The front part of the hindbrain (RHOMBENCEPHALON) that lies between the MEDULLA and the midbrain (MESENCEPHALON) ventral to the cerebellum. It is composed of two parts, the dorsal and the ventral. The pons serves as a relay station for neural pathways between the CEREBELLUM to the CEREBRUM.
The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.
Benign and malignant intra-axial tumors of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; or MEDULLA OBLONGATA of the BRAIN STEM. Primary and metastatic neoplasms may occur in this location. Clinical features include ATAXIA, cranial neuropathies (see CRANIAL NERVE DISEASES), NAUSEA, hemiparesis (see HEMIPLEGIA), and quadriparesis. Primary brain stem neoplasms are more frequent in children. Histologic subtypes include GLIOMA; HEMANGIOBLASTOMA; GANGLIOGLIOMA; and EPENDYMOMA.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
The lower portion of the BRAIN STEM. It is inferior to the PONS and anterior to the CEREBELLUM. Medulla oblongata serves as a relay station between the brain and the spinal cord, and contains centers for regulating respiratory, vasomotor, cardiac, and reflex activities.
Infarctions that occur in the BRAIN STEM which is comprised of the MIDBRAIN; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA. There are several named syndromes characterized by their distinctive clinical manifestations and specific sites of ischemic injury.
A demyelinating condition affecting the PONS and characterized clinically by an acute progressive QUADRIPLEGIA; DYSARTHRIA; DYSPHAGIA; and alterations of consciousness. Pathologic features include prominent demyelination in the central PONS with sparing of axons and neurons. This condition is usually associated with systemic disorders such as HYPONATREMIA; chronic ALCOHOLISM; LIVER FAILURE; severe BURNS; malignant NEOPLASMS; hemorrhagic PANCREATITIS; HEMODIALYSIS; and SEPSIS. The rapid medical correction of hyponatremia has been cited as a cause of this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1125-6)
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
The part of brain that lies behind the BRAIN STEM in the posterior base of skull (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR). It is also known as the "little brain" with convolutions similar to those of CEREBRAL CORTEX, inner white matter, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Its function is to coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and learn motor skills.
A region extending from the PONS & MEDULLA OBLONGATA through the MESENCEPHALON, characterized by a diversity of neurons of various sizes and shapes, arranged in different aggregations and enmeshed in a complicated fiber network.
A group of inherited and sporadic disorders which share progressive ataxia in combination with atrophy of the CEREBELLUM; PONS; and inferior olivary nuclei. Additional clinical features may include MUSCLE RIGIDITY; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; RETINAL DEGENERATION; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; DEMENTIA; URINARY INCONTINENCE; and OPHTHALMOPLEGIA. The familial form has an earlier onset (second decade) and may feature spinal cord atrophy. The sporadic form tends to present in the fifth or sixth decade, and is considered a clinical subtype of MULTIPLE SYSTEM ATROPHY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1085)
Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.
The middle of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of the embryonic brain. Without further subdivision, midbrain develops into a short, constricted portion connecting the PONS and the DIENCEPHALON. Midbrain contains two major parts, the dorsal TECTUM MESENCEPHALI and the ventral TEGMENTUM MESENCEPHALI, housing components of auditory, visual, and other sensorimoter systems.
Disorders of speech articulation caused by imperfect coordination of pharynx, larynx, tongue, or face muscles. This may result from CRANIAL NERVE DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; CEREBELLAR DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; BRAIN STEM diseases; or diseases of the corticobulbar tracts (see PYRAMIDAL TRACTS). The cortical language centers are intact in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p489)
The act of breathing with the LUNGS, consisting of INHALATION, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of EXHALATION, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more CARBON DIOXIDE than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= OXYGEN CONSUMPTION) or cell respiration (= CELL RESPIRATION).
An enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of an aryl-dialkyl phosphate to form dialkyl phosphate and an aryl alcohol. It can hydrolyze a broad spectrum of organophosphate substrates and a number of aromatic carboxylic acid esters. It may also mediate an enzymatic protection of LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS against oxidative modification and the consequent series of events leading to ATHEROMA formation. The enzyme was previously regarded to be identical with Arylesterase (EC 3.1.1.2).
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Poland" is not a medical term or concept; it is a country located in Central Europe. If you have any questions about medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help answer those!
Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)
The 5th and largest cranial nerve. The trigeminal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve. The larger sensory part forms the ophthalmic, mandibular, and maxillary nerves which carry afferents sensitive to external or internal stimuli from the skin, muscles, and joints of the face and mouth and from the teeth. Most of these fibers originate from cells of the TRIGEMINAL GANGLION and project to the TRIGEMINAL NUCLEUS of the brain stem. The smaller motor part arises from the brain stem trigeminal motor nucleus and innervates the muscles of mastication.
An involuntary expression of merriment and pleasure; it includes the patterned motor responses as well as the inarticulate vocalization.

Electrophysiological properties of rat lateral parabrachial neurons in vitro. (1/976)

Anatomical studies have demonstrated that the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) is composed of at least seven separate subnuclei distinguished by cell morphology, spatial clustering, and afferent and efferent connectivity. We hypothesized that neurons within the subnuclear clusters of the LPBN might have distinct electrophysiological properties that correlate with cellular morphology. An in vitro slice preparation was used to intracellularly record the intrinsic properties of 64 neurons located within the external lateral (EL) and central lateral (CL) subnuclei of the LPBN in adult rats. Analysis of intrinsic properties revealed that neurons in the EL subnucleus had significantly wider action potentials and on the average demonstrated more spike frequency adaptation during 2 s of depolarization compared with CL neurons. The majority of both EL and CL area neurons expressed delayed excitation (DE) after membrane hyperpolarization. DE was eliminated with the A-current blocker 4-aminopyridine (1.5-5 mM). Postinhibitory rebound was also observed in a subpopulation of EL and CL neurons. Morphological analysis of 11 LPBN neurons, which were electrophysiologically characterized and filled with 2% biocytin, failed to demonstrate an association between morphology and the electrophysiological profiles of LPBN neurons. The lack of distinct "type" of neuron within a single subnucleus of the LPBN is in agreement with recent findings reported from the neonatal rat.  (+info)

Pontine lesions mimicking acute peripheral vestibulopathy. (2/976)

OBJECTIVES: Clinical signs of acute peripheral vestibulopathy (APV) were repeatedly reported with pontine lesions. The clinical relevance of such a mechanism is not known, as most studies were biased by patients with additional clinical signs ofbrainstem dysfunction. METHODS: Masseter reflex (MassR), blink reflex (BlinkR), brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs), and DC electro-oculography (EOG) were tested in 232 consecutive patients with clinical signs of unilateral APV. RESULTS: Forty five of the 232 patients (19.4%) had at least one electrophysiological abnormality suggesting pontine dysfunction mainly due to possible vertebrobasilar ischaemia (22 patients) and multiple sclerosis (eight patients). MassR abnormalities were seen in 24 patients, and EOG abnormalities of saccades and following eye movements occurred in 22 patients. Three patients had BlinkR-R1 abnormalities, and one had delayed BAEP waves IV and V. Clinical improvement was almost always (32 of 34 re-examined patients) associated with improvement or normalisation of at least one electrophysiological abnormality. Brain MRI was done in 25 of the 44 patients and confirmed pontine lesions in six (two infarcts, three inflammations, one tumour). CONCLUSIONS: Pontine dysfunction was suggested in 45 of 232 consecutive patients with clinical signs of APV on the basis of abnormal electrophysiological findings, and was mainly attributed to brainstem ischaemia and multiple sclerosis. The frequency of pontine lesions mimicking APV is underestimated if based on MRI established lesions only.  (+info)

Central neuronal circuit innervating the lordosis-producing muscles defined by transneuronal transport of pseudorabies virus. (3/976)

The lordosis reflex is a hormone-dependent behavior displayed by female rats during mating. This study used the transneuronal tracer pseudorabies virus (PRV) to investigate the CNS network that controls the lumbar epaxial muscles that produce this posture. After PRV was injected into lumbar epaxial muscles, the time course analysis of CNS viral infection showed progressively more PRV-labeled neurons in higher brain structures after longer survival times. In particular, the medullary reticular formation, periaqueductal gray (PAG), and ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN) were sequentially labeled with PRV, which supports the proposed hierarchical network of lordosis control. Closer inspection of the PRV-immunoreactive neurons in the PAG revealed a marked preponderance of spheroid neurons, rather than fusiform or triangular morphologies. Furthermore, PRV-immunoreactive neurons were concentrated in the ventrolateral column, rather than the dorsal, dorsolateral, or lateral columns of the PAG. Localization of the PRV-labeled neurons in the VMN indicated that the majority were located in the ventrolateral subdivision, although some were also in other subdivisions of the VMN. As expected, labeled cells also were found in areas traditionally associated with sympathetic outflow to blood vessels and motor pathways, including the intermediolateral nucleus of the spinal cord, the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, the red nucleus, and the motor cortex. These results suggest that the various brain regions along the neuraxis previously implicated in the lordosis reflex are indeed serially connected.  (+info)

Glial and capillary density of the pontine white matter in swelling and atrophy. (4/976)

A total of 48 autopsied brains were morphometrically examined for the relation between pontine geometry and structural parameters. In each case, the numerical density of neuroglial cells Nv(G) and the linear density of capillary network Lv(C) of the pontine white matter were determined stereologically from the counts of glial nuclear profiles and capillary transections per constant area of a histological section with a constant thickness. It was revealed that in general the glial numerical density increased with advancing atrophy and decreased with increasing swelling, whereas the capillary linear density remained fairly constant especially in the advanced stage of brain swelling. Further analysis of this relation using a model of pontine geometry has made it clear that the total capillary length in the swollen white matter increases probably at the expense of the capillary caliber as swelling advances. The changes in the ratio Lv(C)/Nv(G) under pathological conditions are emphasized and possible utility of classifying stages of acute brain swelling from a viewpoint of microvascular dimension is suggested.  (+info)

Differential c-Fos expression in cholinergic, monoaminergic, and GABAergic cell groups of the pontomesencephalic tegmentum after paradoxical sleep deprivation and recovery. (5/976)

Multiple lines of evidence indicate that neurons within the pontomesencephalic tegmentum are critically involved in the generation of paradoxical sleep (PS). From single-unit recording studies, evidence suggests that unidentified but "possibly" cholinergic tegmental neurons discharge at higher rates during PS than during slow wave sleep or even waking and would thus play an active role, whereas "presumed" monoaminergic neurons cease firing during PS and would thus play a permissive role in PS generation. In the present study performed on rats, c-Fos immunostaining was used as a reflection of neuronal activity and combined with immunostaining for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), serotonin (Ser), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), or glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) for immunohistochemical identification of active neurons during PS recovery ( approximately 28% of recording time) as compared with PS deprivation (0%) and PS control (approximately 15%) conditions. With PS recovery, there was a significant increase in ChAT+/c-Fos+ cells, a significant decrease in Ser+/c-Fos+ and TH+/c-Fos+ cells, and a significant increase in GAD+/c-Fos+ cells. Across conditions, the percent PS was correlated positively with tegmental cholinergic c-Fos+ cells, negatively with raphe serotonergic and locus coeruleus noradrenergic c-Fos+ cells, and positively with codistributed and neighboring GABAergic c-Fos+ cells. These results support the hypothesis that cholinergic neurons are active, whereas monoaminergic neurons are inactive during PS. They moreover indicate that GABAergic neurons are active during PS and could thus be responsible for inhibiting neighboring monoaminergic neurons that may be essential in the generation of PS.  (+info)

Fentanyl and morphine, but not remifentanil, inhibit acetylcholine release in pontine regions modulating arousal. (6/976)

BACKGROUND: Opioids inhibit the rapid eye movement (REM) phase of sleep and decrease acetylcholine (ACh) release in medial pontine reticular formation (mPRF) regions contributing to REM sleep generation. It is not known whether opioids decrease ACh release by acting on cholinergic cell bodies or on cholinergic axon terminals. This study used in vivo microdialysis to test the hypothesis that opioids decrease ACh levels at cholinergic neurons in the laterodorsal tegmental nuclei (LDT) and LDT axon terminals in the mPRF. METHODS: Nine male cats were anesthetized with halothane, and ACh levels within the mPRF or LDT were assayed using microdialysis and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). ACh levels were analyzed in response to dialysis of the mPRF and LDT with Ringer's solution (control), followed by dialysis with Ringer's solution containing morphine sulfate (MSO4) or naloxone. ACh in the mPRF also was measured during either dialysis delivery or intravenous infusion of remifentanil and during dialysis delivery of fentanyl. RESULTS: Compared with dialysis of Ringer's solution, microdialysis with MSO4 decreased ACh by 23% in the mPRF and by 30% in the LDT. This significant decrease in ACh was antagonized by naloxone. MSO4 and fentanyl each caused a dose-dependent decrease in mPRF ACh when delivered by dialysis. Remifentanil delivered by continuous intravenous infusion or by dialysis into the mPRF did not alter mPRF ACh. CONCLUSIONS: Morphine inhibits ACh at the cholinergic cell body region (LDT) and the terminal field in the mPRF. ACh in the mPRF was not altered by remifentanil and was significantly decreased by fentanyl. Thus, MSO4 and fentanyl disrupt cholinergic neurotransmission in the LDT-mPRF network known to modulate REM sleep and cortical electroencephalographic activation. These data are consistent with the possibility that inhibition of pontine cholinergic neurotransmission contributes to arousal state disruption by opioids.  (+info)

Dynamic behavior of heart rate in ischemic stroke. (7/976)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Traditional spectral and nonspectral methods have shown that heart rate (HR) variability is reduced after stroke. Some patients with poor outcome, however, show randomlike, complex patterns of HR behavior that traditional analysis techniques are unable to quantify. Therefore, we designed the present study to evaluate the complexity and correlation properties of HR dynamics after stroke by using new analysis methods based on nonlinear dynamics and fractals ("chaos theory"). METHODS: In addition to the traditional spectral components of HR variability, we measured instantaneous beat-to-beat variability and long-term continuous variability analyzed from Poincare plots, fractal correlation properties, and approximate entropy of R-R interval dynamics from 24-hour ambulatory ECG recordings in 30 healthy control subjects, 31 hemispheric stroke patients, and 15 brain stem stroke patients (8 medullary, 7 pontine) in the acute phase of stroke and 6 months after stroke. RESULTS: In the acute phase, the traditional spectral components of HR variability and the long-term continuous variability from Poincare plots were impaired (P<0.01) in patients with hemispheric and medullary brain stem stroke, but not in patients with pontine brain stem stroke, in comparison with control subjects. At 6 months after stroke, measures of HR variability in hemispheric stroke patients were still lower (P<0.05) than those of the control subjects. Various complexity and fractal measures of HR variability were similar in patients and control subjects. The conventional frequency domain measures of HR variability as well as the Poincare measures showed strong correlations (Pearson correlation coefficient, r=0.68 to r=0.90) with each other but only weak correlations (r=0.09 to r=0.56) with the complexity and fractal measures of HR variability. CONCLUSIONS: Hemispheric and medullary brain stem infarctions seem to damage the cardiovascular autonomic regulatory system and appear as abnormalities in the magnitude of HR variability. These abnormalities can be more easily detected with the use of analysis methods of HR variability, which are based on moment statistics, than by methods based on nonlinear dynamics. Abnormal HR variability may be involved in prognostically unfavorable cardiac complications and other known manifestations of autonomic failure associated with stroke.  (+info)

Apolipoprotein E deficiency worsens outcome from global cerebral ischemia in the mouse. (8/976)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Apolipoprotein E (apoE) has been found relevant in a variety of central nervous system disorders. This experiment examined the effect of endogenous murine apoE on selective neuronal necrosis resulting from a transient forebrain ischemia insult. METHODS: ApoE deficient (n=16) and wild type (n=17) halothane-anesthetized mice were subjected to severe forebrain ischemia (10 minutes of bilateral carotid occlusion and systemic hypotension). After 3 days' recovery, brain injury was determined histologically. In other apoE-deficient and wild-type mice, regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) was determined by 14C-iodoantipyrine autoradiography 10 minutes before, 5 minutes after onset of, and 30 minutes after reperfusion from 10 minutes of forebrain ischemia. RESULTS: The percentage of dead hippocampal CA1 neurons (mean+/-SD) was greater in the apoE-deficient group (apoE deficient=67+/-30%; wild type=37+/-33%; P=0.011). A similar pattern was observed in the caudoputamen (P=0.002) and neocortex (P=0.014). Cerebral blood flow was similar between groups at each measurement interval. Marked hypoperfusion persisted in both groups at 30 minutes after ischemia. CONCLUSIONS: ApoE deficiency worsens ischemic outcome. This is not attributable to effects on CBF. A role of apoE in the cerebral response to global ischemia is consistent with prior reports that murine apoE deficiency increases infarct size resulting from focal cerebral ischemia.  (+info)

The pons is a part of the brainstem that lies between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain. Its name comes from the Latin word "ponte" which means "bridge," as it serves to connect these two regions of the brainstem. The pons contains several important structures, including nerve fibers that carry signals between the cerebellum (the part of the brain responsible for coordinating muscle movements) and the rest of the nervous system. It also contains nuclei (clusters of neurons) that help regulate various functions such as respiration, sleep, and facial movements.

The brainstem is the lower part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord. It consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. The brainstem controls many vital functions such as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory and motor information between the cerebral cortex and the rest of the body. Additionally, several cranial nerves originate from the brainstem, including those that control eye movements, facial movements, and hearing.

Brain stem neoplasms refer to tumors that originate in the brainstem, which is the lower part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord. These tumors can be benign or malignant and can arise from various types of cells within the brainstem, such as nerve cells, glial cells (which support and protect nerve cells), or cells that make up blood vessels.

Brain stem neoplasms are relatively rare, accounting for about 2% of all primary brain tumors. They can cause a variety of symptoms depending on their size and location, including headache, vomiting, double vision, difficulty swallowing, facial weakness, and problems with balance and coordination. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, depending on the type, location, and extent of the tumor.

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

The medulla oblongata is a part of the brainstem that is located in the posterior portion of the brainstem and continues with the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in controlling several critical bodily functions, such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. The medulla oblongata also contains nerve pathways that transmit sensory information from the body to the brain and motor commands from the brain to the muscles. Additionally, it is responsible for reflexes such as vomiting, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing.

Brainstem infarctions refer to the damage or death of brain tissue in the brainstem due to lack of blood supply, resulting in a localized injury known as an infarction. The brainstem is a critical region that controls essential functions such as breathing, heart rate, and consciousness. Infarctions in this area can result in various symptoms depending on the location and extent of damage, which may include:

1. Hemiparesis or paralysis on one side of the body
2. Cranial nerve dysfunction, leading to double vision, slurred speech, or facial weakness
3. Difficulty swallowing or speaking
4. Unstable blood pressure and heart rate
5. Altered level of consciousness, ranging from confusion to coma
6. Abnormal muscle tone and reflexes
7. Respiratory disturbances, such as irregular breathing patterns or apnea (cessation of breathing)

Brainstem infarctions can be caused by various conditions, including atherosclerosis, embolism, vasospasm, or small vessel disease. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial to minimize the risk of long-term disability or death.

Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) is a neurological disorder that results from the damage to the myelin sheath in the central pons region of the brainstem. Myelin is the fatty substance that insulates and protects nerve fibers, allowing for the efficient transmission of electrical signals.

In CPM, the myelin sheath in the center of the pons area becomes damaged or destroyed due to various factors, most commonly rapid correction of hyponatremia (low sodium levels in the blood). This rapid correction can lead to an osmotic shift of water from inside the cells to outside, causing swelling and damage to the myelin sheath.

CPM is characterized by the development of symmetrical lesions in the central pons region, which can result in a range of neurological symptoms, including weakness or paralysis of muscles, difficulty swallowing, speech impairment, and altered levels of consciousness. In severe cases, CPM can lead to coma, respiratory failure, and even death.

It's important to note that the management of CPM involves preventing further damage to the myelin sheath by avoiding rapid correction of hyponatremia and providing supportive care for the neurological symptoms. Currently, there is no specific treatment for CPM, and recovery can be slow and incomplete.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

The cerebellum is a part of the brain that lies behind the brainstem and is involved in the regulation of motor movements, balance, and coordination. It contains two hemispheres and a central portion called the vermis. The cerebellum receives input from sensory systems and other areas of the brain and spinal cord and sends output to motor areas of the brain. Damage to the cerebellum can result in problems with movement, balance, and coordination.

The reticular formation is not a single structure but rather a complex network of interconnected neurons located in the brainstem, extending from the medulla oblongata through the pons and mesencephalon (midbrain) up to the diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus). It forms part of the reticular activating system, which is involved in regulating arousal, awareness, and sleep-wake cycles.

The reticular formation plays a crucial role in various functions such as:

1. Modulation of sensory input: The neurons in the reticular formation receive inputs from all senses (visual, auditory, tactile, etc.) and help filter and prioritize this information before it reaches higher cognitive areas.

2. Control of motor function: The reticular formation contributes to the regulation of muscle tone, posture, and locomotion by modulating the activity of motor neurons in the spinal cord.

3. Regulation of autonomic functions: The reticular formation is involved in controlling heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and other visceral functions through its connections with the autonomic nervous system.

4. Consciousness and arousal: The ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) originates from the reticular formation and projects to the thalamus and cerebral cortex, where it helps maintain wakefulness and arousal. Damage to the ARAS can lead to coma or other states of altered consciousness.

5. Sleep-wake cycle regulation: The reticular formation contains cells that release neurotransmitters like histamine, serotonin, and orexin/hypocretin, which are essential for sleep-wake regulation. Dysfunction in these circuits has been implicated in various sleep disorders, such as narcolepsy and insomnia.

Olivopontocerebellar atrophies (OPCA) are a group of rare, progressive neurodegenerative disorders that primarily affect the cerebellum, olive (inferior olivary nucleus), and pons in the brainstem. The condition is characterized by degeneration and atrophy of these specific areas, leading to various neurological symptoms.

The term "olivopontocerebellar atrophies" encompasses several subtypes, including:

1. Hereditary spastic paraplegia with cerebellar ataxia (SPG/ATA) - Autosomal dominant or recessive inheritance pattern.
2. Hereditary dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) - Autosomal dominant inheritance pattern.
3. Idiopathic OPCA - No known genetic cause, possibly related to environmental factors or spontaneous mutations.

Symptoms of olivopontocerebellar atrophies may include:

* Progressive cerebellar ataxia (gait and limb incoordination)
* Dysarthria (slurred speech)
* Oculomotor abnormalities (nystagmus, gaze palsy)
* Spasticity (stiffness and rigidity of muscles)
* Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
* Tremors or dystonia (involuntary muscle contractions)

Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical examination, neuroimaging studies (MRI), genetic testing, and exclusion of other possible causes. Currently, there is no cure for olivopontocerebellar atrophies, but supportive care can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

Cerebellar diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the cerebellum, which is the part of the brain located at the back of the head, below the occipital lobe and above the brainstem. The cerebellum plays a crucial role in motor control, coordination, balance, and some cognitive functions.

Cerebellar diseases can be caused by various factors, including genetics, infections, tumors, stroke, trauma, or degenerative processes. These conditions can result in a wide range of symptoms, such as:

1. Ataxia: Loss of coordination and unsteady gait
2. Dysmetria: Inability to judge distance and force while performing movements
3. Intention tremors: Shaking or trembling that worsens during purposeful movements
4. Nystagmus: Rapid, involuntary eye movement
5. Dysarthria: Speech difficulty due to muscle weakness or incoordination
6. Hypotonia: Decreased muscle tone
7. Titubation: Rhythmic, involuntary oscillations of the head and neck
8. Cognitive impairment: Problems with memory, attention, and executive functions

Some examples of cerebellar diseases include:

1. Ataxia-telangiectasia
2. Friedrich's ataxia
3. Multiple system atrophy (MSA)
4. Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs)
5. Cerebellar tumors, such as medulloblastomas or astrocytomas
6. Infarctions or hemorrhages in the cerebellum due to stroke or trauma
7. Infections, such as viral encephalitis or bacterial meningitis
8. Autoimmune disorders, like multiple sclerosis (MS) or paraneoplastic syndromes
9. Metabolic disorders, such as Wilson's disease or phenylketonuria (PKU)
10. Chronic alcoholism and withdrawal

Treatment for cerebellar diseases depends on the underlying cause and may involve medications, physical therapy, surgery, or supportive care to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

The mesencephalon, also known as the midbrain, is the middle portion of the brainstem that connects the hindbrain (rhombencephalon) and the forebrain (prosencephalon). It plays a crucial role in several important functions including motor control, vision, hearing, and the regulation of consciousness and sleep-wake cycles. The mesencephalon contains several important structures such as the cerebral aqueduct, tectum, tegmentum, cerebral peduncles, and several cranial nerve nuclei (III and IV).

Dysarthria is a motor speech disorder that results from damage to the nervous system, particularly the brainstem or cerebellum. It affects the muscles used for speaking, causing slurred, slow, or difficult speech. The specific symptoms can vary depending on the underlying cause and the extent of nerve damage. Treatment typically involves speech therapy to improve communication abilities.

Medical Definition of Respiration:

Respiration, in physiology, is the process by which an organism takes in oxygen and gives out carbon dioxide. It's also known as breathing. This process is essential for most forms of life because it provides the necessary oxygen for cellular respiration, where the cells convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and releases waste products, primarily carbon dioxide.

In humans and other mammals, respiration is a two-stage process:

1. Breathing (or external respiration): This involves the exchange of gases with the environment. Air enters the lungs through the mouth or nose, then passes through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi, finally reaching the alveoli where the actual gas exchange occurs. Oxygen from the inhaled air diffuses into the blood, while carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, diffuses from the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled.

2. Cellular respiration (or internal respiration): This is the process by which cells convert glucose and other nutrients into ATP, water, and carbon dioxide in the presence of oxygen. The carbon dioxide produced during this process then diffuses out of the cells and into the bloodstream to be exhaled during breathing.

In summary, respiration is a vital physiological function that enables organisms to obtain the necessary oxygen for cellular metabolism while eliminating waste products like carbon dioxide.

Aryldialkylphosphatases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of certain types of organophosphate compounds. Specifically, they break down compounds that contain an aryl (aromatic) group linked to two alkyl groups through a phosphorus atom. These enzymes play a role in the detoxification of these compounds in living organisms.

The medical definition of 'Aryldialkylphosphatase' is not commonly used, as it refers to a specific type of enzyme that is not typically discussed in a clinical context. However, understanding the function of these enzymes can be important for toxicologists and other researchers who study the effects of organophosphate compounds on living systems.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Poland" is not a medical term. It is a country in Central Europe. If you have any questions about medical conditions or terminology, I would be happy to help answer those!

Cerebellar ataxia is a type of ataxia, which refers to a group of disorders that cause difficulties with coordination and movement. Cerebellar ataxia specifically involves the cerebellum, which is the part of the brain responsible for maintaining balance, coordinating muscle movements, and regulating speech and eye movements.

The symptoms of cerebellar ataxia may include:

* Unsteady gait or difficulty walking
* Poor coordination of limb movements
* Tremors or shakiness, especially in the hands
* Slurred or irregular speech
* Abnormal eye movements, such as nystagmus (rapid, involuntary movement of the eyes)
* Difficulty with fine motor tasks, such as writing or buttoning a shirt

Cerebellar ataxia can be caused by a variety of underlying conditions, including:

* Genetic disorders, such as spinocerebellar ataxia or Friedreich's ataxia
* Brain injury or trauma
* Stroke or brain hemorrhage
* Infections, such as meningitis or encephalitis
* Exposure to toxins, such as alcohol or certain medications
* Tumors or other growths in the brain

Treatment for cerebellar ataxia depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, there may be no cure, and treatment is focused on managing symptoms and improving quality of life. Physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy can help improve coordination, balance, and communication skills. Medications may also be used to treat specific symptoms, such as tremors or muscle spasticity. In some cases, surgery may be recommended to remove tumors or repair damage to the brain.

The trigeminal nerve, also known as the fifth cranial nerve or CNV, is a paired nerve that carries both sensory and motor information. It has three major branches: ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3). The ophthalmic branch provides sensation to the forehead, eyes, and upper portion of the nose; the maxillary branch supplies sensation to the lower eyelid, cheek, nasal cavity, and upper lip; and the mandibular branch is responsible for sensation in the lower lip, chin, and parts of the oral cavity, as well as motor function to the muscles involved in chewing. The trigeminal nerve plays a crucial role in sensations of touch, pain, temperature, and pressure in the face and mouth, and it also contributes to biting, chewing, and swallowing functions.

While I'm an assistant and not a doctor, I can share that laughter is not typically defined in a medical context. However, it's often studied in the field of psychology and health. Laughter is a human behavior characterized by involuntary vocalizations and facial expressions, often associated with positive emotions and humor.

From a physiological perspective, when we laugh, our bodies respond with a series of reactions. The diaphragm and abdominal muscles contract, causing us to breathe in and out rapidly, which can lead to increased heart rate and blood pressure. At the same time, the brain releases endorphins, which are chemicals associated with feelings of happiness and well-being.

In a medical context, laughter is sometimes used as a therapeutic tool. Laughter therapy, for instance, is used to promote physical and emotional health through intentional laughter exercises. It's believed that laughter can help reduce stress, improve mood, boost the immune system, and alleviate pain.

... the basilar part of the pons (ventral pons), and the pontine tegmentum (dorsal pons). The ventral aspect of the pons faces the ... The pons (PL: pontes; from Latin pons, "bridge") is part of the brainstem that in humans and other bipeds lies inferior to the ... mid-pons: the motor nucleus for the trigeminal nerve (V) lower down in the pons: abducens nucleus (VI) lower down in the pons: ... Most of the pons is supplied by the pontine arteries, which arise from the basilar artery. A smaller portion of the pons is ...
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Patrick Pons. Patrick Pons at Find a Grave (Webarchive template wayback links, Articles ... Pons became the first Frenchman to win an F.I.M. world championship when he won the 1979 Formula 750 title. In 1980, he won the ... Patrick Pons (24 December 1952 in Paris - 10 August 1980) was a French professional Grand Prix motorcycle road racer. His best ... Patrick Pons career statistics at MotoGP.com Daytona 200 winners at www.motorsportsetc.com Archived March 8, 2012, at the ...
Born Claude Bernard Pons on 18 July 1926 in Béziers, Pons qualified as a doctor and worked as a general practitioner. Pons was ... Bernard Pons (18 July 1926 - 27 April 2022) was a French politician and medical doctor who was a member of the Union of ... Pons played a role in helping the Cahors wine region to regain its reputation. He successfully lobbied for Appellation ... "M. Bernard Pons". Assemblee-nationale.fr. Retrieved 26 July 2010. "Les Nouvelles Calédoniennes". Archived from the original on ...
He is son of Sito Pons and brother of Axel Pons. Pons first appeared in the Moto2 World Championship either as a wild card or ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Edgar Pons. Edgar Pons at MotoGP.com Edgar Pons at AS.com (in Spanish) (CS1 Spanish- ... Edgar Pons Ramón (born 16 June 1995 in Barcelona, Spain) is a Spanish former motorcycle racer. He was the FIM CEV Moto2 ... Pons then spent two seasons in the FIM CEV Moto2 European Championship, winning the title in 2019, before joining again the ...
Pons also won second S2000 event in row by winning in Jordania. In both occasions, he also finished on WRC points. Pons finally ... Despite this, Pons never did return to the Subaru for 2008. Instead, he competed on Spanish national rallies. In 2010, Pons ... "Xevi Pons to make WRC return in 2010". wrc.com. Retrieved 2010-07-03. World Rally Championship - News - S-WRC: Pons steals ... "Xavier Pons". World Rally Archive. Retrieved 2006-12-16. "Pons admits defeat: I won't have WRC drive in 07". Crash.net. ...
... at Structurae The Waters of Rome: Tiber River Bridges and the Development of the Ancient City of ... The Pons Fabricius has a length of 62 m, and is 5.5 m wide. It is constructed from two wide arches spanning 80 feet, supported ... The Pons Fabricius (Italian: Ponte Fabricio, "Fabrician Bridge") or Ponte dei Quattro Capi, is the oldest Roman bridge in Rome ... the Pons Cestius is west of the island). Quattro Capi ("four heads") refers to the two marble pillars of the two-faced Janus ...
"JIM PONS". JIM PONS. Retrieved 2022-02-15. Official website Jim Pons at IMDb Jim Pons discography at Discogs (Articles with ... Jim Pons was born in Santa Monica, California. In 1964, he formed the garage rock band The Leaves. The band was founded by Pons ... Pons will usually join them on stage if they are performing in Florida, where he lives. Pons was a member of Frank Zappa's ... Pons plays use-bass in a bluegrass band called Lonesome Ride? Pons is a born again Christian and lives in Jacksonville, Florida ...
... may refer to: Saint-Pons, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department Saint-Pons, Ardèche, in ... in the Hérault department Saint-Pons-de-Thomières, in the Hérault department Saint-Pons-la-Calm, in the Gard department Saint- ... Pons, New Brunswick, a former local service district in New Brunswick Saint Pontius (disambiguation), a number of Catholic ... the Ardèche department Saint-Pons-de-Mauchiens, ...
... (24 February 1927 - 10 April 2021) was a French poet and editor. He was Editor-in-Chief of the newspaper La Barbacane ... Max Pons vient de nous quitter". La Dépêche (in French). 14 April 2021. "Grand Prix SGDL de Poésie". SGDL (in French). v t e ( ...
... Genescà (born 27 July 1994) is a Spanish field hockey player for the Spanish national team. She participated at the ...
Peter's Basilica from the left bank, it becomes clear that the Pons Neronianus was out of use by that time. The Pons Neronianus ... Peter's Basilica from the east bank crossed at "Hadrian's bridge", the Pons Aelius upstream. As passing over the Pons ... The Pons Neronianus or Bridge of Nero was an ancient bridge in Rome built during the reign of the emperors Caligula or Nero to ... When the Tiber is at low water level it is possible to see the foundation of one of the four piers that once supported the Pons ...
In 1173, both Pons and Ermengard of Narbonne sent separate pleas to Louis VII of France for aid against, in Pons' words, "the ... Pons was a close ally of Ermengard and they shared, on very amicable terms, the lordship in the city of Narbonne. In 1178, Pons ... Pons was the only member of the legation who came from the region to which it was sent and he was therefore most intimately ... Pons d'Arsac was the Archbishop of Narbonne from 1162 until 1181. He was archbishop at an important time in the history of ...
... at IMDb v t e (CS1 Spanish-language sources (es), Articles with short description, Short description is different ... Norma Delia Orizi (18 August 1942 - 29 April 2014) known by her stage name Norma Pons, was an Argentine actress and vedette. ... "Murió la actriz Norma Pons" (in Spanish). sitioandino. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2014. ...
As Pons Aelius was a wall fort it is very likely a military road led from it and followed the Wall, linking its forts and ... Pons Aelius was a fort and Roman settlement at the original eastern end of Hadrian's Wall, at the site now occupied by The ... "3D Animation Of Pons Aelius, The Ancient Newcastle Roman Fort, Presents A Flurry Of Details". Realm of History. Retrieved 29 ... Pons Aelius (Latin for "Aelian Bridge"), or Newcastle Roman Fort, was an auxiliary castra and small Roman settlement on ...
Víctor Manuel Pons Núñez (April 5, 1935 - November 11, 1999) served as the 12th chief justice of the Supreme Court of Puerto ... Born in Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico, Pons earned a juris doctor in 1959 from the University of Puerto Rico School of Law. He was ... La Justicia en sus Manos, by Luis Rafael Rivera, 2007, ISBN 1-57581-884-1 "D. Víctor M. Pons". www.ramajudicial.pr (in Spanish ... A prominent private-sector attorney, Pons was Hernández Colón's electoral campaign manager before holding public office. He ...
... (born 12 December 1947) is a member of the National Assembly of France. She represents the Var department, and is ... "La députée Josette Pons (LR) condamnée à 45.000 euros d'amende pour avoir sous-évalué son patrimoine". www.huffingtonpost.fr. ... "La députée Josette Pons plaide coupable pour sous-évaluation de patrimoine". 3 November 2016. v t e (CS1 French-language ... "La députée les Républicains Josette Pons condamnée pour sous-évaluation de patrimoine". Le Monde.fr. 4 November 2016. " ...
In 2016, Pons signed for Juventud Pueyrredon. The club featured in Torneo Federal B in 2017, with Pons netting four goals in ... Facundo Pons (born 22 November 1995) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward for Alvarado. Pons made his ... "Facundo Pons, revelación de perfil discreto". La de Gajos. 22 February 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2018. "Facundo Pons, de gran ... "Ficha Estadistica de FACUNDO PONS". BDFA. Retrieved 22 November 2018. Facundo Pons at Soccerway v t e (Articles with short ...
One arch of a bridge that connected the Palazzo Farnese to the Pons Agrippae is still intact. The Pons Agrippae was demolished ... The Pons Agrippae (Bridge of Agrippa) was an ancient bridge across the River Tiber in Rome. It was located 160 metres above the ... The Pons Agrippae survived into the Middle Ages, connecting the area of the Palazzo Farnese with the Villa Farnesina, ... it has been suggested that Agrippa constructed the Pons Agrippae. The remains of four piers from the bridge were discovered in ...
... at Internet Speculative Fiction Database Solar Pons crime/Mystery series at Matters Criminous Solar Pons series at ... Unfinished Solar Pons, The Final Adventures of Solar Pons and others The Arrival of Solar Pons: Early Manuscripts and Pulp ... Solar Pons has a brother Bancroft Pons to fill the same role. Like Holmes, Pons is physically slender and smokes a pipe filled ... The Further Adventures of Solar Pons, The Secret Files of Solar Pons and The Uncollected Cases of Solar Pons (original UK title ...
Lele Pons's channel on YouTube Official website Lele Pons at IMDb Lele Pons on Spotify Lele Pons hosts Venezuela Aid Live - ... In December 2019, Pons was a co-host on the red carpet alongside Chelsea Briggs for the 2019 Billboard Women in Music. Pons was ... Pons has also had success in modelling. In February 2017, she became a brand ambassador for CoverGirl. The same month, Pons ... Eleonora "Lele" Pons Maronese (born 25 June 1996) is a Venezuelan-born American YouTuber, actress and singer. Pons came to ...
"Alain Pons". National-Football-Teams.com. Retrieved 15 October 2018. Alain Pons at National-Football-Teams.com Alain Pons at ... In August 2019, Pons signed for St Joseph's. On 4 May 2023, Pons extended his contract with St Joseph's until 30 June 2024. ... Pons joins Saints St Joseph's FC. 22 August 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2019. "Breaking: New deal for Alain Pons". stjosephsfcgib ... Pons came through the youth ranks at AD Taraguilla in Spain, breaking into the senior team in 2013 before moving to his home ...
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Miquel Pons. Miquel Pons at MotoGP.com Miquel Pons at WorldSBK.com Miquel Pons at AS.com ... Miquel Pons Payeras (born 1 August 1997) is a Spanish motorcycle racer. He currently competes in the MotoE World Cup. (key) ( ... "Miquel Pons and Kevin Zannoni join LCR E-Team for 2021". MotoGP. MotoGP. Retrieved 1 February 2021. ...
The Pons Aemilius (Latin for the "Aemilian Bridge"; Italian: Ponte Emilio) is the oldest Roman stone bridge in Rome. Preceded ... According to Titus Livius, there existed a bridge in the same location as the Pons Aemilius in 192 BC. The first stone bridge ... Platner, Samuel (1929). "Pons Aemilius". A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. ... Media related to Ponte Rotto at Wikimedia Commons Pons Aemilius at Structurae The Waters of Rome: Tiber River Bridges and the ...
... (1914-2009) was an Argentine painter. Eolo Pons was born in Buenos Aires. He studied from 1935-38 in the studio of ... Eolo Pons' paintings and drawings retain the influence of Surrealism. "Long ago in the year 1939, Eolo Pons introduced himself ... The surrealism of Pons made incursions into the world of dreams, into the Freudian subconscious, being there he delved deeply ... In the landscapes of Eolo Pons, and in his figures, come and go the evocation of a mystery-a mystery that, perhaps, opens to us ...
Pons joined the Brooklyn Nets for the 2022 NBA Summer League. On July 26, 2022, Pons signed a two-year contract with ASVEL ... As a sophomore, Pons scored a season-high 10 points against Eastern Kentucky in his first career start. In February 2019, Pons ... On July 25, 2023, Pons was released from the French club. Pons won a gold medal with France at the 2014 FIBA Europe Under-16 ... At the conclusion of the regular season, Pons was named SEC Defensive Player of the Year. As a junior, Pons averaged 10.8 ...
... when he defeated Pons at the Exposition Universelle in Paris. Pons was considered one of the best wrestlers of all time during ... Pons published a book on the history of wrestling in 1912. He was included in the French gloires du sport (hall of fame of ... Paul Pons (June 23, 1864-April 13, 1915), stage name le Colosse ("The Colossus"), was a French wrestler. He won the first title ... "Induction Weekend 2021 , Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame". Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paul Pons. Monique Berlioux, Serge ...
Pons spent her formative years in clubs in nearby Barcelona: Montgat, Mireria and Segle XXI. She played for 16 years in the ... Íngrid Pons nos habla de su experiencia en Atenas 2004 y de más cosas... Archived 2013-12-17 at the Wayback Machine "Juegos ... Íngrid Pons Molina (born 27 February 1975 in Montgat) is a Spanish former basketball player who played for the Spanish National ... "Ingrid Pons jugará en Ibiza con el EBE Promociones PDV , Baloncesto enCancha". www.encancha.com. 22 July 2007. Archived from ...
... at Olympedia v t e (Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Use dmy dates ... Nelson Mario Pons Seelig (born 18 December 1967) is an Ecuadorian former cyclist. He competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics and ... "Nelson Mario Pons Olympic Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 ...
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vimala Pons. Vimala Pons at IMDb (Use dmy dates from November 2021, BLP articles lacking ... Vimala Pons (born 15 March 1986) is a French actress and juggler of part Indian descent. Her notable films include The Rendez- ...
The pons (or pons Varolii; "bridge of Varolius") is a part of the brain stem. Pons or pons may also refer to: Pons (personal ... with Pons All pages with titles containing Pons This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Pons. If an ... Canada Pons (crater), a lunar impact crater west of the prominent Rupes Altai scarp Pons, a junior synonym of the butterfly ... or singular name Pons, Charente-Maritime, a commune in France Pons River, a tributary of the Caniapiscau River (watershed of ...
... the basilar part of the pons (ventral pons), and the pontine tegmentum (dorsal pons). The ventral aspect of the pons faces the ... The pons (PL: pontes; from Latin pons, "bridge") is part of the brainstem that in humans and other bipeds lies inferior to the ... mid-pons: the motor nucleus for the trigeminal nerve (V) lower down in the pons: abducens nucleus (VI) lower down in the pons: ... Most of the pons is supplied by the pontine arteries, which arise from the basilar artery. A smaller portion of the pons is ...
Pons -- RDoC Element. Type of Element: Circuit. The following construct(s)/subconstruct(s) refer to this element.... *Domain: ... Home , Research , Research Funded by NIMH , Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) , Units of Analysis , Circuits , Pons. ...
Content Manager R&A, 3d innovations ltd.
Susini, J-F.; Pons, O.; Guedin, N. and Thevenot, C. Danse-doigts, a Fine Motor Game. In Modelling, measurement and control C, ... Pons, O. Generalization in Type Theory Based Proof Assistants. In TYPE 00, pages 217-232, X, France, LNCS 2277, 2002. www ... Susini, J-F.; Pons, O.; Guedin, N. and Thevenot, C. Danse-doigts, jeu de motricité fine. In Handicap 2016. La recherche au ... Aug?, I. and Pons, O. A service oriented compiler for operating systems. Technical Report CEDRIC-08-1551, CEDRIC Lab/CNAM, 2008 ...
Vincent Pons: current contact information and listing of economic research of this author provided by RePEc/IDEAS ... Vincent Pons, 2018. "Will a Five-Minute Discussion Change Your Mind? A Countrywide Experiment on Voter Choice in France," ... Enrico Cantoni & Vincent Pons, 2021. "Strict Id Laws Dont Stop Voters: Evidence from a U.S. Nationwide Panel, 2008-2018," The ... Enrico Cantoni & Vincent Pons, 2019. "Strict ID Laws Dont Stop Voters: Evidence from a U.S. Nationwide Panel, 2008-2018," NBER ...
Cite: "Treves & Hyde / Grzywinski+Pons" 29 Mar 2017. ArchDaily. Accessed . ,https://www.archdaily.com/868035/treves-and-hyde- ... https://www.archdaily.com/868035/treves-and-hyde-grzywinski-plus-pons. ... https://www.archdaily.com/868035/treves-and-hyde-grzywinski-plus-pons. ...
The ocean and water are recurring motifs across Campos-Ponss imagery. For her 2019 series Un Pedazo de Mar, Campos-Pons uses ... Campos-Ponss ambitious installation, Alchemy of the Soul, Elixir for the Spirits (2015), draws on memories of her childhood ... For The Seven Powers Came by the Sea (1992), Campos-Pons inscribed seven wooden boards shaped like a ships hull with stick ... María Magdalena Campos-Pons. Multidisciplinary Artist , Class of 2023. Exploring personal and collective histories across the ...
jimmy pons innovacion turistica innovacion y turismo innovacion empresarial ejemplos de innovacion hoteles mindfulness ... jimmy pons innovacion turistica innovacion y turismo innovacion empresarial ejemplos de innovacion hoteles mindfulness ... Jaime Pons Travel 2.0 Observatorio turismo rural madrid. 15 years ago • 956 Views ... Web 2.0 Travel 2.0 Turismo 2.0 by Jimmy Pons 16 years ago • 1427 Views ...
PONS Dominique and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at AbeBooks.com. ... Alfred Pacini Dominique Pons (2 results). You searched for: Author: alfred pacini dominique pons ... Int rieur : [envoi sign de Dominique Pons en p. de faux-titre], comme neuf. D dicac par lauteur. ...
The theorem that the base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal is known as the Pons Asinorum (bridge of asses). Current ... So maybe the best answer to a newbie question on our Pons Asinorum is the one that suits questions like Mummy, why must I stay ... I think that understanding tables is the Pons Asinorum of Lua. Andrew gives a nice explanation of why it is so. Most ... use of the term is defined by WordNet as pons asinorum n 1: a problem that severely tests the ability of an inexperienced ...
Lele Pons is named Top 100 Latina Powerhouse 2022 in the Creative Forces category. ... Lele Pons, full name, Eleonora Pons Maronese, was born June 25, 1996, to her mother Anna, who graduated from medical school, ... Lele Pons in 2016. Lele proved her range of talent, co-authoring a novel called Surviving "High School" in 2016. That same year ... Lele Pons Performs On "Despierta America". Music has also led Lele to find love. After releasing "Se Te Nota", in September ...
Spanish mountaineer Jordi Pons-Sangines has been elected honorary member of the UIAA. Jordi has for thirty years been a ... Spanish mountaineer Jordi Pons-Sangines has been elected honorary member of the UIAA. Jordi has for thirty years been a ...
Campos-Pons-whose ancestry is Yoruba and Chinese as well as Cuban-is experiencing her own burst of recognition. Shes been ... María Magdalena Campos-Pons, Untitled, 2021. Gouache on paper, flowers, 118 x 249 x 6.5 cm (framed). Photo by Inga Orschinski. ... María Magdalena Campos-Pons, Family Whisper, 2023. Still from three-channel video; video one: 1:05 minutes ; video two: 3:51 ... María Magdalena Campos-Pons, Rite of Initiation - Sacred Bath, 1991. Still from single-channel video, 31:37 minutes. Galerie ...
In a critical examination of Pons content, YouTuber Eddy Burback notes that despite being 21, Pons still centres her videos on ... Pons then told her fanbase that Cerny had been deleting her material and this was the reason for their falling out. When Cerny ... She calls Pons a "weird cookie," adding: "If you ever met her one-on-one you would realise how absolutely bizarre she is. My ... Read a profile of the 21-year-old internet star Lele Pons and youll hear a story of success, comedy and glamour. Known for her ...
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Cyberwar Is Already -pon -S. By Foreign Policy March 9, 2012. Comments .fav_bar { float:left; border:1px solid #a7b1b5; margin- ... Home/Opinion/Articles/Cyberwar Is Already -pon -S/Full Text ACM Opinion ...
Marcial Pons Librero S.L. - B82947326 © 1948 - 2018. Librería de Derecho, Economía, Empresa, Ciencias Sociales, Historia y ...
... luis pons presented his visionary fabulous floating inflatable villa - a billowing structure seen offshore in miami as ... the deflation of the inflatable villa by luis pons art basel miami beach. art 0 shares connections: +130 ... luis pons design lab completes the tavernier residence in florida. Dec 24, 2013 ... luis pons floats paper dreams at art basel miami beach. Nov 22, 2011 ...
... the latest issue of GQ Spain enlists Sergi Pons (Motif Management) for an erotic ... The Helmut Newton Effect - Paying tribute to the prolific Helmut Newton, the latest issue of GQ Spain enlists Sergi Pons (Motif ... 32 thoughts on "Noemie Lenoir by Sergi Pons for GQ Spain". * Nathan. ...
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Andre Pontes You are now viewing a selection of 2 artworks by Andre Pontes. For more information about this person, visit the ...
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Filed Under: A+E Tagged With: Adam Wong, Boston, Daniel Pontes-Macedo, Fox, Gordon Ramsay, harvard, Jason Wang, Lion Chef, ... Filed Under: A+E Tagged With: Audible Mainframe, Boston, Daniel Pontes-Macedo, Fox, Gordon Ramsay, Lion Chef, Los Angeles, ... LION CHEF: TV COOK AND MC DANIEL PONTES-MACEDO BRINGS VICTORY HOME TO BOSTON. Written by MIKE CRAWFORD Posted August 10, 2017. ... MasterChef, MC Exposition, television, The Metro, TV, Victor Pontes-Macedo. Primary Sidebar. .widget#advads_ad_widget-28 input ...
  • In 18e Conférence en Recherche d'Information et Applications -- 16e Rencontres Jeunes Chercheurs en RI -- 30e Conférence sur le Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles -- 25e Rencontre des 'Etudiants Chercheurs en Informatique pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues , pages 121-130, ATALA , Paris, France, 2023. (cnam.fr)
  • María Magdalena Campos-Pons, Family Whisper , 2023. (e-flux.com)
  • María Magdalena Campos-Pons is a multidisciplinary artist exploring how memory, spirituality, and identity are entangled with personal and collective histories across the Caribbean. (macfound.org)
  • For The Seven Powers Came by the Sea (1992), Campos-Pons inscribed seven wooden boards shaped like a ship's hull with stick figures representing the bodies of enslaved Africans and the name of a deity from the Yoruba religion. (macfound.org)
  • In another early work, Replenishing (2003), Campos-Pons created a wall-based installation comprised of seven large-format Polaroid photographs of herself and her mother. (macfound.org)
  • The photographs represent Campos-Pons and her mother in three images each, showing the upper, middle, and lower portions of their bodies. (macfound.org)
  • For her 2019 series Un Pedazo de Mar , Campos-Pons uses gouache, watercolor, and ink to create watery blue expanses that are punctuated by figures of humans and sea creatures. (macfound.org)
  • Beyond her own artistic practice, Campos-Pons establishes platforms for other artists to advance and exhibit their work. (macfound.org)
  • Through her expansive approach to materials, themes, and imagery, Campos-Pons is nourishing and enriching the visual vocabulary of the Caribbean. (macfound.org)
  • María Magdalena Campos-Pons received degrees from the National School of Art, Havana (1980) and the Higher Institute of Art, Havana (1985) and attended the MFA program (1988) at the Massachusetts College of Art. (macfound.org)
  • María Magdalena Campos-Pons, Untitled , 2021. (e-flux.com)
  • María Magdalena Campos-Pons, Rite of Initiation - Sacred Bath , 1991. (e-flux.com)
  • At Galerie Barbara Thumm, María Magdalena Campos-Pons pays homage to Oshun with the vibrant gouache triptych Untitled (2021). (e-flux.com)
  • Campos-Pons-whose ancestry is Yoruba and Chinese as well as Cuban-is experiencing her own burst of recognition. (e-flux.com)
  • Yet they represent the core of what Campos-Pons has been up to for decades, excavating her own multiple lineages, honoring herself and her ancestors with ritual and storytelling, and cultivating an earthy optimism despite, or more likely in direct response to, the current state of the world. (e-flux.com)
  • After a jump cut, the initiation rite begins with the figure-Campos-Pons-setting up five stemmed glasses around her again-bare feet. (e-flux.com)
  • The video culminates when a kneeling Campos-Pons-half of her silhouetted, nude body tinted white in post-production, the other half blue-silently pours water from two pitchers into a river or ocean. (e-flux.com)
  • A longtime dream has come true for Maria Magdalena Campos-Pons , who is connecting Nashville to her beloved hometown of Matanzas, Cuba, through a satellite art exhibition under the auspices of the 13th Havana Biennial. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • Campos-Pons, the Cornelius Vanderbilt Professor of Fine Arts, has developed a curatorial project rooted in the significant history and culture of Matanzas, which became known hundreds of years ago as "the Athens of Cuba. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • She was born and raised in Matanzas, located about 60 miles east of Havana, and her mother and sister remained there after Campos-Pons left in the early 1990s. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • It's always been a special place that I love to come home to for inspiration and restorative energy," Campos-Pons said. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • For many years, Campos-Pons has been advocating for the Havana Biennial to put a spotlight on the art and culture of Matanzas. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • I have been thinking for very long time of how to highlight the beauty and cultural history of this amazing city, which had a very strong economy as the center of the sugar industry and a significant black population that preserved the traditions of the African diaspora," Campos-Pons said. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • I am thrilled that Campos-Pons has been able to build a bridge between Vanderbilt University and the 13th Havana Biennial," said Mark Hosford , associate professor of art and department chair. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • In addition, some students in one of Campos-Pons' classes, "Selected Topics - Artists and Social Design," are traveling to Cuba to take part in the biennial. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • Campos-Pons is hoping that Nashville is on its way to becoming a sister city of Matanzas. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • from Latin pons, "bridge") is part of the brainstem that in humans and other bipeds lies inferior to the midbrain, superior to the medulla oblongata and anterior to the cerebellum. (wikipedia.org)
  • The junction of pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum forms an angle - the cerebellopontine angle. (wikipedia.org)
  • During embryonic development, the metencephalon develops from the rhombencephalon and gives rise to two structures: the pons and the cerebellum. (wikipedia.org)
  • A rare genetic syndrome with a central nervous system malformation as a major feature, characterized by cortical malformations including posterior predominant lissencephaly and diffuse pachygyria, as well as midline crossing defects, thin corpus callosum, dysplastic hippocampi, narrowing of the brainstem with small pons and midbrain, widening of the medulla, and small cerebellum. (orpha.net)
  • The superior pontine sulcus separates the pons from the midbrain. (wikipedia.org)
  • The proportion, quantity or volume in the midbrain (the middle of the three cerebral vesicles of the embryo or the corresponding part of the adult brain) and neighboring pons (between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain) of a monoamine neurotransmitter derived primarily from tryptophan. (mcw.edu)
  • The brainstem is divided into the medulla, pons, and midbrain. (medscape.com)
  • citation needed] The horizontal medullopontine sulcus demarcates the boundary between the pons and medulla oblongata on the ventral aspect of the brainstem, and the roots of cranial nerves VI/VII/VIII emerge from the brainstem along this groove. (wikipedia.org)
  • posterolateral view Median sagittal section of brain Nuclei of the pons and brainstem Cerebrum. (wikipedia.org)
  • Within the brainstem is the pons, a specialized area that serves as a major relay center between the brain and the bladder (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • Benjamin Marx & Vincent Pons & Vincent Rollet, 2022. (repec.org)
  • Vincenzo Galasso & Vincent Pons & Paola Profeta & Michael Becher & Sylvain Brouard & Martial Foucault, 2022. (repec.org)
  • Aïcha Ben Dhia & Bruno Crépon & Esther Mbih & Louise Paul-Delvaux & Bertille Picard & Vincent Pons, 2022. (repec.org)
  • Nikolaj Broberg & Vincent Pons & Clemence Tricaud, 2022. (repec.org)
  • Laurent Bouton & Julia Cagé & Edgard Dewitte & Vincent Pons, 2022. (repec.org)
  • Kevin Dano & Francesco Ferlenga & Vincenzo Galasso & Caroline Le Pennec & Vincent Pons, 2022. (repec.org)
  • Read a profile of the 21-year-old internet star Lele Pons and you'll hear a story of success, comedy and glamour. (nme.com)
  • My experiences with Lele Pons have always sucked. (nme.com)
  • If you know anything about her relationship with Amanda Cerny, it makes a lot of sense because Lele Pons is cuckoo for coco puffs when it comes to numbers. (nme.com)
  • So yeah, Lele Pons, you are one of the rudest YouTubers I've ever met in person," Jessi says. (nme.com)
  • Spanish mountaineer Jordi Pons-Sangines has been elected honorary member of the UIAA. (theuiaa.org)
  • The pons can be broadly divided into two parts: the basilar part of the pons (ventral pons), and the pontine tegmentum (dorsal pons). (wikipedia.org)
  • The ventral aspect of the pons faces the clivus, with the pontine cistern intervening between the two structures. (wikipedia.org)
  • There is a bulge to either side of the basilar sulcus, created by the pontine nuclei that are interweaved amid the descending fibres within the substance of the pons. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most of the pons is supplied by the pontine arteries, which arise from the basilar artery. (wikipedia.org)
  • The mechanical process of urination is coordinated in an area of the pons known as the pontine micturition center (PMC). (medscape.com)
  • The ventral surface of the pons features a midline basilar sulcus along which the basilar artery may or may not course. (wikipedia.org)
  • A smaller portion of the pons is supplied by the anterior and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries. (wikipedia.org)
  • You are now viewing a selection of 2 artworks by Andre Pontes . (sito.org)
  • at art basel in 2005, florida-based architect luis pons presented his visionary 'fabulous floating inflatable villa' - a billowing structure seen offshore in miami as commentary on the egoistic 'mcmansion' culture of contemporary american society of that time. (designboom.com)
  • In a critical examination of Pons' content, YouTuber Eddy Burback notes that despite being 21, Pons still centres her videos on school life and aims her videos squarely at children. (nme.com)
  • The pons relays afferent information from the bladder to higher brain centers, which in turn communicate with the periaqueductal gray matter, a relay station that collects higher brain center intput and processes this in order to signal the PMC to trigger or suppress the voiding reflex. (medscape.com)
  • The pons is a major relay center between the brain and the bladder. (medscape.com)
  • These ideas are reflected in the collected papers of this edition of Pons Aelius, whether that is seen during the First Crusade, in 19th century Spain or in Ancient Rome. (blogspot.com)
  • Pons Aelius does not accept repeats/variations of already published articles and does its utmost to tackle plagarism (though it does not possesses specialist software to do so). (blogspot.com)
  • Nine months later, another former Viner, JessiSmiles , discusses her dealings with Pons in a YouTube video called 'The Rudest YouTubers I've Ever Met' - a list that also includes the now-infamous Logan Paul . (nme.com)
  • Since lampreys possess a pons, it has been argued that it must have evolved as a region distinct from the medulla by the time the first agnathans appeared, 525 million years ago. (wikipedia.org)
  • following seven years of a palpably shifting real estate climate, pons re-introduced the piece as part of miami design district inventory project with 'the deflated villa' during art basel miami beach 2012 in a completely new context - the antithesis of its predecessor. (designboom.com)
  • The pons is also called the pons Varolii ("bridge of Varolius"), after the Italian anatomist and surgeon Costanzo Varolio (1543-75). (wikipedia.org)
  • When the bladder becomes full, the stretch receptors of the detrusor muscle send a signal to the pons, which in turn notifies the brain. (medscape.com)
  • Usually the brain takes over the control of the pons, via the periaqueducatal gray matter, when children undergo toilet training. (medscape.com)
  • Well, here was my answer: nourish the strings to sound as vibrant and alive as they came across in the Barbican hothouse yesterday evening - I know Wilson does, and Pons apparently built on that - and there's your identity. (theartsdesk.com)
  • The Helmut Newton Effect - Paying tribute to the prolific Helmut Newton, the latest issue of GQ Spain enlists Sergi Pons ( Motif Management ) for an erotic black and white story. (fashiongonerogue.com)
  • The superior cerebellar artery winds around the upper margin of the pons. (wikipedia.org)
  • Village in the upper Orb Valley, with bakery-grocery and bar-restaurant at some minutes from Saint Pons de Thomieres, 5 minutes from Olargues, 25 minutes from Lamalou les Bains, 1h30 from Montpellier and Beziers airports and from the coast. (frenchentree.com)
  • Pons Aelius, published bi-annually, is designed to be a platform for postgraduate students and early career researchers to present their research to a new, wider audience. (blogspot.com)