Polymorphism restriction fragment length. Medical search

Variation occurring within a species in the presence or length of DNA fragment generated by a specific endonuclease at a specific site in the genome. Such variations are generated by mutations that create or abolish recognition sites for these enzymes or change the length of the fragment.

The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

A technique for identifying individuals of a species that is based on the uniqueness of their DNA sequence. Uniqueness is determined by identifying which combination of allelic variations occur in the individual at a statistically relevant number of different loci. In forensic studies, RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM of multiple, highly polymorphic VNTR LOCI or MICROSATELLITE REPEAT loci are analyzed. The number of loci used for the profile depends on the ALLELE FREQUENCY in the population.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.

The detection of RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISMS by selective PCR amplification of restriction fragments derived from genomic DNA followed by electrophoretic analysis of the amplified restriction fragments.

Enzyme systems containing a single subunit and requiring only magnesium for endonucleolytic activity. The corresponding modification methylases are separate enzymes. The systems recognize specific short DNA sequences and cleave either within, or at a short specific distance from, the recognition sequence to give specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. Enzymes from different microorganisms with the same specificity are called isoschizomers. EC 3.1.21.4.

The proportion of one particular in the total of all ALLELES for one genetic locus in a breeding POPULATION.

Procedures for identifying types and strains of bacteria. The most frequently employed typing systems are BACTERIOPHAGE TYPING and SEROTYPING as well as bacteriocin typing and biotyping.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

DNA sequences encoding RIBOSOMAL RNA and the segments of DNA separating the individual ribosomal RNA genes, referred to as RIBOSOMAL SPACER DNA.

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.

A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.

A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Species- or subspecies-specific DNA (including COMPLEMENTARY DNA; conserved genes, whole chromosomes, or whole genomes) used in hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms, to measure DNA-DNA homologies, to group subspecies, etc. The DNA probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the DNA probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. The use of DNA probes provides a specific, sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive replacement for cell culture techniques for diagnosing infections.

The co-inheritance of two or more non-allelic GENES due to their being located more or less closely on the same CHROMOSOME.

Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX.

One of the Type II site-specific deoxyribonucleases (EC 3.1.21.4). It recognizes and cleaves the sequence A/AGCTT at the slash. HindIII is from Haemophilus influenzae R(d). Numerous isoschizomers have been identified. EC 3.1.21.-.

The application of molecular biology to the answering of epidemiological questions. The examination of patterns of changes in DNA to implicate particular carcinogens and the use of molecular markers to predict which individuals are at highest risk for a disease are common examples.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

One of the Type II site-specific deoxyribonucleases (EC 3.1.21.4). It recognizes and cleaves the sequence G/AATTC at the slash. EcoRI is from E coliRY13. Several isoschizomers have been identified. EC 3.1.21.-.

The intergenic DNA segments that are between the ribosomal RNA genes (internal transcribed spacers) and between the tandemly repeated units of rDNA (external transcribed spacers and nontranscribed spacers).

Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.

One of the Type II site-specific deoxyribonucleases (EC 3.1.21.4). It recognizes and cleaves the sequences C/CGG and GGC/C at the slash. HpaII is from Haemophilus parainfluenzae. Several isoschizomers have been identified. EC 3.1.21.-.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Tandem arrays of moderately repetitive, short (10-60 bases) DNA sequences which are found dispersed throughout the GENOME, at the ends of chromosomes (TELOMERES), and clustered near telomeres. Their degree of repetition is two to several hundred at each locus. Loci number in the thousands but each locus shows a distinctive repeat unit.

A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that produces TUBERCULOSIS in humans, other primates, CATTLE; DOGS; and some other animals which have contact with humans. Growth tends to be in serpentine, cordlike masses in which the bacilli show a parallel orientation.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

Gel electrophoresis in which the direction of the electric field is changed periodically. This technique is similar to other electrophoretic methods normally used to separate double-stranded DNA molecules ranging in size up to tens of thousands of base-pairs. However, by alternating the electric field direction one is able to separate DNA molecules up to several million base-pairs in length.

One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.

Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the southeastern and eastern areas of the Asian continent.

Electrophoresis in which agar or agarose gel is used as the diffusion medium.

Reduction in caloric intake without reduction in adequate nutrition. In experimental animals, caloric restriction has been shown to extend lifespan and enhance other physiological variables.

Sequences of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies. There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES are copies of transposable elements (DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS or RETROELEMENTS) dispersed throughout the genome. TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES flank both ends of another sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on RETROVIRUSES. Variations may be direct repeats, those occurring in the same direction, or inverted repeats, those opposite to each other in direction. TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES are copies which lie adjacent to each other, direct or inverted (INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES).

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

The record of descent or ancestry, particularly of a particular condition or trait, indicating individual family members, their relationships, and their status with respect to the trait or condition.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of fungi.

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the soil. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.

An individual having different alleles at one or more loci regarding a specific character.

Process of determining and distinguishing species of bacteria or viruses based on antigens they share.

Identification of genetic carriers for a given trait.

A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.

Variation in a population's DNA sequence that is detected by determining alterations in the conformation of denatured DNA fragments. Denatured DNA fragments are allowed to renature under conditions that prevent the formation of double-stranded DNA and allow secondary structure to form in single stranded fragments. These fragments are then run through polyacrylamide gels to detect variations in the secondary structure that is manifested as an alteration in migration through the gels.

The analysis of a sequence such as a region of a chromosome, a haplotype, a gene, or an allele for its involvement in controlling the phenotype of a specific trait, metabolic pathway, or disease.

A country spanning from central Asia to the Pacific Ocean.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

An individual in which both alleles at a given locus are identical.

The most abundant form of RNA. Together with proteins, it forms the ribosomes, playing a structural role and also a role in ribosomal binding of mRNA and tRNAs. Individual chains are conventionally designated by their sedimentation coefficients. In eukaryotes, four large chains exist, synthesized in the nucleolus and constituting about 50% of the ribosome. (Dorland, 28th ed)

One of the Type II site-specific deoxyribonucleases (EC 3.1.21.4). It recognizes and cleaves the sequence G/GATCC at the slash. BamHI is from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens N. Numerous isoschizomers have been identified. EC 3.1.21.-.

Genes, found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which are transcribed to produce the RNA which is incorporated into RIBOSOMES. Prokaryotic rRNA genes are usually found in OPERONS dispersed throughout the GENOME, whereas eukaryotic rRNA genes are clustered, multicistronic transcriptional units.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of protozoa.

Technique that utilizes low-stringency polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with single primers of arbitrary sequence to generate strain-specific arrays of anonymous DNA fragments. RAPD technique may be used to determine taxonomic identity, assess kinship relationships, analyze mixed genome samples, and create specific probes.

The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.

Procedures for identifying types and strains of fungi.

A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Nonrandom association of linked genes. This is the tendency of the alleles of two separate but already linked loci to be found together more frequently than would be expected by chance alone.

Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.

Constituent of 50S subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes containing about 3200 nucleotides. 23S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis.

Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.

Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM.

Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.

Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.

Double-stranded DNA of MITOCHONDRIA. In eukaryotes, the mitochondrial GENOME is circular and codes for ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, and about 10 proteins.

A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

The female sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and all female gametes in human and other male-heterogametic species.

Copies of transposable elements interspersed throughout the genome, some of which are still active and often referred to as "jumping genes". There are two classes of interspersed repetitive elements. Class I elements (or RETROELEMENTS - such as retrotransposons, retroviruses, LONG INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS and SHORT INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS) transpose via reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate. Class II elements (or DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS - such as transposons, Tn elements, insertion sequence elements and mobile gene cassettes of bacterial integrons) transpose directly from one site in the DNA to another.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

Deliberate breeding of two different individuals that results in offspring that carry part of the genetic material of each parent. The parent organisms must be genetically compatible and may be from different varieties or closely related species.

Biologically active DNA which has been formed by the in vitro joining of segments of DNA from different sources. It includes the recombination joint or edge of a heteroduplex region where two recombining DNA molecules are connected.

Using MOLECULAR BIOLOGY techniques, such as DNA SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; PULSED-FIELD GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; and DNA FINGERPRINTING, to identify, classify, and compare organisms and their subtypes.

A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.

A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A flavoprotein amine oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reversible conversion of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. This enzyme was formerly classified as EC 1.1.1.171.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin.

Former kingdom, located on Korea Peninsula between Sea of Japan and Yellow Sea on east coast of Asia. In 1948, the kingdom ceased and two independent countries were formed, divided by the 38th parallel.

Sequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some introns code for separate genes.

Constituent of the 40S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 18S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes.

Plasmids containing at least one cos (cohesive-end site) of PHAGE LAMBDA. They are used as cloning vehicles.

The study of microorganisms living in a variety of environments (air, soil, water, etc.) and their pathogenic relationship to other organisms including man.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of plants.

The variety of all native living organisms and their various forms and interrelationships.

A variety of simple repeat sequences that are distributed throughout the GENOME. They are characterized by a short repeat unit of 2-8 basepairs that is repeated up to 100 times. They are also known as short tandem repeats (STRs).

Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the continent of Europe.

Any cell, other than a ZYGOTE, that contains elements (such as NUCLEI and CYTOPLASM) from two or more different cells, usually produced by artificial CELL FUSION.

Polymers made up of a few (2-20) nucleotides. In molecular genetics, they refer to a short sequence synthesized to match a region where a mutation is known to occur, and then used as a probe (OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES). (Dorland, 28th ed)

MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.

DNA present in neoplastic tissue.

Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

A species of bacteria that resemble small tightly coiled spirals. Its organisms are known to cause abortion in sheep and fever and enteritis in man and may be associated with enteric diseases of calves, lambs, and other animals.

A genus of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria. Most species are free-living in soil and water, but the major habitat for some is the diseased tissue of warm-blooded hosts.

Infections with bacteria of the genus CAMPYLOBACTER.

The unconsolidated mineral or organic matter on the surface of the earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The period of confinement of a patient to a hospital or other health facility.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.

RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM analysis of rRNA genes that is used for differentiating between species or strains.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

A selective increase in the number of copies of a gene coding for a specific protein without a proportional increase in other genes. It occurs naturally via the excision of a copy of the repeating sequence from the chromosome and its extrachromosomal replication in a plasmid, or via the production of an RNA transcript of the entire repeating sequence of ribosomal RNA followed by the reverse transcription of the molecule to produce an additional copy of the original DNA sequence. Laboratory techniques have been introduced for inducing disproportional replication by unequal crossing over, uptake of DNA from lysed cells, or generation of extrachromosomal sequences from rolling circle replication.

Diseases of plants.

Univalent antigen-binding fragments composed of one entire IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAIN and the amino terminal end of one of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS from the hinge region, linked to each other by disulfide bonds. Fab contains the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGIONS, which are part of the antigen-binding site, and the first IMMUNOGLOBULIN CONSTANT REGIONS. This fragment can be obtained by digestion of immunoglobulins with the proteolytic enzyme PAPAIN.

The discipline studying genetic composition of populations and effects of factors such as GENETIC SELECTION, population size, MUTATION, migration, and GENETIC DRIFT on the frequencies of various GENOTYPES and PHENOTYPES using a variety of GENETIC TECHNIQUES.

A mass of organic or inorganic solid fragmented material, or the solid fragment itself, that comes from the weathering of rock and is carried by, suspended in, or dropped by air, water, or ice. It refers also to a mass that is accumulated by any other natural agent and that forms in layers on the earth's surface, such as sand, gravel, silt, mud, fill, or loess. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1689)

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.

The functional hereditary units of PLANTS.

A protein with a molecular weight of 40,000 isolated from bacterial flagella. At appropriate pH and salt concentration, three flagellin monomers can spontaneously reaggregate to form structures which appear identical to intact flagella.

Studies determining the effectiveness or value of processes, personnel, and equipment, or the material on conducting such studies. For drugs and devices, CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DRUG EVALUATION; and DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL are available.

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in food and food products. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms: the presence of various non-pathogenic bacteria and fungi in cheeses and wines, for example, is included in this concept.

The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria often surrounded by a protein microcapsular layer and slime layer. The natural cycle of its organisms generally involves a vertebrate and an invertebrate host. Species of the genus are the etiological agents of human diseases, such as typhus.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

The spectrum of different living organisms inhabiting a particular region, habitat, or biotope.

One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and Eukarya), formerly called Archaebacteria under the taxon Bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct. They are characterized by: (1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; (2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; (3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits; and (4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication. The domain contains at least four kingdoms: CRENARCHAEOTA; EURYARCHAEOTA; NANOARCHAEOTA; and KORARCHAEOTA.

The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.

Water containing no significant amounts of salts, such as water from RIVERS and LAKES.

Any of the DNA in between gene-coding DNA, including untranslated regions, 5' and 3' flanking regions, INTRONS, non-functional pseudogenes, and non-functional repetitive sequences. This DNA may or may not encode regulatory functions.

A country in northern Africa between ALGERIA and LIBYA. Its capital is Tunis.

Annual cereal grass of the family POACEAE and its edible starchy grain, rice, which is the staple food of roughly one-half of the world's population.

A terminal section of a chromosome which has a specialized structure and which is involved in chromosomal replication and stability. Its length is believed to be a few hundred base pairs.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

A transferase that catalyzes the addition of aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic FREE RADICALS as well as EPOXIDES and arene oxides to GLUTATHIONE. Addition takes place at the SULFUR. It also catalyzes the reduction of polyol nitrate by glutathione to polyol and nitrite.

The medium-sized, acrocentric human chromosomes, called group D in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 13, 14, and 15.

Copies of DNA sequences which lie adjacent to each other in the same orientation (direct tandem repeats) or in the opposite direction to each other (INVERTED TANDEM REPEATS).

Staining of bands, or chromosome segments, allowing the precise identification of individual chromosomes or parts of chromosomes. Applications include the determination of chromosome rearrangements in malformation syndromes and cancer, the chemistry of chromosome segments, chromosome changes during evolution, and, in conjunction with cell hybridization studies, chromosome mapping.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

Mapping of the KARYOTYPE of a cell.

A specific pair of GROUP E CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases.

Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

A subspecies of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria. It is the etiologic agent of Johne's disease (PARATUBERCULOSIS), a chronic GASTROENTERITIS in RUMINANTS.

A bacterium causing tuberculosis in domestic fowl and other birds. In pigs, it may cause localized and sometimes disseminated disease. The organism occurs occasionally in sheep and cattle. It should be distinguished from the M. avium complex, which infects primarily humans.

The relative amounts of the PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in a nucleic acid.

A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the individual more than usually susceptible to certain diseases.

The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.

The genetic complement of a BACTERIA as represented in its DNA.

The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.

Family of retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (ras) originally isolated from Harvey (H-ras, Ha-ras, rasH) and Kirsten (K-ras, Ki-ras, rasK) murine sarcoma viruses. Ras genes are widely conserved among animal species and sequences corresponding to both H-ras and K-ras genes have been detected in human, avian, murine, and non-vertebrate genomes. The closely related N-ras gene has been detected in human neuroblastoma and sarcoma cell lines. All genes of the family have a similar exon-intron structure and each encodes a p21 protein.

A form of GENE LIBRARY containing the complete DNA sequences present in the genome of a given organism. It contrasts with a cDNA library which contains only sequences utilized in protein coding (lacking introns).

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

A complex that includes several strains of M. avium. M. intracellulare is not easily distinguished from M. avium and therefore is included in the complex. These organisms are most frequently found in pulmonary secretions from persons with a tuberculous-like mycobacteriosis. Strains of this complex have also been associated with childhood lymphadenitis and AIDS; M. avium alone causes tuberculosis in a variety of birds and other animals, including pigs.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The salinated water of OCEANS AND SEAS that provides habitat for marine organisms.

Partial immunoglobulin molecules resulting from selective cleavage by proteolytic enzymes or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

Proteins isolated from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.

A free-living soil amoeba pathogenic to humans and animals. It occurs also in water and sewage. The most commonly found species in man is NAEGLERIA FOWLERI which is the pathogen for primary amebic meningoencephalitis in primates.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of archaea.

Gram-negative helical bacteria, in the genus BORRELIA, that are the etiologic agents of LYME DISEASE. The group comprises many specific species including Borrelia afzelii, Borellia garinii, and BORRELIA BURGDORFERI proper. These spirochetes are generally transmitted by several species of ixodid ticks.

A family of the order Rodentia containing 250 genera including the two genera Mus (MICE) and Rattus (RATS), from which the laboratory inbred strains are developed. The fifteen subfamilies are SIGMODONTINAE (New World mice and rats), CRICETINAE, Spalacinae, Myospalacinae, Lophiomyinae, ARVICOLINAE, Platacanthomyinae, Nesomyinae, Otomyinae, Rhizomyinae, GERBILLINAE, Dendromurinae, Cricetomyinae, MURINAE (Old World mice and rats), and Hydromyinae.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

A species of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria isolated from the intestinal tract of swine, poultry, and man. It may be pathogenic.

A plant genus of the family ERICACEAE.

Inflammation, often mild, of the conjunctiva caused by a variety of viral agents. Conjunctival involvement may be part of a systemic infection.

A group of the D-related HLA antigens found to differ from the DR antigens in genetic locus and therefore inheritance. These antigens are polymorphic glycoproteins comprising alpha and beta chains and are found on lymphoid and other cells, often associated with certain diseases.

The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).

A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.

An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current.

A glutathione transferase that catalyzes the conjugation of electrophilic substrates to GLUTATHIONE. This enzyme has been shown to provide cellular protection against redox-mediated damage by FREE RADICALS.

RNA, usually prepared by transcription from cloned DNA, which complements a specific mRNA or DNA and is generally used for studies of virus genes, distribution of specific RNA in tissues and cells, integration of viral DNA into genomes, transcription, etc. Whereas DNA PROBES are preferred for use at a more macroscopic level for detection of the presence of DNA/RNA from specific species or subspecies, RNA probes are preferred for genetic studies. Conventional labels for the RNA probe include radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. RNA probes may be further divided by category into plus-sense RNA probes, minus-sense RNA probes, and antisense RNA probes.

Proteins, usually found in the cytoplasm, that specifically bind calcitriol, migrate to the nucleus, and regulate transcription of specific segments of DNA with the participation of D receptor interacting proteins (called DRIP). Vitamin D is converted in the liver and kidney to calcitriol and ultimately acts through these receptors.

The science dealing with the earth and its life, especially the description of land, sea, and air and the distribution of plant and animal life, including humanity and human industries with reference to the mutual relations of these elements. (From Webster, 3d ed)

Identification of DNA polymorphisms associated with the V type alpha1-antitrypsin gene. (1/8395)

alpha1-Antitrypsin (alpha1-AT) is a highly polymorphic protein. The V allele of alpha1-AT has been shown to be associated with focal glomerulosclerosis (FGS) in Negroid and mixed race South African patients. To identify mutations and polymorphisms in the gene for the V allele of alpha1-AT in five South African patients with FGS nephrotic syndrome DNA sequence analysis and restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the coding exons were carried out. Four of the patients were heterozygous for the BstEII RFLP in exon III [M1(Val213)(Ala213)] and one patient was a M1(Ala213) homozygote. The mutation for the V allele was identified in exon II as Gly-148 (GGG)-->Arg (AGG) and in all patients was associated with a silent mutation at position 158 (AAC-->AAT). The patient who was homozygous for (Ala213) also had a silent mutation at position 256 in exon III (GAT-->GAC) which was not present in any of the other four patients. Although the V allele of alpha1-AT is not associated with severe plasma deficiency, it may be in linkage disequilibrium with other genes on chromosome 14 that predispose to FGS. Furthermore, the associated silent mutation at position 158 and the Ala213 polymorphism are of interest, as these could represent an evolutionary intermediate between the M1(Ala213) and M1(Val213) subtypes. (+info)

Identification of a cytolethal distending toxin gene locus and features of a virulence-associated region in Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. (2/8395)

A genetic locus for a cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) was identified in a polymorphic region of the chromosome of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, a predominant oral pathogen. The locus was comprised of three open reading frames (ORFs) that had significant amino acid sequence similarity and more than 90% sequence identity to the cdtABC genes of some pathogenic Escherichia coli strains and Haemophilus ducreyi, respectively. Sonic extracts from recombinant E. coli, containing the A. actinomycetemcomitans ORFs, caused the distension and killing of Chinese hamster ovary cells characteristic of a CDT. Monoclonal antibodies made reactive with the CdtA, CdtB, and CdtC proteins of H. ducreyi recognized the corresponding gene products from the recombinant strain. CDT-like activities were no longer expressed by the recombinant strain when an OmegaKan-2 interposon was inserted into the cdtA and cdtB genes. Expression of the CDT-like activities in A. actinomycetemcomitans was strain specific. Naturally occurring expression-negative strains had large deletions within the region of the cdt locus. The cdtABC genes were flanked by an ORF (virulence plasmid protein), a partial ORF (integrase), and DNA sequences (bacteriophage integration site) characteristic of virulence-associated regions. These results provide evidence for a functional CDT in a human oral pathogen. (+info)

Role of the angiotensin type 2 receptor gene in congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract, CAKUT, of mice and men. (3/8395)

Angiotensin type 2 receptor gene null mutant mice display congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). Various features of mouse CAKUT impressively mimic human CAKUT. Studies of the human type 2 receptor (AGTR2) gene in two independent cohorts found that a significant association exists between CAKUT and a nucleotide transition within the lariat branchpoint motif of intron 1, which perturbs AGTR2 mRNA splicing efficiency. AGTR2, therefore, has a significant ontogenic role for the kidney and urinary tract system. Studies revealed that the establishment of CAKUT is preceded by delayed apoptosis of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells surrounding the urinary tract during key ontogenic events, from the ureteral budding to the expansive growth of the kidney and ureter. (+info)

Diversity of rhizobia associated with Amorpha fruticosa isolated from Chinese soils and description of Mesorhizobium amorphae sp. nov. (4/8395)

Fifty-five Chinese isolates from nodules of Amorpha fruticosa were characterized and compared with the type strains of the species and genera of bacteria which form nitrogen-fixing symbioses with leguminous host plants. A polyphasic approach, which included RFLP of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE), DNA-DNA hybridization, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, electrophoretic plasmid profiles, cross-nodulation and a phenotypic study, was used in the comparative analysis. The isolates originated from several different sites in China and they varied in their phenotypic and genetic characteristics. The majority of the isolates had moderate to slow growth rates, produced acid on YMA and harboured a 930 kb symbiotic plasmid (pSym). Five different RFLP patterns were identified among the 16S rRNA genes of all the isolates. Isolates grouped by PCR-RFLP of the 16S rRNA genes were also separated into groups by variation in MLEE profiles and by DNA-DNA hybridization. A representative isolate from each of these DNA homology groups had a separate position in a phylogenetic tree as determined from sequencing analysis of the 16S rRNA genes. A new species, Mesorhizobium amorphae, is proposed for the majority of the isolates, which belonged to a moderately slow- to slow-growing, acid-producing group based upon their distinct phylogenetic position, their unique electrophoretic type, their low DNA homology with reference strains representing the species within the genus Mesorhizobium and their distinct phenotypic features. Strain ACCC 19665 was chosen as the type strain for M. amorphae sp. nov. (+info)

RFLP of rRNA genes and sequencing of the 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria: a phylogenetic approach. (5/8395)

It has been established that 16S rRNA gene-based phylogeny gives a low resolution between members of the chemoautotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) belonging to the beta-subclass of the Proteobacteria. In this study, 12 isolates of AOB were ribotyped, and the sequences of the 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region (ISR) were determined and used in a phylogenetic study. 16S and 23S rDNA ribotyping revealed that the AOB studied contain only one rrn operon per genome, in contrast to most bacteria, which have 5-10 copies of the rRNA genes per genome. It is likely that the presence of only one set of rRNA genes is related to the slow growth of the AOB. The 16S and 23S rRNA genes of the AOB were shown to be arranged in the classical way: a 16S rRNA gene, an ISR and a 23S rRNA gene. Despite the close phylogenetic relationship among the AOB, the relative location of the rRNA genes in the genome appears to vary considerably. The size of the ISR was approximately 400 bp in the Nitrosomonas isolates and 645-694 bp in the Nitrosospira isolates, suggesting a species-specific size difference in the ISR. The ISR contained two potential tRNA genes in the 5' end in all isolates studied. The similarity values between the ISR sequences of the AOB are low (42.9-96.2%) compared with the 16S rDNA sequence similarity values, and therefore the ISR sequences are valuable as a complementary phylogenetic tool in combination with 16S rRNA gene sequences. The phylogenetic analysis of the AOB based on ISR sequences confirms the 16S rRNA gene-based phylogeny but has the benefit of giving a higher resolution. (+info)

Identification of yeasts by RFLP analysis of the 5.8S rRNA gene and the two ribosomal internal transcribed spacers. (6/8395)

The identification and classification of yeasts have traditionally been based on morphological, physiological and biochemical traits. Various kits have been developed as rapid systems for yeast identification, but mostly for clinical diagnosis. In recent years, different molecular biology techniques have been developed for yeast identification, but there is no available database to identify a large number of species. In the present study, the restriction patterns generated from the region spanning the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and the 5.8S rRNA gene were used to identify a total of 132 yeast species belonging to 25 different genera, including teleomorphic and anamorphic ascomycetous and basidiomycetous yeasts. In many cases, the size of the PCR products and the restriction patterns obtained with endonucleases CfoI, HaeIII and HinfI yielded a unique profile for each species. Accordingly, the use of this molecular approach is proposed as a new rapid and easy method of routine yeast identification. (+info)

Epidemiological characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated in the North West of England by protein A (spa) and coagulase (coa) gene polymorphisms. (7/8395)

In a comparative study, isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with known pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and bacteriophage type were analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) for additional discriminatory subtyping information. PFGE was previously performed using standardized, commercially available kits and pre-programmed software. Isolates were examined for coagulase (coa) and protein A (spa) gene polymorphisms following PCR amplification of the coa hypervariable and spa repeat regions. Coa gene RFLPs produced a total of 38 distinct combined patterns after digestion with HaeIII and AluI and identified the predominant epidemic (EMRSA) types 15 and 16. A unique HaeIII restriction site was identified by RFLP and sequence analysis in the coa gene for EMRSA 15 but not EMRSA 16. The spa gene PCR yielded a total of 14 different profiles ranging from 3-18 repeats with the 2 predominant EMRSA types falling into 2 distinct groups. PCR detection of coa and spa polymorphisms offer a rapid preliminary strain identification and discriminatory subtyping information for surveillance of MRSA. (+info)

Molecular cloning and characterization of three cDNAs encoding putative mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (MAPKKs) in Arabidopsis thaliana. (8/8395)

We isolated three Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA clones (ATMKK3, ATMKK4 and ATMKK5) encoding protein kinases with extensive homology to the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (MAPKKs) of various organisms in the catalytic domain. ATMKK3 shows high homology (85% identity) to NPK2, a tobacco MAPKK homologue. ATMKK4 and 5 are closely related to each other (84% identity). Phylogenetic analysis showed that the plant MAPKKs constitute at least three subgroups. The recombinant ATMKK3 and ATMKK4 were expressed as a fusion protein with glutathione S-transferase (GST) in Escherichia coli. Affinity purified GST-ATMKK3 and GST-ATMKK4 proteins contained phosphorylation activity, which shows that both the ATMKK3 and ATMKK4 genes encode functional protein kinases. Northern blot analysis revealed that the ATMKK3 gene expressed in all the organs. The levels of ATMKK4 and 5 mRNAs were relatively higher in steins and leaves than in flowers and roots. We determined the map positions of the ATMKK3, 4 and 5 genes on Arabidopsis chromosomes by RFLP mapping using P1 genomic clones. (+info)

A restriction fragment length polymorphism is said to occur when the length of a detected fragment varies between individuals, ... In molecular biology, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) is a technique that exploits variations in homologous DNA ... Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP or sometimes T-RFLP) is a technique initially developed for ... a DNA sample is digested into fragments by one or more restriction enzymes, and the resulting restriction fragments are then ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_fragment_length_polymorphism

... (TRFLP or sometimes T-RFLP) is a molecular biology technique for profiling of ... "Formation of Pseudo-Terminal Restriction Fragments, a PCR-Related Bias Affecting Terminal Restriction Fragment Length ... a tool for optimal resolution of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis based on user defined primer-enzyme ... THE FIRST DECADE OF TERMINAL RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM (T-RFLP) IN MICROBIAL ECOLOGY (Articles with J9U ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_restriction_fragment_length_polymorphism

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism RFMP platform technology Hong, Sun Pyo; Ji, Seung Il; Rhee, Hwanseok; Shin, Soo Kyeong ... Restriction Fragment Mass Polymorphism (RFMP) is a technology which digests DNA into oligonucleotide fragments, and detects ... RFMP was developed as a successor to the similar restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) with the intent to allow for ... Restriction fragment mass polymorphism (RFMP) is an application of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_fragment_mass_polymorphism

... restriction fragment length polymorphism; and hybridization analysis. An important group of SNPs are those that corresponds to ... and a possible reduction of required fragment length to less than 100bp.[26] Pharmacogenetics focuses on identifying genetic ... a web tool for analysis of genetic association studies Restriction HomePage - a set of tools for DNA restriction and SNP ... Cao R, Shi Y, Chen S, Ma Y, Chen J, Yang J, Chen G, Shi T (January 2017). "dbSAP: single amino-acid polymorphism database for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism

Intra-individual tissue-specific restriction fragment length polymorphism". FEBS Lett. 221 (1): 129-33. doi:10.1016/0014-5793( ... Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S (1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP1A3

Intra-individual tissue-specific restriction fragment length polymorphism". FEBS Lett. 221 (1): 129-33. doi:10.1016/0014-5793( ... Ruiz A, Bhat SP, Bok D (1995). "Characterization and quantification of full-length and truncated Na,K-ATPase alpha 1 and beta 1 ... 2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci ... 2004). "The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP1B1

Intra-individual tissue-specific restriction fragment length polymorphism". FEBS Lett. 221 (1): 129-33. doi:10.1016/0014-5793( ... 2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci ... 2004). "The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome ... 2004). "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40-5. doi:10.1038/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP1A4

The latter example is called restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Artificial restriction enzymes created by linking ... A restriction enzyme, restriction endonuclease, REase, ENase or restrictase is an enzyme that cleaves DNA into fragments at or ... The sample is first digested with the restriction enzyme to generate DNA fragments, and then the different sized fragments ... a restriction enzyme EcoRI - a restriction enzyme HindIII - a restriction enzyme Homing endonuclease List of homing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_enzyme

The markers were mostly PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Zygospores are the sexual structures of P. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phycomyces_blakesleeanus

Xu DQ, Guilhot S, Galibert F (May 1985). "Restriction fragment length polymorphism of the human c-fms gene". Proc. Natl. Acad. ... It is 60.002 kilobases in length. The encoded protein has 972 amino acids and a predicted molecular weight of 107.984 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_stimulating_factor_1_receptor

The work relied on locating restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP). The first RFLP that Page found was from a site of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_C._Page

Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) is a method that uses fluorescently-labeled DNA fragments to produce ... Marsh, T.L. (2005). "Culture-independent microbial community analysis with terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism". ... terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis, for determination of ... "An evaluation of terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis for the study of microbial community ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_fingerprinting

... restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), and microsatellites. AFLP not only has higher reproducibility, resolution, and ... "Amplified fragment length polymorphism". However, the resulting data are not scored as length polymorphisms, but instead as ... followed by ligation of adaptors to the sticky ends of the restriction fragments. A subset of the restriction fragments is then ... DNA with one or more restriction enzymes and ligation of restriction half-site specific adaptors to all restriction fragments. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplified_fragment_length_polymorphism

"Polymorphism of the human complement C4 and steroid 21-hydroxylase genes. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms revealing ... Schneider, Peter M; Würzner, Reinhard (1999). "Complement genetics: biological implications of polymorphisms and deficiencies ... such as the FP5 project High Throughput Analysis of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms for the Identification of Persons - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_M._Schneider

Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis demonstrated this classification scheme needed revision. As of 2018, this ... "Phylogeny of the genus Agaricus inferred from restriction analysis of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA". Fungal Genet Biol ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaricus

Palsdottir A, Cross SJ, Edwards JH, Carroll MC (1984). "Correlation between a DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism and ... Hessing M, van 't Veer C, Hackeng TM, Bouma BN, Iwanaga S (Oct 1990). "Importance of the alpha 3-fragment of complement C4 for ... DNA sequences, polymorphism, and linkage to the 21-hydroxylase gene". Journal of Immunology. 146 (3): 1057-66. PMID 1988494. ... Jenhani F, Bardi R, Gorgi Y, Ayed K, Jeddi M (Apr 1992). "C4 polymorphism in multiplex families with insulin dependent diabetes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C4A

RFLP Restriction fragment length polymorphism is a technique used to detect variations in homologous DNA. Specific restriction ... AFLP Amplified fragment length polymorphism is a PCR-based DNA fingerprinting technique. DNA is first digested with ... The restriction fragments are then ligated together. A molecular marker is then generated when specific fragments are selected ... The DNA marker allows for the size of the restriction fragments to be estimated. Minisatellites Similar to RFLP, this technique ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular-weight_size_marker

... chromosomal localization and associated restriction fragment length polymorphisms". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 83 (15): 5592-6. ... 2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J_chain

"Genetic relationship of wood and plains bison based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms". Canadian Journal of Zoology ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plains_bison

Santillano, D.; Boetius, A.; Ramette, A. (2010). "Improved dsrA-based Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DsrA_RNA

"Lactobacillus hilgardii and Lactobacillus brevis DNA analysis by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)". Food ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentilactobacillus_hilgardii

Cross SJ, Tonks S, Trowsdale J, Campbell RD (1992). "Novel detection of restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the human ... 2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci ... 2004). "The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-B_associated_transcript_3

The first true method of DNA profiling was restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The first use of RFLP analysis in ... By 1995, scientists attempted to return to a VNTR based analysis combined with PCR technology called amplified fragment length ... Smaller fragments would travel farther through the gel than larger fragments separating them out. These differences were used ... The process of RFLP analysis was extremely time consuming and due to the length of the repeats used, between 9 and 100 base ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_DNA_analysis

... and Ray White developed the method for constructing a genetic linkage map using restriction fragment length polymorphisms that ... "Construction of a genetic linkage map in man using restriction fragment length polymorphisms". American Journal of Human ... With Janet E. Mertz, Davis was the first to demonstrate the use of restriction endonucleases for joining DNA fragments. Davis ... "Cleavage of DNA by RI restriction endonuclease generates cohesive ends". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 69 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_W._Davis

"Genetic relationship of wood and plains bison based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms" (PDF). Can J Zool. 69 (1): 43 ... Head-rump lengths at maximum up to 3.5 m (11 ft 6 in) for males and 2.85 m (9 ft 4 in) for females long and the tail adding 30 ... The length of a predation episode varies, ranging from a few minutes to over nine hours. Bison display five apparent defense ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_bison

Vogelstein B, Fearon ER, Hamilton SR, Feinberg AP (1985). "Use of restriction fragment length polymorphisms to determine the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Vogelstein

as identified by 16S rDNA restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis in a trout farm". Journal of Applied Microbiology. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeromonas_popoffii

Suzuki H, Yamashiro K (2002). "L-myc restriction fragment length polymorphism and histological pattern of invasion in lung ... "Ethnic differences in frequencies of gene polymorphisms in the MYCL1 region and modulation of lung cancer patients' survival" ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MYCL

DNA can be analyzed through restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and Polymerase chain reactions (PCR). The RFLP ... There are multiple methods for testing and analyzing genetic information including restriction fragment length polymorphism ( ... These fragments are sorted through gel electrophoresis. The gel demonstrates the length of the fragments allowing specialists ... Restriction enzymes digest portions of the DNA, leaving short fragments. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_bank

Strains were characterized by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. ... and short tandemly repeating sequences of varying number and length. The ITRs of poxviridae vary in length across strains and ... The genome of variola major virus is about 186,000 base pairs in length. It is made from linear double stranded DNA and ... and purchases of smallpox genome fragments are monitored and regulated, a group with malicious intentions could compile, from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox

... a DNA treatment with restriction enzymes that cut on both sides of the region of interest is necessary. The fragments obtained ... Each complete probe pair must have a unique length, so that its resulting amplicons can be uniquely identified during ... MLPA has a variety of applications including detection of mutations and single nucleotide polymorphisms, analysis of DNA ... In a standard multiplex PCR reaction, each fragment needs a unique amplifying primer pair. These primers being present in a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplex_ligation-dependent_probe_amplification

... or assumed noncoding DNA sequences such as microsatellites or those generating restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs ... This result provided evidence for the key idea that the gene has a linear structure equivalent to a length of DNA with many ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_linkage

... menggunakan teknik terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) dan amplified ribosomul DNA restriction analysis ... Study of natural hybridisation in some tropical plants using amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis. MSc thesis, ... of its total cross-sectional surface length. Upper pitchers are very rarely produced and are considerably smaller than those ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepenthes_ampullaria

The technique they used was restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), which was more affordable at the time compared to ... Brown WM (June 1980). "Polymorphism in mitochondrial DNA of humans as revealed by restriction endonuclease analysis". Proc. ... Using this he can estimate (24/(14*2, the "2" is for the length of the branch to human (14my) and the branch to orangutan (14 ... Mutation rates are given, however, as rate per nucleotide(nt)-site, so if the sequence were say 100 nt in length that rate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_anthropology

Current methods of genotyping include restriction fragment length polymorphism identification (RFLPI) of genomic DNA, random ... amplified fragment length polymorphism detection (AFLPD), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing, allele specific ... For this purpose, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are used as markers and RNA sequencing is used to look at gene ... like single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs)), which represent a tiny fraction of the human genome. When genotyping transgenic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotyping

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) is a technique for analyzing the variable lengths of DNA fragments that result ... About 90% of fragment lengths fall within a two-fold range. Needle shearing creates shearing forces by passing DNA libraries ... It is an enzyme-based treatment used in biotechnology to cut DNA into smaller strands in order to study fragment length ... The presence or absence of certain recognition sites in a DNA sample generates variable lengths of DNA fragments, which are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_fragmentation

... restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns, and discontinuous 23S rRNA in Lyme disease spirochetes: phylogenetic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrelia_andersonii

... marginata based on ribosomal DNA sequences and restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses. Because of differences in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerina_marginata

... an activity that is especially promoted under conditions of caloric restriction. Caloric restriction has been closely linked to ... Partially overlapping fragments are then used for synthesis of homologous regions through a moving D-loop that can continue ... In other classes and phyla, the sequence of SOS boxes varies considerably, with different length and composition, but it is ... Mechanism of allele methylation polymorphism". Sci Rep. 6: 33222. doi:10.1038/srep33222. PMC 5024116. PMID 27629060. Farris MH ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_repair

... menggunakan teknik terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) dan amplified ribosomul DNA restriction analysis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepenthes_gymnamphora

Through restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, the two strains have been shown to differ only slightly. In all ... Connie J. Wolfe and Margo G. Haygood (August 1991). "Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis Reveals High Levels of ... The javelin spookfish (Bathylychnops exilis) is by far the largest species at 50 centimetres (20 in) standard length; most ... Dolichopteryx has several along the length of its belly, and Opisthoproctus has a single organ in the form of a rectal pouch. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barreleye

"Genetic Relationship of Wood and Plains Bison Based on Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms" (PDF). Canadian Journal of ... Despite a limited number of samples, large males have been recorded to reach 3.35 m (11.0 ft) in body length with 95 cm (3.12 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_bison

... enzymes cut DNA at a specific site and the DNA fragments that are left are called restriction fragment length polymorphisms, or ... Prenatal ultrasound may reveal several common characteristics including: growth restriction, ventriculomegaly, cleft lip or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysomy

When the exact species need be determined (e.g. in epidemiological studies), restriction fragment length polymorphisms can be ... D. latum tapeworms are the longest and typically reach a length of 4-15m, but may grow up to 25m in length within the human ... Adult tapeworms may grow to over 10m in length and may constitute of over 3,000 proglottids which contain sets of male and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphyllobothriasis

A2 was unknown here until a restriction fragment length polymorphism (TH-1) was found in a 1994 sample by Gotoh et al 2005. ... They lifted the ban on glyphosate with restrictions on usage: glyphosate will be used only on six major crops: corn, cassava, ... farms in the north and northeast and is partly to blame for an oversupply of rubber as it was implemented with few restrictions ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Thailand

Davis proposed a method for constructing a genetic linkage map using restriction fragment length polymorphisms that was used in ... "Construction of a genetic linkage map in man using restriction fragment length polymorphisms". American Journal of Human ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Botstein

A recent molecular study using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis suggests that the three subspecies are ... The adults are relatively large flies, with lengths of 0.5-1.5 centimetres (1⁄4-5⁄8 in), and have a recognizable shape, or ... Feasibility studies indicated that the fly population was confined to very fragmented habitats and a population genetics study ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse_fly

For a full-length treatment of the language, see "Programming ALGOL 68 Made Easy" by Dr. Sian Mountbatten, or "Learning ALGOL ... This restriction can be circumvented by using different comment delimiters (e.g. use hash only for temporary code deletions). ... so this next fragment is legal: INT a real int = 3 ; The programmer who writes executable code does not always have an option ... for implementation of limited parametrical polymorphism (most operations on data structures like lists, trees or other data ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL_68

... fucosyltransferase gene and two H locus-related DNA restriction fragments. Isolation of a candidate for the human Secretor ... 1998). "Extensive polymorphism of the FUT2 gene in an African (Xhosa) population of South Africa". Hum. Genet. 103 (2): 204-10 ... 2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci ... 2002). "The cytoplasmic tail of alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase inhibits Golgi localization of the full-length enzyme". J. Biol ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FUT2

... in length, although some techniques allow for amplification of fragments up to 40 kbp. The amount of amplified product is ... Mullis's 1985 paper with R. K. Saiki and H. A. Erlich, "Enzymatic Amplification of β-globin Genomic Sequences and Restriction ... improved specificity and single nucleotide polymorphism detection using blocked cleavable primers". BMC Biotechnology. 11: 80. ... The precise time required for elongation depends both on the DNA polymerase used and on the length of the DNA target region to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction

... research groups have reported identification of male-associated markers using RAPD and amplified fragment length polymorphism. ... Recent phylogenetic studies based on cpDNA restriction site analysis and gene sequencing strongly suggest that the Cannabaceae ... A polymerase chain reaction-based method for the detection of female-associated DNA polymorphisms by genotyping has been ... Shao H, Song SJ, Clarke RC (2003). "Female-Associated DNA Polymorphisms of Hemp (Cannabis sativaL.)". Journal of Industrial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis

... and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Paternity testing can now also be performed while the woman is still ... In the United Kingdom, there were no restrictions on paternity tests until the Human Tissue Act 2004 came into force in ... cite book}}: Check ,isbn= value: length (help) Butler, John (2005). Forensic DNA Typing Biology, Technology, and Genetics of ... Genetic parental testing technology advanced further with the isolation of the first restriction enzyme in 1970. Highly ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_paternity_testing

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was the first genetic test developed and is still used as of 2020, ... It involves dicing the DNA with restriction enzymes and sorting the resulting restriction fragments by size using southern blot ... The EcoRI restriction fragment is composed of three parts: 1) 5.7 kb proximal part, 2) the central, variable size D4Z4 repeat ... For example, NGS is not useful for assessing D4Z4 length, because it breaks DNA into fragments before reading them, and it is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facioscapulohumeral_muscular_dystrophy

Chung, WK; Chua, SC; Lee, GH; Leibel, RL (1997). "Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisms (PCR-RFLP ... polymorphisms with body mass index and waist circumference". Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 26 (5): 640-6. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo. ... polymorphisms with variables related to human adiposity". Genetics. 159 (3): 1163-78. doi:10.1093/genetics/159.3.1163. PMC ... "A radioisotopic method for the measurement of free fatty acid turnover and adrenoceptor response in small fragments of human ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Leibel

... variants in the Cx29 gene of nonsyndromic hearing loss patients using buccal cells and restriction fragment length polymorphism ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GJC3

... interspecific backcross panel along with genomic southern blot analysis to identify restriction fragment length polymorphisms ( ... Restriction landmark genomic scanning (RLGS) along a region of recurrent loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at chromosome 6q23-q24 to ... Also TCF21 rs12190287 polymorphism can regulate TCF21 expression and may serve as a potential marker for genetic susceptibility ... Gao X, Yang J, Wang M, Zhang J (June 2016). "TCF21 genetic polymorphisms and breast cancer risk in Chinese women". Oncotarget. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCF21_(gene)

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP) are also useful in the differentiation of fusaria, as differences in base-pair ... sequence cause the sample DNA sequences to be fragmented at different sites by restriction enzymes, resulting in DNA fragments ... Today, species of Fusarium can be identified through the cloning and sequencing of RAPD fragments to produce primers for use in ... of different lengths. This identification method is particularly useful for screening large numbers of samples. As conidial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusarium_sporotrichioides

The use of restriction fragment length polymorphism (‎RFLP)‎ analysis for epidemiological studies of tuberculosis in developing ... Browsing by Subject "Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length". 0-9. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?authority=Polymorphism%2C+Restriction+Fragment+Length&type=mesh

... Zimmerman, ... All were identified as strains of Nostoc . Protein profiles and DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms (from ... Zimmerman, William J.; Bergman, Birgitta; (1990). "The Gunnera symbiosis: DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism and ...

https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/48112

Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism data analysis for quantitative comparison of microbial communites. ... Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism data analysis for quantitative comparison of microbial communites. ...

https://lternet.edu/biblio/terminal-restriction-fragment-length-polymorphism-data-analysis-for-quantitative-comparison-of-microbial-communites/

... comparisons of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers. ... Organellar DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and nuclear random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses of ... Organellar DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and nuclear random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses of ... Identification of restriction fragment length polymorphism and random amplified polymorphic DNA markers linked to downy mildew ...

https://eurekamag.com/research/002/793/002793521.php

... gene by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and mismatch amplification mutation assay ... Polymerase chain reactionrestriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was based on general primers, whereas ...

https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajb/article/view/100352

Restriction maps and restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the human 21-hydroxylase genes. Biochemical and Biophysical ... Restriction maps and restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the human 21-hydroxylase genes. In: Biochemical and ... Restriction maps and restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the human 21-hydroxylase genes. / Donohoue, Patricia A.; ... title = "Restriction maps and restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the human 21-hydroxylase genes", ...

https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/restriction-maps-and-restriction-fragment-length-polymorphisms-of-3

IS6110-based Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). IS6110-based RFLP genotyping detects variations generated by the ... A restriction enzyme is added that cuts the DNA at specific sequences into hundreds of different fragments. The fragments are ... A probe is used to detect fragments containing IS6110, and the image is captured on film. Each copy of IS6110 produces one band ...

https://www.cdc.gov/tb/programs/genotyping/chap3/3_cdclab_2description.htm

Variability for restriction fragment-length polymorphisms (RFLPs) and relationships among elite commercial inbred and virtual ... Variability for restriction fragment-length polymorphisms (RFLPs) and relationships among elite commercial inbred and virtual ... Variability for restriction fragment-length polymorphisms (RFLPs) and relationships among elite commercial inbred and virtual ... title = "Variability for restriction fragment-length polymorphisms (RFLPs) and relationships among elite commercial inbred and ...

https://experts.umn.edu/en/publications/variability-for-restriction-fragment-length-polymorphisms-rflps-a

Keywords: Gene, hemophilia, polymerase chain reaction, restriction enzyme, restriction fragment length polymorphism. ... restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). This marker of polymorphism could only be detected by amplifying the ... HindIII-based restriction fragment length polymorphism in hemophilic and nonhemophilic patients. Posted on : October 23, 2010 ... The polymorphic region of HindIII is 608 bp in length and after the restriction digestion, different sizes of fragments, i.e., ...

https://jnsbm.org/article/3964

Dive into the research topics of Modifications to improve the effectiveness of restriction fragment length polymorphism typing ... Modifications to improve the effectiveness of restriction fragment length polymorphism typing.. Bruce Budowle, F. S. Baechtel ...

https://experts.unthsc.edu/en/publications/modifications-to-improve-the-effectiveness-of-restriction-fragmen/fingerprints/

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms(RFLPs). Definition. Different fragment lengths of base pairs that result from cutting ...

https://www.flashcardmachine.com/chapter-970.html

Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (RFLP) of fla A amplified product by using Bgl II enzyme classified 15 ... their restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1997 Jan; 105(): 9-14. ... Rapid identification of Campylobacter jejuni strains by polymerase chain reaction & their restriction fragment length ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/22936

Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), single base extension and genotyping assays were ... TGFbeta1 polymorphisms and late clinical radiosensitivity in patients treated for gynecologic tumors Int J Radiat Oncol Biol ... There was perfect linkage disequilibrium (LD) between the -1.552delAGG and the -509C,T polymorphisms, and tight LD between the ... Purpose: To investigate the association between six transforming growth factor beta1 gene (TGFbeta1) polymorphisms (-1.552 ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16798416/

Polymorphism, Genetic [‎1]‎. Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length [‎1]‎. Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide [‎1]‎. ...

https://apps.who.int/iris/browse?rpp=20&offset=4668&etal=-1&sort_by=-1&type=mesh&starts_with_previous=P&order=ASC

DNA Fingerprints - Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Botstein found that one cold be identified by the pattern made of ...

https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/the-history-of-biotechnology-b27ddd7a-2831-4b28-abcf-89cf93667f95

Restriction-Fragment-Length Polymorphism (RFLP) proposed. American geneticist David Botstein, biochemist Ronald W. Davis, ... and biologist Ray White publish a paper on their theory that restriction fragment-length-polymorphisms (RFLPs) can be used to ... Role of Restriction Enzymes. Swiss molecular biologist Werner Arber shows how specialized enzymes can cut DNA into short ... These enzymes are subsequently dubbed restriction enzymes. In 1970, American molecular biologist Hamilton Smith and ...

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/visibleproofs/galleries/technologies/dna_image_8.html

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms. (RFLP). Variations between individuals in the lengths of DNA regions that are cut by ... Complement factor H polymorphism, complement activators, and risk of age-related macular degeneration. JAMA 296, 301-309 (2006 ... Single-nucleotide polymorphisms. (SNPs). Differences in the nucleotide composition at single positions in the DNA sequence. ... A method used to determine the nucleotides present in a fragment of DNA. It is based on the chain terminator method developed ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/nrg3493?error=cookies_not_supported&code=df9ddcc0-4948-4839-8ec7-b5d5b48a7aef

Rapid polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method for discrimination of the two Atlantic cryptic ... provides an efficient diagnostic method based on polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) ... Two DNA fragments from the mtDNA, including control region and partial cytochrome oxidase subunit I genes of about 1100 bp and ... of the amplicon including the control region with HaeII and the amplicon including the COI gene with Sau3AI restriction enzymes ...

https://imr.brage.unit.no/imr-xmlui/handle/11250/108444

Restriction fragment-length polymorphism analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA genes amplified by polymerase chain reaction for rapid ... Restriction fragment-length polymorphism analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA genes amplified by polymerase chain reaction for rapid ... Restriction fragment-length polymorphism analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA genes amplified by polymerase chain reaction for rapid ... T1 - Restriction fragment-length polymorphism analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA genes amplified by polymerase chain reaction for ...

https://tohoku.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/restriction-fragment-length-polymorphism-analysis-of-16s-ribosoma

T2 - Comparison of automated DNA sequencing and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism methods ... Comparison of automated DNA sequencing and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. / Simsek, M.; Tanira, M. O.M. ... Comparison of automated DNA sequencing and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. Clinical Chemistry, 47(1), 134 ... Comparison of automated DNA sequencing and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism methods, Clinical Chemistry, vol. 47, ...

https://squ.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/a-precaution-in-the-detection-of-heterozygotes-by-sequencing-comp

Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) [17] and simple sequence repeat anchored PCR [52 ... These methodologies are based on differences in restriction fragment length polymorphisms and simple sequence repeats among the ... Dzikowski R, Levy MG, Poore MF, Flowers JR, Paperna I. Use of rDNA polymorphism for identification of Heterophyidae infecting ... the genus Heterophyidae were reported to be distinguished with PCR assays developed based on variations in rDNA polymorphisms ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219662-workup

SOC: source of control; HB: Hospital Based; RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; PCR-SSP: Single Specific Primer- ... Polymorphism. Genetic model. Type of model. Heterogeneity Odds Ratio Publication Bias I2 (%). P H OR. 95% CI. Z-test. P OR P ... Celiac disease and TNF promoter polymorphisms. Hum Immunol. 2000;61:513-7.. There are several polymorphisms in the upstream ... Funnel plot for publication bias in the meta-analysis of TNF-α -308G,A polymorphism and CD risk. A. Allele model (A vs G). B. ...

https://www.scielo.br/j/ag/a/tQhzTsBbLkYGTrgpRV3YNHw/?lang=en

This software quantitatively analyzes PCR, Northern, Southern, and Western Blots, as well as Restriction Fragment Length ... Polymorphism. The original Gel-Pro Analyzer was designed to automate gel reading functions to improve throughput, minimize ... as well as Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism. The original Gel-Pro Analyzer was designed to automate gel reading ... as well as Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism. The original Gel-Pro Analyzer was designed to automate gel reading ...

https://www.the-scientist.com/technology/let-a-pro-analyze-your-gels-media-cybernetics-upgrades-gel-pro-analyzer-57349

Intrauterine diagnosis: This can be performed by restriction fragment length polymorphism for X-linked defects. ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/198887-194874/what-is-the-role-of-a-serum-immunoglobulin-series-in-the-workup-of-pure-b-cell-disorders

An analysis using restriction- fragment-length polymorphisms. N Engl J Med 1992;326:231-5. * American Thoracic Society/CDC. ... Exposure of any length in a small, enclosed, poorly ventilated area is more likely to result in trans- mission than exposure in ...

https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/m0031296/m0031296.asp

Amplification and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) of ATI Gene. A PCR-based method for rapid screening and ... Detection and restriction fragment length polymorphism taxonomic analysis of the Araçatuba virus ATI gene. Primers based on the ... Detection and restriction fragment length polymorphism taxonomic analysis of the Araçatuba virus ATI gene. Primers based on the ... We also analyzed the A-type gene (ATI) based on restriction length polymorphism, which is a phylogenetic tool used to ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/9/2/02-0244_article

Figure 2A Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay using restriction enzymes of confirmed ... Figure 2B Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay using restriction enzymes of confirmed ... Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Following amplification of the rpoB gene the product was subjected to ... following restriction of the PCR product by HindIII restriction enzyme that produced 2 DNA fragments in the amplicons of M. ...

http://www.emro.who.int/emhj-vol-19-2013/11/molecular-typing-of-mycobacterium-spp-isolates-from-yemeni-tuberculosis-patients.html

MtDNA variation among subspecies of Apis cerana using restriction fragment length polymorphism p. 407 S. Deowanish, J. Nakamura ...

https://www.apidologie.org/articles/apido/abs/1996/05/contents/contents.html

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism analysis was conducted using iPhyClassifier analysis tool (Zhao et al. 2009). Both ...

https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=336286

Polymerase chain reactionrestriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was based on general primers, whereas another employed method was the mismatch amplification mutation assay (MAMA) primers. (ajol.info)
Variability for known alleles at 75 RFLP loci and 194 polymorphic fragments revealed by 69 anonymous cDNA probes and a clone of alliinase were scored to yield genetically characterized and uncharacterized data sets, respectively. (umn.edu)
This limitation has been overcome by the use of polymorphic DNA marker, i.e., restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). (jnsbm.org)
This marker of polymorphism could only be detected by amplifying the polymorphic region and digestion the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product with the restriction enzyme (PCR−RFLP), i.e. (jnsbm.org)
Therefore, in this study, we have analyzed the factor VIII gene in the 17 different families using restriction enzyme Hin dIII-based RFLP molecular marker technique. (jnsbm.org)
Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (RFLP) of fla A amplified product by using Bgl II enzyme classified 15 strains into 5 types. (who.int)
Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), single base extension and genotyping assays were performed to examine the polymorphic sites in TGFbeta1. (nih.gov)
This DNA fingerprint was called a Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). (timetoast.com)
The present investigation provides an efficient diagnostic method based on polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis to discriminate between two cryptic species of scabbardfish, Aphanopus carbo and A. intermedius, with commercial relevance in several European fish markets. (unit.no)
In this study, restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified 16S ribosomal RNA genes (16S rRNA gene PCR-RFLP) was used to generate restriction profiles of reference strains of oral treponemes including Treponema denticola, Treponema socranskii, Treponema vincentii, Treponema pectinovorum and Treponema medium as well as for Treponema phagedenis and Treponema pallidum and five treponeme strains isolated from human periodontal pockets. (elsevier.com)
Homozygous and heterozygous CD4.A and CD4.B alleles in the Microminipigs herd were characterised by using the RFLP technique with the restriction endonuclease, Bse RI. (biomedcentral.com)
We analyzed the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region of Biomphalaria ribosomal DNA (rDNA) using polymerase chain reaction amplification (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). (biomedcentral.com)
Cases with similar restriction fragment length polymorphism (IS 6110 -RFLP) patterns of their Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates were grouped in clusters (recent transmission). (biomedcentral.com)
Additional restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assays may provide a simple strategy to identify the virus subtype. (medscape.com)
The turnaround time of RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) analysis has recently been reduced. (ncjrs.gov)
CYBA polymorphisms were determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) or allelic discrimination. (cun.es)
Polymerase chain reaction-Restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was performed for genotyping Xmn1 γ G globin polymorphism. (medrxiv.org)
In this study, the polymorphisms of β 2 -AR gene on cattle were detected by methods of Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and DNA sequencing in two cattle breeds in China, Xinjiang Brown cattle and Chinese Holstein cows. (scialert.net)
PCR-RFLP (Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) and DNA sequencing methods were used to scan single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the parts of the encoding region of β 2 -AR gene, in order to identify potential genetic markers for lactation performance. (scialert.net)
Examples of full digital T-RFLP profiles obtained with the restriction enzymes HaeIII and MspI for the samples GRW01 (A) and AGS01 (B). (PDF 102 KB) Additional file 5: Comparison of mirror plots obtained on raw (left) and on denoised (right) pyrosequencing datasets. (mdm2signaling.com)
length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of 16S rRNA genes to characterize microbial communities. (mdm2signaling.com)
Marsh TL: Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism BCKDHA (T-RFLP): an emerging method for characterizing diversity among homologous populations of amplification products. (mdm2signaling.com)

IMSEAR at SEARO: Rapid identification of Campylobacter jejuni strains by polymerase chain reaction & their restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. (who.int)
Sato, T & Kuramitsu, HK 1999, ' Restriction fragment-length polymorphism analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA genes amplified by polymerase chain reaction for rapid identification of cultivable oral treponemes ', Oral Microbiology and Immunology , vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 117-121. (elsevier.com)
In the present study, we screened for previously described polymorphisms in the coding region of this gene using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism or allele specific-PCR analyses. (aspetjournals.org)
Genotyping was carried out by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique. (cdc.gov)
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted using groEL PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequence analysis. (who.int)
One thousand thirty-eight normal glucose-tolerant and 1031 type 2 diabetic subjects selected from the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay to investigate the association of rs12255372(G/T) and rs7903146(C/T) polymorphisms of the transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Asian Indians. (qxmd.com)

The restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) prevalent among the cultivars were studied by hybridization of 19 random genomic clones to blots of HindIII, EcoRI and MspI digests. (eurekamag.com)
Allelic and genetically uncharacterized RFLPs confidently distinguished among these hybrids, even though heterozygosity for many markers produced a majority of monomorphic fragments. (umn.edu)
King, JJ, Bradeen, JM & Havey, MJ 1998, ' Variability for restriction fragment-length polymorphisms (RFLPs) and relationships among elite commercial inbred and virtual hybrid onion populations ', Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science , vol. 123, no. 6, pp. 1034-1037. (umn.edu)
American geneticist David Botstein, biochemist Ronald W. Davis, population geneticist Mark Skolnick, and biologist Ray White publish a paper on their theory that restriction fragment-length-polymorphisms (RFLPs) can be used to produce a linkage map of the human genome and to map the genes that cause disease in humans. (nih.gov)

Different fragment lengths of base pairs that result from cutting a DNA molecule with restriction enzymes. (flashcardmachine.com)
Arber, Nathans, and Smith discovered bacterial restriction enzymes that cut DNA. (timetoast.com)
These enzymes are subsequently dubbed 'restriction enzymes. (nih.gov)
In 1970, American molecular biologist Hamilton Smith and colleagues determine that restriction enzymes can cut DNA molecules at precise and predictable locations. (nih.gov)
Digestion of the amplicon including the control region with HaeII and the amplicon including the COI gene with Sau3AI restriction enzymes allowed an unequivocal discrimination between the two scabbardfish species. (unit.no)
The mtDNA of each species was analyzed using 17 restriction enzymes and restriction maps were built. (apidologie.org)
Such variations are generated by mutations that create or abolish recognition sites for these enzymes or change the length of the fragment. (bvsalud.org)
The search for new and unusual restriction enzymes continued apace so that, by 1982, a list of 357 identified restriction enzymes recognizing 90 different dna sequences was published 7. (web.app)
Restriction enzymes recognize and cut at specific places along the dna molecule called restriction sites. (web.app)
Restriction enzymes are part of a bacterial immune system, and have been very useful as a tool to cut and paste dna sequences in laboratory applications. (web.app)
Who ate the cheese use restriction enzymes to cut dna and place on a chart to simulate movement of fragments during eletrophoresis. (web.app)
Other types of restriction enzymes cleave dna at positions somewhat distant from their. (web.app)
Restriction enzymes are not only sequence specific but also structure sensitive and may exhibit either enhanced or inhibited cleavage activity. (web.app)
Enzymes, which are produced naturally by bacteria, cut dna molecules at specific sites denoted by base sequences when a restriction enzyme is used to cut different dna molecules, the size of the fragments generated will be unique to each molecule. (web.app)
Introduction to restriction enzymes objectives at the end of this activity, students should be able to 1. (web.app)
Cut smarter with restriction enzymes from neb with over 40 years of offering restriction enzymes to the research community, neb has earned the reputation of being a leader in enzyme technologies. (web.app)
However, most of naturally occurring restriction enzymes recognize only 48 basepair sequences so that their scission sites statistically appear at every 4 4 256, 4 6 4096, and 4 8 65,536 basepair sequences, respectively. (web.app)
Inside a prokaryote, the restriction enzymes selectively cut up foreign dna in a process called. (web.app)
Restriction enzymes are special proteins produced by bacteria to prevent or restrict invasion by foreign dna such as from viruses. (web.app)
As part of bacterial defense system, restriction enzymes cut digest any foreign dna. (web.app)
These enzymes are called sitespecific restriction endonucleases, or more simply restriction enzymes, and they naturally function as part of bacterial defenses against viruses and other sources of foreign dna. (web.app)

Restriction maps were constructed for the two human 21-hydroxylase genes (21-OHA and 21-OHB) by using DNA from subjects homozygous for a deletion of each gene. (elsevier.com)
Comparing the patterns of these two genes, a KpnI restriction site occurred in the 21-OHA gene in place of a TaqI site in the 21-OHB gene about 1-kb from the 5′ end of the gene, and an extra EcoRI site was located 500 bp 5′ to the common EcoRI site. (elsevier.com)
Immunohistochemistry and genotyping was performed to test ERCC1, III β-tubulin, COX-2, CD4, CD8 and ERCC1 (C8092A and N118 N) and MDR1 (C3435T and G2677 T) gene polymorphisms, as possible predictive and prognostic markers. (biomedcentral.com)
Polymorphisms of the IL-1 gene complex in coal miners with silicosis. (cdc.gov)
The C242T polymorphism of CYBA, the human gene that encodes p22phox, has been found to be functionally associated with vascular NADPH oxidase activity in atherosclerotic patients. (cun.es)
DNA alignment results showed that three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), C11A, G53A and C129T were found in 5-coding region of β 2 -AR gene. (scialert.net)
However, there is little information about polymorphisms of β-AR gene in cattle at present. (scialert.net)
Heterogeneity of Porphyromonas gingivalis strains on fimbrillin gene locus by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. (bvsalud.org)
Expression in Escherichia coli of cDNA fragments encoding the gene for the host-protective antigen of infectious bursal disease virus. (nchu.edu.tw)
The rs12255372(G/T) and rs7903146(C/T) polymorphisms of the TCF7L2 gene are associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Asian Indians. (qxmd.com)
In conclusion, the T allele of the rs12255372(G/T) and rs7903146(C/T) polymorphisms of TCF7L2 gene confer susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus in Asian Indians. (qxmd.com)
If you dont see any interesting for you, use our search form on bottom v. In order to facilitate the topics of restriction enzyme digestion and the generation of compatible ends in the process of gene cloning, an inclass activity was designed. (web.app)

The other single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were not found in the Japanese subjects in the present study. (aspetjournals.org)
In addition, concerning the SNPs of T130N, E154D, N193K, K249R, and H411L, it remains clear that these alleles exist as polymorphisms or represent sequence errors or cloning artifacts. (aspetjournals.org)
To study whether functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in the regulatory elements of genes coding for the IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-1 receptor antagonist (RA) cytokines are associated with silicosis, we examined 318 Caucasian cases confirmed histopathologically with pulmonary silicosis and 163 controls without any apparent inflammation or other pulmonary disease. (cdc.gov)

Although genetic polymorphisms of CYP2C8 were reported, there is little information on CYP2C8 polymorphisms in the Japanese population. (aspetjournals.org)
Genetic material was obtained from blood samples, amplified by PCR and analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism. (scielo.cl)

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms were found with EcoRI, HindIII and AccI that resulted from polymorphic endonuclease sites outside the genes. (elsevier.com)
The polymorphic region of Hin dIII is 608 bp in length and after the restriction digestion, different sizes of fragments, i.e., 427 and 181 bp were, respectively, obtained. (jnsbm.org)

The PCR products were then purified and characterized by single digestion with restriction endonuclease HpaII, and this allowed discrimination between the respective reference strains. (elsevier.com)
Variation occurring within a species in the presence or length of DNA fragment generated by a specific endonuclease at a specific site in the genome. (bvsalud.org)

Two DNA fragments from the mtDNA, including control region and partial cytochrome oxidase subunit I genes of about 1100 bp and 700 bp, respectively, were isolated by PCR amplification. (unit.no)
Through a combination of PCR and examination of restriction fragment length polymorphism, the locations of 14 of the main mitochondrial genes were located on restriction maps. (apidologie.org)

The amplification of the ITS2 region of Biomphalaria snails resulted in a 490 bp fragment and produced two profiles for each species after digestion with the restriction enzyme Hpa II. (biomedcentral.com)
The activity of a restriction enzyme in each of the four standard. (web.app)
Here is an example of a restriction enzyme called ecori that cuts dna at a particular sequence, creating sticky ends. (web.app)
Restriction enzyme are used to cut desired double stranded dna at specific base sequences called recognition sites to create sticky ends the plasmid is then cut by the same restriction enzyme, creating the same sticky ends as the desired donor dna. (web.app)
Restriction enzyme lab report essay example graduateway. (web.app)

Militsopoulou M, Lamari FN, Hjerpe A, Karamanos NK: Adaption of a fragment analysis technique to an automated high-throughput multicapillary electrophoresis device for the precise qualitative and quantitative characterization of microbial communities. (mdm2signaling.com)
7. Thies JE: Soil microbial community analysis using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms. (mdm2signaling.com)

Five clinical isolates, four T. denticola and one T. socranskii, were assigned on the basis of their restriction profiles by digestion with HpaII. (elsevier.com)

Furthermore, hypertensives carrying the CC genotype of this polymorphism exhibit features of NADPH oxidase-mediated oxidative stress and endothelial damage. (cun.es)
Normal glucose-tolerant subjects with the TT genotype of rs7903146(C/T) polymorphism had significantly higher 2-hour plasma glucose levels (mean +/- SD, 6.0 +/- 1.3 mmol/L) than those with the CC genotype (5.6 +/- 1.0 mmol/L, P = .004). (qxmd.com)

Spoligotyping, a new method for simultaneous detec- ment length polymorphism typing, spoligotyping overesti- tion and typing of M. tuberculosis complex bacteria, has mated the number of isolates with identical DNA been recently developed (9-11). (cdc.gov)

micro electropheresis based methods have already reached their limit while sequencing by hybridization has severe restrictions when it comes to de novo (or re-) sequencing of whole genomes. (wjst.de)

because each molecule is amplified in isolation from other molecules it also precludes template competition, which frequently occurs when large numbers of different DNA fragments are amplified together. (wjst.de)

The C242T polymorphism was not in linkage disequilibrium with the -930A/G CYBA promoter variation, which also associates with hypertension. (cun.es)
Delta F508 has linkage disequilibrium with two Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP), often used to define the haplotypic frameworks of CF mutations. (scielo.cl)

Patients with TT in the site of ERCC1 N118 N and GT in the site of MDR1 G2677 T polymorphisms had significantly longer PFS ( p = 0.006 and p = 0.027 respectively). (biomedcentral.com)
Here, we aimed to assess clinical HU response among patients with HbE/β-thalassemia with respect to Xmn1 γ G globin polymorphism and elucidate the association between this polymorphism and HU response efficacy. (medrxiv.org)
Patients with Xmn1 polymorphism were found to be good responders for HU therapy and showed increased hemoglobin levels. (medrxiv.org)

This is the first report showing an association between the IL-1RA (+ 2018) polymorphism and silicosis, and suggests that this polymorphism may confer increased risk for the development of the disease. (cdc.gov)

We also analysed the interaction of C242T polymorphism with the -930A/G CYBA variant. (cun.es)

A polymorphism may be a risk factor for celiac disease, but the results are inconsistent. (scielo.br)

We investigated the association of the C242T polymorphism with hypertension and its potential impact on NADPH oxidase activity. (cun.es)

A polymorphism plays an important role in celiac disease susceptibility. (scielo.br)
There are no available reports related to the role of Keap1 polymorphism and MEG3 methylation in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. (researchsquare.com)

A polymorphism and celiac disease risk in Italy, Spain and PCR-FRLP group studies. (scielo.br)

It is also notable that the eDOS within the bandgap are nearly identical regardless of the cell length (in z). (mdm2signaling.com)

Anatomy10

Organisms31

Diseases13

Chemicals and Drugs54

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment45

Phenomena and Processes95

Disciplines and Occupations7

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture3

Information Science4

Named Groups2

Health Care22

Geographicals13

Identification of DNA polymorphisms associated with the V type alpha1-antitrypsin gene. (1/8395)

Identification of a cytolethal distending toxin gene locus and features of a virulence-associated region in Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. (2/8395)

Role of the angiotensin type 2 receptor gene in congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract, CAKUT, of mice and men. (3/8395)

Diversity of rhizobia associated with Amorpha fruticosa isolated from Chinese soils and description of Mesorhizobium amorphae sp. nov. (4/8395)

RFLP of rRNA genes and sequencing of the 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria: a phylogenetic approach. (5/8395)

Identification of yeasts by RFLP analysis of the 5.8S rRNA gene and the two ribosomal internal transcribed spacers. (6/8395)

Epidemiological characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated in the North West of England by protein A (spa) and coagulase (coa) gene polymorphisms. (7/8395)

Molecular cloning and characterization of three cDNAs encoding putative mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (MAPKKs) in Arabidopsis thaliana. (8/8395)

Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length

Polymorphism, Genetic

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide

DNA Restriction Enzymes

DNA, Bacterial

Base Sequence

Genotype

DNA Fingerprinting

Molecular Sequence Data

Alleles

Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis

Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific

Gene Frequency

Bacterial Typing Techniques

Sequence Analysis, DNA

DNA, Ribosomal

Chromosome Mapping

Genetic Variation

Phylogeny

Blotting, Southern

Nucleic Acid Hybridization

RNA, Ribosomal, 16S

Genetic Predisposition to Disease

Genetic Markers

DNA

DNA Probes

Genetic Linkage

DNA Transposable Elements

Cloning, Molecular

Restriction Mapping

DNA Primers

Haplotypes

Deoxyribonuclease HindIII

Molecular Epidemiology

Genes, Bacterial

Species Specificity

Deoxyribonuclease EcoRI

DNA, Ribosomal Spacer

Case-Control Studies

Deoxyribonuclease HpaII

Peptide Fragments

Amino Acid Sequence

Mutation

Minisatellite Repeats

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Genes

Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field

Bacteria

Asian Continental Ancestry Group

Electrophoresis, Agar Gel

Caloric Restriction

Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid

Plasmids

Phenotype

Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid

Pedigree

DNA, Fungal

Soil Microbiology

Heterozygote

Serotyping

Heterozygote Detection

Cluster Analysis

Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational

Genetic Association Studies

China

DNA, Viral

RNA, Bacterial

Homozygote

RNA, Ribosomal

Deoxyribonuclease BamHI

Genes, rRNA

DNA, Protozoan

Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique

Exons

Japan

Mycological Typing Techniques

Ecosystem

Escherichia coli

Bacterial Proteins