are of monophyletic origin. The relationship of Metazoa, including the Porifera, to Plantae, Fungi and unicellular eukaryotes has only rarely been studied by using cDNAs coding for proteins. Sequence data from rDNA suggested a relationship of Porifera to unicellular eukaryotes (choanoflagellates). However, ultrastructural studies of choanocytes did not support these findings. In the present study, we compared amino acid sequences that are found in a variety of metazoans (including sponges) with those of Plantae, Fungi and unicellular eukaryotes, to obtain an answer to this question. We used the four sequences from 70 kDa heat-shock proteins, the serine-threonine kinase domain found in protein kinases, beta-tubulin and calmodulin. The latter two sequences were deduced from cDNAs, isolated from the sponge Geodia cydonium for the phylogenetic analyses presented. These revealed that the sponge molecules were grouped into the same branch as the Metazoa, which is statistically (significantly) separated from those branches that comprise the sequences from Fungi, Plantae and unicellular eukaryotes. From our molecular data it seems evident that the unicellular eukaryotes existed at an earlier stage of evolution, and the Plantae and especially the Fungi and the Metazoa only appeared later. (+info)Effects of petrosaspongiolide M, a novel phospholipase A2 inhibitor, on acute and chronic inflammation. (6/851)
The marine product petrosaspongiolide M is a novel inhibitor of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), showing selectivity for secretory PLA2 versus cytosolic PLA2, with a potency on the human synovial enzyme (group II) similar to that of manoalide. This compound was more potent than manoalide on bee venom PLA2 (group III) and had no effect on group I enzymes (Naja naja and porcine pancreatic PLA2). Inhibition of PLA2 was also observed in vivo in the zymosan-injected rat air pouch, on the secretory enzyme accumulated in the pouch exudate. Petrosaspongiolide M decreased carrageenan paw edema in mice after the oral administration of 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg. This marine metabolite (0.01-1.0 micromol/pouch) induced a dose-dependent reduction in the levels of prostaglandin (PG)E2, leukotriene B4, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the mouse air pouch injected with zymosan 4 h after the stimulus. It also had a weaker effect on cell migration. The inflammatory response of adjuvant arthritis was reduced by petrosaspongiolide M, which also inhibited leukotriene B4 levels in serum and PGE2 levels in paw homogenates. In contrast with indomethacin, this marine compound did not reduce PGE2 levels in stomach homogenates. Petrosaspongiolide M is a new inhibitor of secretory PLA2 in vitro and in vivo, with anti-inflammatory properties in acute and chronic inflammation. (+info)Origin of the integrin-mediated signal transduction. Functional studies with cell cultures from the sponge Suberites domuncula. (7/851)
Sponges (phylum Porifera) represent the phylogenetically oldest metazoan animals. Recently, from the marine sponge Geodia cydonium a first cDNA encoding a putative integrin receptor molecule was isolated. In the present study basic functional experiments have been conducted to test the hypothesis that in sponges integrin polypeptides also function as adhesion molecules and as outside-in signaling molecules. The sponge Suberites domuncula has been used for the experiments because from this sponge only has a cell culture been established. Here we report that aggregation factor (AF)-mediated cell-cell adhesion is blocked by the RGDS peptide which is known to interact with beta integrin. Both RGDS and AF were found to stimulate DNA synthesis within 24 h. The beta subunit of the integrin receptor was cloned from S. domuncula; the estimated 91-kDa molecule comprises the characteristic signatures. Evolutionary conservation of the beta integrin was assessed by comparison with corresponding beta integrin subunits from evolutionary higher metazoan taxa. Addition of RGDS or of AF to isolated cells of S. domuncula causes a rapid (within 1-2 min) increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration which is further augmented in the presence of Ca2+. Furthermore, incubation of the cells with RGDS or AF causes an activation of the GTP-binding protein Ras. In addition it is shown that after a prolonged incubation of the cells with RGDS and AF the expression of the genes coding for Ras and for calmodulin is upregulated. These results suggest that the integrin receptor functions in the sponge system not only as adhesion molecule but also as a molecule involved in outside-in signaling. (+info)Studies on the mechanism of collagen glucosyltransferase reaction. (8/851)
The mechanism of collagen glucosyltransferase reaction was studied with enzyme preparations purified about 2500-5000-fold from extract of homogenate of whole chick embryos. Data obtained in experiments on initial velocity and inhibition kinetics of the reaction were consistent with an ordered mechanism in which the substrates are bound to the enzyme in the following order: Mn2+, UDP-glucose and collagen substrate, the addition of Mn2+ being at thermodynamic equilibrium and the binding site of the UDP-glucose to the enzyme not being the same as that for Mn2+ and collagen substrate. Only one metal co-factor seems to be involved in the reaction. The collagen substrate can probably also react in some conditions with enzyme-Mn2+ and with enzyme-Mn2+-UDP, and the UDP with the free enzyme, but in all these instances dead-end complexes are formed. Evidence is presented for an ordered release of the products in the following order: glucosylated collagen, UDP and Mn2+, in which Mn2+ need not leave the enzyme during each catalytic cycle. (+info)Porifera, also known as sponges, is a phylum of multicellular aquatic organisms characterized by having pores in their bodies. These pores allow water to circulate through the body, bringing in food and oxygen while expelling waste products. Sponges do not have true tissues or organs; instead, they are composed of specialized cells that perform specific functions. They are generally sessile (non-mobile) and live attached to rocks, coral reefs, or other underwater structures. Some species can be quite large, while others are microscopic in size. Sponges have a long fossil record dating back over 500 million years and play important roles in marine ecosystems as filter feeders and habitat providers for many other marine organisms.
Placozoa is not a medical term, but rather a taxonomic category in biology. Placozoa is a phylum that includes only one described species, Trichoplax adhaerens, which is a simple, microscopic marine animal. It has a flat, irregularly shaped body without any distinct organs or tissue layers. Its cells are totipotent, meaning they can transform into different types of cells as needed for the organism's survival.
Placozoa has been studied in some developmental and cell biology research contexts, but it is not directly relevant to medical definitions or human health.
"Suberites" is a taxonomic genus name, which belongs to the phylum Porifera, class Demospongiae, and order Hadromerida. It consists of marine sponge species that are commonly found in various parts of the world, including both shallow and deep waters. These sponges have a distinctive morphology, characterized by round or oval-shaped bodies with a firm, rubbery texture. They come in different colors, such as yellow, orange, red, or brown. Some species within this genus are known to produce bioactive compounds with potential medicinal applications. However, there is no specific medical definition associated with "Suberites" as it is not a term used to describe a particular medical condition or treatment.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Mediterranean Sea" is a geographical term referring to the body of water located between Europe and Africa, and it is not a medical term. It is connected to the Atlantic Ocean by the Strait of Gibraltar in the west and to the Red Sea through the Suez Canal in the east. The Mediterranean Sea is known for its unique climate and biodiversity. If you have any questions related to medical or health topics, I would be happy to try to help with those!
Mitochondrial genes are a type of gene that is located in the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) found in the mitochondria, which are small organelles present in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells (cells with a true nucleus). Mitochondria are responsible for generating energy for the cell through a process called oxidative phosphorylation.
The human mitochondrial genome is a circular DNA molecule that contains 37 genes, including 13 genes that encode for proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation, 22 genes that encode for transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and 2 genes that encode for ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs). Mutations in mitochondrial genes can lead to a variety of inherited mitochondrial disorders, which can affect any organ system in the body and can present at any age.
Mitochondrial DNA is maternally inherited, meaning that it is passed down from the mother to her offspring through the egg cell. This is because during fertilization, only the sperm's nucleus enters the egg, while the mitochondria remain outside. As a result, all of an individual's mitochondrial DNA comes from their mother.
Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.
Cnidaria is a phylum of aquatic animals that includes jellyfish, sea anemones, hydra, and corals. They are characterized by the presence of specialized stinging cells called cnidocytes, which they use for defense and capturing prey. Cnidarians have a simple body organization with two basic forms: polyps, which are typically cylindrical and attached to a substrate; and medusae, which are free-swimming and bell-shaped. Some species can exist in both forms during their life cycle.
Cnidarians have no true organs or organ systems, but they do have a unique tissue arrangement with two main layers: an outer epidermis and an inner gastrodermis, separated by a jelly-like mesoglea. They have a digestive cavity called the coelenteron, where they absorb nutrients after capturing and digesting prey. Cnidarians reproduce both sexually and asexually, with some species exhibiting complex life cycles involving multiple forms and reproductive strategies.
28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a component of the large subunit of the eukaryotic ribosome, which is the site of protein synthesis in the cell. The ribosome is composed of two subunits, one large and one small, that come together around an mRNA molecule to translate it into a protein.
The 28S rRNA is a type of rRNA that is found in the large subunit of the eukaryotic ribosome, along with the 5S and 5.8S rRNAs. Together, these rRNAs make up the structural framework of the ribosome and play a crucial role in the process of translation.
The 28S rRNA is synthesized in the nucleolus as a precursor RNA (pre-rRNA) that undergoes several processing steps, including cleavage and modification, to produce the mature 28S rRNA molecule. The length of the 28S rRNA varies between species, but it is typically around 4700-5000 nucleotides long in humans.
Abnormalities in the structure or function of the 28S rRNA can lead to defects in protein synthesis and have been implicated in various diseases, including cancer and neurological disorders.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Invertebrates" is not a medical term. It is a term used in biology to describe a vast group of animals that do not have a vertebral column or spinal cord. This includes creatures such as insects, worms, starfish, and shellfish, among many others. They are classified as invertebrates because they lack a backbone, which is a characteristic of vertebrates, or animals that include humans and other mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish.
Molecular evolution is the process of change in the DNA sequence or protein structure over time, driven by mechanisms such as mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, and natural selection. It refers to the evolutionary study of changes in DNA, RNA, and proteins, and how these changes accumulate and lead to new species and diversity of life. Molecular evolution can be used to understand the history and relationships among different organisms, as well as the functional consequences of genetic changes.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
Ctenopelta porifera
Cloud sponge
Capsospongia
Sponge
Ctenophora
Cnidaria
Xestospongia testudinaria
Leucettusa tubulosa
Tethya bergquistae
Oscarella
Callyspongia truncata
List of organisms named after famous people (born 1900-1949)
Marine biology
Olgica Bakajin
Leucettusa lancifera
Leucandra (sponge)
Demosponge
Symmetry in biology
Farreidae
Rob van Soest
Agelas schmidti
Dragmacidon australe
Aspidoscopulia
John Hooper (marine biologist)
Sceptrulophora
Anheteromeyenia
Manihinea
Poecilosclerida
2002 in science
Monanchora
Ctenopelta porifera - Wikipedia
World Porifera Database
Porifera - Nervous System
World Porifera Database
World Porifera Database - Distribution
World Porifera Database - Species
The Porifera Sessions #17 - Radio Magnetic
The Porifera Sessions #05 | Radio Magnetic
World Porifera Database - Species - Acarnus tortilis Topsent, 1892
New records of five sponge species (Porifera) for the Black Sea
A new species of Lophophysema (Porifera, Hexactinellida, Hyalonematidae) from the South China Sea
Porifera - British Antarctic Survey
Sponges: Phylum Porifera
video: Porifera - 3D-printed ceramic jewelry inspired by glass sponges - Nervous System
Introduction to Phylum Porifera | Biology for Majors II
OPUS Würzburg | Bakterielle Aufnahme, Selektivität und interne Prozessierung bei marinen Schwämmen (Porifera)
The order Tethyida (Porifera) in California: taxonomy, systematics, and the first member of the family Hemiasterella in the...
First record of the genus Vetulina Schmidt, 1879 (Porifera: Demospongiae: Sphaerocladina) from the Indian Ocean with the...
First deep-sea Hamigera (Demospongiae: Porifera) species associated with Cold-Water Corals (CWC) on antipodal latitudes of the...
First deep-sea Hamigera (Demospongiae: Porifera) species associated with Cold-Water Corals (CWC) on antipodal latitudes of the...
HOPE GINSBURG : Projects : Sponge, 2006-2016 : Prototype for Preserving the Phylum Porifera, 2012 : Prototype for Preserving...
Porifera - Wikipédia
Porifera | fossiilid.info
Porifera | Geology Collections
Porifera | Profiles RNS
Porifera | Geology Collections
slide5.jpg | Porifera
PORIFERA (Vase) - Oggetti Designs
Sponges7
- Porifera is a jewelry collection by Nervous System inspired by the forms of deep-sea glass sponges and made in a new 3D-printed ceramic material. (n-e-r-v-o-u-s.com)
- Phylum Porifera is a group of simple animals that includes the sponges. (udel.edu)
- Sponges are members of the Phylum Porifera, which contains the simplest invertebrates. (lumenlearning.com)
- Phylum Porifera refers to a group of simple, sessile aquatic animals commonly known as sponges. (microbiologynote.com)
- R. E. Grant classified sponges in the phylum Porifera in 1830. (microbiologynote.com)
- In this paper, mineralised organic fibre morphologies, inspired by the structures of Porifera (sponges) are correlated to the mechanical performance of fibre reinforced rubbers. (abo.fi)
- The sponges (Porifera) now have headings for several of the genera. (bvsalud.org)
Demospongiae1
- A collection of Mediterranean Demospongiae (Porifera) with, in appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the Mediterranean Sea. (marinespecies.org)
Sponge1
- A beautiful Pink Vase Sponge (Porifera) on the Andros wall drop off. (mermaidenstudio.net)
Species4
- Ctenopelta porifera is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Peltospiridae. (wikipedia.org)
- This dataset contains the digitized treatments in Plazi based on the original journal article Gong, Lin, Li, Xinzheng, Qiu, Jian-Wen (2014): A new species of Lophophysema (Porifera, Hexactinellida, Hyalonematidae) from the South China Sea. (gbif.org)
- Phylum Porifera contains 8,122 valid species with an estimated 4,000 awaiting discovery and/or description. (poriferatreeoflife.org)
- Porifera contains about 5,000 living species, including some of the world's oldest known animals, and some species can reach up to six feet in length. (oceanconservancy.org)
Davie Kelly1
- Episode 17 of The Porifera Sessions w/ Davie Kelly. (radiomagnetic.com)
Poecilosclerida1
- Porifera: Poecilosclerida). (marinespecies.org)
Sessions1
- Epsiode 5 of The Porifera Sessions. (radiomagnetic.com)
Marine2
- Marine Schwämme (Porifera) gelten als die evolutionär ältesten Metazoen. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
- Gleichzeitig enthalten einige Schwammspezies eine sehr hohe Anzahl phylogenetisch diverser Bakterien extrazellulär in der Mesohylmatrix, die bis zu 40% der Gesamtbiomasse Marine Schwämme (Porifera) gelten als die evolutionär ältesten Metazoen. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
Animals1
- Porifera have no internal organs, nervous tissue, circulatory system, or digestive systems, making them the most primitive of the multi-cellular animals. (udel.edu)
Year1
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Porifera" by people in this website by year, and whether "Porifera" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (childrensmercy.org)
Publications1
- Below are the most recent publications written about "Porifera" by people in Profiles. (childrensmercy.org)
Phylum6
- etc… sea urchin Taxonomic Hierarchy Linnaen system of binomial nomenclature example - Humans Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Hominidae Genus Homo Species sapiens * the plural of Phylum = Phyla * Phylum Porifera the sponges Phylum Porifera Branch Parazoa - "beside + animal" Sponges are at the cellular level of organization and have no tissues or organs. (studyres.com)
- Here we provide a comprehensive analysis of microbial symbiont communities associated with 81 species from the phylum Porifera. (nature.com)
- Phylum Porifera Because they are sessile, they are highly dependent on ocean currents to bring food to them and eliminate waste products. (slidetodoc.com)
- Collection of Porifera phylum with national coverage. (sibbr.gov.br)
- Phylum - Porifera MCQ with detailed explanation for interview, entrance and competitive exams. (competitive-exam.in)
- The largest class in the phylum PORIFERA , comprised of over 95% of all living species. (nih.gov)
Taxonomic1
- Taxonomic and Geospatial data about Porifera collection. (sibbr.gov.br)
Organisms1
- Understanding their presence and diversity in the genomes of porifera can offer valuable insights into the molecular adaptations of these early multicellular organisms. (lu.se)
Exhibit1
- Porifera exhibit asymmetry, which means they do not have any particular body symmetry. (rajusbiology.com)
Pores2
- Body bears several pores and hence the name Porifera. (faunafondness.com)
- Porifera have a simple body structure, which consists of a sac-like body with numerous pores or channels called ostia. (rajusbiology.com)
Family1
- ABSTRACT Phymaraphiniidae Schrammen 1924 (Porifera: Astrophorina) is a family of lithistid demosponges that has received little attention in the past decades. (deepseasponges.org)
Water flow1
- Porifera are filter feeders and depend on water flow to obtain food. (rajusbiology.com)
Collection1
- Coverage from Porifera collection. (sibbr.gov.br)
Play1
- Porifera play an important role in marine ecosystems as they are filter feeders and help to maintain water quality. (rajusbiology.com)
Survey1
- Here we present a global Porifera microbiome survey, set out to establish the ecological and evolutionary drivers of these host-microbe interactions. (nature.com)