Adaptation, Physiological: The non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its ENVIRONMENT.Adaptation, Ocular: The adjustment of the eye to variations in the intensity of light. Light adaptation is the adjustment of the eye when the light threshold is increased; DARK ADAPTATION when the light is greatly reduced. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)Adaptation, Biological: Changes in biological features that help an organism cope with its ENVIRONMENT. These changes include physiological (ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL), phenotypic and genetic changes.Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Dark Adaptation: Adjustment of the eyes under conditions of low light. The sensitivity of the eye to light is increased during dark adaptation.Biological Evolution: The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.Biological Products: Complex pharmaceutical substances, preparations, or matter derived from organisms usually obtained by biological methods or assay.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Biological Assay: A method of measuring the effects of a biologically active substance using an intermediate in vivo or in vitro tissue or cell model under controlled conditions. It includes virulence studies in animal fetuses in utero, mouse convulsion bioassay of insulin, quantitation of tumor-initiator systems in mouse skin, calculation of potentiating effects of a hormonal factor in an isolated strip of contracting stomach muscle, etc.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Biological Therapy: Treatment of diseases with biological materials or biological response modifiers, such as the use of GENES; CELLS; TISSUES; organs; SERUM; VACCINES; and humoral agents.Adaptation, Psychological: A state of harmony between internal needs and external demands and the processes used in achieving this condition. (From APA Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed)Figural Aftereffect: A perceptual phenomenon used by Gestalt psychologists to demonstrate that events in one part of the perceptual field may affect perception in another part.Acclimatization: Adaptation to a new environment or to a change in the old.Phylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Gene Expression Profiling: The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.Evolution, Molecular: The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.Photic Stimulation: Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.Computer Simulation: Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.Biological Warfare: Warfare involving the use of living organisms or their products as disease etiologic agents against people, animals, or plants.Biological Markers: Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets.Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Selection, Genetic: Differential and non-random reproduction of different genotypes, operating to alter the gene frequencies within a population.Biological Processes: Biological activities and function of the whole organism in human, animal, microorgansims, and plants, and of the biosphere.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Afterimage: Continuation of visual impression after cessation of stimuli causing the original image.Species Specificity: The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.Dental Marginal Adaptation: The degree of approximation or fit of filling material or dental prosthetic to the tooth surface. A close marginal adaptation and seal at the interface is important for successful dental restorations.Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis: Hybridization of a nucleic acid sample to a very large set of OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES, which have been attached individually in columns and rows to a solid support, to determine a BASE SEQUENCE, or to detect variations in a gene sequence, GENE EXPRESSION, or for GENE MAPPING.Sequence Analysis, DNA: A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.Genetic Variation: Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.Light: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.Models, Genetic: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Environment: The external elements and conditions which surround, influence, and affect the life and development of an organism or population.Models, Molecular: Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.Pest Control, Biological: Use of naturally-occuring or genetically-engineered organisms to reduce or eliminate populations of pests.Software: Sequential operating programs and data which instruct the functioning of a digital computer.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Stress, Physiological: The unfavorable effect of environmental factors (stressors) on the physiological functions of an organism. Prolonged unresolved physiological stress can affect HOMEOSTASIS of the organism, and may lead to damaging or pathological conditions.Ecosystem: A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium.Reproducibility of Results: The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.Proteins: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.Temperature: The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.Gene Expression Regulation: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.Motion Perception: The real or apparent movement of objects through the visual field.Cluster Analysis: A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (GENOME) of organisms.Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.Biological Clocks: The physiological mechanisms that govern the rhythmic occurrence of certain biochemical, physiological, and behavioral phenomena.Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Systems Biology: Comprehensive, methodical analysis of complex biological systems by monitoring responses to perturbations of biological processes. Large scale, computerized collection and analysis of the data are used to develop and test models of biological systems.Proteome: The protein complement of an organism coded for by its genome.Metabolic Networks and Pathways: Complex sets of enzymatic reactions connected to each other via their product and substrate metabolites.Gene Regulatory Networks: Interacting DNA-encoded regulatory subsystems in the GENOME that coordinate input from activator and repressor TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS during development, cell differentiation, or in response to environmental cues. The networks function to ultimately specify expression of particular sets of GENES for specific conditions, times, or locations.Bacteria: One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Altitude: A vertical distance measured from a known level on the surface of a planet or other celestial body.Contrast Sensitivity: The ability to detect sharp boundaries (stimuli) and to detect slight changes in luminance at regions without distinct contours. Psychophysical measurements of this visual function are used to evaluate visual acuity and to detect eye disease.Sequence Alignment: The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.Visual Perception: The selecting and organizing of visual stimuli based on the individual's past experience.Analysis of Variance: A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.Models, Theoretical: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of systems, processes, or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Models, Neurological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Cold Temperature: An absence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably below an accustomed norm.Genome, Bacterial: The genetic complement of a BACTERIA as represented in its DNA.Psychomotor Performance: The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity.Biomechanical Phenomena: The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.Muscle, Skeletal: A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.Sensory Thresholds: The minimum amount of stimulus energy necessary to elicit a sensory response.Photoreceptor Cells: Specialized cells that detect and transduce light. They are classified into two types based on their light reception structure, the ciliary photoreceptors and the rhabdomeric photoreceptors with MICROVILLI. Ciliary photoreceptor cells use OPSINS that activate a PHOSPHODIESTERASE phosphodiesterase cascade. Rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells use opsins that activate a PHOSPHOLIPASE C cascade.Tumor Markers, Biological: Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including hormones, antigens, amino and nucleic acids, enzymes, polyamines, and specific cell membrane proteins and lipids.Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.Translations: Products resulting from the conversion of one language to another.Databases, Genetic: Databases devoted to knowledge about specific genes and gene products.Protein Structure, Tertiary: The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.Climate Change: Any significant change in measures of climate (such as temperature, precipitation, or wind) lasting for an extended period (decades or longer). It may result from natural factors such as changes in the sun's intensity, natural processes within the climate system such as changes in ocean circulation, or human activities.Movement: The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.Psychophysics: The science dealing with the correlation of the physical characteristics of a stimulus, e.g., frequency or intensity, with the response to the stimulus, in order to assess the psychologic factors involved in the relationship.Genetic Fitness: The capability of an organism to survive and reproduce. The phenotypic expression of the genotype in a particular environment determines how genetically fit an organism will be.Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Perceptual Distortion: Lack of correspondence between the way a stimulus is commonly perceived and the way an individual perceives it under given conditions.Binding Sites: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Vision, Ocular: The process in which light signals are transformed by the PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS into electrical signals which can then be transmitted to the brain.Fermentation: Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.Oxygen: An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial: Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.Biology: One of the BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINES concerned with the origin, structure, development, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of animals, plants, and microorganisms.Mass Spectrometry: An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.Proteomics: The systematic study of the complete complement of proteins (PROTEOME) of organisms.Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid: Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.Transcription, Genetic: The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.Cell Line, Tumor: A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.Learning: Relatively permanent change in behavior that is the result of past experience or practice. The concept includes the acquisition of knowledge.Transcriptome: The pattern of GENE EXPRESSION at the level of genetic transcription in a specific organism or under specific circumstances in specific cells.Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).Orientation: Awareness of oneself in relation to time, place and person.DNA: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Peptides: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.Hydrogen-Ion Concentration: The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Models, Statistical: Statistical formulations or analyses which, when applied to data and found to fit the data, are then used to verify the assumptions and parameters used in the analysis. Examples of statistical models are the linear model, binomial model, polynomial model, two-parameter model, etc.Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Sequence Homology, Amino Acid: The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.Action Potentials: Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.Pattern Recognition, Visual: Mental process to visually perceive a critical number of facts (the pattern), such as characters, shapes, displays, or designs.Cultural Characteristics: Those aspects or characteristics which identify a culture.Energy Metabolism: The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).Protein Interaction Mapping: Methods for determining interaction between PROTEINS.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Saccades: An abrupt voluntary shift in ocular fixation from one point to another, as occurs in reading.Genome: The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA.Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).Relative Biological Effectiveness: The ratio of radiation dosages required to produce identical change based on a formula comparing other types of radiation with that of gamma or roentgen rays.Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Brain: The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.Cell Proliferation: All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.User-Computer Interface: The portion of an interactive computer program that issues messages to and receives commands from a user.Rotation: Motion of an object in which either one or more points on a line are fixed. It is also the motion of a particle about a fixed point. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Hot Temperature: Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.Ecology: The branch of science concerned with the interrelationship of organisms and their ENVIRONMENT, especially as manifested by natural cycles and rhythms, community development and structure, interactions between different kinds of organisms, geographic distributions, and population alterations. (Webster's, 3d ed)Language: A verbal or nonverbal means of communicating ideas or feelings.Geography: The science dealing with the earth and its life, especially the description of land, sea, and air and the distribution of plant and animal life, including humanity and human industries with reference to the mutual relations of these elements. (From Webster, 3d ed)Water: A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Carbon: A nonmetallic element with atomic symbol C, atomic number 6, and atomic weight [12.0096; 12.0116]. It may occur as several different allotropes including DIAMOND; CHARCOAL; and GRAPHITE; and as SOOT from incompletely burned fuel.Cell Membrane: The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.Cell Division: The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.Genetics, Population: The discipline studying genetic composition of populations and effects of factors such as GENETIC SELECTION, population size, MUTATION, migration, and GENETIC DRIFT on the frequencies of various GENOTYPES and PHENOTYPES using a variety of GENETIC TECHNIQUES.Reaction Time: The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.Darkness: The absence of light.Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.Aging: The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.Stress, Mechanical: A purely physical condition which exists within any material because of strain or deformation by external forces or by non-uniform thermal expansion; expressed quantitatively in units of force per unit area.Face: The anterior portion of the head that includes the skin, muscles, and structures of the forehead, eyes, nose, mouth, cheeks, and jaw.Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.Lenses: Pieces of glass or other transparent materials used for magnification or increased visual acuity.Feedback: A mechanism of communication within a system in that the input signal generates an output response which returns to influence the continued activity or productivity of that system.Databases, Factual: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of facts and data garnered from material of a specialized subject area and made available for analysis and application. The collection can be automated by various contemporary methods for retrieval. The concept should be differentiated from DATABASES, BIBLIOGRAPHIC which is restricted to collections of bibliographic references.Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.Short Bowel Syndrome: A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.Circadian Rhythm: The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, and feeding.Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.Climate: The longterm manifestations of WEATHER. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Reproduction: The total process by which organisms produce offspring. (Stedman, 25th ed)Internet: A loose confederation of computer communication networks around the world. The networks that make up the Internet are connected through several backbone networks. The Internet grew out of the US Government ARPAnet project and was designed to facilitate information exchange.Chemotaxis: The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Biological Control Agents: Organisms, biological agents, or biologically-derived agents used strategically for their positive or adverse effect on the physiology and/or reproductive health of other organisms.Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.Disease Models, Animal: Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.Lighting: The illumination of an environment and the arrangement of lights to achieve an effect or optimal visibility. Its application is in domestic or in public settings and in medical and non-medical environments.DNA Primers: Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.Fishes: A group of cold-blooded, aquatic vertebrates having gills, fins, a cartilaginous or bony endoskeleton, and elongated bodies covered with scales.Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable.Molecular Sequence Annotation: The addition of descriptive information about the function or structure of a molecular sequence to its MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA record.Anoxia: Relatively complete absence of oxygen in one or more tissues.Color Perception: Mental processing of chromatic signals (COLOR VISION) from the eye by the VISUAL CORTEX where they are converted into symbolic representations. Color perception involves numerous neurons, and is influenced not only by the distribution of wavelengths from the viewed object, but also by its background color and brightness contrast at its boundary.Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells: Photosensitive afferent neurons located in the peripheral retina, with their density increases radially away from the FOVEA CENTRALIS. Being much more sensitive to light than the RETINAL CONE CELLS, the rod cells are responsible for twilight vision (at scotopic intensities) as well as peripheral vision, but provide no color discrimination.Physical Conditioning, Animal: Diet modification and physical exercise to improve the ability of animals to perform physical activities.Bayes Theorem: A theorem in probability theory named for Thomas Bayes (1702-1761). In epidemiology, it is used to obtain the probability of disease in a group of people with some characteristic on the basis of the overall rate of that disease and of the likelihood of that characteristic in healthy and diseased individuals. The most familiar application is in clinical decision analysis where it is used for estimating the probability of a particular diagnosis given the appearance of some symptoms or test result.Apoptosis: One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.Information Storage and Retrieval: Organized activities related to the storage, location, search, and retrieval of information.Host-Pathogen Interactions: The interactions between a host and a pathogen, usually resulting in disease.Biological Science Disciplines: All of the divisions of the natural sciences dealing with the various aspects of the phenomena of life and vital processes. The concept includes anatomy and physiology, biochemistry and biophysics, and the biology of animals, plants, and microorganisms. It should be differentiated from BIOLOGY, one of its subdivisions, concerned specifically with the origin and life processes of living organisms.Pregnancy: The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.Feedback, Sensory: A mechanism of communicating one's own sensory system information about a task, movement or skill.Mechanotransduction, Cellular: The process by which cells convert mechanical stimuli into a chemical response. It can occur in both cells specialized for sensing mechanical cues such as MECHANORECEPTORS, and in parenchymal cells whose primary function is not mechanosensory.Translating: Conversion from one language to another language.Multigene Family: A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)Ligands: A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)Models, Chemical: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Swine: Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).Rabbits: The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.Computer Graphics: The process of pictorial communication, between human and computers, in which the computer input and output have the form of charts, drawings, or other appropriate pictorial representation.Feedback, Physiological: A mechanism of communication with a physiological system for homeostasis, adaptation, etc. Physiological feedback is mediated through extensive feedback mechanisms that use physiological cues as feedback loop signals to control other systems.Tibet: An autonomous region located in central Asia, within China.Mammals: Warm-blooded vertebrate animals belonging to the class Mammalia, including all that possess hair and suckle their young.
Darwin Medal - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Youth Climate Movement
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Table of Contents - April 22, 2015, 282 (1805) | Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
Distribution of local ancestry and evidence of adaptation in admixed populations | Scientific Reports
Evidence for local climate adaptation in early-life traits of Tasmanian populations of Eucalyptus pauciflora | SpringerLink
Christopher B. Ruff, Ph.D., Professor of Functional Anatomy and Evolution | Johns Hopkins Medicine
The Rate of Adaptation in Large Sexual Populations with Linear Chromosomes | Genetics
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Anemia of chronic disease: A harmful disorder or an adaptive, beneficial response? | CMAJ
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Hibernation physiology, freezing adaptation and extreme freeze tolerance in a northern population of the wood frog | Journal of...
Mechanisms for species responses to climate change: Are there biological thresholds? | Northeast Climate Science Center
Chris Burridge - Profiles | University of Tasmania
ARCH3042 | Ecology of human evolution: biological, social and cultural approaches to hominin adaptations. | University of...
Adaptation to slow environmental change, with apparent anticipation of selection
Evidence for temporal population replacement and the signature of ecological adaptation in a major Neotropical malaria vector...
University of Glasgow - Postgraduate study - Research opportunities A-Z - Animal Ecology
Environmental Sustainability, Academics | Earlham College
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EVOLUTION OF COLOR VARIATION IN DRAGON LIZARDS: QUANTITATIVE TESTS OF THE ROLE OF CRYPSIS AND LOCAL ADAPTATION
Evolutionary and environmental effects on the geographical adaptation of herbivory resistance in native and introduced Solidago...
Evolution - Explanatory Theories IiEcology and Evolution | Biological Sciences | University of Southampton
Jeffrey DaCosta - Biology Department - Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences - Boston College
LS4: Biological Evolution: Unity and Diversity | manoa.hawaii.edu/ExploringOurFluidEarth
Uncovering diversity and metabolic spectrum of animals in dead zone sediments | Communications Biology
talks.cam : Population Genetics of Greenlanders Evolution and Genetic Adaptation to Climate
Lesson PlansEvolutionOrganismsDiversityGeneticsEnvironmentsTraitsEcosystemsSciencesAmong populationsPhenotypicMechanismsProcessesGenomicsClimateSpecies and populationsGenomeSPECIATIONGeneticallyFish populationsBehaviorMolecularAsexual populationsEcologyAnthropologySkeletalDifferentiationJournal of the Linnean SocietyBehavioralPhysiologicalEvidenceIndividual populationsRate of adaptationVariationCharacteristicsInteractionsClimaticHumansLociHerbivoresInvasionsMammalsIdentifyNaturalFindingsEcological adaptationHypothesisConservationAnatomyGenesBiologyRelatednessEnvironmentAnalysesAdaptiveMoleculesGenomicGeographicallyDynamicsResearchInvestigateEnvironmental adaptationGenetic basis of adaptationStudy
Evolution26
- His work has applied this general approach to a variety of issues in vertebrate biology, focusing in particular on the primate postcranial skeleton: locomotor adaptations among anthropoid primates, the evolution of human bipedal locomotion, reconstruction of stature and body mass, bioarchaeological studies of various recent populations, climatic adaptation, and skeletal growth and aging in both humans and nonhuman primates. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- Barrett SCH, Colautti RI, Eckert CG (2008) Plant reproductive systems and evolution during biological invasion. (springer.com)
- Although some of the mechanisms underpinning freezing adaptation in vertebrate ectotherms are understood, relatively little is known about the factors driving evolution of this trait. (biologists.org)
- Discovering the physiological basis of this variation could provide important clues to the evolution of the freeze-tolerance adaptation. (biologists.org)
- Ecology of human evolution: biological, social and cultural approaches to hominin adaptations. (southampton.ac.uk)
- This module explores human evolution in terms of physiological, social and cultural adaptations. (southampton.ac.uk)
- Theories explaining biological evolution have been bandied about since the ancient Greeks, but it was not until the Enlightment of the 18th century that widespread acceptance and development of this theory emerged. (blogarama.com)
- Darwin first developed his theory of biological evolution in 1938, following his five-year circumglobal voyage in the southern tropics (as a naturalist) on the H.M.S. Beagle, and perusal of one Thomas Malthus' An Essay on the Principle of Population which proposed that environmental factors, such as famine and disease limited human population growth. (blogarama.com)
- In LS4: Biological Evolution: Unity and Diversity, performance expectations are designed for students to demonstrate an understanding of how organisms change over time in response to changes in the environment. (hawaii.edu)
- Performance expectations in high school LS4: Biological Evolution: Unity and Diversity call for students to explore evidence of evolution and common ancestry. (hawaii.edu)
- HS-LS4-1 Communicate scientific information that common ancestry and biological evolution are supported by multiple lines of empirical evidence. (hawaii.edu)
- Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations. (thirteen.org)
- Some of these changes can be attributed to individuals' bodies making physiological adjustments to their environment ( acclimatization ), not an actual adaptation in the population that demonstrates evolution. (howstuffworks.com)
- In order to find out which mutations were used particularly frequently over the course of evolution, scientists compare biological adaptations such as shifts in the point in time at which blooming takes place with existing genetic changes. (eurekalert.org)
- Anti-predator adaptations are mechanisms developed through evolution that assist prey organisms in their constant struggle against predators . (wikipedia.org)
- More recently we have crossed the threshold of a new frontier in which whole genome sequencing has increased our insights to diversity within microbial populations, genome evolution, the genetic basis of interspecies interactions, host-microbe coevolution, horizontal gene transfer, and so much more. (grc.org)
- Natural selection leads to evolution, which is the change in gene frequencies in a population over time. (encyclopedia.com)
- MacCormac claims that, as cognitive processes, metaphors mediate between culture and the mind, influencing both cultural and biological evolution. (scaruffi.com)
- We use a general model of the processes that shape human behavior-learning, culture, and biological evolution-to test the evolutionary plausibility of this hypothesis. (pnas.org)
- However, language, like many other human behaviors, is underpinned by social learning and cultural transmission alongside biological evolution. (pnas.org)
- More generally, because such reciprocal interactions between cultural and biological evolution are not limited to language, nativist explanations for many behaviors should be reconsidered: Evolutionary reasoning shows how we can have cognitively driven behavioral universals and yet extreme plasticity at the level of the individual-if, and only if, we account for the human capacity to transmit knowledge culturally. (pnas.org)
- A comprehensive study of humankind, the course will survey and organize the evidence of our biological and cultural evolution. (dartmouth.edu)
- 3) Interpret phylogenetic trees and use phylogenetic and other methods for inferring the history of biological evolution with genetic and morphological data. (montana.edu)
- 5) describe why accepting the truth of biological evolution is not the issue compared to valuing "the principles of reasoning and educated discourse that now make belief in evolution obligatory" (Sam Harris, The Moral Landscape ). (montana.edu)
- The MCPB provides an excellent opportunity for the exchange of ideas within the broad scope of population biology, including (but not limited to) genetics, ecology, evolution, and behavior, and from both empirical and theoretical perspectives. (bio.net)
- In addition to dozens of specialized articles, Huxley wrote three major scientific books in which he attempted to synthesize broad ranges of biological findings concerning relative growth, embryology, and evolution. (encyclopedia.com)
Organisms15
- We investigate a genetic model of a large population of sexual organisms in a changing environment. (nih.gov)
- Their findings basically stated that populations of organisms and individuals of a species were varied: some individuals were more capable of obtaining mates, food and other means of sustenance, consequently producing more offspring than less capable individuals. (blogarama.com)
- Our research works across a variety of scales, from molecules to whole organisms, populations, communities and landscapes, combining expertise in ecological and evolutionary processes, conservation science, genetics, and modern analytical approaches for big data. (southampton.ac.uk)
- Our research focuses on adaptations to changing environment, including the responses of organisms to stress factors brought about by environmental change at physiological, population and community levels. (southampton.ac.uk)
- However, adaptation and community responses of benthic organisms to oxygen starvation have only recently started to be investigated 6 , 17 , and the mechanism through which they survive long-term anoxia is one of the most intriguing questions in marine ecology. (nature.com)
- Understand that adaptations are heritable traits expressed by populations of organisms through time. (desertmuseum.org)
- Research in the Biology Department at WHOI encompasses a diversity of organisms, levels of biological organization, and approaches. (whoi.edu)
- Populations live in a variety of habitats, and change in those habitats affects the organisms living there. (nextgenscience.org)
- The result of selection is that some characteristic is found in increasing numbers of organisms within the population as time goes on. (encyclopedia.com)
- Darwin saw that organisms constantly vary in a population from generation to generation. (encyclopedia.com)
- Development of an assortment of biological plant protection products based on beneficial organisms and substances of natural origin for organic farming. (iobc-wprs.org)
- Biological organisms are traditionally classified according to like, or constant, characteristics. (pbs.org)
- Note: Point out that students' models will differ from how living organisms actually evolve-the inanimate objects they will be using already have a fixed set of traits and do not represent true biological evolutionary relationship that living organisms exhibit. (pbs.org)
- These two terms are very different and could mean that in the future we may have genetically different organisms (adaptation) or that the innate flexibility in the organism will allow them to survive in various conditions (acclimation). (windows2universe.org)
- Students can mistakenly use the term adaptation in a species when they should be referring to phenotypic plasticity within the organisms in the species. (windows2universe.org)
Diversity10
- Scientists have made considerable progress in explaining variation in human skin color, along with many other features of biological and genetic diversity. (bartleby.com)
- Understanding the evolutionary forces that led to the emergence and maintenance of this diversity will be the central focus of the 2017 Microbial Population Biology Gordon Research Conference. (grc.org)
- The results of this study show, on the contrary, that the earliest biological adaptations to the environment and migrations underlying Italians' extraordinary genetic diversity are much older than previously thought. (sott.net)
- Generally, I am interested in the study of genome diversity and its implications to evolutionary processes of adaptation and speciation. (oakland.edu)
- Then, we give an outlook of S. cerevisiae genetic diversity studies, paying special attention to efforts in genome sequencing for population structure determination and presenting QTL mapping as a powerful tool for phenotype-genotype correlations. (biomedcentral.com)
- Finally, we do a recapitulation of S. cerevisiae natural diversity related to low nitrogen adaptation, specially showing how different studies have left in evidence the central role of the TORC1 signalling pathway in nitrogen utilization and positioned wild S. cerevisiae strains as a reservoir of beneficial alleles with potential industrial applications (e.g. improvement of industrial yeasts for wine production). (biomedcentral.com)
- Both native and introduced (same river system) populations of N. kessleri and N. melanostomus had comparable parasite species richness and microsatellite diversity, possibly due to multiple and/or continual migration/introduction of new individuals and the acquisition of local parasites. (cambridge.org)
- Reduced parasite species richness and microsatellite diversity were observed in introduced (different river system) populations in the Vistula. (cambridge.org)
- The results indicate that increased variation in these parameters (i.e., their higher diversity) improves the efficiency of energy flow through the animal population: the input of energy increases, while its expenditures decrease. (deepdyve.com)
- Current Research and Scholarly Interests The O'Connell lab studies how genetic and environmental factors contribute to biological diversity and adaptation. (stanford.edu)
Genetics12
- His research interests encompass Biogeography, Population and Landscape Genetics, and Molecular Phylogenetics. (edu.au)
- His research on Population and Landscape Genetics provides information on population connectivity that informs conservation and management activities. (edu.au)
- Therefore, a large role in studying the genetics of adaptation has to be played by theoretical modeling. (genetics.org)
- I'm doing computational modeling of population genetics. (wired.com)
- My lab is involved in several studies focusing on human population genetics and the analysis of the candidate disease genes in the Caribbean and Eastern Europe. (oakland.edu)
- Population genetics analysis has shown that T. cruzi presents a typical clonal population structure (Tibayrenc et al. (scielo.br)
- Population Genetics: Intro/Hardy-Weinberg/Selection. (montana.edu)
- Population Genetics: Selection. (montana.edu)
- Population genetics: Drift & Migration. (montana.edu)
- Population Genetics: Migration and Mutation. (montana.edu)
- In the introduction to this Twenty-Fifth Anniversary Edition, Edward O. Wilson shows how research in human genetics and neuroscience has strengthened the case for a biological understanding of human nature. (geometry.net)
- Population genetics in cooperative spiders. (bio.net)
Environments7
- Understanding the genetic basis of adaptation to contemporary environments is fundamental to predicting the evolutionary responses of tree species to future climates. (springer.com)
- This study explores temporal and age-related variation of anthropometric, physiological, and radiographic data collected in 1986-1990 in fi ve rural Mongolian populations (four Khalkha and one Khoton) living in different natural environments and practicing a traditional lifestyle. (nsc.ru)
- We are addressing current and future issues of global significance such as the adaptation to changing environments, sustainable use of natural resources including energy, food and water security, and biodiversity conservation. (southampton.ac.uk)
- Our study sheds light on mechanisms of animal adaptation to extreme environments. (nature.com)
- Identify specific adaptations and explore diverse plant species surviving in unique environments. (longwoodgardens.org)
- Experiments in Red Queen environments on real and simulated populations have offered strong support for the maintenance of sexual reproduction despite the two-fold cost of sex. (wikipedia.org)
- In the present review, we summarize some recent efforts in the search of causative genes that account for yeast adaptation to low nitrogen environments, specially focused in wine fermentation conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
Traits15
- Most traits exhibited significant quantitative genetic variation both within and between populations. (springer.com)
- While there was little association of the trait-derived Mahalanobis distance among populations with geographic distance or divergence in putatively neutral markers ( F ST ), there was strong evidence of climate adaptation for several genetically independent, functional traits associated with ontogenetic maturation, biomass allocation, and biotic interactions. (springer.com)
- Correlates with population divergence in quantitative traits include altitude and associated climatic factors, especially maximum temperature of the warmest period and moisture indices. (springer.com)
- However, since there appears to be significant quantitative genetic variation within populations for many key adaptive traits, we argue that populations are likely to maintain significant evolutionary potential. (springer.com)
- Armbruster WS, Schwaegerle KE (1996) Causes of covariation of phenotypic traits among populations. (springer.com)
- Selection and path analysis suggested that the phenological and growth traits of both populations have been influenced by natural selection and that flowering time has played an important role through its direct and indirect effects on the relative fitness of each individual. (springer.com)
- MS-LS4-4 Construct an explanation based on evidence that describes how genetic variations of traits in a population increase some individuals' probability of surviving and reproducing in a specific environment. (hawaii.edu)
- Here we combine this knowledge from GWAS with robust population genetic modeling to identify traits that may have been influenced by local adaptation. (nih.gov)
- Tams V., Seddar L., Detampel J.-P., Lüneburg J., Cordellier M. (2018) Phenotypic variation in life history traits of Daphnia galeata populations in response to fish kairomones. (uni-hamburg.de)
- Phenotypic plasticity in life history traits of Daphnia galeata in response to temperature - A comparison across two populations separated in time. (uni-hamburg.de)
- The complex genetic pattern contrasts with the simple genetic basis of many adaptive traits studied previously, but may provide a better model for most adaptation in natural populations that has arisen over millions rather than tens of years. (prolekare.cz)
- Differences in the development and adaptation parameters of seedlings of three most distant according io conlinentally (Telšiai, Labanoras, Veisiejai) populations from different geographical regions of Lithuania were revealed and hcritabilily of these traits was established. (vdu.lt)
- Use mathematical representations to support explanations of how LS4.C: Adaptation Adaptation by natural selection acting over generations is one important process by which species change over time in response to changes in environmental conditions. Traits that support successful survival and reproduction in the new environment become more common; those that do not become less common. Thus, the distribution of traits in a population changes. ">natural selection Cause and Effect Phenomena may have more than one cause, and some cause and effect relationships in systems can only be described using probability. ">may lead to increases and decreases LS4.C: Adaptation Adaptation by natural selection acting over generations is one important process by which species change over time in response to changes in environmental conditions. Traits that support successful survival and reproduction in the new environment become more common; those that do not become less common. Thus, the distribution of traits in a population changes. ">of specific traits in populations over time. (nextgenscience.org)
- Thus, the distribution of traits in a population changes. (nextgenscience.org)
- Use mathematical representations to support explanations of how LS4.C: Adaptation Adaptation by natural selection acting over generations is one important process by which species change over time in response to changes in environmental conditions. Traits that support successful survival and reproduction in the new environment become more common; those that do not become less common. Thus, the distribution of traits in a population changes. ">natural selection may lead to increases and decreases of specific traits in populations over time. (nextgenscience.org)
Ecosystems1
- Biodiversity of ecosystems - the basis for the development of the production of biological plant protection products and natural biocenotic regulation. (iobc-wprs.org)
Sciences8
- Dr Chris Burridge is a Senior Lecturer in the School of Biological Sciences. (edu.au)
- Discussion of career options in the biological sciences. (nmt.edu)
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. (wikipedia.org)
- Find new ways to pursue your passion for life in the University of Calgary's Biological Sciences department. (ucalgary.ca)
- A master's degree in biological sciences will give you the pre-requisite for a PhD. (ucalgary.ca)
- 2017: NSW Premier's Prize for Science and Engineering (Biological Sciences). (edu.au)
- Ben Harvey, of the Institute of Biological, Environmental, and Rural Sciences, at Aberystwyth, said: "Despite growing evidence for direct impacts on specific species, few studies have simultaneously considered the effects of ocean acidification on individuals and population level demographic processes. (brightsurf.com)
- The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been considered for more than 20 years as a premier model organism for biological sciences, also being the main microorganism used in wide industrial applications, like alcoholic fermentation in the winemaking process. (biomedcentral.com)
Among populations3
- Chris has conducted research collaborations with industry partners to better understand rates of individual movement among populations, and hence population recovery following perturbation. (edu.au)
- Are there significant differences in crypsis conspicuousness among populations? (bioone.org)
- Based on this model, we develop methods for detecting unusually strong correlations between genetic values and specific environmental variables, as well as a generalization of [Q(ST)/F(ST)] comparisons to test for over-dispersion of genetic values among populations. (nih.gov)
Phenotypic2
- Adaptive phenotypic plasticity in response to climate change in a wild bird population. (semanticscholar.org)
- In the Changing Mosquito Genes activity, students will learn the difference between microevolution where natural selection and adaptation play key roles, and phenotypic plasticity, which is independent of microevolution but is typically equated with adaptation. (windows2universe.org)
Mechanisms6
- Nielsen, H. D., Brownlee, C., Coelho, S. M. and Brown, M. T. (2003), Inter-population differences in inherited copper tolerance involve photosynthetic adaptation and exclusion mechanisms in Fucus serratus . (wiley.com)
- Mechanisms for species responses to climate change: Are there biological thresholds? (umass.edu)
- this information makes population protecting mechanisms work. (bio.net)
- a very interesting recent review discusses the mechanisms of yeast adaptation to wine fermentation from an "omics" point of view [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- If students are unfamiliar with the mechanisms of adaptation, use the Windows to the Universe lesson called Changing Planet: Adaptation of Species (Birds and Butterflies) to introduce the concept. (windows2universe.org)
- This organization is thought to result from the adaptation of cochlear mechanisms to the animal's auditory environment. (nih.gov)
Processes7
- Chun YJ, Fumanal B, Laitung B, Bretagnolle F (2010) Gene flow and population admixture as the primary post-invasion processes in common ragweed ( Ambrosia artemisiifolia ) populations in France. (springer.com)
- These results shed light on migratory events and adaptive processes of Greenlandic populations. (cam.ac.uk)
- How biological factors, processes, and reactions affect living systems. (uwm.edu)
- Theoretical biology: mathematical modelling of biological processes and species interactions. (int-res.com)
- Department members address questions ranging from molecular and cellular processes to population structure and ecosystem function. (whoi.edu)
- Aspects of oceanic life are investigated using powerful techniques of molecular biology, biochemistry, cell biology, genomics, proteomics, sophisticated acoustic and optical methods, behavior, ocean informatics, and mathematical modeling of molecular processes and population dynamics. (whoi.edu)
- Gaining an understanding of the evolutionary history of the ancestors of Italians allows us to better grasp the demographic processes and those of environmental interactions that shaped the complex mosaic of ancestry components of today's European populations," explains Marco Sazzini, one of the principal investigators of this study and professor of molecular anthropology at the University of Bologna. (sott.net)
Genomics3
- My background is in genomics, specifically as it relates to adaptation, speciation and disease. (oakland.edu)
- The first is in genomics and admixture of human populations. (oakland.edu)
- Altogether, the uses of yeast as model organism and its multiple biotechnological applications have boosted the genome sequencing of a great number of strains, revelling the genomics features that permit its adaptation to diverse ecological niches, including industrial ones, as is the case with wine fermentation [ 9 , 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Climate15
- It is argued that small changes in climate, such as a long-term 1 °C increase in the maximum temperature of the warmest period, are likely to affect the adaptation of local populations of the species. (springer.com)
- Aitken SN, Yeaman S, Holliday JA, Wang TL, Curtis-McLane S (2008) Adaptation, migration or extirpation: climate change outcomes for tree populations. (springer.com)
- Colautti RI, Barrett SC (2013) Rapid adaptation to climate facilitates range expansion of an invasive plant. (springer.com)
- We leveraged the research that has already been supported by the Northeast Climate Adaptation Science Center (NE CASC) and its partners and used the latest modeling techniques combined with robust field data to examine the impact of specific climate variables, land use change, and species interactions on the future distribution and abundance of species of conservation concern. (umass.edu)
- and identify how discrete climate triggers such as extreme events will correlate with known biological thresholds. (umass.edu)
- 2018. Threat of climate change on a songbird population through its impacts on breeding . (umass.edu)
- Analyses of microsatellite loci from seven (2006) and nine settlements (2012-2014) in the Iquitos area detected two distinctive populations with little overlap, although it is unclear whether this population replacement event is associated with LLIN distribution or climate. (biomedcentral.com)
- Translocation experiments with butterflies reveal limits to enhancement of poleward populations under climate change. (semanticscholar.org)
- assessing the rate of adaptation to climate change. (semanticscholar.org)
- Describe at least 3 adaptations cacti have that enable them to survive the aridity, scant and variable rainfall, and temperature extremes of the desert climate. (desertmuseum.org)
- Ocean acidification may be impacting upon the population dynamics of marine species and hindering their ability to genetically adapt to future climate change. (brightsurf.com)
- Professor Jason Hall Spencer, of Plymouth University, concludes: "Overall, this study demonstrates that ocean acidification is driving individual and population level changes that will impact eco-evolutionary trajectories, and highlights the need for deeper understanding of the links between individual effects and (often unknown) population demographics in order to predict and manage the consequences of climate change. (brightsurf.com)
- Accurately modeling climate change and interactive human factors -- including inequality, consumption, and population -- is essential for the effective science-based policies and measures needed to benefit and sustain current and future generations. (brightsurf.com)
- Knowledge of farmers' perceptions of and adaptations to climate change is important to inform policies addressing the risk of climate change to farmers. (bioone.org)
- National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility, Gold Coast, Australia: 139 pp. [www document]. (cambridge.org)
Species and populations3
- Chambel MR, Climent J, Alía R (2007) Divergence among species and populations of Mediterranean pines in biomass allocation of seedlings grown under two watering regimes. (springer.com)
- My research utilizes these modern methods, and focuses on advancing our understanding of the generation and maintenance of biodiversity by using DNA sequence data to reconstruct the history of species and populations. (bc.edu)
- The Red Queen hypothesis describes coevolutionary 'arms races' between antagonistic species (predators and prey, parasites and hosts, competitors with overlapping niches), emphasizing competition between species and populations rather than within them. (wikipedia.org)
Genome7
- However, local ancestry inference has been poorly explored in Brazilian individuals 20 , and since a specific demographic history can impact human populations differently, their study could potentially add relevant information about the distribution of local ancestry along the human genome. (nature.com)
- We show for well-mixed populations that when this interference is strong, the genome can be seen as consisting of many effectively asexual stretches linked together. (genetics.org)
- To address these questions, we herein investigated ~ 40,000 genetic variants across the pig genome in a broad panel of 678 individuals from 5 Tibetan geographic populations and 34 lowland breeds. (nih.gov)
- To carry out this study, researchers sequenced the entire genome of 40 participants who were selected as representatives of the biological variability of the Italian population with a good approximation. (sott.net)
- 2020). Genome-wide sequence analyses of ethnic populations across Russia. (oakland.edu)
- 2015). SmileFinder: a resampling-based platform to evaluate signatures of selection from genome-wide sets of matching allele frequency data between populations. (oakland.edu)
- Nowadays, yeast continues being a workhorse to assess different biological questions, such as the minimal genome needed for cell functionality and, probably, it will be soon the first synthetic eukaryotic genome [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
SPECIATION1
- This research has questions covering a wide range of topics (e.g., speciation, adaptation, biogeography, comparative analyses) and time scales from ancient diversification to parent-offspring relationships. (bc.edu)
Genetically3
- They employ all sorts of models to compare genetically related populations living under different environmental conditions to find out more about how we, as humans, have evolved and continue to evolve. (howstuffworks.com)
- If an adaptation proves successful over the following years, a new population establishes itself as a genetically distinct subspecies. (eurekalert.org)
- Each population is more genetically similar to its geographic neighbors than to any of the other Tibetan populations. (nih.gov)
Fish populations3
- River Capture) on genetic relationships among contemporary fish populations, and then employed geologically-derived age estimates for these events to calibrate molecular clocks. (edu.au)
- Chris also maintains ongoing collaboration with the University of Otago (New Zealand), involving the study of past and present connectivity among freshwater fish populations. (edu.au)
- How does an upwelling affect fish populations in an area? (hawaii.edu)
Behavior5
- An organism's behavior evolves through adaptation to its environment. (thirteen.org)
- T. cruzi multiclonal populations differs in genetic and biological characteristics and in their behavior in the vertebrate host (Andrade & Magalhaes 1997). (scielo.br)
- Although voted by officers and fellows of the international Animal Behavior Society the most important book on animal behavior of all time, Sociobiology is probably more widely known as the object of bitter attacks by social scientists and other scholars who opposed its claim that human social behavior, indeed human nature, has a biological foundation. (geometry.net)
- E.O. Wilson defines sociobiology as "the systematic study ofthe biological basis of all social behavior," the central theoreticalproblem of which is the question of how behaviors that seeminglycontradict the principles of natural selection, such as altruism, candevelop. (geometry.net)
- It'swhen Wilson starts talking about human beings that the furor starts.Feminists have been among the strongest critics of the work, arguingthat humans are not slaves to a biological destiny, forever locked in"primitive" behavior patterns without the ability to reason past ourbiochemical nature. (geometry.net)
Molecular3
- Chris has studied molecular variation in natural populations and species for over 20 years, including four postdoctoral positions in Australia, New Zealand, and the USA. (edu.au)
- Study of the material and biological information in the environment, preservation and interaction with the physical milieu, molecular biomarker identification and development of methodologies for their detection. (inta-csic.es)
- Molecular strategies and metabolic functions required for the adaptation of bacteria to extreme conditions, using metagenomic and metatranscriptomic approaches. (inta-csic.es)
Asexual populations1
- In asexual populations, these mutations must either arise on the same background or compete against each other. (genetics.org)
Ecology4
- It explores human ecology in the broad sense, combining not just cultural and social variability, but also physiological adaptations in past and present-day hunter-gatherers and great apes. (southampton.ac.uk)
- It is suggested that rough independence of body mass and the energy‐use of local populations is a widespread rule of animal ecology and community structure. (deepdyve.com)
- Saturday, 13 November Morning Session (1005 Haworth Hall): 'Population Ecology' 8:45 - 9:00 AM Welcome and Introductory Remarks. (bio.net)
- Bio-cultural interaction in prehistoric India: culture, ecology and the pattern of dental disease in neolithic-chalcolithic populations. (wikipedia.org)
Anthropology11
- Dr. Ruff earned his doctoral degree in biological anthropology from the University of Pennsylvania. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- This talk is part of the Biological Anthropology Seminar Series series. (cam.ac.uk)
- Armelagos received the Franz Boas Award for Exemplary Service to Anthropology, American Anthropological Association (2008) and the Charles Darwin Award for Lifetime Achievement to Biological Anthropology, American Association of Physical Anthropologists (2009). (wikipedia.org)
- 1994 Distinguished Lecture, Biological Anthropology Unit, American Anthropological Association, 2005 Viking Fund Medal, 2005 Frans Boas Award for Exemplary Service, 2008 Charles Darwin Award for Lifetime Achievement, 2009 Journal of Anthropological Research Distinguished Lecture, 2009 Armelagos, George J. 1969. (wikipedia.org)
- It introduces the field of Anthropology in general and, subsequently, the sub-fields of the discipline (Social-cultural Anthropology, Linguistics, Biological Anthropology, Archaeology), and the specialized tracks that exist within the department (Human Biology and Visual Anthropology). (temple.edu)
- 2. At least one course from each of the following four subject areas: archaeology, cultural anthropology (if Anthropology 1 is taken in fulfillment of requirement 1), ethnography, biological anthropology (these areas are indicated as ARCH, CULT, ETHN, or BIOL in each course description). (dartmouth.edu)
- A culminating experience is required for the major and must be satisfied by completion of a Culminating Seminar selected from one of the following areas: ethnography/cultural anthropology (73), archaeology (75), or biological anthropology (78), to be taken as one of the ten courses required for the major. (dartmouth.edu)
- The minor in Anthropology comprises six courses, which include Anthropology 1 or 3 plus one course in ethnography, one course in biological anthropology, one course in archaeology, and two additional courses within the department to be selected by the student. (dartmouth.edu)
- 1976). Dental anthropology and the biological affinities of an Iron Age population from Pomparippu Sri Lanka. (wikipedia.org)
- 1983). Dental anthropology and the origins of two Iron Age populations from northern Pakistan. (wikipedia.org)
- Biological Anthropology: the State of the Science]. (wikipedia.org)
Skeletal3
- These physiological adaptations are not just skeletal, but are also reflected in soft tissues and in surviving genotypes. (southampton.ac.uk)
- During his 22-year career at Massachusetts he would train over a dozen anthropologists that would themselves contribute to research in human variation and adaptation, paleopathology, and skeletal biology and hold high ranking positions in the major associations for the discipline. (wikipedia.org)
- Deciduous dental morphology and the biological affinities of a late Chalcolithic skeletal series from western India. (wikipedia.org)
Differentiation5
- This study evidences the life history trait differentiation and local adaptation during range expansion of invasive A. artemisiifolia in China. (springer.com)
- population is composed of two highly admixed subpopulations, which appear to be in an early stage of differentiation, triggered by anthropogenic alterations to local habitat. (biomedcentral.com)
- Several geographically isolated pig populations are distributed throughout the Plateau.Tibetan pig populations have experienced substantial genetic differentiation.Different Tibetan pig populations appear to have both distinct and convergent adaptive loci for the harsh environment of the Plateau. (nih.gov)
- Tibetan pig populations have experienced substantial genetic differentiation. (nih.gov)
- Bolshakov, V. 2008-11-09 00:00:00 The functional role of differentiation with respect to local population density, expression of responses to the presence of other individuals, and body weight has been analyzed from an ecoenergetic standpoint with consideration of known mathematical laws. (deepdyve.com)
Journal of the Linnean Society1
- Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 95 (1). (nerc.ac.uk)
Behavioral2
- Develop an appreciation for the behavioral and physiological adaptations resident animals have for desert survival. (desertmuseum.org)
- Culture facilitates rapid biological adaptation yet rules out nativism: Behavioral universals arise that are underpinned by weak biases rather than strong innate constraints. (pnas.org)
Physiological1
- Other physiological adjustments in this population include lower birth weights, larger placentas and delayed sexual maturity. (howstuffworks.com)
Evidence6
- examine evidence for the ecologies and adaptations of present-day hunter-gatherers and great apes. (southampton.ac.uk)
- Students should be able to communicate and evaluate such evidence, as well as apply statistics and probability to explain trends in populations. (hawaii.edu)
- HS-LS4-4 Construct an explanation based on evidence for how natural selection leads to adaptation of populations. (longwoodgardens.org)
- Students will integrate this biological understanding with an evidence-base approach to HRT prescription. (edu.au)
- Students will gain skills in the ability to critically evaluate, and communicate applications of evidence-base research in healthy and clinical populations. (edu.au)
- 1987). Biological relationships derived from morphology of permanent teeth: recent evidence from prehistoric India. (wikipedia.org)
Individual populations2
- Finally we lay out a framework to identify the individual populations or groups of populations that contribute to the signal of overdispersion. (nih.gov)
- Different adaptation character of individual populations was observed. (vdu.lt)
Rate of adaptation1
- Agrawal AF, Stinchcombe JR (2009) How much do genetic covariances alter the rate of adaptation? (springer.com)
Variation7
- Using seedlings grown in a glasshouse from 275 open-pollinated families collected from 37 Tasmanian populations, we studied quantitative genetic variation and adaptation in Eucalyptus pauciflora , a species that is widespread in Tasmania and the alpine regions of mainland Australia. (springer.com)
- In the marine realm, Chris has studied genetic variation in marine fishes and seabirds, increasing our understanding of the relationships among species and the regions they inhabit (biogeography), and connectivity between exploited or imperilled populations. (edu.au)
- Populations of weedy crop-wild hybrids show contrasting variation in mating system and population genetic structure. (uni-hamburg.de)
- variance and adaptation amongst the human population is variation in skin color. (bartleby.com)
- Due to a greater trail genetic variation, the selection of families inside populations can be more effective than between populations. (vdu.lt)
- In favorable microclimatic conditions (in the greenhouse) variation of growth and biological productivity parameters o! (vdu.lt)
- In this conception of sex, the population is a storehouse of variation and sex is a mechanism for distributing old, minority variants once they become useful. (wikipedia.org)
Characteristics4
- Species acquire many of their unique characteristics through biological adaptation, which involves the selection of naturally occurring variations in populations. (thirteen.org)
- This investigation provides valuable information in order to fully appreciate the biological characteristics of the current Italian population. (sott.net)
- The relationship between genotypes and biological characteristics in T. cruzi strains is still debated and not clearly understood. (scielo.br)
- It attempts to explain, biologically, why groups ofanimals behave the way they do when finding food or shelter,confronting enemies, or getting along with one another.Wilson seeksto explain how group selection, altruism, hierarchies, and sexualselection work in populations of animals, and to identify evolutionarytrends and sociobiological characteristics of all animal groups, up toand including man. (geometry.net)
Interactions4
- 1996 . Copper-algae interactions: inheritance or adaptation? (wiley.com)
- This is linked to studies of how individual animals and plants cope with environmental fluctuations, and how in turn this influences population dynamics, species interactions (including those between parasites, vectors and their hosts) and community structure. (gla.ac.uk)
- A study of the principles which govern the interactions between biological populations and the environment. (nmt.edu)
- We set out two models of these interactions, which show how culture can facilitate rapid biological adaptation yet rule out strong nativization. (pnas.org)
Climatic1
- Reaction of progenies (seedlings) of different Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) populations at the juvenile stage on new climatic and microclimatic conditions was investigated. (vdu.lt)
Humans2
- The fascination lies in the fact that for centuries the human body has used continuing adaptation to protect humans in different ways such as disease and protection from the sun. (bartleby.com)
- T. cruzi is a parasitic protozoan that consists of a heterogeneous population composed of a pool of strains circulating in both the domestic and sylvatic cycles in humans, vectors, and animal reservoirs (Souto et al. (scielo.br)
Loci7
- IN a large, adapting population, beneficial alleles may be simultaneously spreading at multiple loci. (genetics.org)
- However, for many real populations, particularly viral ones, interference may be both strong and primarily occurring among tightly linked loci, so that at any given time each polymorphic beneficial allele is simultaneously interacting with multiple other alleles at varying recombination fractions. (genetics.org)
- In this article, we analyze adaptation under strong interference in such populations with large ranges of recombination fractions among loci, focusing on populations in which crossovers occur more frequently than beneficial mutations. (genetics.org)
- When the fitness optimum moves slowly, adaptation to the changing environment occurs by means of reasonably well-separated substitutions at the loci controlling the trait. (nih.gov)
- Adaptation in response to selection on polygenic phenotypes may occur via subtle allele frequencies shifts at many loci. (nih.gov)
- We exploit the fact that GWAS provide an estimate of the additive effect size of many loci to estimate the mean additive genetic value for a given phenotype across many populations as simple weighted sums of allele frequencies. (nih.gov)
- It remained an open question if these populations have experienced different demographic histories and have evolved independent adaptive loci for the harsh environment of the Plateau. (nih.gov)
Herbivores1
- For any given body mass temperate herbivores maintain on average population densities of 1.5 to 2.0 times those of tropical ones, though slopes do not differ. (deepdyve.com)
Invasions2
- Biological Invasions, Vol. 17, Issue. (cambridge.org)
- Russian Journal of Biological Invasions, Vol. 7, Issue. (cambridge.org)
Mammals1
- DAMUTH, JOHN 1987-07-01 00:00:00 Global regressions of ecological population densities on body mass for mammals and for terrestrial animals as a whole show that local population energy‐use is approximately independent of adult body mass-over a body mass range spanning more than 11 orders of magnitude. (deepdyve.com)
Identify3
- Current population genomic techniques are not well posed to identify such signals. (nih.gov)
- While meeting some of these fascinating desert dwellers, students will identify the special adaptations each has for survival in the desert environment. (desertmuseum.org)
- Identify adaptations of the saguaro that allow it to live in the Sonoran Desert environment. (desertmuseum.org)
Natural8
- We focus on the regime in which crossovers occur more frequently than beneficial mutations, as is likely to be the case for many natural populations. (genetics.org)
- Ravindran S. P., Herrmann M., Cordellier M. (2019) Contrasting patterns of divergence at the regulatory and sequence level in European Daphnia galeata natural populations. (uni-hamburg.de)
- HS-ESS3-3 Create a computational simulation to illustrate the relationships among the management of natural resources, the sustainability of human populations, and biodiversity. (longwoodgardens.org)
- Today, attempts at sustainable land use are often at odds with struggles for indigenous population rights, with population migration and increases in population size, or with desires to preserve areas for national parks or tourism, let alone attempts to exploit natural resources. (temple.edu)
- In a biological system, if the function is to break down gradients and increase the rate of entropy production, natural selection is an effective evolutionary way to get there. (wired.com)
- Even though homozygotes rarely pass on their genes, because of their low likelihood of surviving to reproduce, the advantage of having one copy is high enough that natural selection continues to favor presence of the gene in these populations. (encyclopedia.com)
- Adaptation by natural selection acting over generations is one important process by which species change over time in response to changes in environmental conditions. (nextgenscience.org)
- Here we report that several basic auditory nerve fiber tuning properties can be accounted for by adapting a population of filter shapes to encode natural sounds efficiently. (nih.gov)
Findings3
- Our findings highlight the importance of capturing the critical tradeoffs generated by biological adaptation to early adversity in human capital models. (ssrn.com)
- Freezing adaptation in northern populations of this species has not been thoroughly examined, although preliminary findings indicate that frogs collected near Fairbanks, Alaska, USA, tolerate profound freezing, with many surviving exposure to temperatures below −18°C ( Middle and Barnes, 2001 ). (biologists.org)
- Biological and social factors underlying observed findings are discussed. (scirp.org)
Ecological adaptation1
- were used to test the hypothesis of ecological adaptation to human modified (highway) compared with wild (riverine) habitat, linked to forest cover. (biomedcentral.com)
Hypothesis1
- sampled before and after the introduction of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) was investigated to test the hypothesis of temporal population change (2006 vs. 2012). (biomedcentral.com)
Conservation1
Anatomy1
- Examine live animals and preserved specimens to learn about anatomy and adaptations. (desertmuseum.org)
Genes1
- By applying a locus-specific branch length test, we identified both population-specific and -shared candidate genes under selection in Tibetan pigs. (nih.gov)
Biology5
- Emphasis on current issues in biology such as genetic engineering, bioethics, and population concerns. (uwm.edu)
- Theoretical Population Biology. (wikipedia.org)
- This GRC will be held in conjunction with the "Microbial Population Biology (GRS)" Gordon Research Seminar (GRS). (grc.org)
- But at least in this country, I detected a large resistance to this idea from evolutionary biologists devoted to exploring Darwinian theories of evolutionary biology and adaptation. (wired.com)
- The 14th Annual MIDWEST CONFERENCE ON POPULATION BIOLOGY University of Kansas, Lawrence 12-14 November 1993 This year's Midwest Conference on Population Biology will take place at the University of Kansas on 12-14 November 1993. (bio.net)
Relatedness3
- We use a general model of neutral genetic value drift for an arbitrary number of populations with an arbitrary relatedness structure. (nih.gov)
- Indeed, the tree model without migration events only explained 89.9% of the variance in the relatedness between populations. (nih.gov)
- The new tree model allowing 6 major migration events explained higher percentage (96.0%) of the variance in the relatedness between populations. (nih.gov)
Environment7
- Biological adaptations include changes in structures, behaviors, or physiology that enhance survival and reproductive success in a particular environment. (thirteen.org)
- We consider a population that adapts to a gradually changing environment. (genetics.org)
- Yet, almost all studies to date have focused on the simplest possible ecological scenario: a population that, after a sudden change in the environment, is now under constant stabilizing selection. (genetics.org)
- Determine the adaptations of specific desert plants and animals that enable them to live in the Sonoran Desert environment. (desertmuseum.org)
- biological species to the environment. (bio.net)
- He proposed that some variations allow an organism to be better adapted to a given environment than others in the population, allowing them to live and reproduce while others are forced out of reproduction by death, sterility, or isolation. (encyclopedia.com)
- This gradual adjustment of the genotype to the environment is called adaptation. (encyclopedia.com)
Analyses1
- Using a series of population genetic analyses, we show that Tibetan pig populations have marked genetic differentiations. (nih.gov)
Adaptive1
- The Khoton migrants tend toward the adaptive norm typical of the native population. (nsc.ru)
Molecules1
- The way I think about it in the biological sense is from thermodynamic point of view, which is the same way chemists think of self-assembly in molecules. (wired.com)
Genomic1
- Population history and genomic signatures for high-altitude adaptation in Tibetan pigs. (nih.gov)
Geographically1
- Several geographically isolated pig populations are distributed throughout the Plateau. (nih.gov)
Dynamics1
- Such models have led to the identification of fluctuating selection dynamics in evolving populations from a broad range of taxa, including bacteria, eukaryotes and viruses. (wikipedia.org)
Research4
- This module will combine approaches from human origins and biological anthropological research to evaluate how we can reconstruct the ecologies (in the broad sense) of hominins. (southampton.ac.uk)
- We conduct both short-term experiments and long-term monitoring of wild populations (at a range of field sites including loch and woodland research programmes at SCENE, our field station on the banks of Loch Lomond). (gla.ac.uk)
- Acclimatisation can buffer populations against the immediate impacts of ocean acidification, and even provide time for adaptation," said Samuel Rastrick, of the Institute of Marine Research. (brightsurf.com)
- In 1908 he won the Naples biological scholarship to conduct research at the Naples Stazione Zoologica (which his grandfather had helped rescue from financial difficulty thirty years before). (encyclopedia.com)
Investigate3
- This study aimed to investigate a case of population divergence that may have contributed to the local adaptation of invasive populations of Ambrosia artemisiifolia in China. (springer.com)
- Biological anthropologists explore many of these environmental pressures and investigate the adaptations that populations undergo in response to them. (howstuffworks.com)
- To investigate the role of consumer selection, we constructed a Darwinian music engine consisting of a population of short audio loops that sexually reproduce and mutate. (pnas.org)
Environmental adaptation1
- The totality of biological parameters indicates successful environmental adaptation in Khalkha Mongols. (nsc.ru)
Genetic basis of adaptation1
- Our aim is to describe how ecological and genetic factors combine to determine the genetic basis of adaptation. (genetics.org)
Study3
- This debate between acclimatization and adaptation is at the crux of what a biological anthropologist might study. (howstuffworks.com)
- Study of genetic material transfer in bacterial populations by extracellular DNA. (inta-csic.es)
- This case study explored those issues in the Melamchi Valley of Nepal through a survey of 365 households and focus group discussions in 6 communities using a Community-Based Risk Screening Tool-Adaptation and Livelihoods (CRiSTAL). (bioone.org)
