Polysaccharides bacterial. Medical search

Polysaccharides found in bacteria and in capsules thereof.

An envelope of loose gel surrounding a bacterial cell which is associated with the virulence of pathogenic bacteria. Some capsules have a well-defined border, whereas others form a slime layer that trails off into the medium. Most capsules consist of relatively simple polysaccharides but there are some bacteria whose capsules are made of polypeptides.

Cell wall components constituting a polysaccharide core found in fungi. They may act as antigens or structural substrates.

The sequence of carbohydrates within POLYSACCHARIDES; GLYCOPROTEINS; and GLYCOLIPIDS.

The lipopolysaccharide-protein somatic antigens, usually from gram-negative bacteria, important in the serological classification of enteric bacilli. The O-specific chains determine the specificity of the O antigens of a given serotype. O antigens are the immunodominant part of the lipopolysaccharide molecule in the intact bacterial cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

A methylpentose whose L- isomer is found naturally in many plant glycosides and some gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a carbohydrate.

The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.

Simple sugars, carbohydrates which cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis. They are colorless crystalline substances with a sweet taste and have the same general formula CnH2nOn. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Semisynthetic vaccines consisting of polysaccharide antigens from microorganisms attached to protein carrier molecules. The carrier protein is recognized by macrophages and T-cells thus enhancing immunity. Conjugate vaccines induce antibody formation in people not responsive to polysaccharide alone, induce higher levels of antibody, and show a booster response on repeated injection.

High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.

Acids derived from monosaccharides by the oxidation of the terminal (-CH2OH) group farthest removed from the carbonyl group to a (-COOH) group. (From Stedmans, 26th ed)

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

Polysaccharides composed of repeating galactose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages.

Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.

Polysaccharides composed of repeating glucose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages.

Suspensions of attenuated or killed bacteria administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious bacterial disease.

A species of gram-negative, aerobic BACTERIA. It is a commensal and pathogen only of humans, and can be carried asymptomatically in the NASOPHARYNX. When found in cerebrospinal fluid it is the causative agent of cerebrospinal meningitis (MENINGITIS, MENINGOCOCCAL). It is also found in venereal discharges and blood. There are at least 13 serogroups based on antigenic differences in the capsular polysaccharides; the ones causing most meningitis infections being A, B, C, Y, and W-135. Each serogroup can be further classified by serotype, serosubtype, and immunotype.

Polysaccharides consisting of xylose units.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The largest class of organic compounds, including STARCH; GLYCOGEN; CELLULOSE; POLYSACCHARIDES; and simple MONOSACCHARIDES. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n.

A species of the fungus CRYPTOCOCCUS. Its teleomorph is Filobasidiella neoformans.

A strong oxidizing agent.

Process of determining and distinguishing species of bacteria or viruses based on antigens they share.

An aldohexose that occurs naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins. Deficiency of galactosyl-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALACTOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYL-TRANSFERASE DEFICIENCY DISEASE) causes an error in galactose metabolism called GALACTOSEMIA, resulting in elevations of galactose in the blood.

Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of glycosyl groups to an acceptor. Most often another carbohydrate molecule acts as an acceptor, but inorganic phosphate can also act as an acceptor, such as in the case of PHOSPHORYLASES. Some of the enzymes in this group also catalyze hydrolysis, which can be regarded as transfer of a glycosyl group from the donor to water. Subclasses include the HEXOSYLTRANSFERASES; PENTOSYLTRANSFERASES; SIALYLTRANSFERASES; and those transferring other glycosyl groups. EC 2.4.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.

A mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, of the POLYPORALES order of basidiomycetous fungi. It has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine in various forms.

Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units.

Carbohydrates consisting of between two (DISACCHARIDES) and ten MONOSACCHARIDES connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Multicellular marine macroalgae including some members of red (RHODOPHYTA), green (CHLOROPHYTA), and brown (PHAEOPHYTA) algae. They are widely distributed in the ocean, occurring from the tide level to considerable depths, free-floating (planktonic) or anchored to the substratum (benthic). They lack a specialized vascular system but take up fluids, nutrients, and gases directly from the water. They contain CHLOROPHYLL and are photosynthetic, but some also contain other light-absorbing pigments. Many are of economic importance as FOOD, fertilizer, AGAR, potash, or source of IODINE.

A bacterium which causes mastitis in cattle and occasionally in man.

Term used to designate tetrahydroxy aldehydic acids obtained by oxidation of hexose sugars, i.e. glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, etc. Historically, the name hexuronic acid was originally given to ascorbic acid.

A mitosporic Tremellales fungal genus whose species usually have a capsule and do not form pseudomycellium. Teleomorphs include Filobasidiella and Fidobasidium.

Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.

A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in CELLOBIOSE. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations.

Encrustations, formed from microbes (bacteria, algae, fungi, plankton, or protozoa) embedding in extracellular polymers, that adhere to surfaces such as teeth (DENTAL DEPOSITS); PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS; and catheters. Biofilms are prevented from forming by treating surfaces with DENTIFRICES; DISINFECTANTS; ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; and antifouling agents.

An analytical technique for resolution of a chemical mixture into its component compounds. Compounds are separated on an adsorbent paper (stationary phase) by their varied degree of solubility/mobility in the eluting solvent (mobile phase).

A group of carbon-oxygen lyases. These enzymes catalyze the breakage of a carbon-oxygen bond in polysaccharides leading to an unsaturated product and the elimination of an alcohol. EC 4.2.2.

Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction.

A hexose or fermentable monosaccharide and isomer of glucose from manna, the ash Fraxinus ornus and related plants. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.

A division of predominantly marine EUKARYOTA, commonly known as brown algae, having CHROMATOPHORES containing carotenoid PIGMENTS, BIOLOGICAL. ALGINATES and phlorotannins occur widely in all major orders. They are considered the most highly evolved algae because of their well-developed multicellular organization and structural complexity.

Gram-negative bacteria occurring in the lower intestinal tracts of man and other animals. It is the most common species of anaerobic bacteria isolated from human soft tissue infections.

Proteins that bind to particles and cells to increase susceptibility to PHAGOCYTOSIS, especially ANTIBODIES bound to EPITOPES that attach to FC RECEPTORS. COMPLEMENT C3B may also participate.

The study of serum, especially of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro.

Glucose polymers consisting of a backbone of beta(1->3)-linked beta-D-glucopyranosyl units with beta(1->6) linked side chains of various lengths. They are a major component of the CELL WALL of organisms and of soluble DIETARY FIBER.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.

The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.

Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

Strains of Neisseria meningitidis responsible for most sporadic cases in teenagers and almost all outbreaks of disease in this age group. These strains are less common in infants.

Hydrofluoric acid. A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns.

A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment.

Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid.

The engulfing and degradation of microorganisms; other cells that are dead, dying, or pathogenic; and foreign particles by phagocytic cells (PHAGOCYTES).

Salts of alginic acid that are extracted from marine kelp and used to make dental impressions and as absorbent material for surgical dressings.

Any of a group of polysaccharides of the general formula (C6-H10-O5)n, composed of a long-chain polymer of glucose in the form of amylose and amylopectin. It is the chief storage form of energy reserve (carbohydrates) in plants.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

The fruiting 'heads' or 'caps' of FUNGI, which as a food item are familiarly known as MUSHROOMS, that contain the FUNGAL SPORES.

The natural bactericidal property of BLOOD due to normally occurring antibacterial substances such as beta lysin, leukin, etc. This activity needs to be distinguished from the bactericidal activity contained in a patient's serum as a result of antimicrobial therapy, which is measured by a SERUM BACTERICIDAL TEST.

Oligosaccharides containing two monosaccharide units linked by a glycosidic bond.

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen.

Powdered exudate from various Acacia species, especially A. senegal (Leguminosae). It forms mucilage or syrup in water. Gum arabic is used as a suspending agent, excipient, and emulsifier in foods and pharmaceuticals.

Physicochemical property of fimbriated (FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL) and non-fimbriated bacteria of attaching to cells, tissue, and nonbiological surfaces. It is a factor in bacterial colonization and pathogenicity.

Mannosides formed by the reaction of the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon atom of mannose with methyl alcohol. They include both alpha- and beta-methylmannosides.

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

Substances of fungal origin that have antigenic activity.

Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.

A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

Cellular processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of CARBOHYDRATES.

An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of UDPglucose to UDPglucuronate in the presence of NAD+. EC 1.1.1.22.

A linear polysaccharide of beta-1->4 linked units of ACETYLGLUCOSAMINE. It is the second most abundant biopolymer on earth, found especially in INSECTS and FUNGI. When deacetylated it is called CHITOSAN.

Heteropolysaccharides which contain an N-acetylated hexosamine in a characteristic repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating structure of each disaccharide involves alternate 1,4- and 1,3-linkages consisting of either N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine.

A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts.

Strains of Neisseria meningitidis responsible for most outbreaks of meningococcal disease in Western Europe and the United States in the first half of the 20th century. They continue to be a major cause of disease in Asia and Africa, and especially localized epidemics in Sub-Sahara Africa.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.

The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.

Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis.

A group of glucose polymers made by certain bacteria. Dextrans are used therapeutically as plasma volume expanders and anticoagulants. They are also commonly used in biological experimentation and in industry for a wide variety of purposes.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

A fulminant infection of the meninges and subarachnoid fluid by the bacterium NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS, producing diffuse inflammation and peri-meningeal venous thromboses. Clinical manifestations include FEVER, nuchal rigidity, SEIZURES, severe HEADACHE, petechial rash, stupor, focal neurologic deficits, HYDROCEPHALUS, and COMA. The organism is usually transmitted via nasopharyngeal secretions and is a leading cause of meningitis in children and young adults. Organisms from Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, B, C, Y, and W-135 have been reported to cause meningitis. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp689-701; Curr Opin Pediatr 1998 Feb;10(1):13-8)

A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera.

A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.

A phylum of fungi that produce their sexual spores (basidiospores) on the outside of the basidium. It includes forms commonly known as mushrooms, boletes, puffballs, earthstars, stinkhorns, bird's-nest fungi, jelly fungi, bracket or shelf fungi, and rust and smut fungi.

The rotation of linearly polarized light as it passes through various media.

A plant species of the family APIACEAE that is the source of dong quai.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to FUNGAL ANTIGENS.

Electrophoresis in which paper is used as the diffusion medium. This technique is confined almost entirely to separations of small molecules such as amino acids, peptides, and nucleotides, and relatively high voltages are nearly always used.

Fractionation of a vaporized sample as a consequence of partition between a mobile gaseous phase and a stationary phase held in a column. Two types are gas-solid chromatography, where the fixed phase is a solid, and gas-liquid, in which the stationary phase is a nonvolatile liquid supported on an inert solid matrix.

Deacetylated CHITIN, a linear polysaccharide of deacetylated beta-1,4-D-glucosamine. It is used in HYDROGEL and to treat WOUNDS.

One of the largest genera of BROWN ALGAE, comprised of more than 150 species found in tropical, subtropical, and temperate zones of both hemispheres. Some species are attached (benthic) but most float in the open sea (pelagic). Sargassum provides a critical habitat for hundreds of species of FISHES; TURTLES; and INVERTEBRATES.

The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.

A sulfated pentosyl polysaccharide with heparin-like properties.

A serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA which is the etiologic agent of TYPHOID FEVER.

Inorganic and organic derivatives of sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The salts and esters of sulfuric acid are known as SULFATES and SULFURIC ACID ESTERS respectively.

Infection with a fungus of the species CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).

A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A polysaccharide-producing species of STREPTOCOCCUS isolated from human dental plaque.

Gram-negative, non-motile, capsulated, gas-producing rods found widely in nature and associated with urinary and respiratory infections in humans.

A plant genus in the family FABACEAE, subfamily Papilionaceae, order Fabales, subclass Rosidae. Many of the species are associated with poisoning of grazing animals. Some of the species are used medicinally.

A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. It may also be epimerized to UDP iduronic acid, which donates iduronic acid to polysaccharides. In animals, UDP glucuronic acid is used for formation of many glucosiduronides with various aglycones.

Derivatives of GLUCURONIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include the 6-carboxy glucose structure.

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms arrange singly, in pairs, or short chains. This genus is commonly found in the intestinal tract and is an opportunistic pathogen that can give rise to bacteremia, pneumonia, urinary tract and several other types of human infection.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing antigenic polysaccharides from Haemophilus influenzae and designed to prevent infection. The vaccine can contain the polysaccharides alone or more frequently polysaccharides conjugated to carrier molecules. It is also seen as a combined vaccine with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine.

Vaccines used to prevent TYPHOID FEVER and/or PARATYPHOID FEVER which are caused by various species of SALMONELLA. Attenuated, subunit, and inactivated forms of the vaccines exist.

A species of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens (wound, burn, and urinary tract infections). It is also found widely distributed in soil and water. P. aeruginosa is a major agent of nosocomial infection.

A highly branched glucan in starch.

Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.

Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of glucose from a nucleoside diphosphate glucose to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. EC 2.4.1.-.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The clumping together of suspended material resulting from the action of AGGLUTININS.

A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE. Members contain CEREBROSIDES and SCOPOLETIN.

A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.

A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that activate PLANT ROOT NODULATION in leguminous plants. Members of this genus are nitrogen-fixing and common soil inhabitants.

A mass spectrometric technique that is used for the analysis of a wide range of biomolecules, such as glycoalkaloids, glycoproteins, polysaccharides, and peptides. Positive and negative fast atom bombardment spectra are recorded on a mass spectrometer fitted with an atom gun with xenon as the customary beam. The mass spectra obtained contain molecular weight recognition as well as sequence information.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

SUGARS containing an amino group. GLYCOSYLATION of other compounds with these amino sugars results in AMINOGLYCOSIDES.

The formaldehyde-inactivated toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It is generally used in mixtures with TETANUS TOXOID and PERTUSSIS VACCINE; (DTP); or with tetanus toxoid alone (DT for pediatric use and Td, which contains 5- to 10-fold less diphtheria toxoid, for other use). Diphtheria toxoid is used for the prevention of diphtheria; DIPHTHERIA ANTITOXIN is for treatment.

Enzymes that catalyze the epimerization of chiral centers within carbohydrates or their derivatives. EC 5.1.3.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.

A group of naturally occurring N-and O-acyl derivatives of the deoxyamino sugar neuraminic acid. They are ubiquitously distributed in many tissues.

A class of Echinodermata characterized by long, slender bodies.

Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.

Carbohydrates covalently linked to a nonsugar moiety (lipids or proteins). The major glycoconjugates are glycoproteins, glycopeptides, peptidoglycans, glycolipids, and lipopolysaccharides. (From Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Documents, 2d ed; From Principles of Biochemistry, 2d ed)

A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.

Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.

A species of STAPHYLOCOCCUS that is a spherical, non-motile, gram-positive, chemoorganotrophic, facultative anaerobe. Mainly found on the skin and mucous membrane of warm-blooded animals, it can be primary pathogen or secondary invader.

Any compound that contains a constituent sugar, in which the hydroxyl group attached to the first carbon is substituted by an alcoholic, phenolic, or other group. They are named specifically for the sugar contained, such as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose), etc. Upon hydrolysis, a sugar and nonsugar component (aglycone) are formed. (From Dorland, 28th ed; From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed)

A basidiomycetous fungal genus of the family Agaricaceae, order Agaricales, which includes the field mushroom (A. campestris) and the commercial mushroom (A. bisporus).

A natural high-viscosity mucopolysaccharide with alternating beta (1-3) glucuronide and beta (1-4) glucosaminidic bonds. It is found in the UMBILICAL CORD, in VITREOUS BODY and in SYNOVIAL FLUID. A high urinary level is found in PROGERIA.

A family of bracket fungi, order POLYPORALES, living in decaying plant matter and timber.

A genus of fungi in the family Ganodermataceae, order POLYPORALES, containing a dimitic hyphal system. It causes a white rot, and is a wood decomposer. Ganoderma lucidum (REISHI) is used in traditional Chinese medicine (MEDICINE, CHINESE TRADITIONAL).

Chinese herbal or plant extracts which are used as drugs to treat diseases or promote general well-being. The concept does not include synthesized compounds manufactured in China.

Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in soil, fecal matter, and sewage. It is an opportunistic pathogen and causes cystitis and pyelonephritis.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

A class of carbohydrates that contains five carbon atoms.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

A plant genus of the family APIACEAE that is the source of bupleurum root and of bupleurotoxin and is an ingredient of sho-saiko-to.

Sensitive tests to measure certain antigens, antibodies, or viruses, using their ability to agglutinate certain erythrocytes. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

An extensive order of basidiomycetous fungi whose fruiting bodies are commonly called mushrooms.

A species of HAEMOPHILUS found on the mucous membranes of humans and a variety of animals. The species is further divided into biotypes I through VIII.

A genus of BROWN ALGAE in the family Laminariaceae. Dried pencil-like pieces may be inserted in the cervix where they swell as they absorb moisture, serving as osmotic dilators.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

Mutagenesis where the mutation is caused by the introduction of foreign DNA sequences into a gene or extragenic sequence. This may occur spontaneously in vivo or be experimentally induced in vivo or in vitro. Proviral DNA insertions into or adjacent to a cellular proto-oncogene can interrupt GENETIC TRANSLATION of the coding sequences or interfere with recognition of regulatory elements and cause unregulated expression of the proto-oncogene resulting in tumor formation.

Strains of Neisseria meningitidis found mostly in Africa.

The formation of a solid in a solution as a result of a chemical reaction or the aggregation of soluble substances into complexes large enough to fall out of solution.

Polysaccharides composed of D-fructose units.

Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.

A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.

Techniques used to separate mixtures of substances based on differences in the relative affinities of the substances for mobile and stationary phases. A mobile phase (fluid or gas) passes through a column containing a stationary phase of porous solid or liquid coated on a solid support. Usage is both analytical for small amounts and preparative for bulk amounts.

Plants of the division Rhodophyta, commonly known as red algae, in which the red pigment (PHYCOERYTHRIN) predominates. However, if this pigment is destroyed, the algae can appear purple, brown, green, or yellow. Two important substances found in the cell walls of red algae are AGAR and CARRAGEENAN. Some rhodophyta are notable SEAWEED (macroalgae).

A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.

The resistance that a gaseous or liquid system offers to flow when it is subjected to shear stress. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A plant genus of the family FABACEAE known for its sour fruit.

A necessary enzyme in the metabolism of galactose. It reversibly catalyzes the conversion of UDPglucose to UDPgalactose. NAD+ is an essential component for enzymatic activity. EC 5.1.3.2.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS.

A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped enterobacteria that can use citrate as the sole source of carbon.

Mushrooms in the order AGARICALES containing B vitamins, cortinelin, and the polysaccharide LENTINAN.

A genus of aerobic, gram-negative, motile, slightly curved, rod-shaped bacteria. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)

Separation of a mixture in successive stages, each stage removing from the mixture some proportion of one of the substances, for example by differential solubility in water-solvent mixtures. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The aggregation of ERYTHROCYTES by AGGLUTININS, including antibodies, lectins, and viral proteins (HEMAGGLUTINATION, VIRAL).

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that is extremely pathogenic and causes severe dysentery. Infection with this organism often leads to ulceration of the intestinal epithelium.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

Methodologies used for the isolation, identification, detection, and quantitation of chemical substances.

Nitrous acid (HNO2). A weak acid that exists only in solution. It can form water-soluble nitrites and stable esters. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

Compounds consisting of glucosamine and lactate joined by an ether linkage. They occur naturally as N-acetyl derivatives in peptidoglycan, the characteristic polysaccharide composing bacterial cell walls. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

An unbranched glucan in starch.

An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.

The relationship between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other or a relationship between different species where both of the organisms in question benefit from the presence of the other.

Repertoire of human antibodies against the polysaccharide capsule of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6B. (1/4132)

We examined the repertoire of antibodies to Streptococcus pneumoniae 6B capsular polysaccharide induced with the conventional polysaccharide vaccine in adults at the molecular level two ways. In the first, we purified from the sera of seven vaccinees antipneumococcal antibodies and determined their amino acid sequences. Their VH regions are mainly the products of VH3 family genes (candidate genes, 3-23, 3-07, 3-66, and 3-74), but the product of a VH1 family gene (candidate gene, 1-03) is occasionally used. All seven individuals have small amounts of polyclonal kappa+ antibodies (Vkappa1 to Vkappa4 families), although kappa+ antibodies are occasionally dominated by antibodies formed with the product of the A27 Vkappa gene. In contrast, lambda+ anti-6B antibodies are dominated by the antibodies derived from one of 3 very similar Vlambda2 family genes (candidate genes, 2c, 2e, and 2a2) and Clambda1 gene product. The Vlambda2(+) antibodies express the 8.12 idiotype, which is expressed on anti-double-stranded-DNA antibodies. In one case, Vlambda is derived from a rarely expressed Vlambda gene, 10a. In the second approach, we studied a human hybridoma (Dob1) producing anti-6B antibody. Its VH region sequence is closely related to those of the 3-15 VH gene (88% nucleotide homology) and JH4 (92% homology). Its VL region is homologous to the 2a2 Vlambda2 gene (91%) and Jlambda1/Clambda1. Taken together, the V region of human anti-6B antibodies is commonly formed by a VH3 and a Vlambda2 family gene product. (+info)

Isolation and chemical characterization of a capsular polysaccharide antigen shared by clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecalis and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. (2/4132)

Enterococci are a common cause of serious infections, especially in newborns, severely immunocompromised patients, and patients requiring intensive care. To characterize enterococcal surface antigens that are targets of opsonic antibodies, rabbits were immunized with various gentamicin-killed Enterococcus faecalis strains, and immune sera were tested in an opsonophagocytic assay against a selection of clinical isolates. Serum raised against one strain killed the homologous strain (12030) at a dilution of 1:5,120 and mediated opsonic killing of 33% of all strains tested. In addition, this serum killed two (28%) of seven vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium strains. Adsorption of sera with the homologous strain eliminated killing activity. The adsorbing antigens were resistant to treatment with proteinase K and to boiling for 1 h, but were susceptible to treatment with sodium periodate, indicating that the antigen inducing opsonic activity is a polysaccharide. Antibodies in immune rabbit sera reacted with a capsule-like structure visualized by electron microscopy both on the homologous E. faecalis strain and on a vancomycin-resistant E. faecium strain. The capsular polysaccharides from E. faecalis 12030 and E. faecium 838970 were purified, and chemical and structural analyses indicated they were identical glycerol teichoic acid-like molecules with a carbohydrate backbone structure of 6-alpha-D-glucose-1-2 glycerol-3-PO4 with substitution on carbon 2 of the glucose with an alpha-2-1-D-glucose residue. The purified antigen adsorbed opsonic killing activity from immune rabbit sera and elicited high titers of antibodies (when used to immunize rabbits) that both mediated opsonic killing of bacteria and bound to a capsule-like structure visualized by electron microscopy. These results indicate that approximately one-third of a sample of 15 E. faecalis strains and 7 vancomycin-resistant E. faecium strains possess shared capsular polysaccharides that are targets of opsonophagocytic antibodies and therefore are potential vaccine candidates. (+info)

Marmoset species variation in the humoral antibody response: in vivo and in vitro studies. (3/4132)

A comparison of the in vivo and in vitro antibody response capabilities of two marmoset species, Saguinus fuscicollis and Saguinus oedipus oedipus, revealed the former to be superior in elaborating humoral antibody. In vivo challenges with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Salmonella typhi flagella consistently yielded higher antibody titres in S. fuscicollis; indeed, with LPS antigen, multiple inoculations of S.o. oedipus marmosets led ultimately to a decrease in antibody formation, in contrast to the anamnestic response of S. fuscicollis. This species differential in immune competence was also suggested in the in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood leucocytes (PBL) and spleen cells with sheep red blood cells (RBC). None of 55 S.o. oedipus PBL cultures and 49 of 89 (55%) S. fuscicollis cultures responded to the test antigen. A similar differential in response to sheep RBC was noted with the spleen cells of each species, although this report contrasts the antibody-forming potential of two marmoset species, a comparison of the immunological response profile of marmosets to those of other laboratory animals challenged with similar antigens suggests these primates may be relatively incompetent. The possible relationship between the haemopoietic chimerism of marmosets and a diminished immune competence is discussed. (+info)

Regulated exopolysaccharide production in Myxococcus xanthus. (4/4132)

Myxococcus xanthus fibrils are cell surface-associated structures composed of roughly equal amounts of polysaccharide and protein. The level of M. xanthus polysaccharide production under different conditions in the wild type and in several mutants known to have alterations in fibril production was investigated. Wild-type exopolysaccharide increased significantly as cells entered the stationary phase of growth or upon addition of Ca2+ to growing cells, and the polysaccharide-induced cells exhibited an enhanced capacity for cell-cell agglutination. The activity of the key gluconeogenic pathway enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (Pck) also increased under these conditions. Most fibril-deficient mutants failed to produce polysaccharide in a stationary-phase- or Ca2+-dependent fashion. However, regulation of Pck activity was generally unimpaired in these mutant strains. In an stk mutant, which overproduces fibrils, polysaccharide production and Pck activity were constitutively high under the conditions tested. Polysaccharide production increased in most fibril-deficient strains when an stk mutant allele was present, indicating that these fibril-deficient mutants retained the basic cellular components required for fibril polysaccharide production. In contrast to other divalent cations tested, Sr2+ effectively replaced Ca2+ in stimulating polysaccharide production, and either Ca2+ or Sr2+ was required for fruiting-body formation by wild-type cells. By using transmission electron microscopy of freeze-substituted log-phase wild-type cells, fibril material was observed as a cell surface-associated layer of uniform thickness composed of filaments with an ordered structure. (+info)

Tn5-induced and spontaneous switching of Sinorhizobium meliloti to faster-swarming behavior. (5/4132)

Tn5 mutants of Sinorhizobium meliloti RMB7201 which swarmed 1.5 to 2. 5 times faster than the parental strain in semisolid agar, moist sand, and viscous liquid were identified. These faster-swarming (FS) mutants outgrew the wild type 30- to 40-fold within 2 days in mixed swarm colonies. The FS mutants survived and grew as well as or better than the wild type under all of the circumstances tested, except in a soil matrix subjected to air drying. Exopolysaccharide (EPS) synthesis was reduced in each of the FS mutants when they were grown on defined succinate-nitrate medium, but the extent of reduction was different for each. It appears that FS behavior likely results from a modest, general derepression of motility involving an increased proportion of motile and flagellated cells and an increased average number of flagella per cell and increased average flagellar length. Spontaneous FS variants of RMB7201 were obtained at a frequency of about 1 per 10,000 to 20,000 cells by either enrichment from the periphery of swarm colonies or screening of colonies for reduced EPS synthesis on succinate-nitrate plates. The spontaneous FS variants and Tn5 FS mutants were symbiotically effective and competitive in alfalfa nodulation. Reversion of FS variants to wild-type behavior was sporadic, indicating that reversion is affected by unidentified environmental factors. Based on phenotypic and molecular differences between individual FS variants and mutants, it appears that there may be multiple genetic configurations that result in FS behavior in RMB7201. The facile isolation of spontaneous FS variants of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa indicates that switching to FS behavior may be fairly common among bacterial species. The substantial growth advantage of FS mutants and variants wherever nutrient gradients exist suggests that switching to FS forms may be an important behavioral adaptation in natural environments. (+info)

Maternal immunization. (6/4132)

Maternal immunization can enhance passive immunity of infants to pathogens that cause life-threatening illnesses. In most instances, immunization during pregnancy will provide important protection for the woman as well as for her offspring. The tetanus toxoid and influenza vaccines are examples of vaccines that provide a double benefit. Other vaccines under evaluation include those for respiratory syncytial virus, pneumococci, group B streptococci, and Haemophilus influenzae type b. Although most IgG antibody crosses the placenta in the third trimester, the process is time-dependent, dictating that immunization should be accomplished ideally at least 6 weeks prior to delivery. IgG1 antibodies are transferred preferentially. Maternal immunization has not interfered with active immunization of the infant. Inactivated vaccines administered in the third trimester of pregnancy pose no known risk to the woman or to her fetus. (+info)

Transfection of human macrophages by lipoplexes via the combined use of transferrin and pH-sensitive peptides. (7/4132)

The crucial function of macrophages in a variety of biological processes and pathologies render these cells important targets for gene therapeutic interventions. Commonly used synthetic gene delivery vectors have not been successful in transfecting these non-dividing cells. A combination strategy involving cationic liposomes to condense and carry DNA, transferrin to facilitate cellular uptake, and the pH-sensitive peptide GALA to promote endosome destabilization, resulted in significant expression of a luciferase gene. Transfection of macrophages was dependent on the degree of differentiation of the cells. The quaternary complexes of cationic liposomes, DNA, transferrin, and GALA exhibited a net negative charge, which may obviate a limitation of cationic synthetic vectors in vivo. The lack of cytotoxicity and the expected lack of immunogenicity of these complexes may render them useful for gene delivery to macrophages in vivo. (+info)

Altered expression profile of the surface glycopeptidolipids in drug-resistant clinical isolates of Mycobacterium avium complex. (8/4132)

Members of the Mycobacterium avium complex are the most frequently encountered opportunistic bacterial pathogens among patients in the advanced stage of AIDS. Two clinical isolates of the same strain, numbers 397 and 417, were obtained from an AIDS patient with disseminated M. avium complex infection before and after treatment with a regimen of clarithromycin and ethambutol. To identify the biochemical consequence of drug treatment, the expression and chemical composition of their major cell wall constituents, the arabinogalactan, lipoarabinomannan, and the surface glycopeptidolipids (GPL), were critically examined. Through thin layer chromatography, mass spectrometry, and chemical analysis, it was found that the GPL expression profiles differ significantly in that several apolar GPLs were overexpressed in the clinically resistant 417 isolate at the expense of the serotype 1 polar GPL, which was the single predominant band in the ethambutol-susceptible 397 isolate. Thus, instead of additional rhamnosylation on the 6-deoxytalose (6-dTal) appendage to give the serotype 1-specific disaccharide hapten, the accumulation of this nonextended apolar GPL probably provided more precursor substrate available for further nonsaccharide substitutions including a higher degree of O-methylation to give 3-O-Me-6-dTal and the unusual 4-O-sulfation on 6-dTal. Further data showed that this alteration effectively neutralized ethambutol, which is known to inhibit arabinan synthesis. Thus, in contrast with derived Emb-resistant mutants of Mycobacterium smegmatis or Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which are devoid of a surface GPL layer, the lipoarabinomannan from resistant 417 isolate grown in the presence of this drug was not apparently truncated. (+info)

... bacterial exporters". Microbiol. Rev. 57 (4): 995-1017. doi:10.1128/mmbr.57.4.995-1017.1993. PMC 372944. PMID 8302219. Paulsen ... and capsular polysaccharide, whereas its 3 products are ADP, phosphate, and capsular polysaccharide. This enzyme belongs to the ... In enzymology, a capsular-polysaccharide-transporting ATPase (EC 7.6.2.2) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP phosphohydrolase (capsular-polysaccharide-exporting). Fath MJ, Kolter R (1993 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsular-polysaccharide-transporting_ATPase

Harada T. (1983). "Special bacterial polysaccharides and polysaccharases". Biochem Soc Symp. 48: 97-116. PMID 6400487. ... Yokobayashi Y, et al.. Process for producing bacterial isoamylase. US Patent 3,560,345 dated Feb 2 1971. "ATCC: Bacteria ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_amyloderamosa

Bhamidi S (2009). "Mycobacterial Cell Wall Arabinogalactan". Bacterial Polysaccharides: Current Innovations and Future Trends. ... Bacterial and Viral Bioinformatics Resource Center: Genomes, proteins, epitopes, and pathways of mycobacteria Merck Manual - ... Mycobacteria can be grown by bacterial culture, but are slowly growing, and 6-8 weeks are generally required before concluding ... The cell wall consists of the hydrophobic mycolate layer and a peptidoglycan layer held together by a polysaccharide, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium

Bacterial fermentation of undigested polysaccharides produces these. Some of the fecal odor is due to indoles, metabolized from ... Other bacterial products include gas (flatus), which is a mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide, with small amounts of the ... Undigested polysaccharides (fiber) are metabolized to short-chain fatty acids by bacteria in the large intestine and absorbed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_intestine

2009). Bacterial Polysaccharides: Current Innovations and Future Trends. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-45-5. ... Polysaccharide capsule. N. meningitidis has a polysaccharide capsule that surrounds the outer membrane of the bacterium and ... N. meningitidis (also called the meningococcus) is one of the most common causes of bacterial meningitis and the causative ... ISBN 978-0-8385-8529-0. Early Canine Plaque Biofilms: Characterization of Key Bacterial Interactions Involved in Initial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria

2009). Bacterial Polysaccharides: Current Innovations and Future Trends. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-45-5.[page ... algal EPS has similar components to the bacterial one; it is made up of proteins, phospholipids, polysaccharides, nucleic acids ... Welman AD (2009). "Exploitation of Exopolysaccharides from lactic acid bacteria". Bacterial Polysaccharides: Current ... Microorganisms synthesize a wide spectrum of multifunctional polysaccharides including intracellular polysaccharides, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular_polymeric_substance

Welman AD (2009). "Exploitation of Exopolysaccharides from lactic acid bacteria". Bacterial Polysaccharides: Current ... While most of the bacterial isolates, were able to produce IAA, phosphate-solubilization was limited to only one of the eight ... The first contact between an infecting phage and its bacterial host is the phage's attaching to the host cell. This attachment ... Gram-positive LAB have a thick peptidoglycan layer, which must be traversed to inject the phage genome into the bacterial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactic_acid_bacteria

2009). Bacterial Polysaccharides: Current Innovations and Future Trends. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-45-5. Hill ... To differentiate any bacterial growth from other species a small amount of a bacterial colony is tested for oxidase, catalase ... A meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (MPSV4) has been available since the 1970s and is the only meningococcal vaccine ... It causes the only form of bacterial meningitis known to occur epidemically, mainly in Africa and Asia. It occurs worldwide in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria_meningitidis

Bhamidi S (2009). "Mycobacterial Cell Wall Arabinogalactan". Bacterial Polysaccharides: Current Innovations and Future Trends. ... "Human Intelectin Is a Novel Soluble Lectin That Recognizes Galactofuranose in Carbohydrate Chains of Bacterial Cell Wall". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabinogalactan

"CTAB in polysaccharide (bacterial) vaccines". 22 October 2021. Archived from the original on 2017-05-17. Mehta, S. K.; Kumar, ... Separation is also successful when the tissue contains high amounts of polysaccharides. CTAB binds to the polysaccharides when ... Cells typically have high concentrations of macromolecules, such as glycoproteins and polysaccharides, that co-precipitate with ... as a purification agent in the downstream vaccine processing of polysaccharide vaccines. Glycoproteins form broad, fuzzy bands ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetrimonium_bromide

Finn, Adam (1 January 2004). "Bacterial polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines". British Medical Bulletin. 70 (1): 1-14. doi ... The shortcomings of the polysaccharide vaccine led to the production of the Hib polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine. The ... Attaching Hib polysaccharide to a protein carrier greatly increased the ability of the immune system of young children to ... Similar to other polysaccharide vaccines, immune response to the vaccine was highly age-dependent. Children under 18 months of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hib_vaccine

Cell-surface polysaccharides play diverse roles in bacterial ecology and physiology. They serve as a barrier between the cell ... Polysaccharides can be a straight chain of monosaccharides known as linear polysaccharides, or it can be branched known as a ... June 2020). "Modulation of bacterial multicellularity via spatio-specific polysaccharide secretion". PLOS Biology. 18 (6): ... Polysaccharides containing sulfate groups can be isolated from algae or obtained by chemical modification. Polysaccharides are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysaccharide

"Bacterial polysaccharide synthesis and gene nomenclature". Trends in Microbiology. 4 (12): 495-503. doi:10.1016/S0966-842X(97) ... who specialises in molecular microbiology and bacterial infectious diseases. Since 2018, he has been Vice-Chancellor of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Maskell

Polysaccharide matrices typically enclose bacterial biofilms. The matrix exopolysaccharides can trap QS autoinducers within the ... Bacterial autolysis is a key mechanism in biofilm structural regulation, providing an abundant source of competent DNA primed ... "Building Codes for Bacterial Cities , Quanta Magazine". Quanta Magazine. Retrieved 25 July 2017. Lear G, Lewis GD, eds. (2012 ... Bacterial biofilms start the colonization process by creating microenvironments that are more favorable for biofouling species ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilm

The matrix substances in the walls of gram-positive bacteria may be polysaccharides or teichoic acids. The latter are very ... Bacterial DNA can be located in two places: Bacterial chromosome, located in the irregularly shaped region known as the ... Flagella are whip-like structures protruding from the bacterial cell wall and are responsible for bacterial motility (movement ... the bacterial DNA is not enclosed inside of a membrane-bound nucleus but instead resides inside the bacterial cytoplasm. This ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_cell_structure

... is also incorporated into some bacterial capsular polysaccharides. Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and ... Along with l-guluronic acid, d-mannuronic acid is a component of alginic acid, a polysaccharide found predominantly in brown ... Ghosh, Pallab Kumar; Maiti, Tushar Kanti (2016). "Structure of Extracellular Polysaccharides (EPS) Produced by Rhizobia and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannuronic_acid

He also contributed towards solving the problems with bacterial polysaccharides. He was a recipient of the Nobel Prize in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Birmingham

"The Modulation of Adaptive Immune Responses by Bacterial Zwitterionic Polysaccharides". International Journal of Microbiology. ... Proteins and few polysaccharides have immunogenic properties, which allows them to induce humoral immune responses. Proteins ... Consequently, they may require conjugation with an epitope such as a protein or polysaccharide to increase immunogenic potency ... Proteins are significantly more immunogenic than polysaccharides. Immunogenicity is influenced by multiple characteristics of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunogenicity

Frasch, Carl E. (2009-10-30). "Preparation of bacterial polysaccharide-protein conjugates: analytical and manufacturing ... Zhou, Yang; Petrova, Stella P.; Edgar, Kevin J. (2021-11-15). "Chemical synthesis of polysaccharide-protein and polysaccharide- ... and click chemistry are common methods to synthesize polysaccharide-protein conjugates. Polysaccharide-protein conjugates are ... Polysaccharide-protein conjugates may have better solubility and stability, reduced immunogenicity, prolonged circulation time ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysaccharide–protein_conjugate

... of which regulates the production of polysaccharides making up the bacterial capsule. These polysaccharides help protect the ... Wzc - a tyrosine kinase found in the bacterial inner membrane. Participates in polymerization of capsule polysaccharides. Wzx ... Transfers new polysaccharide units across the inner membrane. Wzy - Assembles longer polysaccharide chains using units ... Whitfield C (2006). "Biosynthesis and assembly of capsular polysaccharides in Escherichia coli". Annual Review of Biochemistry ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPS_operon

Bacterial disease ice-ice infects Kappaphycus (red seaweed), turning its branches white. The disease caused heavy crop losses ... Carrageenans, alginates and agaroses, with other macroalgal polysaccharides, have biomedicine applications. Delisea pulchra may ... interfere with bacterial colonization. Sulfated saccharides from red and green algae inhibit some DNA and RNA-enveloped viruses ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaweed

GBS are surrounded by a bacterial capsule composed of polysaccharides (exopolysacharide). The species is subclassified into ten ... The capsular polysaccharide of GBS is not only an important GBS virulence factor but it is also an excellent candidate for the ... In the western world, GBS (in the absence of effective prevention measures) is the major cause of several bacterial infections ... GBS is the leading cause of bacterial neonatal infection in the baby during gestation and after delivery with significant ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_agalactiae

"Capsule polysaccharide mediates bacterial resistance to antimicrobial peptides". Infection and Immunity. 72 (12): 7107-7114. ... bacterial infection, IV Vancomycin, bacterial infection, IV. Guavanin 2, bacterial infection against Gram-positive and Gram- ... bacterial infections, IV Daptomycin, bacterial infections, IV Enfuvirtide, HIV, subcutaneous injection Oritavancin, bacterial ... AMPs can possess multiple activities including anti-gram-positive bacterial, anti-gram-negative bacterial, anti-fungal, anti- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial_peptides

Chao, Y.; Mitari, M.; Sugano, Y.; Shoda, M. (2001). "Effect of addition of water-soluble polysaccharides on bacterial ... One of the most important features of bacterial cellulose is its chemical purity. In addition to this, bacterial cellulose is ... In 1949, the microfibrillar structure of bacterial cellulose was characterized by Muhlethaler. Further bacterial cellulose ... Furthermore, bacterial cellulose can be produced on a variety of substrates and can be grown to virtually any shape due to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_cellulose

Mazmanian, Sarkis (2006). "The love-hate relationship between bacterial polysaccharides and the host immune system". Nature ... Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, a bacterial species in the ileum and colon, stimulates the gene encoding fucose, Fut2, in ... IgA coats pathogenic bacterial and viral surfaces (immune exclusion), preventing colonization by blocking their attachment to ... Nisin A inhibits methicillin-resistant S. aureus by binding to the precursor to bacterial cell wall synthesis, lipid II. This ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_symbiosis_and_immunity

Stacey's main research interest was in polysaccharides. He helped to develop bacterial polyglucose dextran as a blood plasma ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Stacey

June 2020). "Modulation of bacterial multicellularity via spatio-specific polysaccharide secretion". PLOS Biology. 18 (6): ... June 2020). "Modulation of bacterial multicellularity via spatio-specific polysaccharide secretion". PLOS Biology. 18 (6): ... Myxobacteria are used to study the polysaccharide production in gram-negative bacteria like the model Myxococcus xanthus which ... One species of myxobacteria, Minicystis rosea, has the largest known bacterial genome with over 16 million nucleotides. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobacteria

June 2020). "Modulation of bacterial multicellularity via spatio-specific polysaccharide secretion". PLOS Biology. 18 (6): ... Corynebacterium glutamicum is one of the most important bacterial species with an annual production of more than two million ... An example of model bacteria used to study motility or the production of polysaccharides and development is Myxococcus xanthus ... Wenner M (30 November 2007). "Humans Carry More Bacterial Cells than Human Ones". Scientific American. Retrieved 14 April 2017 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiology

It is a polysaccharide layer that lies outside the cell envelope, and is thus deemed part of the outer envelope of a bacterial ... Most bacterial capsules are composed of polysaccharide, but some species use other materials, such as poly-D-glutamic acid in ... Bacterial cell structure Quellung reaction, a method to visualize capsule under a microscope Peterson JW (1996). Bacterial ... polysaccharides are not highly antigenic, especially in children, so many capsular vaccines contain polysaccharides conjugated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_capsule

"Modulation of bacterial multicellularity via spatio-specific polysaccharide secretion". PLOS Biology. 18 (6): e3000728. doi: ... This motility depend on the presence of the Type IV pili and diverse polysaccharides. More than 37 genes are involved in the A- ... Nair, Ramith R.; Vasse, Marie; Wielgoss, Sébastien; Sun, Lei; Yu, Yuen-Tsu N.; Velicer, Gregory J. "Bacterial predator-prey ... the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Myxococcus xanthus preying on an E. coli colony Myxococcus xanthus fruiting body formation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxococcus_xanthus

Additionally, bacterial populations absorb nitrogen and phosphorus compounds as they pass by in the water stream and keep these ... Cellulose is a type of polysaccharide.) Many bacteria produce cellulase which can split off the glucose and use it for energy. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_dam

Bacterial metabolic networks are a striking example of bow-tie organization, an architecture able to input a wide range of ... The polysaccharides produced can have structural or metabolic functions themselves, or be transferred to lipids and proteins by ... As any of the hydroxyl groups on the ring of the substrate can be acceptors, the polysaccharides produced can have straight or ... Polysaccharides and glycans are made by the sequential addition of monosaccharides by glycosyltransferase from a reactive sugar ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism

After moving to the University of Rochester they developed a polysaccharide conjugate vaccine that worked in infants, too. This ... a leading cause of bacterial meningitis and epiglottitis. The techniques he and his colleague Ronald Eby invented were later ... Because animal tests of their first vaccine - a purified polysaccharide - were inconclusive, Anderson and his colleagues tested ... "A lucky career in bacterial vaccines." (2012) Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, vol 8, issue 4, pp. 420-422 Clark, Thornton ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_W_Anderson_Jr.

These polysaccharides are necessary for adherence to enamel, while these acids are essential for the synthesis of bacterial ... Hydrogen fluoride subsequently acidifies the bacterial cytoplasm, inactivating the essential enzymes for bacterial metabolism, ... and further generation of polysaccharides and acids. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topical_fluoride

The smooth LPS also inhibits host cell apoptosis by O-polysaccharides through a TNF-alpha-independent mechanism, which allows ... military contributions to the study of bacterial zoonoses." Military Medicine 170 (2005): 39-48. Bossi, P., Tegnell, A., Baka, ... "The intramacrophagic environment of Brucella suis and bacterial response". Veterinary Microbiology. 90 (1-4): 299-309. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucella_suis

The Vi polysaccharide vaccine is also effective at preventing typhoid fever. The recommended dose varies according to country ... Ty21a is a live attenuated bacterial vaccine that protects against typhoid. First licensed in Europe in 1983 and in the United ... and Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine). The vaccine is given by mouth. The vaccine is presented either as enteric coated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty21a

The bark is used to treat dysentery and bacterial infections of the skin, such as leprosy. It is also used as a stimulant. The ... Vachellia seyal is, along with other Vachellias, an important source for gum arabic, a natural polysaccharide, that exudes from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vachellia_seyal

The glycosylation process is important for the ability of Kingella kingae to form bacterial aggregates and to bind to epithelia ... Potential uses of glycoengineering tools include the creation of vaccines against protein-bound polysaccharides. Actinobacillus ... N-glycosyltransferases usually target adhesin proteins, which are involved in the attachment of bacterial cells to epithelia ( ... Nothaft H, Szymanski CM (March 2013). "Bacterial protein N-glycosylation: new perspectives and applications". The Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-glycosyltransferase

nov., an Extracellular-polysaccharide-producing Marine Bacterium." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary ... Type strain of Hahella ganghwensis at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase (Articles with short description, Short ... Nov., an Extracellular-polysaccharide-producing Marine Bacterium." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary ... the bacterial bioinformatics database and analysis resource". Nucleic Acids Res. 42 (Database issue): D581-91. doi:10.1093/nar/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hahella_ganghwensis

... longum in the gut is attributed to the glycoprotein-binding fimbriae structures and bacterial polysaccharides, the latter of ... Type strain of Bifidobacterium longum at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase New Strain of Bifidobacterium May Help ... "Isolation and characterization of exocellular polysaccharides produced by Bifidobacterium longum". Applied Microbiology and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium_longum

Bacterial cellulose is produced using the same family of proteins, although the gene is called BcsA for "bacterial cellulose ... Hemicelluloses are polysaccharides related to cellulose that comprises about 20% of the biomass of land plants. In contrast to ... The bacterial mass is later digested by the ruminant in its digestive system (stomach and small intestine). Horses use ... Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula (C 6H 10O 5) n, a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose

Its polysaccharide-metabolizing abilities make it a food source for other components of the microbiome. For example, while B. ... Sonnenburg, J. L. (25 March 2005). "Glycan Foraging in Vivo by an Intestine-Adapted Bacterial Symbiont". Science. 307 (5717): ... Its genome contains numerous genes specialized in digestion of polysaccharides. It is often used in research as a model ... The genome is notable for containing very large numbers of genes associated with breaking down polysaccharides, including ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroides_thetaiotaomicron

... bacterial conjugation - bacterial outer membrane protein - bacterial protein - bacteriorhodopsin - base (chemistry) - base pair ... polysaccharide - porphyrin - Posttranslational modification - potassium - potassium channel - potential energy - pregnancy ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

Diagnosis can be made by testing blood, cerebrospinal fluids, joint or pleural fluids for bacterial DNA via PCR or bacterial ... H. somni has the ability to produce a branching, mannose-galactose biofilm made primarily of polysaccharide. As previously ... Like other bacterial infections, antibiotic susceptibility assays should be performed and it has been reported that Hisotphilus ... Grissett, G.P.; White, B.J.; Larson, R.L. (2015). "Structured Literature Review of Responses of Cattle to Viral and Bacterial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histophilus_somni

Zinc salts inhibit bacterial growth by binding to sulfur to control plaque formation, as well as reduce foul oral odours. ... The accumulation of these bacteria, along with extracellular polysaccharides and salivary glycoproteins, leads to the formation ... Since small and toy breeds have a much smaller jaw but contain the same number of teeth, crowding allows higher bacterial build ... It acts by disrupting bacterial deposition and plaque formation on the teeth, further assisting in reducing gingivitis. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_health_diets_for_dogs

Bacterial gliding is a type of gliding motility that can also use pili for propulsion. The speed of gliding varies between ... Ejection or secretion of a polysaccharide slime from nozzles at either end of the cell body. Energized nano-machinery or large ... In the diagram above, right: Bacterial gliding is a process of motility whereby a bacterium can move under its own power. ... McBride, M. (2001). "Bacterial gliding motility: Multiple mechanisms for cell movement over surfaces". Annual Review of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliding_motility

As a more modest example, infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae (Hib), a major cause of bacterial meningitis and other ... DeStefano F, Price CS, Weintraub ES (August 2013). "Increasing exposure to antibody-stimulating proteins and polysaccharides in ... Vaccine burden: Miller E, Andrews N, Waight P, Taylor B (March 2003). "Bacterial infections, immune overload, and MMR vaccine. ... Formaldehyde is used in very small concentrations to inactivate viruses and bacterial toxins used in vaccines. Very small ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy

The bacterial nature of this organism was recognized by Thaxter in 1892, who grouped it among the Chrondromyces. It had been ... polysaccharides, proteins and other cellular detritus. Various other secreted compounds possibly involved in predation include ... Berleman, James E.; Kirby, John R. (September 2009). "Deciphering the hunting strategy of a bacterial wolfpack". FEMS Microbiol ... a bacterial "wolfpack" effect. The best studied of the myxobacteria, Myxococcus xanthus, has been shown to actively surround ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmatella_aurantiaca

... bacterial ABC-type protein transporter * EC 7.4.2.6: ABC-type oligopeptide transporter * EC 7.4.2.7: ABC-type α-factor- ... ABC-type capsular-polysaccharide transporter * EC 7.6.2.13: ABC-type autoinducer-2 transporter * EC 7.6.2.14: ABC-type ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_7)

Type strain of Neisseria polysaccharea at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase (Articles with short description, ... subflava because their ability to produce polysaccharide from sucrose was not determined. Other Neisseria species have been be ... was described in 1983 and is characterized by its ability to produce acid from glucose and maltose and polysaccharide from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria_polysaccharea

This method has been shown to cleave Lipid A from the polysaccharide in the LPS molecule (see right). The lipid moiety alone is ... When LPS is released upon bacterial cell lysis, the lipid A component is first bound by serum LPS-Binding Protein (LBP) and ... Bacterial pyrogens include endotoxins and exotoxins, although many pyrogens are endogenous to the host. Endotoxins include ... 17-20 LAL Update Depyrogenation LAL Update FDA Office of Regulatory Affairs: Inspection Technical Guide, Bacterial Endotoxins/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depyrogenation

2003) observed inhibiting bacterial growth with up to 83% of the efficacy of TBT oxide. Current research also aims to produce ... Yim JH, Kim SJ, Ahn SH, Lee HK (July 2003). "Optimal conditions for the production of sulfated polysaccharide by marine ... Simonin P, Jürgens UJ, Rohmer M (November 1996). "Bacterial triterpenoids of the hopane series from the prochlorophyte ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogenic_substance

Some diseases, such as tetanus, cause disease not by bacterial growth but by bacterial production of a toxin. Tetanus toxin is ... For example, a toxoid might be attached to a polysaccharide from the capsule of the bacteria responsible for most lobar ... Use of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine and 23-Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine (Report). Centers for Disease ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_induction_of_immunity

The highly antigenic toxoids help draw attention to weaker antigens such as polysaccharides found in the bacterial capsule. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxoid

Mobiluncus and other bacterial species cultured from vaginal content of women with bacterial vaginosis". Acta Pathologica et ... Possible explanations may be that cervicovaginal fluid and semen contain proteins, glycoproteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and ... Other bacterial species are frequently found in the vagina, such as the Gram positive cocci: Atopobium vaginae, ... Bacterial vaginosis is associated with the presence of Gardnerella vaginalis and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and a decrease ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginal_flora

It may be caused by sickle cell anemia, sarcoidosis, malaria, bacterial endocarditis, leukemia, polycythemia vera, pernicious ... In particular, there is an increased risk of sepsis from polysaccharide encapsulated bacteria. Encapsulated bacteria inhibit ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleen

nov., a polysaccharide-degrading bacterium isolated from an Indian mangrove". International Journal of Systematic and ... LPSN Type strain of Microbulbifer mangrovi at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase v t e (Articles with short ... Microbulbifer mangrovi is a polysaccharide-degrading bacterium isolated from an Indian mangrove, hence its name. It is rod- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbulbifer_mangrovi

Hehre EJ (1951). "Enzymic synthesis of polysaccharides: a biological type of polymerization". Advances in Enzymology and ... bacterial enzyme system (amylosucrase)". J. Biol. Chem. 177: 267-279. Portal: Biology v t e (EC 2.4.1, Enzymes of known ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amylosucrase

Evaluation of a candidate International Standard for Meningococcal Serogroup C polysaccharide Vipond, Caroline; Mulloy, ... collaborative study to evaluate a candidate international standard for Haemophilus Influenzae type B Capsular Polysaccharide / ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?authority=Polysaccharides%2C+Bacterial&type=mesh

This region encodes a mechanism for the uptake and metabolism of polysaccharides, including a polysaccharide utilization locus ... 2022). Polysaccharide metabolism regulates structural colour in bacterial colonies.. J R Soc Interface https://doi.org/10.1098/ ... In the case of bacterial colonies, structural colours stem for the periodic organization of the cells within the colony, and ... By analysing the optical properties of the colonies grown with and without specific polysaccharides, we found that the highly ...

https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/338573

... Academic Article ... Polysaccharide vaccines such as the Vi polysaccharide (ViPS) of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi induce efficient Ab responses ... IL-7 or a BCR encoded by a distal VH gene segment permitted young mice to respond efficiently to bacterial polysaccharides. ...

https://scholars.uab.edu/display/pub2058559

JP Nuorti, MD, DSc, CG Whitney, MD, Div of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, ... Underlying medical conditions or other indications for administration of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23 ... Updated recommendations for administration of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) among adults aged ≥19 ... Active Bacterial Core Surveillance (ABCs) Report: Emerging Infections Program Network. Streptococcus pneumoniae, provisional- ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5934a3.htm/00047135.htm

Polysaccharides [‎3]‎. Polysaccharides, Bacterial [‎6]‎. Popular Work [‎15]‎. Population [‎42]‎. Population Characteristics [‎ ...

https://apps.who.int/iris/browse?rpp=20&offset=4668&etal=-1&sort_by=-1&type=mesh&starts_with_previous=P&order=ASC

Chromotropic character of bacterial acidic polysaccharides: Part I--Induction of metachromasia in dye neutral red. Indian ... Chromotropic character of bacterial acidic polysaccharides: Part I--Induction of metachromasia in dye neutral red. ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/27148

strain A1 exhibits positive chemotaxis toward acidic polysaccharide pectin. SPH1118 has been identified as a pectin-binding ... strain A1 exhibits positive chemotaxis toward acidic polysaccharide pectin. SPH1118 has been identified as a pectin-binding ... Substrate size-dependent conformational changes of bacterial pectin-binding protein crucial for chemotaxis and assimilation Sci ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35879323/

C-type cytochrome-initiated reduction of bacterial lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases. In: The Biochemical journal. 2021 ; Vol ... C-type cytochrome-initiated reduction of bacterial lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases. The Biochemical journal. 2021 Jul 28; ... C-type cytochrome-initiated reduction of bacterial lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases. Jessie Branch, Badri S Rajagopal, ... C-type cytochrome-initiated reduction of bacterial lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases. / Branch, Jessie; Rajagopal, Badri S; ...

https://pure.york.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/c-type-cytochrome-initiated-reduction-of-bacterial-lytic-polysacc

Bacterial Toxins * Polysaccharides Grant support * SCHM1385/12-1/Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft * Peter Ng Ang A/Deutscher ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33720490/

They possess a polysaccharide capsule, which is the main determinant of their pathogenicity. The capsule is composed of complex ... New Doctors Find Joy and Frustration; Five Pathogens Cause Half of Bacterial Deaths; and Social Media and Youth Sexuality ... Host defense against bacterial invasion depends on phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear granulocytes and the bactericidal effect ... 1] with a prominent polysaccharide capsule. This capsule encases the entire cell surface, accounts for the large appearance of ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/219907-26376/which-species-of-klebsiellae-are-pathogenic-in-humans

Microbiology; Dust-analysis; Dust-particles; Dust-sampling; Endotoxins; Allergens; Bacterial-dusts; Biological-effects; ... Polysaccharides; Fatty-acids; Respiratory-system-disorders; Seasonal-factors; Children; Environmental-factors; Bioassays ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=asthma+OR+%27allerg%2A%27+OR+%27immune%2A%27&f1=%2A&Startyear=&Adv=0&terms=1&EndYear=&Limit=10000&sort=&D1=10&PageNo=263&RecNo=2630&View=f&

Bacterial cell wall and membrane are associated with a variety of glycoconjugates and polysaccharides which aids in structural ... The present report attempts to provide an overview of bacterial polysaccharide structure, occurrence, and their important ... The mucoid (slime-producing) strains contain capsular polysaccharide which aids as virulence factor. The gram-positive bacteria ... lack an outer membrane and have a much thicker peptidoglycan layer along with a specialized polysaccharide known as teichoic ...

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282830498_Media_multitasking_and_well-being_of_university_students

... such as polysaccharides, proteins, amyloids, lipids and extracellular DNA (eDNA), as well as membrane vesicles and humic-like ... Whitfield, C., Wear, S. S. & Sande, C. Assembly of bacterial capsular polysaccharides and exopolysaccharides. Annu. Rev. ... The Pel polysaccharide can serve a structural and protective role in the biofilm matrix of Pseudomona aeruginosa. PLoS Pathog. ... BslA is a self-assembling bacterial hydrophobin that coats the Bacillus subtilis biofilm. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 33 ( ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-022-00791-0?error=cookies_not_supported&code=d2f9e3ab-55d7-45d7-8499-2b193e498c23

Recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine ... Bacterial pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1986;104:38-41.. *Simberkoff MS, ... POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE. VACCINE EFFICACY. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR VACCINE USE. ADVERSE REACTIONS. TIMING OF VACCINATION. STRATEGIES ... The development of a protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine for selected capsular types holds promise.. References. *Williams ...

https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/p0000212/p0000212.asp

Arrowheads mark NETs; asterisk: bacterial extracellular polysaccharide. (c) Upper panel: free DNA structures in CF lung tissue ... The NETs and the bacterial extracellular polysaccharides are visualized by the ruthenium-red-osmium-tetroxide technique. ... Chronic bacterial and fungal colonization were diagnosed using the Leeds criteria [30], if the organism was present in more ... Bacterial and fungal species were analyzed using culture-based methods. The study was approved by the Institutional Review ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/mi/2015/408935/

Arctium lappa L. polysaccharide can regulate lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetic rats.Jul 31, 2020. ... Additional Keywords : Bacterial Infections: Resistance/Biofilm Formation. [+] Extraction and antioxidant activities of ... The results showed that the A. lappa L. polysaccharides regulated lipid metabolism through the PKC/NF-κB pathway in diabetic ... Anti-inflammatory activity of alkali-soluble polysaccharides from Arctium lappa L. and its effect on gut microbiota of mice ...

https://greenmedinfo.com/substance/burdock

Pediatric bacterial meningitis is a life-threatening illness that results from bacterial infection of the meninges and leaves ... Organisms are grouped serologically on the basis of capsular polysaccharide; A, B, C, D, X, Y, Z, 29E, and W-135 are the ... Pediatric bacterial meningitis is a life-threatening illness that results from bacterial infection of the meninges and leaves ... Pediatric bacterial meningitis is a life-threatening illness that results from bacterial infection of the meninges. Because ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/961497

... biofilm formation on plastic in a manner that was bacterial population size dependent. In addition, menaquinone (0.05 - 4 μg/ml ... McKinney, R.E. (1953) Staining Bacterial Polysaccharides. Journal of Bacteriology, 66, 453-454. ... biofilm formation on plastic in a manner that was bacterial population size dependent. In addition, menaquinone (0.05 - 4 μg/ml ... Effect of Sub-MICs of Antibiotics on the Hydrophobicity and Production of Acidic Polysaccharide by Vibrio vulnificus. ...

https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=43928

Bacterial biofilms are slime that may consist of several types of bacteria. One common example of a biofilm is the plaque that ... Polysaccharide matrixes also form a protective barrier for organisms within the biofilm. Biofilms are not just limited to ... Planktonic Bacteria: Individual bacterial cells that may be thought of as the building blocks of a biofilm. ... In a circulating water system, bacterial cells adhere to the surface of the plumbing system by way of their outer sugar chains ...

https://wcponline.com/2006/08/27/aop-successfully-eliminates-biofilm-building-blocks-recreational-waters/

Polysaccharide-bacteria interactions from the lens of evolutionary ecology.. Front. Microbiol. 2021; 12: 705082. View in ... Thinking about bacterial populations as multicellular organisms.. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 1998; 52: 81-104. View in Article * ... Bacterial growth in multicellular aggregates leads to the emergence of complex life cycles. *. Julia A. Schwartzman. Julia A. ... Bacterial growth in multicellular aggregates leads to the emergence of complex life cycles ...

https://www.cell.com/current-biology/pdf/S0960-9822

Epidemiology of Bacterial Single Biofilms. It is estimated that approximately 65% of all bacterial infections are associated ... These polysaccharides can block the drugs penetration, and provide protection [104,105] through a coating of the bacteria. ... Depending on the situation, bacterial biofilms can be either beneficial or problematic [9]. Still, bacterial biofilms are ... of all bacterial infections being related to bacterial biofilms [13,14].. Due to the heterogeneity of microorganisms present in ...

https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/6/1/5

The Biogeochemistry of Marine Polysaccharides: Sources, Inventories, and Bacterial Drivers of the Carbohydrate Cycle , Annual ... Hydrolysis rates of specific polysaccharides in mesocosms with high or low atmospheric CO2 concentrations , SOLAS Konference, ... Short-term changes in polysaccharide utilization mechanisms of marine bacterioplankton during a spring phytoplankton bloom , ...

https://epic.awi.de/view/creators/Arnosti=3AC=2E=3A=3A.html

Broad diversity and newly cultured bacterial isolates from enrichment of pig feces on complex polysaccharides (Peer Reviewed ...

https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications-at-this-location/?modecode=36-25-15-30&locpubs=yes&filterYear=2013

For years, researchers have thought of using bacterial injection devices to introduce proteins into eukaryotic cells. We now ... An interdisciplinary study reveals a unified model for plasmid distribution in bacterial cell division ...

https://www.mpg.de/153449/terrestrial-microbiology?filter=jobs

... including an upregulated bacterial amidohydrolase. This study presents the most complete bacterial metatranscriptome from a ... Here we present a metatranscriptomic analysis which provides novel insights into bacterial contributions to the holobiont of ... those with bacterial and protist symbionts) focuses on the eukaryotic members of this symbiotic consortium. ... a metatranscriptome assembly was obtained representing the host termite as well as bacterial and protist symbiota. Sequence ...

https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12864-016-3126-z/tables/3

Within the biofilms, the bacterial cells are embedded in a polysaccharide matrix. Growth in form of biofilms provide to the ... Bacterial conjugation. Conjugative plasmids are vehicles for horizontal gene transfer. Conjugation is one of the major ... Molecular Biology of bacterial pathogens and antimicrobial strategies. Agència de Gestió dAjuts Universitaris i de Recerca ( ... In food industry, the bacterial biofilms have a negative impact from both economical and sanitary point of view. Since biofilms ...

https://www.ub.edu/portal/web/dp-genmicrostat/ne-expression-regulation-in-bacterial-pathogens-and-antimicrobial-strategies

Following up on the 1989 breakthrough that bacterial extracellular vesicles contain genetic information, and the recent ISAPP ... A diet rich in dietary plant polysaccharides suppresses Clostridium difficile infection in mice. A new study has found that ... definition on postbiotics, current research suggests bacterial extracellular vesicles derived from probiotic bacteria may be ...

https://www.gutmicrobiotaforhealth.com/diet-rich-dietary-plant-polysaccharides-suppresses-clostridium-difficile-infection-mice/

Examples include bacterial polysaccharides such as Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a virulent product of many gram-negative bacteria ... T Cells recognize the small peptides of proteins but not polysaccharides or nucleic acids. An Antigen Presenting Cell (APC) can ... but also polysaccharides and nucleic acids. These latter molecules are large and contain several different antigenic epitopes ...

https://www.dentalcare.com/en-us/ce-courses/ce1/immunogens-and-antigens

Epidemiological profile of invasive bacterial diseases in children in Casablanca, Morocco: antimicrobial susceptibilities and ... Prevention of meningococcal diseases: current use of polysaccharide conjugate vaccines. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2010, 50: ... ABSTRACT The aim of this prospective study in Morocco was to investigate the causes of invasive bacterial diseases in children ... Global Invasive Bacterial Vaccine Preventable Diseases (IB-VPD) information and surveillance bulletin. Reporting period January ...

https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-18-2012/issue-11/article-04.html

Both classic-pathway and alternate-pathway complement activation have been described, but the latter, which does not require the presence of immunoglobulins directed against bacterial antigens, appears to be the more active pathway in K pneumoniae infections. (medscape.com)
Other patients at greater risk because of decreased responsiveness to polysaccharide antigens or more rapid decline in serum antibody include those with functional or anatomic asplenia (e.g., sickle cell disease or splenectomy), Hodgkin's disease, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, chronic renal failure, nephrotic syndrome, and organ transplantation. (cdc.gov)
Sequential linkage of carbohydrate antigens to mimic capsular polysaccharides: towards semisynthetic glycoconjugate vaccine candidates against Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 14. (mpg.de)
315 27 Attenuated Salmonella as a Live Vector for Expression of Foreign Antigens 331 i Expressing Bacterial Antigens / S. N. Chatfield, Gordon Dougan 331 ii Carrying Viral Antigens / Fiorian Schodel 343 iii Salmonella Expressing Protozoal Antigens / Myron M. Levine, James E. Galen, Marcelo B. Sztein [et al. (who.int)

Although several proteins have been implicated as electron sources in fungal LPMO biochemistry, no equivalent bacterial LPMO electron donors have been previously identified, although the proteins Cbp2D and E from Cellvibrio japonicus have been implicated as potential candidates. (york.ac.uk)
Furthermore, the study of Cbp2D and other similar proteins may yet reveal new insight into the redox processes governing polysaccharide degradation in bacteria. (york.ac.uk)
Host defense against bacterial invasion depends on phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear granulocytes and the bactericidal effect of serum, mediated in large part by complement proteins. (medscape.com)
The biofilm matrix can be considered to be a shared space for the encased microbial cells, comprising a wide variety of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), such as polysaccharides, proteins, amyloids, lipids and extracellular DNA (eDNA), as well as membrane vesicles and humic-like microbially derived refractory substances. (nature.com)
For years, researchers have thought of using bacterial injection devices to introduce proteins into eukaryotic cells. (mpg.de)
T Cells recognize the small peptides of proteins but not polysaccharides or nucleic acids. (dentalcare.com)
These receptors recognize not only proteins, but also polysaccharides and nucleic acids. (dentalcare.com)
Bacterial biofilms are complex microbial communities protected by an extracellular matrix composed of polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids. (oup.com)
Bacterial regulatory proteins [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)

This region encodes a mechanism for the uptake and metabolism of polysaccharides, including a polysaccharide utilization locus (PUL operon) that appears specific to fucoidan, providing new insight into the biochemical pathways regulating structural colour in bacteria. (cam.ac.uk)
Bacterial biofilms are slime that may consist of several types of bacteria. (wcponline.com)
Examples include bacterial polysaccharides such as Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a virulent product of many gram-negative bacteria. (dentalcare.com)
Our major bacterial model organisms belong to the Alphaproteobacteria ‒ one of the most abundant classes of bacteria on Earth. (uni-marburg.de)
One important approach to studying bacterial adhesion and subsequent biofilm formation is the concept of bacterial surface sensing, i.e. the mechanisms that bacteria use to become aware of their adhering state. (oup.com)
bacterial gene expression changes radically once bacteria form a biofilm, compared to the planktonic state. (oup.com)
A better understanding of bacterial surface sensing might suggest new ways to design "smart" surfaces that can't be sensed by bacteria and prevent or inhibit biofilm formation. (oup.com)
We found that bacteria can sense both mechanical and chemical stresses by using a sensor located on the bacterial cell membrane. (oup.com)
PCR plays an important role in identifying bacteria in bacterial meningitis and it is recommended when Gram staining and bacterial culture cannot confirm the disease. (springer.com)
Bacterial pneumonia occurs when a contagious bacteria-most commonly, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenza- finds its way into the lungs. (verywellhealth.com)
Biological polysaccharides obtained by fermentation of genetically modified bacteria or using plant cell walls can also be used as VMAs. (rilem.net)
Polysaccharides found in bacteria and in capsules thereof. (bvsalud.org)
To form a biofilm, the bacteria first bind quickly to the surface and then build a polysaccharide structure that also. (fruitofspirit.com)
Acinetobacter baumannii strains with multiple antimicrobial resistance are primarily known as opportunistic nosocomial bacteria but they may also be regarded as emerging bacterial contaminants of food samples of animal origin. (biomedcentral.com)
Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is a serious bacterial infection caused by the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae and can result in bacteraemia, meningitis and pneumonia. (who.int)
This medication works by inhibiting the RNA synthesis in susceptible bacteria by making bonds with the beta-subunit of bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid. (demegaformulations.co.in)

the other is a capsular polysaccharide (K antigen). (medscape.com)
Each vaccine dose (0.5 mL) contains 25 mg of each polysaccharide antigen. (cdc.gov)
Research shows that conjugating a protein, such as diphtheria or tetanus toxoid, to a polysaccharide antigen results in a vaccine that works better and gives better protection over a long period of time. (meningvax.org)
Ten serotypes (Ia, Ib, II-IX) have been described on the basis of their capsular polysaccharide antigen ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)

In technical terms, bacterial biofilms are highly interactive, ubiquitous ecosystems consisting of individual bacterium bound to a foreign surface by a complex matrix. (wcponline.com)
With the organic matter or 'bacterial food' in circulation, biofilms proliferate. (wcponline.com)
Within the biofilms, the bacterial cells are embedded in a polysaccharide matrix. (ub.edu)
In food industry, the bacterial biofilms have a negative impact from both economical and sanitary point of view. (ub.edu)
Studying biofilms is necessary in order to find innovative and more effective strategies to treat or prevent infections and bacterial persistence. (oup.com)
The presence of a halo indicates that the phage can pass through polysaccharide-based barriers such as biofilms. (thephage.xyz)
Search for destruction factors of bacterial biofilms: Comparison of phage properties in a group of Pseudomonas putida bacteriophages and specificity of their halo-formation products. (thephage.xyz)
Bacterial and infectious biofilms can be the reason. (fruitofspirit.com)

On top of that, an increasing number of bacterial strains are becoming resistant to antibiotics , posing more challenges to the treatment of infections. (oup.com)
Bacterial respiratory infections are generally more aggressive than viral. (verywellhealth.com)
Most bacterial pathogens responsible for such infections are enclosed by polysaccharide capsules that protect them from phagocytosis and complement- mediated killing, ensuring their persistence on the respiratory mucosa and survival in the bloodstream and deep body tissues. (cdc.gov)
Antimicrobial therapy is indicated for some bacterial gastroenteritis infections. (medscape.com)

IMSEAR at SEARO: Chromotropic character of bacterial acidic polysaccharides: Part I--Induction of metachromasia in dye neutral red. (who.int)
The capsule is composed of complex acidic polysaccharides. (medscape.com)

Synthetic oligosaccharides as tools to investigate bacterial capsular polysaccharides and teichoic acids. (mpg.de)
Encapsulated strains express 1 of 6 antigenically distinct capsular polysaccharides (type a, b, c, d, e or f). (cdc.gov)

With those exceptions, strains within this genus ferment lactose, most produce highly mucoid colonies on plates because of the production of a luxuriant polysaccharide capsule, and all are nonmotile. (medscape.com)
A total of 158 microbial strains, representing six fungal and 17 bacterial species, were isolated from milk and water kefir grains collected from a Singapore-based homebrewer. (frontiersin.org)
Seven bacterial strains of Lentilactobacillus hilgardii , Lacticaseibacillus paracasei , Liquorilactobacillus satsumensis , Lactobacillus helveticus , and Lentilactobacillus kefiri , were ultimately identified as potential probiotics, and combined to form a "kefir probiotics blend. (frontiersin.org)
The R&D of bio-degumming technology is under a slow progress due to the shortage of proper efficient bacterial strains and processes. (researchsquare.com)
Bacterial strains isolated from meat are both pathogenic and commensal such as Staphylococcus aureus , Streptococcus species, Listeria monocytogenes , Bacillus spp. (biomedcentral.com)

Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein facilitates transfer of bacterial cell wall components to inflammatory cells. (medscape.com)
Plasma levels of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and fungal (1→3)-β-D-Glucan (BDG) translocation markers, along with markers of intestinal damage fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) and regenerating islet-derived protein-3α (REG3α) were assessed by ELISA or the fungitell assay. (biomedcentral.com)
Circulating levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are commonly measured to assess the level of bacterial translocation. (biomedcentral.com)

Desert varnish are capable of preserving microbial fossilization, which may include bacterial and fungal casts. (kenyon.edu)

Here we analyze a small c-type cytochrome (CjX183) present in Cellvibrio japonicus Cbp2D, and show that it can initiate bacterial CuII/I LPMO reduction and also activate LPMO-catalyzed cellulose-degradation. (york.ac.uk)
Rapid bacterial degradation of polysaccharides in anoxic marine systems. (iodp.org)
Annelieke Overbeeke successfully defended her PhD thesis entitled "Bacterial degradation of polysaccharides in the gut mucosal eco-system" on December 6, 2022. (univie.ac.at)

In Burkina Faso, children's diets after weening were 'low in fat and animal protein and rich in starch, fiber, and plant polysaccharides, and predominantly vegetarian. (neuroanthropology.net)

By analysing the optical properties of the colonies grown with and without specific polysaccharides, we found that the highly ordered organization of the cells can be altered by the presence of fucoidans. (cam.ac.uk)

[ 1 ] with a prominent polysaccharide capsule. (medscape.com)
They possess a polysaccharide capsule, which is the main determinant of their pathogenicity. (medscape.com)
In addition, the capsule prevents bacterial death caused by bactericidal serum factors. (medscape.com)
The anti-phagocytic properties of the polysaccharide capsule are the key to the organism s virulence 1 . (oxoid.com)
According to research, the halo around phage plaques appears due to bacterial polysaccharide capsule reduction or disappearance. (thephage.xyz)

Hemophilus influenzae ( H. influenzae ) and Streptococcus pneumoniae ( S. pneumoniae ) are regarded as the two most common infectious agents causing bacterial meningitis. (springer.com)
The most common bacterial agents causing meningitis in children are Neisseria meningitidis ( N. meningitidis ), Haemophilus influenzae ( H. influenzae ) and Streptococcus pneumoniae ( S. pneumoniae ). (springer.com)
Most prospective aetiology studies of pneumonia suggest that Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) and Haemophilus influenzae type b (HiB) are the leading bacterial causes followed by Staphylococcus aureus (Staphylococcus) and Klebsiella pneumoniae . (biomedcentral.com)
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a primary cause of bacterial pneumonia, meningitis and otitis media. (oxoid.com)
Beyond the neonatal period, the 3 most common organisms that cause acute bacterial meningitis are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). (medscape.com)
The 7-valent polysaccharide conjugate vaccine currently administered against Streptococcus pneumoniae has been shown to be highly effective in high risk-groups, but its use in developing countries will probably not be possible due to high costs. (ox.ac.uk)

This report provides updated recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) for prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) (i.e., bacteremia, meningitis, or infection of other normally sterile sites [ 2 ]) through use of the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) among all adults aged ≥65 years and those adults aged 19--64 years with underlying medical conditions that put them at greater risk for serious pneumococcal infection. (cdc.gov)
ABSTRACT The aim of this prospective study in Morocco was to investigate the causes of invasive bacterial diseases in children in order to inform antibiotic therapy and vaccine choices. (who.int)
Though effective vaccines exist against the two major causes of bacterial pneumonia, no vaccine is presently available against S. aureus . (biomedcentral.com)
adalimumab decreases effects of meningococcal A C Y and W-135 polysaccharide vaccine combined by pharmacodynamic antagonism. (medscape.com)
alefacept decreases effects of meningococcal A C Y and W-135 polysaccharide vaccine combined by pharmacodynamic antagonism. (medscape.com)
A vaccine programme has been in place in Australia for pneumococcal disease since 1999 when the 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine (23vPPV) was introduced for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults aged 50 years and over ( Box 2 ). (who.int)

Polysaccharide metabolism regulates structural colour in bacterial colonies. (cam.ac.uk)
Bacterial metabolism is an important regulator of susceptibility in vitro and likely plays a large role within the host. (elsevier.com)

it is also a cause of bacterial endocarditis in children and adults. (cdc.gov)
Hib was once the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in children aged ≤5 years in the United States. (cdc.gov)

Of 238 children aged ≤ 5 years admitted to the Children's Hospital of Casablanca for invasive diseases over a 12-month period, 185 were diagnosed with bacterial infection: 76 had chest-X-ray-confirmed pneumonia, 59 had meningitis and 50 had sepsis. (who.int)
Bacterial pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have a dangerous cause-and-effect relationship. (verywellhealth.com)
The progressive lung deterioration of COPD can increase your vulnerability to a bacterial lung infection, while a bout of bacterial pneumonia can induce rapid and often irreversible progression of your COPD. (verywellhealth.com)
If you have COPD, it's important that you take steps to avoid bacterial pneumonia infection and learn to recognize its earliest signs. (verywellhealth.com)
Symptoms of bacterial pneumonia are not unlike those of any other type of pneumonia . (verywellhealth.com)
With that being said, bacterial pneumonia tends to be more severe than its viral cousin, especially within the context of COPD. (verywellhealth.com)
Bacterial pneumonia can rapidly worsen. (verywellhealth.com)
The diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia typically starts with a review of your symptoms. (verywellhealth.com)
Your medical team will want to distinguish between bacterial pneumonia and COPD flare-ups because these conditions are treated differently. (verywellhealth.com)

Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is a serious bacterial disease. (who.int)

To identify candidate pathogens for which resistance could be mediated by B4galnt2 genotype, we here employed a novel "pathometagenomic" approach in a wild mouse population, which combines bacterial 16S rRNA gene-based community profiling with histopathology of gut tissue. (univie.ac.at)

Menaquinone at physiologic levels (0.01 μg/ml MH) significantly increased (p 0.05) biofilm formation on plastic in a manner that was bacterial population size dependent. (scirp.org)
In order to prevent infection, it is important to design surfaces that discourage bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. (oup.com)
This polysaccharide coat is important for biofilm formation, protection from harsh conditions and attachment onto rock surfaces. (kenyon.edu)

The diminished diversity of microbiota in the human gut is especially interesting because some theorists have pointed to this dietary-provoked transformation, together with increasing hygiene and anti-bacterial technologies in human environments, as possible contributors to an upsurge in rates of allergies, auto-immune disorders and inflammatory bowel diseases (see, for example, Strachan 1989). (neuroanthropology.net)

Under otherwise carbon-limited growth conditions, Vibrio splendidus 12B01 forms clonal multicellular groups to collectively harvest carbon from soluble polymers of the brown-algal polysaccharide alginate. (cell.com)
The VMAs used in concrete production are generally produced from acrylic polymers and polysaccharide-based biopolymers obtained from cellulose, starch or bacterial fermentation. (rilem.net)

Two types of meningococcal vaccines useful in the African epidemiological context are available globally: polysaccharide vaccines and conjugate vaccines. (meningvax.org)

Pediatric bacterial meningitis is a life-threatening illness that results from bacterial infection of the meninges and leaves some survivors with significant sequelae. (medscape.com)
See Clinical Presentation for more specific information on the signs and symptoms of pediatric bacterial meningitis. (medscape.com)
See Workup for more specific information on testing and imaging modalities for pediatric bacterial meningitis. (medscape.com)
See Treatment and Medication for more specific information on pharmacologic and other therapies for pediatric bacterial meningitis. (medscape.com)

Polysaccharide vaccines such as the Vi polysaccharide (ViPS) of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi induce efficient Ab responses in adults but not in young children. (uab.edu)
Decrease bacterial carriage and induce herd immunity , thereby protecting the unvaccinated. (meningvax.org)

Measurement of depth- and site-related differences in polysaccharide hydrolysis rates in marine sediments. (iodp.org)

Through the literature, nopal mucilage, brown algae, and bacterial cell walls were proposed as alternatives to these bacterial fermentation products. (rilem.net)
However, these alternatives also require extra processing, which results in a higher unit even compared to bacterial fermentation products. (rilem.net)
DescriptionButyrate is one of the three most abundant short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by anaerobic bacterial fermentation of polysaccharides/fiber in the colon, where it serves as an energy source for epithelial cells. (ultimatevitality.com)

LPMOs act by oxidatively introducing chain breaks into cellulose and other polysaccharides, boosting the ability of cellulases to act on the substrate. (york.ac.uk)

Journal Article] Structure of a bacterial ABC transporter involved in the import of an acidic polysaccharide alginate. (nii.ac.jp)
Journal Article] Structural insights into alginate binding by bacterial cell-surface. (nii.ac.jp)

Transgenic expression of either IL-7 or a BCR encoded by a distal VH gene segment permitted young mice to respond efficiently to bacterial polysaccharides. (uab.edu)
Journal Article] Formation of a single polar flagellum by lateral and polar bacterial flagellar gene sets in Sphingomonas sp. (nii.ac.jp)
Our team-oriented research aims at understanding and applying the fundamental design principles of bacterial gene regulation and genome architecture. (uni-marburg.de)

Steinberg, N. & Kolodkin-Gal, I. The matrix reloaded: how sensing the extracellular matrix synchronizes bacterial communities. (nature.com)

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth syndrome (SIBOS) is a common problem for patients with irritable bowel syndrome. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
105 per mL and progressively invade and conquer the local small intestinal environment, a number of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms present themselves, which is known as small intestinal bacterial overgrowth syndrome (SIBOS). (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
A positive SIBO test result shows the presence of hydrogen and/or methane-producing bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine. (ruscioinstitute.com)

This suggests that NulOs in "Ca. Accumulibacter" are likely located in high molecular weight polysaccharides. (uibk.ac.at)
This suggest that they can serve as source for sepsis treatment drugs, although further purification needs to be evaluated.Graphical abstractHighlightsNulOs in "Ca. Accumulibacter" are likely located in high molecular weight polysaccharides.Size exclusion chromatography allows to obtain high molecular weight polysaccharide-rich fractions enriched with NulOs.EPS and the NulOs-rich fractions can serve as source for sepsis treatment drugs. (uibk.ac.at)
The immune polysaccharides in Astragalus are of high molecular weight and not easily absorbed from the intestines, hence may trigger immune responses via direct effects on the intestinal mucosa and microbiota. (ndnr.com)

Polysaccharide vaccines exist in various combinations against groups A, C, W135, and Y. These vaccines have existed for over 30 years and are highly effective in preventing disease in older children and adults. (meningvax.org)

In order to employ a "Ca. Accumulibacter" enrichment as production platform for bacterial sialic acids, it is necessary to determine which fractions of the EPS of "Ca. Accumulibacter" contain NulOs and how to enrich and/or isolate them. (uibk.ac.at)
5,500 kDa) fractions dominated by polysaccharides, with a NulO content up to 4 times higher than the extracted EPS. (uibk.ac.at)
8 The polysaccharide, triterpene, and its flavonoid fractions are all credited with immune-regulating actions. (ndnr.com)

In vitro, we found that the sensitivity of this bacterium to amoxicillin was elevated by glucose and reduced by polysaccharides. (elsevier.com)

In the case of bacterial colonies, structural colours stem for the periodic organization of the cells within the colony, and while considerable efforts have been spent on elucidating the mechanisms responsible for such coloration, the biochemical processes determining the development of this effect have not been explored. (cam.ac.uk)
In a circulating water system, bacterial cells adhere to the surface of the plumbing system by way of their outer sugar chains. (wcponline.com)
In addition, the influence of water to cement ration, the number of cells added were tested along with the impacts of superplasticizers and fly ash on the bacterial VMA. (rilem.net)
10 Astragalus polysaccharides are also shown to promote proliferation and function of intestinal intraepithelial T cells - a group of specialized T cells in the gastrointestinal mucosa that may also have systemic immune modulating effects. (ndnr.com)

The ideal treatment for people with SIBOS is to reduce the bacterial population in the small intestine and inhibit growth for 3 to 4 hours while food is broken down and absorbed in the small intestine. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
Research has found a strong correlation between SIBO and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) [ 1 ], suggesting bacterial growth in the small intestine is one of the likely reasons for IBS symptoms. (ruscioinstitute.com)

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are another bacterial pathogenicity factor. (medscape.com)

Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide (TFPS), which is the extract of Tremella fuciformis Berk, has previously been demonstrated to exhibit potent anti‑oxidative, anti‑inflammatory and anti‑aging effects. (spandidos-publications.com)
Recently, many studies have revealed that the soluble extract of the polysaccharide fraction purified from Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide (TFPS) has several pharmacological activities, including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antitumor, and anti-aging effects ( 10 , 15 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
These amino acids known to provide anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. (planetayurveda.com)

7 Among the most studied Astragalus constituents are the immune polysaccharides, including beta glucan and astragalin, and the saponins, referred to as astragalosides. (ndnr.com)

An amino sugar, part of the structure of the polysaccharides chitosan and chitin, is made naturally in the form of glucosamine-6-phosphate, and is the biochemical precursor of all nitrogen-containing sugars. (thegoodscentscompany.com)
7 More than 100 "active" compounds, including flavonoids, saponins, polysaccharides, and amino acids, have been identified in Astragalus thus far. (ndnr.com)

Schäper S, Steinchen W, Krol E, Altegoer F, Skotnicka D, Søgaard-Andersen L, Bange G, Becker A (2017) AraC-like transcriptional activator CuxR binds c‑di‑GMP by a PilZ-like mechanism to regulate extracellular polysaccharide production. (uni-marburg.de)

These compounds enriched with anti-bacterial, anti-viral and analgesic properties. (planetayurveda.com)

They are able to activate complement, which causes selective deposition of C3b onto LPS molecules at sites distant from the bacterial cell membrane. (medscape.com)
This inhibits the formation of the membrane attack complex (C5b-C9), which prevents membrane damage and bacterial cell death. (medscape.com)
The plaques are formed by way of extracellular polysaccharides, which are complex, sticky sugar chains located on the outer part of the bacterial cell. (wcponline.com)

The researchers hypothesize that these distinctive bacterial genera might help to extract energy from the polysaccharides in the children's heavier fiber diet. (neuroanthropology.net)
A plant putrefying bacterial strain- Pectobacterium wasabiae (PW) (preservation number: CGMCC 14601), which could efficiently degrade ramie colloids to extract ramie fibers, was reported in this study. (researchsquare.com)

Bacterial and termite contig putative functions based on reciprocal best hits and GO molecular function. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy6

Organisms56

Diseases9

Chemicals and Drugs113

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment31

Phenomena and Processes37

Disciplines and Occupations3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science4

Health Care2

Repertoire of human antibodies against the polysaccharide capsule of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6B. (1/4132)

Isolation and chemical characterization of a capsular polysaccharide antigen shared by clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecalis and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. (2/4132)

Marmoset species variation in the humoral antibody response: in vivo and in vitro studies. (3/4132)

Regulated exopolysaccharide production in Myxococcus xanthus. (4/4132)

Tn5-induced and spontaneous switching of Sinorhizobium meliloti to faster-swarming behavior. (5/4132)

Maternal immunization. (6/4132)

Transfection of human macrophages by lipoplexes via the combined use of transferrin and pH-sensitive peptides. (7/4132)

Altered expression profile of the surface glycopeptidolipids in drug-resistant clinical isolates of Mycobacterium avium complex. (8/4132)

Polysaccharides, Bacterial

Polysaccharides

Bacterial Capsules

Fungal Polysaccharides

Carbohydrate Sequence

O Antigens

Rhamnose

Antibodies, Bacterial

Carbohydrate Conformation

Cell Wall

Monosaccharides

Vaccines, Conjugate

Pectins

Uronic Acids

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Galactans

Antigens, Bacterial

Glucans

Bacterial Vaccines

Neisseria meningitidis

Xylans

Molecular Sequence Data

Carbohydrates

Cryptococcus neoformans

Periodic Acid

Serotyping

Galactose

Lipopolysaccharides

Glycosyltransferases

Meningococcal Vaccines

Reishi

Mannans

Oligosaccharides

Bacterial Proteins

Seaweed

Streptococcus agalactiae

Hexuronic Acids

Cryptococcus

Pneumococcal Infections

Immunoglobulin G

Glucuronic Acid

Glycoside Hydrolases

Cellulose

Biofilms

Chromatography, Paper

Sugar Acids

Polysaccharide-Lyases

Immunodiffusion

Mannose

Cross Reactions

Phaeophyta

Bacteroides fragilis

Opsonin Proteins

Serology

beta-Glucans

Escherichia coli

Chemistry

Chemical Phenomena

Methylation

Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup C

Hydrofluoric Acid

Tetanus Toxoid

Streptococcus

Fucose

Sulfates

Phagocytosis

Alginates

Starch

Genes, Bacterial

Fruiting Bodies, Fungal

Blood Bactericidal Activity

Disaccharides

Chromatography, Gel

Immune Sera

Hexosamines

Deoxy Sugars

Gum Arabic

Bacterial Adhesion

Methylmannosides

Hydrolysis