A peptide which is a homopolymer of lysine.
A group of simple proteins that yield basic amino acids on hydrolysis and that occur combined with nucleic acid in the sperm of fish. Protamines contain very few kinds of amino acids. Protamine sulfate combines with heparin to form a stable inactive complex; it is used to neutralize the anticoagulant action of heparin in the treatment of heparin overdose. (From Merck Index, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p692)
High molecular weight insoluble polymers which contain functional anionic groups that are capable of undergoing exchange reactions with cations.
Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.
A group of protein-serine-threonine kinases that was originally identified as being responsible for the PHOSPHORYLATION of CASEINS. They are ubiquitous enzymes that have a preference for acidic proteins. Casein kinases play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION by phosphorylating a variety of regulatory cytoplasmic and regulatory nuclear proteins.
Polyamines are organic compounds with more than one amino group, involved in various biological processes such as cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis, and found to be increased in certain diseases including cancer.
Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., BIOPOLYMERS; PLASTICS).
Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.
The introduction of functional (usually cloned) GENES into cells. A variety of techniques and naturally occurring processes are used for the gene transfer such as cell hybridization, LIPOSOMES or microcell-mediated gene transfer, ELECTROPORATION, chromosome-mediated gene transfer, TRANSFECTION, and GENETIC TRANSDUCTION. Gene transfer may result in genetically transformed cells and individual organisms.
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Stabilization of poly-L-lysine/DNA polyplexes for in vivo gene delivery to the liver. (1/915)

We are developing a self-assembling non-viral in vivo gene delivery vehicle based on poly-l-lysine and plasmid DNA. We have characterized poly-l-lysines of different chain lengths for DNA condensation and strength of DNA binding. Poly-l-lysine chains >20 residues bound DNA efficiently in physiological saline, while shorter chains did not. Attachment of asialoorosomucoid to PLL increased the PLL chain length required for efficient DNA binding in saline and for efficient DNA condensation. By electron microscopy, poly-l-lysine/DNA polyplexes appeared as toroids 25-50 nm in diameter or rods 40-80 nm long; conjugation of asialoorosomucoid to the polylysine component increased the size of resulting polyplexes to 50-90 nm. In water, poly-l-lysine and asialoorosomucoid-PLL polyplexes have effective diameters of 46 and 87.6 nm, respectively. Polyplexes containing only poly-l-lysine and DNA aggregated in physiological saline at all charge ratios and aggregated at neutral charge ratios in water. Attachment of asialoorosomucoid lessened, but did not eliminate, the aggregation of PLL polyplexes, and did not result in efficient delivery of polyplexes to hepatocytes. Conjugation of polyethylene glycol to poly-l-lysine sterically stabilized resulting polyplexes at neutral charge ratios by shielding the surfaces. For efficient in vivo gene delivery, polyplexes will need to be sterically stabilized to prevent aggregation and interaction with serum components.  (+info)

Ligand substitution of receptor targeted DNA complexes affects gene transfer into hepatoma cells. (2/915)

We have targeted the serpin enzyme complex receptor for gene transfer in human hepatoma cell lines using peptides < 30 amino acids in length which contain the five amino acid recognition sequence for this receptor, coupled to poly K of average chain length 100 K, using the heterobifunctional coupling reagent sulfo-LC SPDP. The number of sulfo-LC SPDP modified poly-L-lysine residues, as well as the degree of peptide substitution was assessed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Conjugates were prepared in which 3.5%, 7.8% or 26% of the lysine residues contained the sulfo-LC SPDP moiety. Each of these conjugates was then coupled with ligand peptides so that one in 370, one in 1039, or one in 5882 lysines were substituted with receptor ligand. Electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy were used to assess complex structure and size. HuH7 human hepatoma cells were transfected with complexes of these conjugates with the plasmid pGL3 and luciferase expression measured 2 to 16 days after treatment. All the protein conjugates in which 26% of the K residues were modified with sulfo-LC SPDP were poor gene transfer reagents. Complexes containing less substituted poly K, averaged 17 +/- 0.5 nm in diameter and gave peak transgene expression of 3-4 x 10(6) ILU/mg which persisted (> 7 x 10(5) ILU) at 16 days. Of these, more substituted polymers condensed DNA into complexes averaging 20 +/- 0.7 nm in diameter and gave five-fold less luciferase than complexes containing less substituted conjugates. As few as eight to 11 ligands per complex are optimal for DNA delivery via the SEC receptor. The extent of substitution of receptor-mediated gene transfer complexes affects the size of the complexes, as well as the intensity and duration of transgene expression. These observations may permit tailoring of complex construction for the usage required.  (+info)

Basic homopolyamino acids, histones and protamines are potent antagonists of angiogenin binding to ribonuclease inhibitor. (3/915)

A radio-ribonuclease inhibitor assay based on the interaction of 125I-angiogenin with ribonuclease inhibitor (RI) was used to detect pancreatic-type ribonucleases and potential modulators of their action. We show that highly basic proteins including the homopolypeptides poly-arginine, poly-lysine and poly-ornithine, core histones, spermatid-specific S1 protein and the protamines HP3 and Z3 were strong inhibitors of angiogenin binding to RI. A minimum size of poly-arginine and poly-lysine was required for efficient inhibition. The inhibition likely resulted from direct association of the basic proteins with the acidic inhibitor, as RI bound to poly-lysine and protamines while 125I-angiogenin did not. Antagonists of the angiogenin-RI interaction are potential regulators of either angiogenin-triggered angiogenesis and/or intracellular RI function, depending on their preferential target.  (+info)

Poly(L-lysine)-graft-dextran copolymer promotes pyrimidine motif triplex DNA formation at physiological pH. Thermodynamic and kinetic studies. (4/915)

Extreme instability of pyrimidine motif triplex DNA at physiological pH severely limits its use for artificial control of gene expression in vivo. Stabilization of the pyrimidine motif triplex at physiological pH is therefore of great importance in improving its therapeutic potential. To this end, isothermal titration calorimetry interaction analysis system and electrophoretic mobility shift assay have been used to explore the thermodynamic and kinetic effects of our previously reported triplex stabilizer, poly (L-lysine)-graft-dextran (PLL-g-Dex) copolymer, on pyrimidine motif triplex formation at physiological pH. Both the thermodynamic and kinetic analyses have clearly indicated that in the presence of the PLL-g-Dex copolymer, the binding constant of the pyrimidine motif triplex formation at physiological pH was about 100 times higher than that observed without any triplex stabilizer. Of importance, the triplex-promoting efficiency of the copolymer was more than 20 times higher than that of physiological concentrations of spermine, a putative intracellular triplex stabilizer. Kinetic data have also demonstrated that the observed copolymer-mediated promotion of the triplex formation at physiological pH resulted from the considerable increase in the association rate constant rather than the decrease in the dissociation rate constant. Our results certainly support the idea that the PLL-g-Dex copolymer could be a key material and may eventually lead to progress in therapeutic applications of the antigene strategy in vivo.  (+info)

Activation of the Cdc42-associated tyrosine kinase-2 (ACK-2) by cell adhesion via integrin beta1. (5/915)

Activated Cdc42-associated kinase-2 (ACK-2) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that appears to be a highly specific target for the Rho-related GTP-binding protein Cdc42. In order to understand better how ACK-2 activity is regulated in cells, we have expressed epitope-tagged forms of this tyrosine kinase in COS-7 and NIH3T3 cells. We find that ACK-2 can be activated by cell adhesion in a Cdc42-dependent manner. However, unlike the focal adhesion kinase, which also is activated by cell adhesion, the activation of ACK-2 is F-actin-independent and does not require cell spreading. In addition, overexpression of ACK-2 in COS-7 cells did not result in the stimulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase activity but rather activated the c-Jun kinase. Both anti-integrin beta1 antibody and RGD peptides inhibited the activation of ACK-2 by cell adhesion. In addition, ACK-2 was co-immunoprecipitated with integrin beta1. Overall, these findings suggest that ACK-2 interacts with integrin complexes and mediates cell adhesion signals in a Cdc42-dependent manner.  (+info)

Non-viral neuronal gene delivery mediated by the HC fragment of tetanus toxin. (6/915)

Many inherited neurological diseases and cancers could potentially benefit from efficient targeted gene delivery to neurons of the central nervous system. The nontoxic fragment C (HC) of tetanus toxin retains the specific nerve cell binding and transport properties of tetanus holotoxin. The HC fragment has previously been used to promote the uptake of attached proteins such as horseradish peroxidase, beta-galactosidase and superoxide dismutase into neuronal cells in vitro and in vivo. We report the use of purified recombinant HC fragment produced in yeast and covalently bound to polylysine [poly(K)] to enable binding of DNA. We demonstrate that when used to transfect cells, this construct results in nonviral gene delivery and marker gene expression in vitro in N18 RE 105 cells (a neuroblastoma x glioma mouse/rat hybrid cell line) and F98 (a glioma cell line). Transfection was dependent on HC and was neuronal cell type specific. HC may prove a useful targeting ligand for future neuronal gene therapy.  (+info)

The structural and functional role of lysine residues in the binding domain of cytochrome c in the electron transfer to cytochrome c oxidase. (7/915)

The interactions of yeast iso-1 cytochrome c with bovine cytochrome c oxidase were studied using cytochrome c variants in which lysines of the binding domain were substituted by alanines. Resonance Raman spectra of the fully oxidized complexes of both proteins reveal structural changes of both the heme c and the hemes a and a3. The structural changes in cytochrome c are the same as those observed upon binding to phospholipid vesicles where the bound protein exists in two conformers, B1 and B2. Whereas the structure of B1 is the same as that of the unbound cytochrome c, the formation of B2 is associated with substantial alterations of the heme pocket. In cytochrome c oxidase, the structural changes in both hemes refer to more subtle perturbations of the immediate protein environment and may be a result of a conformational equilibrium involving two states. These changes are qualitatively different to those observed for cytochrome c oxidase upon poly-l-lysine binding. The resonance Raman spectra of the various cytochrome c/cytochrome c oxidase complexes were analyzed quantitatively. The spectroscopic studies were paralleled by steady-state kinetic measurements of the same protein combinations. The results of the spectra analysis and the kinetic studies were used to determine the stability of the complexes and the conformational equilibria B2/B1 for all cytochrome c variants. The complex stability decreases in the order: wild-type WT > J72K > K79A > K73A > K87A > J72A > K86A > K73A/K79A (where J is the natural trimethyl lysine). This order is not exhibited by the conformational equilibria. The electrostatic control of state B2 formation does not depend on individual intermolecular salt bridges, but on the charge distribution in a specific region of the front surface of cytochrome c that is defined by the lysyl residues at positions 72, 73 and 79. On the other hand, the conformational changes in cytochrome c oxidase were found to be independent of the identity of the bound cytochrome c variant. The maximum rate constants determined from steady-state kinetic measurements could be related to the conformational equilibria of the bound cytochrome c using a simple model that assumes that the conformational transitions are faster than product formation. Within this model, the data analysis leads to the conclusion that the interprotein electron transfer rate constant is around two times higher in state B2 than in B1. These results can be interpreted in terms of an increase of the driving force in state B2 as a result of the large negative shift of the reduction potential.  (+info)

In vitro cytotoxicity of poly(amidoamine)s: relevance to DNA delivery. (8/915)

We have examined the cytotoxicity of a number of poly(amidoamine) polymers which have been proposed for use as DNA delivery systems and compared them to the charged polyamino acid polylysine. Most of the poly(amidoamine)s tested were shown to be remarkably non-toxic to both HepG2 and HL60 cell lines. However, one of the structures (NG30, co-monomers methylene bisacrylamide, dimethylethylene diamine) did show cytotoxicity similar to that of polylysine. A second PAA structure (NG37, NG38, NG39, co-monomers bisacryloyl piperazine, 2-methyl piperazine) showed mild cytotoxicity towards both cell lines, related to the degree of polymerisation. The results support the idea that the cytotoxicity of polycations has a strong structural basis rather than being an effect due only to charge. As a consequence of their general reduced level of cytotoxicity, poly(amidoamine)s appear to have possible advantages for complexation with DNA over some other cationic polymers as a key component of DNA delivery systems.  (+info)

Polylysine is not a medical term per se, but it is a term used in biochemistry and medicine. Polylysine refers to a synthetic polymer of the amino acid lysine, which is linked together by peptide bonds to form a long, unbranched chain. It is often used in laboratory settings as a tool for scientific research, particularly in the study of protein-protein interactions and cellular uptake mechanisms.

In medicine, polylysine has been explored as a potential drug delivery vehicle, as it can be chemically modified to carry drugs or other therapeutic agents into cells. However, its use in clinical settings is not yet widespread. It's important to note that the term 'polylysine' itself does not have a specific medical definition, but rather refers to a class of biochemical compounds with certain properties.

Protamines are small, arginine-rich proteins that are found in the sperm cells of many organisms. They play a crucial role in the process of sperm maturation, also known as spermiogenesis. During this process, the DNA in the sperm cell is tightly packed and compacted by the protamines, which helps to protect the genetic material during its journey to fertilize an egg.

Protamines are typically composed of around 50-100 amino acids and have a high proportion of positively charged arginine residues, which allow them to interact strongly with the negatively charged DNA molecule. This interaction results in the formation of highly condensed chromatin structures that are resistant to enzymatic digestion and other forms of damage.

In addition to their role in sperm maturation, protamines have also been studied for their potential use in drug delivery and gene therapy applications. Their ability to bind strongly to DNA makes them attractive candidates for delivering drugs or genetic material directly to the nucleus of a cell. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits and risks associated with these applications.

Cation exchange resins are a type of ion exchange resin that are positively charged and used to remove cations (positively charged ions) from aqueous solutions. They are often used in water treatment to soften water by removing calcium and magnesium ions, which can cause scale buildup in pipes and appliances. Cation exchange resins can also be used to remove heavy metals and other contaminants from water.

The resin itself is typically made of a cross-linked polymer matrix, such as polystyrene or polyacrylate, which contains functional groups that give the resin its ion exchange properties. The most common type of cation exchange resin is the sulfonated styrene divinylbenzene copolymer (SSDVB), in which the functional group is a sulfonic acid (-SO3H) group. When this resin comes into contact with a solution containing cations, such as a water supply, the cations in the solution will replace the hydrogen ions on the resin, causing the resin to become positively charged and the solution to become deionized.

Cation exchange resins can be regenerated by washing them with a strong acid, which replaces the captured cations with hydrogen ions, allowing the resin to be reused. The regeneration process must be done carefully to avoid damaging the resin and to ensure that it is properly rinsed of any residual acid before being put back into service.

Cation exchange resins are widely used in various industries such as pharmaceuticals, food and beverage, power generation, chemical processing and metal finishing for purification of water and wastewater treatment.

Peptides are short chains of amino acid residues linked by covalent bonds, known as peptide bonds. They are formed when two or more amino acids are joined together through a condensation reaction, which results in the elimination of a water molecule and the formation of an amide bond between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another.

Peptides can vary in length from two to about fifty amino acids, and they are often classified based on their size. For example, dipeptides contain two amino acids, tripeptides contain three, and so on. Oligopeptides typically contain up to ten amino acids, while polypeptides can contain dozens or even hundreds of amino acids.

Peptides play many important roles in the body, including serving as hormones, neurotransmitters, enzymes, and antibiotics. They are also used in medical research and therapeutic applications, such as drug delivery and tissue engineering.

Casein kinases are a family of protein kinases that play important roles in various cellular processes, including signal transduction, cell cycle regulation, and DNA damage repair. These enzymes phosphorylate serine and threonine residues on their target proteins by transferring a phosphate group from ATP to the hydroxyl side chain of these amino acids.

There are several isoforms of casein kinases, including Casein Kinase 1 (CK1) and Casein Kinase 2 (CK2), which differ in their structure, substrate specificity, and cellular functions. CK1 is involved in various signaling pathways, such as the Wnt signaling pathway, and regulates processes such as gene transcription, DNA repair, and circadian rhythm. CK2, on the other hand, is a highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinase that plays a role in many cellular processes, including cell division, apoptosis, and transcriptional regulation.

Dysregulation of casein kinases has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, these enzymes are considered important targets for the development of new therapeutic strategies.

Polyamines are organic compounds with more than one amino group (-NH2) and at least one carbon atom bonded to two or more amino groups. They are found in various tissues and fluids of living organisms and play important roles in many biological processes, such as cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis (programmed cell death). Polyamines are also involved in the regulation of ion channels and transporters, DNA replication and gene expression. The most common polyamines found in mammalian cells are putrescine, spermidine, and spermine. They are derived from the decarboxylation of amino acids such as ornithine and methionine. Abnormal levels of polyamines have been associated with various pathological conditions, including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.

In the context of medical definitions, polymers are large molecules composed of repeating subunits called monomers. These long chains of monomers can have various structures and properties, depending on the type of monomer units and how they are linked together. In medicine, polymers are used in a wide range of applications, including drug delivery systems, medical devices, and tissue engineering scaffolds. Some examples of polymers used in medicine include polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and biodegradable polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL).

A cation is a type of ion, which is a charged particle, that has a positive charge. In chemistry and biology, cations are formed when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons during chemical reactions. The removal of electrons results in the atom having more protons than electrons, giving it a net positive charge.

Cations are important in many biological processes, including nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and enzyme function. For example, sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+) are all essential cations that play critical roles in various physiological functions.

In medical contexts, cations can also be relevant in the diagnosis and treatment of various conditions. For instance, abnormal levels of certain cations, such as potassium or calcium, can indicate specific diseases or disorders. Additionally, medications used to treat various conditions may work by altering cation concentrations or activity within the body.

Gene transfer techniques, also known as gene therapy, refer to medical procedures where genetic material is introduced into an individual's cells or tissues to treat or prevent diseases. This can be achieved through various methods:

1. **Viral Vectors**: The most common method uses modified viruses, such as adenoviruses, retroviruses, or lentiviruses, to carry the therapeutic gene into the target cells. The virus infects the cell and inserts the new gene into the cell's DNA.

2. **Non-Viral Vectors**: These include methods like electroporation (using electric fields to create pores in the cell membrane), gene guns (shooting gold particles coated with DNA into cells), or liposomes (tiny fatty bubbles that can enclose DNA).

3. **Direct Injection**: In some cases, the therapeutic gene can be directly injected into a specific tissue or organ.

The goal of gene transfer techniques is to supplement or replace a faulty gene with a healthy one, thereby correcting the genetic disorder. However, these techniques are still largely experimental and have their own set of challenges, including potential immune responses, issues with accurate targeting, and risks of mutations or cancer development.

In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."

1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.

2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.

3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.

4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).

Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.

Either can be the location of polymerization, resulting in α-polylysine or ε-polylysine. Polylysine is a homopolypeptide ... Polylysine has a light yellow appearance and is slightly bitter in taste whether in powder or liquid form. α-Polylysine is ... Food products containing polylysine are mainly found in Japan. The use of polylysine is common in food applications such as ... α-Polylysine is synthetically produced by a basic polycondensation reaction. The production of ε-polylysine by natural ...
"Benzylpenicilloyl polylysine". PharmGKB. "Benzylpenicilloyl polylysine". DrugBank. Vemuri P, Harris KE, Suh LA, Grammer LC ( ... Benzylpenicilloyl polylysine (Pre-Pen) is used as a skin test before the administration of penicillin. It is used to detect the ... "PRE-PEN® (benzylpenicilloyl polylysine injection USP) Skin Test Antigen". DailyMed. U.S. National Library of Medicine. ( ... 2004). "Preparation of benzylpenicilloyl-polylysine: a preliminary study". Allergy and Asthma Proceedings. 25 (3): 165-168. ...
In his first published paper, he demonstrated the utility of polylysine and other engineered peptides that could adhere to ... Mazia D, Schatten G, Sale W (July 1975). "Adhesion of cells to surfaces coated with polylysine. Applications to electron ...
Polylysine was covalently bonded to chitosan in order to prevent it from diffusing away. Polylysine was selected because of its ... Chitosan/GP has shown success in vitro, but the addition of polylysine is needed to enhance nerve cell attachment. ... Neuron survival was doubled, though neurite outgrowth did not change with the added polylysine. Longitudinally oriented ... "Polylysine-functionalised thermoresponsive chitosan hydrogel for neural tissue engineering". Journal of Biomedical Materials ...
In addition to this, there has been recent discoveries linking bilirubin and its ε-polylysine-bilirubin conjugate (PLL-BR), to ... "Polylysine-bilirubin conjugates maintain functional islets and promote M2 macrophage polarization". Acta Biomaterialia. 122: ...
"Polyarginine Interacts More Strongly and Cooperatively than Polylysine with Phospholipid Bilayers". The Journal of Physical ...
"Enabling Indium Channels for Mass Cytometry by Using Reinforced Cyclambased Chelating Polylysine". Bioconjugate Chemistry. 31 ( ... expression analysis April 2020 Enabling Indium Channels for Mass Cytometry by Using Reinforced Cyclambased Chelating Polylysine ...
"The antimicrobial effects and mechanism of ε-poly-lysine against Staphylococcus aureus". Bioresources and Bioprocessing. 6 (1 ...
Kahar, Prihardi; Iwata, Toshiharu; Hiraki, Jun; Park, Enoch Y.; Okabe, Mitsuyasu (January 2001). "Enhancement of ε-polylysine ... "Identification of genetic variations associated with epsilon-poly-lysine biosynthesis in Streptomyces albulus ZPM by genome ...
A single cell can be adhered by means such as a polylysine-coated slide; this also works for other small samples like condensed ...
... coded for the polypeptide poly-lysine and that the poly-cytosine RNA sequence (CCCCC...) coded for the polypeptide poly-proline ...
In particular he developed penicilloyl-polylysine (PPL) as a test reagent for detecting penicillin allergy. Starting in 1961, ...
It is polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) mixed with the stabilizers carboxymethylcellulose and polylysine. It is under ...
... and the polymer polylysine. 3D cell culturing is scalable, with the capability for culturing 500 cells to millions of cells or ...
... and the polymer polylysine. 3D cell culturing is scalable, with the capability for culturing 500 cells to millions of cells or ...
2006). "C2B polylysine motif of synaptotagmin facilitates a Ca2+-independent stage of synaptic vesicle priming in vivo". ...
"Regulation of pathways within cultured epithelial cells for the transcytosis of a basal membrane-bound peroxidase-polylysine ...
Differential modulation of the active site environment of CAXII by cationic quantum dots and polylysine helps design CAXII ... "Differential modulation of the active site environment of human carbonic anhydrase XII by cationic quantum dots and polylysine ...
This can be done by polylysine, aminosilane, epoxysilane, or nitrocellulose in the case of silicon chips/silica glass. ...
Polylysine, immunoglobulin antibody, and different enzymes have been successfully placed onto surfaces including glass, ...
Those who do not have a β-lactone ring are (E)-4-amino styryl acetate, ε-polylysine and caulerpenyne. Lipase inhibitors have ...
Such proteins interact with bilayers only electrostatically, for example, ribonuclease and poly-lysine interact with membranes ...
Twenty years later, this approach was successfully put into practice in small animal models when alginate-polylysine-alginate ( ... where xenograft islet cells were encapsulated inside alginate polylysine microcapsules and showed significant in vivo results ... where genetically modified xenogeneic CHO cells expressing VEGF were encapsulated in alginate-polylysine-alginate microcapsules ...
... and Drug Linker Chemistry Alter the Intravenous and Pulmonary Pharmacokinetics of a PEGylated Generation 4 Polylysine Dendrimer ...
Homopolymers of amino acids (such as polylysine) can adopt α-helical structure at low temperature that is "melted out" at high ...
Take poly-lysine as an example, the poly-lysine will cover the negatively charged glass surface and turn the charge to be ...
... mannose and FITC to polylysine for gene delivery. Particulate carrier systems: developed various polymeric nanoparticulate ...
... and a poly-lysine and serine region. Further post-translational modifications include phosphorylation and mono-methylation ...
... ε-polylysine, chitosan) and nanoparticles (e.g. silver, copper, gold, platinum, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, ...
This test is typically performed by an allergist who uses a skin-prick and intradermal injection of penicilloyl-polylysine, a ...

No data available that match "polylysine"


  • Literature studies have reported an antimicrobial effect of ε-polylysine against yeast, fungi, Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
  • The antimicrobial activity of ε-Polylysine hydrochloride is primarily attributed to its mode of action, which involves disrupting the integrity of microbial cell membranes. (dachengpharma.com)
  • α-Polylysine is a synthetic polymer, which can be composed of either L-lysine or D-lysine. (wikipedia.org)
  • ε-Polylysine (ε-poly-L-lysine, EPL) is typically produced as a homopolypeptide of approximately 25-30 L-lysine residues. (wikipedia.org)
  • ε polylysine can be decomposed into lysine in the human body, and lysine is one of the 8 essential amino acids for the human body, and it is also an amino acid that is allowed to be fortified in food by countries all over the world. (yimingbiotechnology.com)
  • We have studied the antibacterial properties of polylysine and found that ε-lysine can not only inhibit G+ micrococcus with strong heat resistance, but also inhibit G- Escherichia coli and Salmonella that other natural preservatives are not easy to inhibit. (yimingbiotechnology.com)
  • NAL and polylysine produced peaks that corresponded to lysine and peak four. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, a mutation in the DKC1 gene is also found on exon 15, revealing a duplication, which adds a lysine residue on a polylysine tract on the C-terminus. (medscape.com)
  • Since the late 1980s, ε-polylysine has been approved by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare as a preservative in food. (wikipedia.org)
  • ε polylysine is a polypeptide with bacteriostatic effect, and this biological preservative was first used in food preservation in the 1980s. (yimingbiotechnology.com)
  • Polylysine is a homopolypeptide belonging to the group of cationic polymers: at pH 7, polylysine contains a positively charged hydrophilic amino group. (wikipedia.org)
  • Therefore, ε polylysine is a nutritional bacteriostatic agent, with higher safety than other chemical preservatives, and its acute oral toxicity is 5g/kg. (yimingbiotechnology.com)
  • Polylysine homopolymers or block copolymers have been widely used for delivery of DNA and proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cohen CM , Kramer RM, Branton D . Transbilayer mapping of membrane proteins using membranes isolated on polylysine-coated polyacrylamide beads. (academictree.org)
  • Metal-based NPs can be easily conjugated with various functional groups, like polylysine, polyethylene glycol (PEG) or bovine serum albumin. (blogspot.com)
  • The interaction of polylysine with DNA may be divided into two separate phenomena: the primary interaction involved in formation of a well-defined complex, and secondary interactions leading to aggregation of these complexes. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Most studies on the interaction of polylysine with DNA have used techniques which measure properties of the aggregated. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Food products containing polylysine are mainly found in Japan. (wikipedia.org)
  • In Japan, ε polylysine has entered the commercial market, and we can see ε polylysine in a variety of food products, especially rice in cooked bento boxes purchased in supermarkets and grocery stores. (yimingbiotechnology.com)
  • 3) Our research and development team work hard to improve the quality, stability and application of Ɛ-polylysine in different products. (aafud.com)
  • The use of polylysine is common in food applications such as boiled rice, cooked vegetables, soups, noodles and sliced fish (sushi). (wikipedia.org)
  • Polylysine has obvious inhibitory effect on the growth of Gram-positive Micrococcus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus, Gram-negative Escherichia coli, Salmonella and yeast. (yimingbiotechnology.com)
  • The compound treatment of ε polylysine and acetic acid enhances the inhibitory effect on Bacillus subtilis, which has bacteriostatic activity. (yimingbiotechnology.com)
  • Effect polylysine on the cytology of ehrlich ascites tumor cells. (jax.org)
  • Production of polylysine by natural fermentation is only observed in strains of bacteria in the genus Streptomyces. (wikipedia.org)
  • Streptomyces albulus is most often used in scientific studies and is also used for the commercial production of ε-polylysine. (wikipedia.org)
  • The production of ε-polylysine by natural fermentation was first described by researchers Shoji Shima and Heiichi Sakai in 1977. (wikipedia.org)
  • Alginate-polylysine-alginate (APA) microencapsulation has proven successful for the oral delivery of this strain to the colon, where production of FA is greatest. (ku.edu)
  • ε-Polylysine is used commercially as a food preservative in Japan, Korea and in imported items sold in the United States. (wikipedia.org)
  • ε-Polylysine Hydrochloride: An Overview ε-Polylysine hydrochloride, often referred to as ε-PL or EPL, is a natural polymer derived from the fermentation of Streptomyces albulus. (dachengpharma.com)
  • According to research, ε-polylysine is adsorbed electrostatically to the cell surface of the bacteria, followed by a stripping of the outer membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • α-Polylysine is commonly used to coat tissue cultureware as an attachment factor which improves cell adherence. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this article, we delve into the potential of ε-Polylysine hydrochloride as a powerful tool in the fight against foodborne illnesses. (dachengpharma.com)
  • Polylysine has a light yellow appearance and is slightly bitter in taste whether in powder or liquid form. (wikipedia.org)
  • Either can be the location of polymerization, resulting in α-polylysine or ε-polylysine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Polylysine Powder, Epsilon-PolyLysine. (marknature.com)
  • Epsilon-Polylysine (EPL), also known as ε-polylysine, stands as a vital natural preservative in the food industry. (marknature.com)
  • ε-Polylysine hydrochloride , a natural antimicrobial agent, has shown promise in improving food resilience by preserving food quality, extending shelf life, and enhancing safety in adverse conditions. (dachengpharma.com)
  • ε-Polylysine hydrochloride, a natural antimicrobial agent, offers the potential to enhance food resilience by preserving food quality, extending shelf life, and improving safety in challenging environments. (dachengpharma.com)
  • 3.1 Structure and Source ε-Polylysine hydrochloride, often referred to as ε-PL, is a naturally occurring antimicrobial agent derived from Streptomyces albulus. (dachengpharma.com)
  • 1963) to direct polylysine synthesis. (nih.gov)
  • 5. Preparation of asialoorosomucoid-polylysine conjugates. (nih.gov)
  • ε-Polylysine (ε-poly-L-lysine, EPL) is typically produced as a homopolypeptide of approximately 25-30 L-lysine residues. (wikipedia.org)
  • 16. Enhanced resistance to nuclease degradation of nucleic acids complexed to asialoglycoprotein-polylysine carriers. (nih.gov)
  • Fractionation of nucleic acids from mammalian cells in culture by polylysine-Kieselguhr column chromatography. (iiar-anticancer.org)
  • Literature studies have reported an antimicrobial effect of ε-polylysine against yeast, fungi, Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
  • Production of polylysine by natural fermentation is only observed in strains of bacteria in the genus Streptomyces. (wikipedia.org)
  • Streptomyces albulus is most often used in scientific studies and is also used for the commercial production of ε-polylysine. (wikipedia.org)
  • ε-Polylysine is a natural substance from streptomyces albulus metabolism. (foodsweeteners.com)
  • Chapters three and four explores thermostability of these cross-linked films of HRP, SBP and Mb enzymes and polylysine on pyrolytic graphite and 500 nm diameter silica colloids at 90°C in buffers and microemulsions. (uconn.edu)
  • Polylysine exhibits high positive charge density which allows it to form soluble complexes with negatively charged macromolecules. (wikipedia.org)
  • 19. Receptor-mediated gene transfer to cells of hepatic origin by galactosylated albumin-polylysine complexes. (nih.gov)
  • Polylysine is a homopolypeptide belonging to the group of cationic polymers: at pH 7, polylysine contains a positively charged hydrophilic amino group. (wikipedia.org)
  • The crosslinked matrix is a polyelectrolyte complex made of alginate and Pegylated-polylysine (PLL-MPEG, Nanosoft Polymers ). (nanosoftpolymers.com)
  • Polylysine has a light yellow appearance and is slightly bitter in taste whether in powder or liquid form. (wikipedia.org)
  • Polylysine homopolymers or block copolymers have been widely used for delivery of DNA and proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is widely used as food preservative.ε-Polylysine can inhibit the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts, moulds, bacteria, etc. (foodsweeteners.com)
  • The use of polylysine is common in food applications such as boiled rice, cooked vegetables, soups, noodles and sliced fish (sushi). (wikipedia.org)
  • This article explores the applications of ε-Polylysine hydrochloride in challenging environments, its mechanisms of action, regulatory considerations, sustainability aspects, and its potential to contribute to food security and sustainability in an ever-changing world. (dachengpharma.com)
  • The use of ε-Polylysine hydrochloride in food applications is subject to regulatory oversight in many countries. (dachengpharma.com)
  • In chapter two, stable covalently linked films of myoglobin and polylysine on pyrolytic graphite electrodes reacted with tert-butylhydroperoxide to form ferryloxy protein species according to Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics. (uconn.edu)
  • Polylysine-based nanoparticles have also been shown to passively accumulate in the injured sites of blood vessels after stroke due to incorporation into newly formed thrombus, which offers a new way to deliver therapeutic agents specifically to the sites of injury after vascular damage. (wikipedia.org)