Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus
Coronavirus Infections
Coronavirus
Gastroenteritis, Transmissible, of Swine
Coronaviridae
Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus
Swine
Coronavirus, Bovine
Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
Coronavirus, Canine
Coronavirus OC43, Human
Coronavirus, Rat
Coronavirus 229E, Human
SARS Virus
Coronavirus, Feline
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Respiratory Tract Infections
Murine hepatitis virus
Neutralization Tests
Complete genomic sequences, a key residue in the spike protein and deletions in nonstructural protein 3b of US strains of the virulent and attenuated coronaviruses, transmissible gastroenteritis virus and porcine respiratory coronavirus. (1/11)
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) isolates that have been adapted to passage in cell culture maintain their infectivity in vitro but may lose their pathogenicity in vivo. To better understand the genomic mechanisms for viral attenuation, we sequenced the complete genomes of two virulent TGEV strains and their attenuated counterparts: virulent TGEV Miller M6 and attenuated TGEV Miller M60 and virulent TGEV Purdue and attenuated TGEV Purdue P115, together with the ISU-1 strain of porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV-ISU-1), a naturally occurring TGEV deletion mutant with an altered respiratory tropism and reduced virulence. Pairwise comparison at both the nucleotide (nt) and amino acid (aa) levels between virulent and attenuated TGEV strains identified a common change in nt 1753 of the spike gene, resulting in a serine to alanine mutation at aa position 585 of the spike proteins of the attenuated TGEV strains. Alanine was also present in this protein in PRCV-ISU-1. Particularly noteworthy, the serine to alanine mutation resides in the region of the major antigenic site A/B (aa 506-706) that elicits neutralizing antibodies and within the domain mediating the cell surface receptor aminopeptidase N binding (aa 522-744). Comparison of the predicted polypeptide products of ORF3b showed significant deletions in the naturally attenuated PRCV-ISU-1 and TGEV Miller M60; these deletions occurred at a common break point, suggesting a related mechanism of recombination that may affect viral virulence or tropism. Sequence comparisons at both genomic and protein levels indicated that PRCV-ISU-1 had a closer relationship with TGEV Miller strains than Purdue strains. Phylogenetic analyses showed that virulence is an evolutionarily labile trait in TGEV and that TGEV strains as a group share a common ancestor with PRCV. (+info)Altered pathogenesis of porcine respiratory coronavirus in pigs due to immunosuppressive effects of dexamethasone: implications for corticosteroid use in treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. (2/11)
The pathogenesis and optimal treatments for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) are unclear, although corticosteroids were used to reduce lung and systemic inflammation. Because the pulmonary pathology of porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) in pigs resembles SARS, we used PRCV as a model to clarify the effects of the corticosteroid dexamethasone (DEX) on coronavirus (CoV)-induced pneumonia. Conventional weaned pigs (n = 130) in one of four groups (PRCV/phosphate-buffered saline [PBS] [n = 41], PRCV/DEX [n = 41], mock/PBS [n = 23], and mock/DEX [n = 25]) were inoculated intranasally and intratracheally with the ISU-1 strain of PRCV (1 x 10(7) PFU) or cell culture medium. DEX was administered (once daily, 2 mg/kg of body weight/day, intramuscularly) from postinoculation day (PID) 1 to 6. In PRCV/DEX pigs, significantly milder pneumonia, fewer PRCV-positive cells, and lower viral RNA titers were present in lungs early at PID 2; however, at PID 4, 10, and 21, severe bronchointerstitial pneumonia, significantly higher numbers of PRCV-positive cells, and higher viral RNA titers were observed compared to results for PRCV/PBS pigs. Significantly lower numbers of CD2(+), CD3(+), CD4(+), and CD8(+) T cells were also observed in lungs of PRCV/DEX pigs than in those of PRCV/PBS pigs at PID 8 and 10, coincident with fewer gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-secreting cells in the tracheobronchial lymph nodes as determined by enzyme-linked immunospot assay. Our results confirm that DEX treatment alleviates PRCV pneumonia early (PID 2) in the infection but continued use through PID 6 exacerbates later stages of infection (PID 4, 10, and 21), possibly by decreasing cellular immune responses in the lungs (IFN-gamma-secreting T cells), thereby creating an environment for more-extensive viral replication. These data have potential implications for corticosteroid use with SARS-CoV patients and suggest a precaution against prolonged use based on their unproven efficacy in humans, including possible detrimental secondary effects. (+info)Cytokine responses in porcine respiratory coronavirus-infected pigs treated with corticosteroids as a model for severe acute respiratory syndrome. (3/11)
(+info)Detection of respiratory pathogens in air samples from acutely infected pigs. (4/11)
Pathogens causing significant respiratory disease in growing pigs include Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, Porcine circovirus 2, swine influenza virus, porcine respiratory coronavirus, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, and Bordetella bronchiseptica. The objective of this research was to characterize the respiratory excretion of these pathogens by acutely infected pigs. Pigs were inoculated under experimental conditions with 1 pathogen. Samples were collected from the upper respiratory tract and exhaled air. All pathogens were detected in swabs of the upper respiratory tract, but only M. hyopneumoniae and B. bronchiseptica were detected in expired air from individually sampled, acutely infected pigs. These findings suggest either that the acutely infected pigs did not aerosolize the viruses or that the quantity of virus excreted was below the detection threshold of current sampling or assay systems, or both, at the individual-pig level. (+info)Virological and serological studies of porcine respiratory coronavirus infection on a Japanese farm. (5/11)
We detected transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) antibodies in pig farms in Tochigi prefecture, although the farms had no past record of TGEV vaccination or TGE. Among the farms, Farm A showed a high antibody incidence. We could not confirm if either TGEV or porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) induced the antibodies, since conventional tests failed to discriminate PRCV from TGEV. Therefore, we conducted virological and serological examinations of this farm for 4 years to establish the etiology - TGEV or PRCV. Although no TGEV was detected, PRCVs were isolated from the nasal samples of pigs. Using a commercial ELISA kit, it was found that the antibodies detected in pigs of all the raising stages and sows were raised against PRCV but not TGEV. The phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the isolates showed that they were closely related to each other, and formed a separate cluster apart from the U.S.A. and European strains. In Cesarean-derived, colostrums-deprived piglets inoculated with a PRCV isolate, no clinical signs were seen, and the viruses were mainly isolated from the nasal samples. Moreover, viral genes were detected from the nasal sample of the contact pig. The result suggested that PRCV infection was located in the nasal cavity of pigs, and horizontal transmission easily occurs. From these results, PRCVs with different origins from the exotic PRCVs might be prevalent in pig farms in Japan. (+info)Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus modifies innate immunity and alters disease outcome in pigs subsequently infected with porcine respiratory coronavirus: implications for respiratory viral co-infections. (6/11)
(+info)Nitric oxide is elicited and inhibits viral replication in pigs infected with porcine respiratory coronavirus but not porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. (7/11)
(+info)Lipoteichoic acid from Staphylococcus aureus exacerbates respiratory disease in porcine respiratory coronavirus-infected pigs. (8/11)
(+info)Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus (PRCV) is a strain of the coronavirus that primarily affects the respiratory system of pigs. It's a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus and is closely related to Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus (TGEV). However, unlike TGEV, PRCV does not cause severe enteric disease and is primarily associated with mild to moderate respiratory signs in pigs.
PRCV infects the epithelial cells of the pig's respiratory tract, leading to symptoms such as coughing, sneezing, and difficulty breathing. It is highly contagious and can spread rapidly in swine populations, often causing epidemic outbreaks in farms. The virus is primarily transmitted through aerosols and direct contact with infected pigs or their feces.
While PRCV does not typically cause severe disease on its own, it can predispose pigs to other respiratory infections, such as Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) and Swine Influenza Virus (SIV). As a result, PRCV can contribute to the complex of respiratory diseases that affect pigs, known as porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC).
Prevention and control measures for PRCV include good biosecurity practices, such as limiting traffic in and out of farms, using personal protective equipment, and vaccinating against other respiratory pathogens. There is no specific treatment for PRCV, but supportive care can help alleviate symptoms and reduce the risk of secondary infections.
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is a porcine coronavirus that primarily affects the pig's intestinal tract, causing severe diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration. The infection is highly contagious and can lead to significant mortality in young piglets. TGEV is transmitted through the fecal-oral route and can also be spread by contaminated fomites or aerosols. It primarily infects enterocytes in the small intestine, leading to villous atrophy and malabsorption of nutrients. There are no specific antiviral treatments for TGEV infection, and control measures typically focus on biosecurity, vaccination, and preventing the spread of the virus between herds.
Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that can cause illnesses ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as pneumonia. The name "coronavirus" comes from the Latin word "corona," which means crown or halo, reflecting the distinctive appearance of the virus particles under electron microscopy, which have a crown-like structure due to the presence of spike proteins on their surface.
Coronaviruses are zoonotic, meaning they can be transmitted between animals and humans. Some coronaviruses are endemic in certain animal populations and occasionally jump to humans, causing outbreaks of new diseases. This is what happened with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2002-2003, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in 2012, and the most recent Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2.
Coronavirus infections typically cause respiratory symptoms such as cough, shortness of breath, and fever. In severe cases, they can lead to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and even death, especially in older adults or people with underlying medical conditions. Other symptoms may include fatigue, muscle aches, headache, sore throat, and gastrointestinal issues such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Preventive measures for coronavirus infections include frequent hand washing, wearing face masks, practicing social distancing, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing. There are currently vaccines available to prevent COVID-19, which have been shown to be highly effective in preventing severe illness, hospitalization, and death from the disease.
A coronavirus is a type of virus that causes respiratory illnesses, such as the common cold, and more severe diseases including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). These viruses are typically spread through close contact with an infected person when they cough or sneeze. They can also spread by touching a surface or object that has the virus on it and then touching your own mouth, nose, or eyes.
Coronaviruses are named for the crown-like spikes on their surface. They are zoonotic, meaning they can be transmitted between animals and people. Common signs of infection include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. In more severe cases, infection can cause pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure, and even death.
One of the most recently discovered coronaviruses is SARS-CoV-2, which causes the disease COVID-19. This virus was first identified in Wuhan, China in late 2019 and has since spread to become a global pandemic.
Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) of swine is a viral infection that primarily affects the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. It is caused by the Transmissible Gastroenteritis Coronavirus (TGEV), which is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the family Coronaviridae.
The disease is highly contagious and can spread rapidly in swine populations through direct contact with infected animals or their feces, as well as via aerosolized particles. Ingestion of contaminated feed or water can also lead to infection.
Clinical signs of TGE in pigs include vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, and weight loss. The disease is most severe in young piglets, with mortality rates reaching up to 100% in animals younger than two weeks old. In older pigs, the infection may be milder or even asymptomatic, although they can still serve as carriers of the virus and contribute to its spread.
Transmissible gastroenteritis is a significant concern for the swine industry due to its high mortality rate in young animals and the potential economic losses associated with reduced growth rates and decreased feed conversion efficiency in infected herds. Prevention strategies include strict biosecurity measures, vaccination of sows, and proper disposal of infected pig manure.
Coronaviridae is a family of enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses. They are named for the crown-like (corona) appearance of their surface proteins. Coronaviruses infect a wide range of animals, including mammals and birds, and can cause respiratory, gastrointestinal, and neurological diseases. Some coronaviruses, such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), can cause severe and potentially fatal illness in humans. The most recent example is SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19.
Swine diseases refer to a wide range of infectious and non-infectious conditions that affect pigs. These diseases can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, or environmental factors. Some common swine diseases include:
1. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS): a viral disease that causes reproductive failure in sows and respiratory problems in piglets and grower pigs.
2. Classical Swine Fever (CSF): also known as hog cholera, is a highly contagious viral disease that affects pigs of all ages.
3. Porcine Circovirus Disease (PCVD): a group of diseases caused by porcine circoviruses, including Porcine CircoVirus Associated Disease (PCVAD) and Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS).
4. Swine Influenza: a respiratory disease caused by type A influenza viruses that can infect pigs and humans.
5. Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae: a bacterial disease that causes pneumonia in pigs.
6. Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae: a bacterial disease that causes severe pneumonia in pigs.
7. Salmonella: a group of bacteria that can cause food poisoning in humans and a variety of diseases in pigs, including septicemia, meningitis, and abortion.
8. Brachyspira Hyodysenteriae: a bacterial disease that causes dysentery in pigs.
9. Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae: a bacterial disease that causes erysipelas in pigs.
10. External and internal parasites, such as lice, mites, worms, and flukes, can also cause diseases in swine.
Prevention and control of swine diseases rely on good biosecurity practices, vaccination programs, proper nutrition, and management practices. Regular veterinary check-ups and monitoring are essential to detect and treat diseases early.
Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) is an enveloped, positive-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Arteriviridae family. It is the causative agent of Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS), also known as "blue ear disease" or "porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome."
The virus primarily affects pigs, causing a wide range of clinical signs including respiratory distress in young animals and reproductive failure in pregnant sows. The infection can lead to late-term abortions, stillbirths, premature deliveries, and weak or mummified fetuses. In growing pigs, PRRSV can cause pneumonia, which is often accompanied by secondary bacterial infections.
PRRSV has a tropism for cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage, and it replicates within these cells, leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the development of the clinical signs associated with the disease. The virus is highly infectious and can spread rapidly in susceptible pig populations, making it a significant concern for the swine industry worldwide.
It's important to note that PRRSV has two distinct genotypes: Type 1 (European) and Type 2 (North American). Both types have a high degree of genetic diversity, which can make controlling the virus challenging. Vaccination is available for PRRSV, but it may not provide complete protection against all strains of the virus, and it may not prevent infection or shedding. Therefore, biosecurity measures, such as strict sanitation and animal movement controls, are critical to preventing the spread of this virus in pig populations.
"Swine" is a common term used to refer to even-toed ungulates of the family Suidae, including domestic pigs and wild boars. However, in a medical context, "swine" often appears in the phrase "swine flu," which is a strain of influenza virus that typically infects pigs but can also cause illness in humans. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic was caused by a new strain of swine-origin influenza A virus, which was commonly referred to as "swine flu." It's important to note that this virus is not transmitted through eating cooked pork products; it spreads from person to person, mainly through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is a species of coronavirus that infects cattle and other animals such as yaks, deer, and occasionally humans. It is an enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the genus Betacoronavirus in the family Coronaviridae.
BCoV primarily causes respiratory and enteric diseases in cattle, resulting in symptoms such as pneumonia, coughing, diarrhea, and decreased appetite. The virus is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or their feces, contaminated food, water, or fomites.
In humans, BCoV infection is rare but has been associated with respiratory illnesses in people working closely with cattle, such as farmers, abattoir workers, and veterinarians. The symptoms of human BCoV infection are similar to those caused by other coronaviruses, including fever, cough, and shortness of breath.
Prevention measures for BCoV include good hygiene practices, wearing personal protective equipment when working with cattle, and vaccination of animals against the virus. There is currently no specific treatment or vaccine available for human BCoV infection.
Coronaviridae is a family of enveloped, positive-sense RNA viruses that cause various diseases in animals and humans. Human coronavirus infections most commonly result in mild to moderate upper respiratory tract illnesses, such as the common cold. However, two highly pathogenic coronaviruses have emerged in the past two decades: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). These viruses can cause severe and potentially fatal respiratory illnesses.
In general, coronaviruses are transmitted through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. In some cases, people may become infected by touching a surface contaminated with the virus and then touching their mouth, nose, or eyes. Preventive measures include frequent handwashing, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and practicing good respiratory etiquette (e.g., covering coughs and sneezes).
Treatment for coronavirus infections is primarily supportive, focusing on relieving symptoms and managing complications. For severe cases of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections, antiviral medications and supportive care in an intensive care unit may be necessary. Vaccines have been developed to protect against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, and are being distributed globally.
A spike glycoprotein in coronaviruses is a type of protein that extends from the surface of the virus and gives it its characteristic crown-like appearance (hence the name "corona," which is Latin for "crown"). This protein plays a crucial role in the infection process of the virus. It allows the virus to attach to and enter specific cells in the host organism, typically through binding to a receptor on the cell surface. In the case of SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus responsible for COVID-19, the spike protein binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor found on cells in various tissues, including the lungs, heart, and gastrointestinal tract.
The spike protein is composed of two subunits: S1 and S2. The S1 subunit contains the receptor-binding domain (RBD), which recognizes and binds to the host cell receptor. After binding, the S2 subunit mediates the fusion of the viral membrane with the host cell membrane, allowing the viral genome to enter the host cell and initiate infection.
The spike protein is also a primary target for neutralizing antibodies generated by the host immune system during infection or following vaccination. Neutralizing antibodies bind to specific regions of the spike protein, preventing it from interacting with host cell receptors and thus inhibiting viral entry into cells.
In summary, a spike glycoprotein in coronaviruses is a crucial structural and functional component that facilitates viral attachment, fusion, and entry into host cells. Its importance in the infection process makes it an essential target for vaccine development and therapeutic interventions.
Canine coronavirus (CCoV) is a species of coronavirus that infects dogs. It is related to the coronaviruses that cause respiratory illness in humans, such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, but it is not known to infect people. CCoV primarily affects the gastrointestinal tract and can cause symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhea. It is usually spread through contact with infected feces. There are two main types of CCoV, called Type I and Type II, which are classified based on their genetic makeup. Both types can cause illness in dogs, but Type II is more likely to cause severe disease. Vaccines are available to help protect dogs against CCoV infection.
Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) is a species of coronavirus that causes respiratory infections in humans. It is one of the several coronaviruses known to cause the common cold. HCoV-OC43 belongs to the genus Betacoronavirus and is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus.
The virus was first identified in 1967 and has since been found to be widely distributed throughout the human population. It is estimated that HCoV-OC43 infections occur annually, with a peak incidence during the winter months in temperate climates. The symptoms of HCoV-OC43 infection are typically mild and include nasal congestion, runny nose, sore throat, and cough.
HCoV-OC43 is transmitted through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person talks, coughs, or sneezes. The virus can also be spread by touching contaminated surfaces and then touching the mouth, nose, or eyes. There is no specific treatment for HCoV-OC43 infections, and management is generally supportive, with rest, hydration, and symptomatic relief of fever and cough.
HCoV-OC43 has been identified as one of the coronaviruses that have the potential to cause severe respiratory illness in immunocompromised individuals or those with underlying medical conditions. However, most HCoV-OC43 infections are mild and do not require hospitalization.
A coronavirus that primarily infects rats is called "rat coronavirus." It is a type of virus that belongs to the genus Betacoronavirus, which also includes coronaviruses that can infect humans, such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.
Rat coronavirus is closely related to coronaviruses that infect mice and can cause respiratory illness in rats. It is typically transmitted through direct contact with infected rats or their feces and urine. Rat coronavirus infection is not known to spread to humans or other animals outside of laboratory settings.
It's worth noting that the current global pandemic is caused by a novel coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2, which is distinct from rat coronavirus and other known coronaviruses that infect animals.
Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) is a species of coronavirus that causes respiratory infections in humans. It is one of the several coronaviruses known to cause the common cold. HCoV-229E was first identified in the 1960s and is named after the number assigned to it in the laboratory where it was discovered.
HCoV-229E infects the human body through the respiratory tract, and it primarily affects the upper respiratory system, causing symptoms such as runny nose, sore throat, cough, and fever. In some cases, HCoV-229E can also cause lower respiratory infections, such as pneumonia, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying medical conditions.
HCoV-229E is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the family Coronaviridae and the genus Alphacoronavirus. It is transmitted through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. The virus can also survive on surfaces for several hours, making it possible to contract the infection by touching contaminated objects.
There is no specific treatment for HCoV-229E infections, and most people recover within a week or two with rest and symptomatic relief. However, severe cases may require hospitalization and supportive care, such as oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation. Preventive measures, such as hand hygiene, wearing masks, and avoiding close contact with infected individuals, can help reduce the transmission of HCoV-229E and other respiratory viruses.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory illness caused by the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). This virus is a member of the Coronaviridae family and is thought to be transmitted most readily through close person-to-person contact via respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
The SARS outbreak began in southern China in 2002 and spread to several other countries before it was contained. The illness causes symptoms such as fever, chills, and body aches, which progress to a dry cough and sometimes pneumonia. Some people also report diarrhea. In severe cases, the illness can cause respiratory failure or death.
It's important to note that SARS is not currently a global health concern, as there have been no known cases since 2004. However, it remains a significant example of how quickly and widely a new infectious disease can spread in today's interconnected world.
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is a type of virus that primarily infects cats. It is part of the Coronaviridae family and has a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. There are two types of feline coronavirus: feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV).
FECV is a relatively harmless virus that primarily causes mild to no symptoms in infected cats, and it is spread through fecal-oral transmission. FECV mainly affects the intestines and can cause diarrhea in some cases.
FIPV, on the other hand, is a mutated form of FECV that can cause a severe and often fatal disease called feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). FIP is an immune-mediated disease characterized by inflammation and accumulation of fluid in the abdomen or chest. It can also affect other organs, such as the eyes, brain, and liver.
It's important to note that not all cats infected with FECV will develop FIP. The development of FIP depends on various factors, including the cat's age, immune system, and the specific strain of the virus. There is no cure for FIP, but supportive care can help manage the symptoms and improve the cat's quality of life.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory illness characterized by fever, cough, shortness of breath, and sometimes severe pneumonia. It is caused by the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV).
The syndrome is considered severe due to its potential to cause rapid spread in communities and healthcare settings, and for its high case fatality rate. In the global outbreak of 2002-2003, approximately 8,000 people were infected and nearly 800 died. Since then, no large outbreaks have been reported, although there have been isolated cases linked to laboratory accidents or animal exposures.
SARS is transmitted through close contact with an infected person's respiratory droplets, such as when they cough or sneeze. It can also be spread by touching a surface contaminated with the virus and then touching the mouth, nose, or eyes. Healthcare workers and others in close contact with infected individuals are at higher risk of infection.
Preventive measures include good personal hygiene, such as frequent handwashing, wearing masks and other protective equipment when in close contact with infected individuals, and practicing respiratory etiquette (covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing). Infected individuals should be isolated and receive appropriate medical care to help manage their symptoms and prevent transmission to others.
Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are infections that affect the respiratory system, which includes the nose, throat (pharynx), voice box (larynx), windpipe (trachea), bronchi, and lungs. These infections can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or, less commonly, fungi.
RTIs are classified into two categories based on their location: upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) and lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). URTIs include infections of the nose, sinuses, throat, and larynx, such as the common cold, flu, laryngitis, and sinusitis. LRTIs involve the lower airways, including the bronchi and lungs, and can be more severe. Examples of LRTIs are pneumonia, bronchitis, and bronchiolitis.
Symptoms of RTIs depend on the location and cause of the infection but may include cough, congestion, runny nose, sore throat, difficulty breathing, wheezing, fever, fatigue, and chest pain. Treatment for RTIs varies depending on the severity and underlying cause of the infection. For viral infections, treatment typically involves supportive care to manage symptoms, while antibiotics may be prescribed for bacterial infections.
Murine hepatitis virus (MHV) is a type of coronavirus that primarily infects laboratory mice. It is not related to the human hepatitis viruses A, B, C, D, or E. MHV causes a range of diseases in mice, including hepatitis (liver inflammation), encephalomyelitis (inflammation of the brain and spinal cord), and enteritis (inflammation of the intestine). The virus is transmitted through fecal-oral route and respiratory droplets. It's widely used in research to understand the pathogenesis, immunity, and molecular biology of coronaviruses.
Antibodies, viral are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with a virus. These antibodies are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens on the surface of the virus, which helps to neutralize or destroy the virus and prevent its replication. Once produced, these antibodies can provide immunity against future infections with the same virus.
Viral antibodies are typically composed of four polypeptide chains - two heavy chains and two light chains - that are held together by disulfide bonds. The binding site for the antigen is located at the tip of the Y-shaped structure, formed by the variable regions of the heavy and light chains.
There are five classes of antibodies in humans: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has a different function and is distributed differently throughout the body. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the bloodstream and provides long-term immunity against viruses, while IgA is found primarily in mucous membranes and helps to protect against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.
In addition to their role in the immune response, viral antibodies can also be used as diagnostic tools to detect the presence of a specific virus in a patient's blood or other bodily fluids.
Neutralization tests are a type of laboratory assay used in microbiology and immunology to measure the ability of a substance, such as an antibody or antitoxin, to neutralize the activity of a toxin or infectious agent. In these tests, the substance to be tested is mixed with a known quantity of the toxin or infectious agent, and the mixture is then incubated under controlled conditions. After incubation, the mixture is tested for residual toxicity or infectivity using a variety of methods, such as cell culture assays, animal models, or biochemical assays.
The neutralization titer is then calculated based on the highest dilution of the test substance that completely neutralizes the toxin or infectious agent. Neutralization tests are commonly used in the diagnosis and evaluation of immune responses to vaccines, as well as in the detection and quantification of toxins and other harmful substances.
Examples of neutralization tests include the serum neutralization test for measles antibodies, the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) for dengue virus antibodies, and the cytotoxicity neutralization assay for botulinum neurotoxins.
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Swine12
- It was referred to as swine mystery disease (SMD) or swine infertility and respiratory syndrome (SIRS) before porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) became the generally agreed-upon name. (iastate.edu)
- Two common viral pathogens of swine, namely, porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), were investigated in regard to their effects on monolayer cultures of swine alveolar macrophages (AMs). (scienceopen.com)
- This is particularly evident in the case of pig farming as shown by the recent episodes of African swine fever or porcine epidemic diarrhoea. (biomedcentral.com)
- In recent years, with the emergence and re-emergence of difficult-to-control diseases such as African swine fever or porcine epidemic diarrhoea, the perception of the critical importance of pig health and its relationship with biosecurity has increased in recent years. (biomedcentral.com)
- Common porcine enteric coronaviruses include Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), Porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), Porcine delta coronavirus (PDCoV), and Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV). (bvsalud.org)
- Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) induces one of most important devastating disease of swine worldwide, and the current methods poorly control it. (biomedcentral.com)
- Definition A widespread, chronic respiratory disease of swine characterized by coughing, growth retardation and reduced feed efficiency. (edu.vn)
- Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a newly discovered swine enteropathogenic coronavirus with worldwide distribution. (biomedcentral.com)
- Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a swine enteropathogenic coronavirus (CoV) that can cause severe dehydration, vomiting and watery diarrhea in piglets, and belongs to the genus Deltacoronavirus of the family Coronaviridae [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- With the recent emergence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus in humans and the outbreak of devastating porcine epidemic diarrhea coronavirus in swine, therapeutic intervention is urgently needed. (covid19criticalcare.com)
- However, there are many coronaviruses of veterinary significance, similar to transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine respiratory coronavirus of swine, infectious bronchitis virus of poultry and equine and bovine coronavirus. (ukkii.com)
- I think the big value to the swine industry has been, for the very first time, the ability to understand disease detection over time, geography, age, and specific stage in the porcine life cycle," remarked Dr. Linhares. (swinehealth.org)
Gastroenteritis3
- porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus (TGEV), and Porcine Deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) mentioned in this study mainly cause diarrhea in pigs. (bvsalud.org)
- Together with canine coronavirus (CCoV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine respiratory coronavirus and human coronavirus 229E (HCoV 229E), FCoV is classified into the genus Alphacoronavirus[1]. (datexis.com)
- and human being coronavirus 229E, transmissible gastroenteritis disease (TGEV), murine hepatitis disease (MHV), bovine coronavirus (BCV), feline infectious peritonitis disease (FIPV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), in the family. (monossabios.com)
Epidemic diarrhea virus1
- The report uses data from VDL cases with molecular tests (PCR-based assays and virus genotyping) for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), enteric coronaviruses including porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MHP). (swinehealth.org)
TGEV1
- 229E NL63 PEDV (adding Trypsin to Vero cells), propagated in piglets, repeated passage in Vero cells, using Vero/TMPRSS2 and Vero/MSPL cells SADS TGEV PRCV Feline coronavirus Canine coronavirus. (wikipedia.org)
Bovine3
- Phylogenetic tree constructed on the basis of the whole-genome sequence of porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) strains from fairs in Michigan, Indiana, and Ohio, USA, 2015 (indicated by genotype labels at right), compared with bovine CoV (BovCoV), human enteric CoV (HECV), and white-tail deer CoV and a reference PHEV strain from Belgium (VW572). (cdc.gov)
- Furthermore, there are some studies showing antiviral effects of ivermectin against DNA viruses such as Equine herpes type 1, BK polyomavirus, pseudorabies, porcine circovirus 2, and bovine herpesvirus 1. (jdfor2020.com)
- Coronaviruses are divided into three groups based on the genome sequences, including SARS-CoV (a member of group II) as well as murine hepatitis virus (MHV), bovine coronavirus, porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (HEV), equine coronavirus, and human coronavirues OC43 and NL63, which also cause respiratory infections. (qmrawiki.org)
Pigs15
- PRRS is an acronym (porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome) for a viral disease characterized by two overlapping clinical presentations, reproductive impairment or failure in breeding animals, and respiratory disease in pigs of any age. (iastate.edu)
- The respiratory syndrome is seen more often in young growing pigs but also occurs in naïve finishing pigs and breeding stock. (iastate.edu)
- It is important to determine the method by which respiratory pathogens are transmitted among pigs to stop the spread of disease. (usda.gov)
- Research was conducted to determine the amount of common respiratory viruses and bacteria of pigs that were excreted through exhalations. (usda.gov)
- Infectious agents that cause respiratory disease in pigs include porcine reproductive respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), swine influenza virus (SIV), porcine respiratory corona virus (PRCV), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, and Bordetella bronchiseptica. (usda.gov)
- The objective of this research was to characterize the excretion of these pathogens in respiratory exhalations from acutely infected pigs. (usda.gov)
- All pathogens were detected in the upper respiratory tracts of infected pigs, but only M. hyopneumoniae and B. bronchiseptica were detected in expired air from individual, acutely infected pigs. (usda.gov)
- Why pigs don't get sick from the Coronavirus? (kashmirtimes.com)
- NEW DELHI, Feb 1: Researchers may have uncovered an important clue that sheds light on why pigs don't get sick when exposed to the coronavirus. (kashmirtimes.com)
- Nelli and Gimenez-Lirola have studied how coronaviruses affect pigs for years. (kashmirtimes.com)
- Experimental reproduction of severe disease in CD/CD pigs concurrently infected with type 2 porcine circovirus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. (scienceopen.com)
- Three-week-old cesarean-derived colostrum-deprived (CD/CD) pigs were inoculated with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2, n = 19), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV, n = 13), concurrent PCV2 and PRRSV (PCV2/PRRSV, n = 17), or a sham inoculum (n = 12) to compare the independent and combined effects of these agents. (scienceopen.com)
- Currently, porcine coronaviruses are prevalent in pigs, and due to the outbreak of COVID-19, porcine coronaviruses have become a research hotspot. (bvsalud.org)
- Porcine enteric coronaviruses are pathogens that cause viral diarrhea in pigs and are widely prevalent worldwide. (bvsalud.org)
- It can cause severe reproductive failure in sows and respiratory distress in young growing pigs [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Pathogens3
- First, the presence of primary pathogens causing respiratory and enteric diseases and if these are active in the herd, then the disease(s) will also be present at a varying level. (thepigsite.com)
- Surveillance for respiratory and diarrheal pathogens at the human-pig interface in Sarawak, Malaysia. (cdc.gov)
- Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a significant group of pathogens that pose a serious threat to both human and animal health, with some being zoonotic and displaying frequent cross-species transmission. (bvsalud.org)
Infection5
- In some cases, infection is manifested as an epidemic of respiratory disease or reproductive failure but in other outbreaks, infection may spread slowly. (iastate.edu)
- Human cells can undergo apoptosis in response to coronavirus infection as well, but the study found human cells do so much less frequently than porcine cells. (kashmirtimes.com)
- Infection with coronavirus is determined by the interaction between the receptor binding domain of its spike (S) protein and corresponding receptors on target cells. (datexis.com)
- Topelia will initially focus on the development of its TPL101 Antiviral Triple Therapy for coronavirus infection. (topeliaaustralia.com)
- Topelia sees a range of potential uses for TPL101 in coronavirus infection. (topeliaaustralia.com)
Severe acute re7
- He compared three outbreaks that happened in the past: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Porcine and Ebola viruses. (quchronicle.com)
- Across Europe, the incidence and mortality rates of COVID-19 or severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continue to rise dramatically. (ecancer.org)
- Comparative in vivo analysis of the nsp15 endoribonuclease of murine, porcine and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses. (uams.edu)
- This effect of MP as a GAL-3 antagonism, which has shown benefits in preclinical and clinical models, may be of relevance to the progression of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in coronavirus disease 2019 patients. (encyclopedia.pub)
- SARS-CoV, the causal pathogen of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), caused a large outbreak of this severe pneumonia occurred in Hong Kong in 2003 and rapidly spread throughout the world. (qmrawiki.org)
- 2006). Murine Hepatitis Virus Strain 1 Produces a Clinically Relevant Model of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in A/J Mice . (qmrawiki.org)
- Examples of emerging viral diseases include Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and the Zika virus. (scitechnol.com)
Viruses3
- Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. (wikipedia.org)
- Pig feces, pig oral secretions, bioaerosols, and worker nasal wash samples were collected and analyzed via rPCR and rRT-PCR for respiratory and diarrheal viruses. (cdc.gov)
- From common cold to more serious diseases such as influenza, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), and Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19), viruses continue to pose a threat to global health. (scitechnol.com)
PRRSV3
- Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) occurs in all age groups. (iastate.edu)
- The family includes Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV), Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV), Lactate Dehydrogenase Elevating Virus (LDV) of mice and Simian Haemorrhagic Fever Virus (SHFV). (bionity.com)
- a herd size of minimum 800 sows to ensure enough gilts for sampling in each unit, freedom from porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) or PRRSV-stability (no clinical signs), presence of minimum one quarantine unit and purchase of gilts from an outside source. (biomedcentral.com)
Viral6
- Coronavirus (CoV) genome replication takes place in the cytoplasm in a membrane-protected microenvironment, and starts with the translation of the genome to produce the viral replicase. (bionity.com)
- The J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI) has been involved in viral sequencing and analysis for more than 25 years, and coronavirus research for more than 15. (jcvi.org)
- En la actualidad se sabe que el material genético del virus puede sobrevivir por varios días en agua residual, sin embargo, más información es necesaria para entender mejor la cinética de la carga viral en matrices acuáticas a través del tiempo. (edu.mx)
- Cada una de las matrices acuáticas (Marina, influente, efluente y potable) fue inoculada y evaluada por 62 días para determinar la cinética de decaimiento en la detección de ARN viral por RT-PCR en tiempo real. (edu.mx)
- Este estudio demuestra el impacto de la matriz acuática en la detección de la carga viral probablemente afectada por los parámetros fisicoquímicos, de igual forma, es interesante entender que el SARS-CoV-2 puede detectarse por un largo periodo de tiempo en aguas recreativas y residuales lo que lo vuelve una herramienta relevante para realizar epidemiología basada en agua como un indicator de la salud de la comunidad. (edu.mx)
- On January 3, 2020, the first complete genome of the novel β genus coronaviruses (2019-nCoVs) was identified in samples of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from a patient from Wuhan by scientists of the National Institute of Viral Disease Control and Prevention (IVDC) through a combination of Sanger sequencing, Illumina sequencing, and nanopore sequencing. (chinacdc.cn)
Enteric diarrhea virus2
- This method is of great significance for clinical monitoring of the porcine enteric diarrhea virus and helps reduce the loss of the breeding industry and control the spread of the disease. (bvsalud.org)
- The new types of Betacoronavirus , labelled with red stars, were placed into the lineage of Betacoronavirus 2b, which contain the following: avian infectious bronchitis virus (AIBV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), porcine enteric diarrhea virus (PEDV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), SARS-related coronavirus (SARSr-CoV), and Human coronavirus (HCoV). (chinacdc.cn)
PRRS2
- Between 1984 and 1996, there has been a significant deterioration in levels of health particularly associated with the appearance of Porcine Reproductive Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) in 1991 and its effects on Enzootic Pneumonia and Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia. (thepigsite.com)
- The appearance of PRRS also highlighted the low-grade endemic infections that were already present in many herds, particularly those involving the respiratory system. (thepigsite.com)
Deltacoronavirus1
- pangolin/Guangdong, in Vero cells, human organoids, hACE2 mice, hamsters Avian coronavirus (IBV) Turkey coronavirus Porcine deltacoronavirus HKU15 including a human case Parrot coronavirus Becker, W. B. (wikipedia.org)
Outbreak2
- The recent coronavirus outbreak has 4,515 confirmed cases in China, with 100 dead, and the United States has five confirmed cases at the time of publication. (quchronicle.com)
- The disease is named due to the similarities to the SARS outbreak in China of 2002, which was also caused by a coronavirus. (ecancer.org)
Diseases3
- Human CoV-OC43 (HCoV-OC43) is one of the four common human CoVs that can cause seasonal mild to moderate respiratory diseases in humans. (bvsalud.org)
- Coronaviruses cause acute and chronic respiratory, enteric, and central nervous system (CNS) diseases in humans and many species of animals. (qmrawiki.org)
- MHV that infects both mice and rats often has been studied as a suitable model of human coronavirus diseases, according to Watanabe et al. (qmrawiki.org)
229E1
- Evidence for an Ancestral Association of Human Coronavirus 229E with Bats. (cdc.gov)
MERS-CoV1
- The emergence of the novel Middle East (ME) respira-tory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has raised global public health concerns regarding the cur-rent situation and its future evolution. (123dok.net)
Virus5
- Three distinct strains have been identified, the virus has been designated as 2019-nCoV, and the disease has been subsequently named novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia (NCIP). (chinacdc.cn)
- For the latest experiments, they introduced the virus to cultured porcine and human respiratory epithelial cells, which line most of the respiratory tract. (international-animalhealth.com)
- Two pathotypes of FCoV have been well demonstrated, i.e., feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) and feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) virus (FIPV). (datexis.com)
- Additional validation studies with the top 3 inhibitors (hexachlorophene, nitazoxanide and homoharringtonine) demonstrated robust anti-coronavirus activities (a reduction of 6 to 8log10 in virus titer) with an IC50 ranging from 11nM to 1.2μM. (covid19criticalcare.com)
- Genetic diversity of the Korean field strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. (cdc.gov)
Epithelial cells2
- Here, we compared the biological function of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) purified from lacticaseibacillus casei ( L. casei ) and gene editing lacticaseibacillus casei with the CRISPER-Cas9 technology, which were with the ability of antioxidation and anti-inflammation, and the EPS could also inhibit the ROS production within the Porcine Small Intestinal Epithelial Cells-J2 (IPEC-J2). (biomedcentral.com)
- Most of the coronavirus were mainly susceptible to the epithelial cell, such as respiratory epithelial cells and intestinal epithelial cells, which was immune evasion with types I and II IFN. (biomedcentral.com)
Disease4
- Chronic respiratory disease has become a major limiting factor to profitable pig production. (thepigsite.com)
- More alarming was the fact that 27% of herds were affected with chronic endemic respiratory disease. (thepigsite.com)
- MG is characterized by respiratory symptoms and a prolonged course of the disease. (edu.vn)
- The report also includes information on disease detection by syndrome, including enteric, respiratory, and central nervous system (CNS). (swinehealth.org)
Humans2
- SARS) in humans, associated with a new coronavirus, ( Coronaviridae ). (cdc.gov)
- Moreover, studies have shown that some porcine enteric coronaviruses can infect humans and poultry. (bvsalud.org)
PCV21
- In addition, the reduction in CPE was abolished when the supernatants of PCV2-infected AMs were pre-treated with a mouse anti-recombinant porcine IFN-α antibody. (scienceopen.com)
Infectious1
- The ability to quantitate the amount of a respiratory pathogen that is excreted through respiration and aerosolization would help us predict the infectious cycle of these organisms. (usda.gov)
Human2
- br/>The researchers say further study could lead to therapies designed to trigger apoptosis in human cells, allowing people infected with the coronavirus to avoid severe symptoms. (kashmirtimes.com)
- Furthermore, homoharringtonine and hexachlorophene exhibited broad antiviral activity against diverse species of human and animal coronaviruses. (covid19criticalcare.com)
Antiviral activity1
- For example, the protease inhibitor rupintrivir, originally developed for HRV, and/or its derivatives also showed broad-spectrum antiviral activity against picornaviruses and coronaviruses in cell tradition (6, 12, 44), underscoring the potential development of broad-spectrum antivirals. (monossabios.com)
Strains1
- This article aims at keeping an up-to-date list of Coronavirus strains and subspecies successfully isolated and cultured in laboratory, a task which is often challenging. (wikipedia.org)
Recombinant1
- In an effort to assist rapid development of anti-coronavirus drugs, here we screened the NIH Clinical Collection in cell culture using a luciferase reporter-expressing recombinant murine coronavirus. (covid19criticalcare.com)