Hydrocarbons with more than one double bond. They are a reduced form of POLYYNES.
Amphoteric macrolide antifungal antibiotic from Streptomyces natalensis or S. chattanoogensis. It is used for a variety of fungal infections, mainly topically.
Hydrocarbons with more than one triple bond; or an oxidized form of POLYENES. They can react with SULFUR to form THIOPHENES.
Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.
Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.
Substances that destroy fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. They differ from FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL because they defend against fungi present in human or animal tissues.
Five membered rings containing a NITROGEN atom.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons of the type Cn-H2n, indicated by the suffix -ene. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p408)
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)
The ability of fungi to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antifungal agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation.
The general name for a group of fat-soluble pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. They are aliphatic hydrocarbons consisting of a polyisoprene backbone.
Mycoses are a group of diseases caused by fungal pathogens that can infect various tissues and organs, potentially leading to localized or systemic symptoms, depending on the immune status of the host.
Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called CATHODE RAYS.
Cyclic hexapeptides of proline-ornithine-threonine-proline-threonine-serine. The cyclization with a single non-peptide bond can lead them to be incorrectly called DEPSIPEPTIDES, but the echinocandins lack ester links. Antifungal activity is via inhibition of 1,3-beta-glucan synthase production of BETA-GLUCANS.
A unicellular budding fungus which is the principal pathogenic species causing CANDIDIASIS (moniliasis).
Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
C22-unsaturated fatty acids found predominantly in FISH OILS.
A group of fatty acids, often of marine origin, which have the first unsaturated bond in the third position from the omega carbon. These fatty acids are believed to reduce serum triglycerides, prevent insulin resistance, improve lipid profile, prolong bleeding times, reduce platelet counts, and decrease platelet adhesiveness.
Fats containing one or more double bonds, as from oleic acid, an unsaturated fatty acid.
An oily liquid extracted from the seeds of the safflower, Carthamus tinctorius. It is used as a dietary supplement in the management of HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. It is used also in cooking, as a salad oil, and as a vehicle for medicines, paints, varnishes, etc. (Dorland, 28th ed & Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados.
Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the topoisomerase II catalytic inhibitor fostriecin. (1/793)

We conducted a phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the topoisomerase II catalytic inhibitor fostriecin. Fostriecin was administered intravenously over 60 min on days 1-5 at 4-week intervals. Dose was escalated from 2 mg m(-2) day(-1) to 20 mg m(-2) day(-1) in 20 patients. Drug pharmacokinetics was analysed with high performance liquid chromatography with UV-detection. Plasma collected during drug administration was tested in vitro for growth inhibition of a teniposide-resistant small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell line. The predominant toxicities were elevated liver transaminases (maximum common toxicity criteria (CTC) grade 4) and serum creatinine (maximum CTC grade 2). These showed only a limited increase with increasing doses, often recovered during drug administration and were fully reversible. Duration of elevated alanine-amino transferase (ALT) was dose-limiting in one patient at 20 mg m(-2). Other frequent toxicities were grade 1-2 nausea/vomiting, fever and mild fatigue. Mean fostriecin plasma half-life was 0.36 h (initial; 95% CI, 0-0.76 h) and 1.51 h (terminal; 95% CI, 0.41-2.61 h). A metabolite, most probably dephosphorylated fostriecin, was detected in plasma and urine. No tumour responses were observed, but the plasma concentrations reached in the patients were insufficient to induce significant growth inhibition in vitro. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) has not been reached, because drug supply was stopped at the 20 mg m(-2) dose level. However, further escalation seems possible and is warranted to achieve potentially effective drug levels. Fostriecin has a short plasma half-life and longer duration of infusion should be considered.  (+info)

Metabolic diversity in myxobacteria: identification of the myxalamid and the stigmatellin biosynthetic gene cluster of Stigmatella aurantiaca Sg a15 and a combined polyketide-(poly)peptide gene cluster from the epothilone producing strain Sorangium cellulosum So ce90. (2/793)

Myxobacterial strains producing polyketides (PKs) assumed to be biosynthesized by a type I polyketide synthase (PKS) were analysed. Myxobacteria also produce a variety of polypeptides (PP) and PKs with incorporated amino acids ('mixed PK-PP'). In order to be able to identify the biosynthetic gene clusters for these metabolites a PCR based approach has been developed to clone ketosynthase (KS) domains of PKS genes from these organisms. Conserved regions of peptide synthetases of the non-ribosomal type (NRPS) were also amplified via PCR. KS fragments from Stigmatella aurantiaca Sg a15 were used for chromosomal gene inactivation experiments resulting in a series of mutants including such that were unable to produce stigmatellins and myxalamids. A NRPS fragment and PKS fragments from Sorangium cellulosum So ce90 were used to identify cosmids hybridizing with both types of probes from a genomic library. Both a NRPS and a PKS fragment were cloned and sequenced from a relatively short restriction fragment of one of these cosmids. The method described here should be very useful to clone and identify PKS, NRPS and mixed PKS-NRPS from myxobacteria in general and thereby open opportunities to use the biochemical diversity of these bacteria for genetic engineering and combinatorial biosynthesis.  (+info)

Redox components of cytochrome bc-type enzymes in acidophilic prokaryotes. I. Characterization of the cytochrome bc1-type complex of the acidophilic ferrous ion-oxidizing bacterium Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. (3/793)

The redox components of the cytochrome bc1 complex from the acidophilic chemolithotrophic organism Thiobacillus ferrooxidans were investigated by potentiometric and spectroscopic techniques. Optical redox titrations demonstrated the presence of two b-type hemes with differing redox midpoint potentials at pH 7.4 (-169 and + 20 mV for bL and bH, respectively). At pH 3.5, by contrast, both hemes appeared to titrate at about +20 mV. Antimycin A, 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide, and stigmatellin induced distinguishable shifts of the b hemes' alpha-bands, providing evidence for the binding of antimycin A and 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide near heme bH (located on the cytosolic side of the membrane) and of stigmatellin near heme bL (located on the periplasmic side of the membrane). The inhibitors stigmatellin, 5-(n-undecyl)-6-hydroxy-4,7-dioxobenzothiazole, and 2, 5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone affected the EPR spectrum of the Rieske iron-sulfur center in a way that differs from what has been observed for cytochrome bc1 or b6f complexes. The results obtained demonstrate that the T. ferrooxidans complex, although showing most of the features characteristic for bc1 complexes, contains unique properties that are most probably related to the chemolithotrophicity and/or acidophilicity of its parent organism. A speculative model for reverse electron transfer through the T. ferrooxidans complex is proposed.  (+info)

In-vitro resistance to azoles associated with mitochondrial DNA deficiency in Candida glabrata. (4/793)

A commercially available disk diffusion procedure was used in a large-scale study to evaluate the susceptibility of a wide range of Candida isolates to polyenes and azoles. With almost all isolates of C. glabrata resistant colonies were present within the inhibition zones for the azole compounds fluconazole, ketoconazole and miconazole, and less frequently for isoconazole, econazole and clotrimazole. Ten randomly selected isolates were cloned by limiting dilution and the susceptibility of the resulting strains to polyenes and azoles was determined. All strains presented a similar susceptibility pattern with sensitivity to polyenes and the presence of resistant colonies for all azole compounds except tioconazole. For each strain and each antifungal agent, one of these resistant colonies was subcultured and studied for antifungal susceptibility. All these colonies showed similar properties regardless of which antifungal agent allowed their selection, with increased sensitivity to polyenes and cross-resistance to the azole compounds except tioconazole. Similar results were obtained on Shadomy's modified medium and on synthetic medium. Likewise, determination of MICs by the Etest method confirmed the resistance to fluconazole. Comparative growth studies revealed a respiratory deficiency in the mutants caused by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions. In addition, 'petite' mutants were obtained from a wild-type strain by exposure to ethidium bromide, and these respiratory mutants were shown to be resistant to azoles. These results demonstrate the relationship between mtDNA deficiency and resistance to azoles, and provide an interesting model to study the mechanisms of action of these antifungal agents.  (+info)

Importance of the beta12-beta13 loop in protein phosphatase-1 catalytic subunit for inhibition by toxins and mammalian protein inhibitors. (5/793)

Type-1 protein serine/threonine phosphatases (PP1) are uniquely inhibited by the mammalian proteins, inhibitor-1 (I-1), inhibitor-2 (I-2), and nuclear inhibitor of PP1 (NIPP-1). In addition, several natural compounds inhibit both PP1 and the type-2 phosphatase, PP2A. Deletion of C-terminal sequences that included the beta12-beta13 loop attenuated the inhibition of the resulting PP1alpha catalytic core by I-1, I-2, NIPP-1, and several toxins, including tautomycin, microcystin-LR, calyculin A, and okadaic acid. Substitution of C-terminal sequences from the PP2A catalytic subunit produced a chimeric enzyme, CRHM2, that was inhibited by toxins with dose-response characteristics of PP1 and not PP2A. However, CRHM2 was insensitive to the PP1-specific inhibitors, I-1, I-2, and NIPP-1. The anticancer compound, fostriecin, differed from other phosphatase inhibitors in that it inhibited wild-type PP1alpha, the PP1alpha catalytic core, and CRHM2 with identical IC(50). Binding of wild-type and mutant phosphatases to immobilized microcystin-LR, NIPP-1, and I-2 established that the beta12-beta13 loop was essential for the association of PP1 with toxins and the protein inhibitors. These studies point to the importance of the beta12-beta13 loop structure and conformation for the control of PP1 functions by toxins and endogenous proteins.  (+info)

Pathways for proton release during ubihydroquinone oxidation by the bc(1) complex. (6/793)

Quinol oxidation by the bc(1) complex of Rhodobacter sphaeroides occurs from an enzyme-substrate complex formed between quinol bound at the Q(o) site and the iron-sulfur protein (ISP) docked at an interface on cytochrome b. From the structure of the stigmatellin-containing mitochondrial complex, we suggest that hydrogen bonds to the two quinol hydroxyl groups, from Glu-272 of cytochrome b and His-161 of the ISP, help to stabilize the enzyme-substrate complex and aid proton release. Reduction of the oxidized ISP involves H transfer from quinol. Release of the proton occurs when the acceptor chain reoxidizes the reduced ISP, after domain movement to an interface on cytochrome c(1). Effects of mutations to the ISP that change the redox potential and/or the pK on the oxidized form support this mechanism. Structures for the complex in the presence of inhibitors show two different orientations of Glu-272. In stigmatellin-containing crystals, the side chain points into the site, to hydrogen bond with a ring hydroxyl, while His-161 hydrogen bonds to the carbonyl group. In the native structure, or crystals containing myxothiazol or beta-methoxyacrylate-type inhibitors, the Glu-272 side chain is rotated to point out of the site, to the surface of an external aqueous channel. Effects of mutation at this residue suggest that this group is involved in ligation of stigmatellin and quinol, but not quinone, and that the carboxylate function is essential for rapid turnover. H(+) transfer from semiquinone to the carboxylate side chain and rotation to the position found in the myxothiazol structure provide a pathway for release of the second proton.  (+info)

A multiplasmid approach to preparing large libraries of polyketides. (7/793)

A three-plasmid system for heterologous expression of 6-deoxyerythronolide B synthase (DEBS) has been developed to facilitate combinatorial biosynthesis of polyketides made by type I modular polyketide synthases (PKSs). The eryA PKS genes encoding the three DEBS subunits were individually cloned into three compatible Streptomyces vectors carrying mutually selectable antibiotic resistance markers. A strain of Streptomyces lividans transformed with all three plasmids produced 6-deoxyerythronolide B at a level similar to that of a strain transformed with a single plasmid containing all three genes. The utility of this system in combinatorial biosynthesis was demonstrated through production of a library of modified polyketide macrolactones by using versions of each plasmid constructed to contain defined mutations. Combinations of these vector sets were introduced into S. lividans, resulting in strains producing a wide range of 6-deoxyerythronolide B analogs. This method can be extended to any modular PKS and has the potential to produce thousands of novel natural products, including ones derived from further modification of the PKS products by tailoring enzymes.  (+info)

Determination of the binding rate constants of stigmatellin and UHDBT to bovine cytochrome bc(1) complex by cytochrome c(1) oxidation. (8/793)

Based on the high electron transfer rate between the [2Fe-2S] cluster and heme c(1) and the elevation of the redox midpoint potential of iron sulfur protein (ISP) upon binding of certain Qo inhibitors, the binding rate constants of stigmatellin and UHDBT to the cytochrome bc(1) complex were determined using a stopped-flow rapid scanning technique. Assuming that the intramolecular electron transfer from ISP to cytochrome c(1) is much faster than the binding of inhibitors, the rate of the inhibitor binding can be determined by the rate of cytochrome c(1) oxidation. The binding rate constants were calculated to be 1.0x10(5) and 2.3x10(5) M(-1) s(-1) at pH 7.5 for stigmatellin and UHDBT, respectively. The binding rate constant of UHDBT is pH dependent and that of stigmatellin is not.  (+info)

Polyenes are a group of antibiotics that contain a long, unsaturated hydrocarbon chain with alternating double and single bonds. They are characterized by their ability to bind to ergosterol, a steroid found in fungal cell membranes, forming pores that increase the permeability of the membrane and lead to fungal cell death.

The most well-known polyene antibiotic is amphotericin B, which is used to treat serious systemic fungal infections such as candidiasis, aspergillosis, and cryptococcosis. Other polyenes include nystatin and natamycin, which are primarily used to treat topical fungal infections of the skin or mucous membranes.

While polyenes are effective antifungal agents, they can also cause significant side effects, particularly when used systemically. These may include kidney damage, infusion reactions, and electrolyte imbalances. Therefore, their use is typically reserved for severe fungal infections that are unresponsive to other treatments.

Natamycin is an antifungal medication used to treat and prevent fungal infections. It is a polyene macrolide antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces natalensis. In medical contexts, it is often used as a topical treatment for eye, skin, and mucous membrane infections caused by susceptible fungi. Natamycin works by binding to ergosterol, a component of fungal cell membranes, which disrupts the membrane's structure and function, ultimately leading to fungal cell death.

In addition to its medical uses, natamycin is also used as a food preservative to prevent mold growth in certain dairy products, such as cheese, and in some countries, it is approved for use in the production of certain types of sausages and fermented meat products.

Polyacetylenes are a type of chemical compound that naturally occur in certain plants, including members of the families Asteraceae (daisies, sunflowers) and Apiaceae (carrots, parsley). They are characterized by alternating double bonds along their carbon chain, which can give them unique chemical properties. Some polyacetylenes have been found to have potential medicinal benefits, such as anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. However, they can also be toxic in high concentrations. It's important to note that the term "polyacetylenes" refers to a broad class of compounds, and individual members may have different properties and effects.

Nystatin is an antifungal medication used to treat various fungal infections such as candidiasis, which can affect the skin, mouth, throat, and vagina. It works by binding to ergosterol, a component of fungal cell membranes, creating pores that increase permeability and ultimately lead to fungal cell death.

The medical definition of Nystatin is:

A polyene antifungal agent derived from Streptomyces noursei, used primarily for topical treatment of mucocutaneous candidiasis. It has little systemic absorption and is therefore not useful for treating systemic fungal infections. Common side effects include local irritation and burning sensations at the application site.

Amphotericin B is an antifungal medication used to treat serious and often life-threatening fungal infections. It works by binding to the ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane, creating pores that lead to the loss of essential cell components and ultimately cell death.

The medical definition of Amphotericin B is:

A polyene antifungal agent derived from Streptomyces nodosus, with a broad spectrum of activity against various fungi, including Candida, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, and Histoplasma capsulatum. Amphotericin B is used to treat systemic fungal infections, such as histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, candidiasis, and aspergillosis, among others. It may be administered intravenously or topically, depending on the formulation and the site of infection.

Adverse effects associated with Amphotericin B include infusion-related reactions (such as fever, chills, and hypotension), nephrotoxicity, electrolyte imbalances, and anemia. These side effects are often dose-dependent and may be managed through careful monitoring and adjustment of the dosing regimen.

Antifungal agents are a type of medication used to treat and prevent fungal infections. These agents work by targeting and disrupting the growth of fungi, which include yeasts, molds, and other types of fungi that can cause illness in humans.

There are several different classes of antifungal agents, including:

1. Azoles: These agents work by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a key component of fungal cell membranes. Examples of azole antifungals include fluconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole.
2. Echinocandins: These agents target the fungal cell wall, disrupting its synthesis and leading to fungal cell death. Examples of echinocandins include caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin.
3. Polyenes: These agents bind to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane, creating pores that lead to fungal cell death. Examples of polyene antifungals include amphotericin B and nystatin.
4. Allylamines: These agents inhibit squalene epoxidase, a key enzyme in ergosterol synthesis. Examples of allylamine antifungals include terbinafine and naftifine.
5. Griseofulvin: This agent disrupts fungal cell division by binding to tubulin, a protein involved in fungal cell mitosis.

Antifungal agents can be administered topically, orally, or intravenously, depending on the severity and location of the infection. It is important to use antifungal agents only as directed by a healthcare professional, as misuse or overuse can lead to resistance and make treatment more difficult.

"Azoles" is a class of antifungal medications that have a similar chemical structure, specifically a five-membered ring containing nitrogen and two carbon atoms (a "azole ring"). The most common azoles used in medicine include:

1. Imidazoles: These include drugs such as clotrimazole, miconazole, and ketoconazole. They are used to treat a variety of fungal infections, including vaginal yeast infections, thrush, and skin infections.
2. Triazoles: These include drugs such as fluconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole. They are also used to treat fungal infections, but have a broader spectrum of activity than imidazoles and are often used for more serious or systemic infections.

Azoles work by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, an essential component of fungal cell membranes. This leads to increased permeability of the cell membrane, which ultimately results in fungal cell death.

While azoles are generally well-tolerated, they can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. In addition, some azoles can interact with other medications and affect liver function, so it's important to inform your healthcare provider of all medications you are taking before starting an azole regimen.

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond in their molecular structure. The general chemical formula for alkenes is CnH2n, where n represents the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.

The double bond in alkenes can undergo various reactions, such as addition reactions, where different types of molecules can add across the double bond to form new compounds. The relative position of the double bond in the carbon chain and the presence of substituents on the carbon atoms can affect the physical and chemical properties of alkenes.

Alkenes are important industrial chemicals and are used as starting materials for the synthesis of a wide range of products, including plastics, resins, fibers, and other chemicals. They are also found in nature, occurring in some plants and animals, and can be produced by certain types of bacteria through fermentation processes.

Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by Candida species, most commonly Candida albicans. It can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, mucous membranes (such as the mouth and vagina), and internal organs (like the esophagus, lungs, or blood).

The symptoms of candidiasis depend on the location of the infection:

1. Oral thrush: White patches on the tongue, inner cheeks, gums, or roof of the mouth. These patches may be painful and can bleed slightly when scraped.
2. Vaginal yeast infection: Itching, burning, redness, and swelling of the vagina and vulva; thick, white, odorless discharge from the vagina.
3. Esophageal candidiasis: Difficulty swallowing, pain when swallowing, or feeling like food is "stuck" in the throat.
4. Invasive candidiasis: Fever, chills, and other signs of infection; multiple organ involvement may lead to various symptoms depending on the affected organs.

Risk factors for developing candidiasis include diabetes, HIV/AIDS, use of antibiotics or corticosteroids, pregnancy, poor oral hygiene, and wearing tight-fitting clothing that traps moisture. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, such as fluconazole, nystatin, or clotrimazole, depending on the severity and location of the infection.

Fungal drug resistance is a condition where fungi are no longer susceptible to the antifungal drugs that were previously used to treat infections they caused. This can occur due to genetic changes in the fungi that make them less sensitive to the drug's effects, or due to environmental factors that allow the fungi to survive and multiply despite the presence of the drug.

There are several mechanisms by which fungi can develop drug resistance, including:

1. Mutations in genes that encode drug targets: Fungi can acquire mutations in the genes that encode for the proteins or enzymes that the antifungal drugs target. These mutations can alter the structure or function of these targets, making them less susceptible to the drug's effects.
2. Overexpression of efflux pumps: Fungi can increase the expression of genes that encode for efflux pumps, which are proteins that help fungi expel drugs from their cells. This can reduce the intracellular concentration of the drug and make it less effective.
3. Changes in membrane composition: Fungi can alter the composition of their cell membranes to make them less permeable to antifungal drugs, making it more difficult for the drugs to enter the fungal cells and exert their effects.
4. Biofilm formation: Fungi can form biofilms, which are complex communities of microorganisms that adhere to surfaces and are protected by a matrix of extracellular material. Biofilms can make fungi more resistant to antifungal drugs by limiting drug penetration and creating an environment that promotes the development of resistance.

Fungal drug resistance is a significant clinical problem, particularly in patients with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or cancer. It can lead to treatment failures, increased morbidity and mortality, and higher healthcare costs. To address this issue, there is a need for new antifungal drugs, as well as strategies to prevent and manage drug resistance.

Carotenoids are a class of pigments that are naturally occurring in various plants and fruits. They are responsible for the vibrant colors of many vegetables and fruits, such as carrots, pumpkins, tomatoes, and leafy greens. There are over 600 different types of carotenoids, with beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin being some of the most well-known.

Carotenoids have antioxidant properties, which means they can help protect the body's cells from damage caused by free radicals. Some carotenoids, such as beta-carotene, can be converted into vitamin A in the body, which is important for maintaining healthy vision, skin, and immune function. Other carotenoids, such as lycopene and lutein, have been studied for their potential role in preventing chronic diseases, including cancer and heart disease.

In addition to being found in plant-based foods, carotenoids can also be taken as dietary supplements. However, it is generally recommended to obtain nutrients from whole foods rather than supplements whenever possible, as food provides a variety of other beneficial compounds that work together to support health.

Mycoses are a group of diseases caused by fungal infections. These infections can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, nails, hair, lungs, and internal organs. The severity of mycoses can range from superficial, mild infections to systemic, life-threatening conditions, depending on the type of fungus and the immune status of the infected individual. Some common types of mycoses include candidiasis, dermatophytosis, histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, and aspergillosis. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, which can be topical or systemic, depending on the location and severity of the infection.

An electron is a subatomic particle, symbol e-, with a negative electric charge. Electrons are fundamental components of atoms and are responsible for the chemical bonding between atoms to form molecules. They are located in an atom's electron cloud, which is the outermost region of an atom and contains negatively charged electrons that surround the positively charged nucleus.

Electrons have a mass that is much smaller than that of protons or neutrons, making them virtually weightless on the atomic scale. They are also known to exhibit both particle-like and wave-like properties, which is a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics. Electrons play a crucial role in various physical phenomena, such as electricity, magnetism, and chemical reactions.

Echinocandins are a class of antifungal medications that inhibit the synthesis of 1,3-β-D-glucan, a key component of the fungal cell wall. This results in osmotic instability and ultimately leads to fungal cell death. Echinocandins are commonly used to treat invasive fungal infections caused by Candida species and Aspergillus species. The three drugs in this class that are approved for use in humans are caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin.

Here's a brief overview of each drug:

1. Caspofungin (Cancidas, Cancidas-W): This is the first echinocandin to be approved for use in humans. It is indicated for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, including candidemia, acute disseminated candidiasis, and other forms of Candida infections. Caspofungin is also approved for the prevention of Candida infections in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
2. Micafungin (Mycamine): This echinocandin is approved for the treatment of candidemia, esophageal candidiasis, and other forms of Candida infections. It is also used for the prevention of Candida infections in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
3. Anidulafungin (Eraxis): This echinocandin is approved for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis and candidemia, as well as other forms of Candida infections. It is also used for the prevention of Candida infections in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Echinocandins have a broad spectrum of activity against many fungal species, including those that are resistant to other classes of antifungal medications. They are generally well-tolerated and have a low incidence of drug interactions. However, they should be used with caution in patients with hepatic impairment, as their metabolism may be affected by liver dysfunction.

'Candida albicans' is a species of yeast that is commonly found in the human body, particularly in warm and moist areas such as the mouth, gut, and genital region. It is a part of the normal microbiota and usually does not cause any harm. However, under certain conditions like a weakened immune system, prolonged use of antibiotics or steroids, poor oral hygiene, or diabetes, it can overgrow and cause infections known as candidiasis. These infections can affect various parts of the body including the skin, nails, mouth (thrush), and genital area (yeast infection).

The medical definition of 'Candida albicans' is:

A species of yeast belonging to the genus Candida, which is commonly found as a commensal organism in humans. It can cause opportunistic infections when there is a disruption in the normal microbiota or when the immune system is compromised. The overgrowth of C. albicans can lead to various forms of candidiasis, such as oral thrush, vaginal yeast infection, and invasive candidiasis.

Microbial sensitivity tests, also known as antibiotic susceptibility tests (ASTs) or bacterial susceptibility tests, are laboratory procedures used to determine the effectiveness of various antimicrobial agents against specific microorganisms isolated from a patient's infection. These tests help healthcare providers identify which antibiotics will be most effective in treating an infection and which ones should be avoided due to resistance. The results of these tests can guide appropriate antibiotic therapy, minimize the potential for antibiotic resistance, improve clinical outcomes, and reduce unnecessary side effects or toxicity from ineffective antimicrobials.

There are several methods for performing microbial sensitivity tests, including:

1. Disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer test): A standardized paper disk containing a predetermined amount of an antibiotic is placed on an agar plate that has been inoculated with the isolated microorganism. After incubation, the zone of inhibition around the disk is measured to determine the susceptibility or resistance of the organism to that particular antibiotic.
2. Broth dilution method: A series of tubes or wells containing decreasing concentrations of an antimicrobial agent are inoculated with a standardized microbial suspension. After incubation, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is determined by observing the lowest concentration of the antibiotic that prevents visible growth of the organism.
3. Automated systems: These use sophisticated technology to perform both disk diffusion and broth dilution methods automatically, providing rapid and accurate results for a wide range of microorganisms and antimicrobial agents.

The interpretation of microbial sensitivity test results should be done cautiously, considering factors such as the site of infection, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the antibiotic, potential toxicity, and local resistance patterns. Regular monitoring of susceptibility patterns and ongoing antimicrobial stewardship programs are essential to ensure optimal use of these tests and to minimize the development of antibiotic resistance.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a type of long-chain omega-3 fatty acid that is essential for human health. It is an important structural component of the phospholipid membranes in the brain and retina, and plays a crucial role in the development and function of the nervous system. DHA is also involved in various physiological processes, including inflammation, blood pressure regulation, and immune response.

DHA is not produced in sufficient quantities by the human body and must be obtained through dietary sources or supplements. The richest dietary sources of DHA are fatty fish such as salmon, mackerel, and sardines, as well as algae and other marine organisms. DHA can also be found in fortified foods such as eggs, milk, and juice.

Deficiency in DHA has been linked to various health issues, including cognitive decline, vision problems, and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, it is recommended that individuals consume adequate amounts of DHA through diet or supplementation to maintain optimal health.

Omega-3 fatty acids are a type of polyunsaturated fats that are essential for human health. The "omega-3" designation refers to the location of a double bond in the chemical structure of the fatty acid, specifically three carbon atoms from the end of the molecule.

There are three main types of omega-3 fatty acids: eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). EPA and DHA are primarily found in fatty fish, such as salmon, mackerel, and sardines, as well as in algae. ALA is found in plant sources, such as flaxseeds, chia seeds, walnuts, and some vegetable oils.

Omega-3 fatty acids have been shown to have numerous health benefits, including reducing inflammation, lowering the risk of heart disease, improving brain function, and supporting eye health. They are also important for fetal development during pregnancy and breastfeeding. It is recommended that adults consume at least 250-500 milligrams of combined EPA and DHA per day, although higher intakes may be beneficial for certain conditions. ALA can be converted to EPA and DHA in the body, but this process is not very efficient, so it is important to consume preformed EPA and DHA from dietary sources or supplements.

Unsaturated fats are a type of fat that are primarily found in liquid form at room temperature. They are called "unsaturated" because their chemical structure contains one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms, making them less saturated with hydrogen atoms than saturated fats.

There are two main types of unsaturated fats: monounsaturated and polyunsaturated. Monounsaturated fats contain a single double bond in their chemical structure, while polyunsaturated fats contain multiple double bonds.

Unsaturated fats are generally considered to be healthier than saturated fats because they can help lower levels of harmful cholesterol in the blood and reduce the risk of heart disease. Foods that are high in unsaturated fats include vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, avocados, and fish.

It's important to note that while unsaturated fats are generally healthier than saturated fats, they are still high in calories and should be consumed in moderation as part of a balanced diet. Additionally, some types of polyunsaturated fats, such as trans fats, can actually increase the risk of heart disease and other health problems, so it's important to choose sources of unsaturated fats carefully.

Safflower oil is a vegetable oil that is extracted from the seeds of the safflower plant (Carthamus tinctorius). It is primarily composed of unsaturated fatty acids, with a high concentration of linoleic acid (an omega-6 fatty acid) and a smaller amount of oleic acid (an omega-9 fatty acid).

Safflower oil has been used in traditional medicine for its potential health benefits, such as improving heart health, reducing inflammation, and promoting skin health. It is also commonly used as a cooking oil due to its high smoke point and light flavor. However, it is important to note that safflower oil should be consumed in moderation, as excessive intake of omega-6 fatty acids can contribute to inflammation and other health issues.

Dietary fats, also known as fatty acids, are a major nutrient that the body needs for energy and various functions. They are an essential component of cell membranes and hormones, and they help the body absorb certain vitamins. There are several types of dietary fats:

1. Saturated fats: These are typically solid at room temperature and are found in animal products such as meat, butter, and cheese, as well as tropical oils like coconut and palm oil. Consuming a high amount of saturated fats can raise levels of unhealthy LDL cholesterol and increase the risk of heart disease.
2. Unsaturated fats: These are typically liquid at room temperature and can be further divided into monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats. Monounsaturated fats, found in foods such as olive oil, avocados, and nuts, can help lower levels of unhealthy LDL cholesterol while maintaining levels of healthy HDL cholesterol. Polyunsaturated fats, found in foods such as fatty fish, flaxseeds, and walnuts, have similar effects on cholesterol levels and also provide essential omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids that the body cannot produce on its own.
3. Trans fats: These are unsaturated fats that have been chemically modified to be solid at room temperature. They are often found in processed foods such as baked goods, fried foods, and snack foods. Consuming trans fats can raise levels of unhealthy LDL cholesterol and lower levels of healthy HDL cholesterol, increasing the risk of heart disease.

It is recommended to limit intake of saturated and trans fats and to consume more unsaturated fats as part of a healthy diet.

Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with a long aliphatic chain, which are important components of lipids and are widely distributed in living organisms. They can be classified based on the length of their carbon chain, saturation level (presence or absence of double bonds), and other structural features.

The two main types of fatty acids are:

1. Saturated fatty acids: These have no double bonds in their carbon chain and are typically solid at room temperature. Examples include palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0).
2. Unsaturated fatty acids: These contain one or more double bonds in their carbon chain and can be further classified into monounsaturated (one double bond) and polyunsaturated (two or more double bonds) fatty acids. Examples of unsaturated fatty acids include oleic acid (C18:1, monounsaturated), linoleic acid (C18:2, polyunsaturated), and alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3, polyunsaturated).

Fatty acids play crucial roles in various biological processes, such as energy storage, membrane structure, and cell signaling. Some essential fatty acids cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained through dietary sources.

Another class of important polyenes are polyene antimycotics, Representative Polyenes Amphotericin B is an example of a polyene ... Thus many natural dyes contain linear polyenes. Polyenes tend to be more reactive than simpler alkenes. For example, polyene- ... Related to polyenes are dienes, where there are only two alternating double and single bonds. The following polyenes are used ... In organic chemistry, polyenes are poly-unsaturated, organic compounds that contain at least three alternating double (C=C) and ...
... s, sometimes referred to as polyene antibiotics, are a class of antimicrobial polyene compounds that target ... These polyene antimycotics are typically obtained from some species of Streptomyces bacteria. Previously, polyenes were thought ... However, more detailed studies of polyene molecular properties have challenged this model suggesting that polyenes instead bind ... Amphotericin B, nystatin, and natamycin are examples of polyene antimycotics. They are a subgroup of macrolides. Their chemical ...
Acyclic polyenes". J. Chem. Phys. 62 (9): 1692-1704. Bibcode:1975JChPh..62.3399G. doi:10.1063/1.430994. D. Bonchev; N. ...
Acyclic polyenes". J. Chem. Phys. 62 (9): 1692-1704. Bibcode:1975JChPh..62.3399G. doi:10.1063/1.430994. I. Gutman; M. Milun; N ...
The only polyene antifungal available topically is nystatin, which works by binding to ergosterol thus disrupting the integrity ... "Polyenes - an overview , ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2022-04-23. "Nystatin - an overview , ... Nystatin is the only polyene antifungal that is available for topical administration. The drug is derived from Streptomyces ... They are not suitable for dermatophyte fungal infections.[citation needed] Mechanism of action Polyene antifungals have high ...
Anti-fungal: imidazoles, polyenes. Anti-glaucoma: adrenergic agonists, beta-blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors/ ...
Such molecules are called polyenes. Two examples of carotenoids are lycopene and β-carotene. These molecules also absorb light ...
... syntheses of polyenes and cumulenes; constitution and colour; the acidity of hydrocarbons), as well as extensive fields in ...
Compounds that contain more than two double bonds are called polyenes. Polyenes and dienes share many properties. On an ...
Polyene Perego, Giovanni; Lugli, Gabriele; Pedretti, Ugo; Cesari, Marco (1988). "X-ray investigation on highly oriented ...
In Pauling's lab, Kuhn was trying to understand the color of polyenes by describing π-electrons as particles in a box and he ... Today the model is called free electron model (FEMO). He saw the reason why he had failed in polyenes: an instability when ... The case of the polyenes and polyacetylenes." J. Chem. Phys. 32, 470 (1960). R. E. Peierls: Zur Theorie der elektrischen und ...
He was particularly interested in studying retinal, a polyene and a chromophore of opsins. Schulten was able to provide a ... Schulten, Klaus; Ohmine, I.; Karplus, Martin (1976). "Correlation effects in the spectra of polyenes" (PDF). J. Chem. Phys. 64 ... state which did not match predicted patterns of electronic excitation in polyenes. Schulten classified electrons into covalent ...
A dendralene is a discrete acyclic cross-conjugated polyene. The simplest dendralene is buta-1,3-diene (1) or [2]dendralene ...
Olefins comprise a larger collection of cyclic and acyclic alkenes as well as dienes and polyenes. To form the root of the ... More complex rules apply for polyenes and cycloalkenes. If the double bond of an acyclic mono-ene is not the first bond of the ... or polyene for acyclic hydrocarbons with two or more double bonds; cycloalkene, cycloalkadiene, etc. for cyclic ones; and " ...
A more recent example is E.J. Corey's carbenium-mediated cyclization of an engineered linear polyene to provide a tetracyclic ... Eschenmoser A, Felix D, Gut M, Meier J, Stadler P (1959). "Some aspects of acid-catalysed cyclizations of terpenoid polyenes". ... Stork G, Burgstrahler AW (1955). "The stereochemistry of polyene cyclization". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77 (19): 5068-77. doi:10.1021/ ... steroid ring system, which built upon studies of cationic cyclizations of linear polyenes by the Albert Eschenmoser and Gilbert ...
This compound is a polyene; its conjugated system accounts for its intense color, similar to lycopene found in tomatoes. Gruber ... G, Steglich W. (2007). "Calostomal, a polyene pigment from the gasteromycete Calostoma cinnabarinum (Boletales)" (PDF). ...
ISBN 978-0-902198-84-5. Heilbron, I.M.; Jones, E.R.H.; Raphael, R.A. (1943). "Studies in the Polyene Series. Part IX. The ...
It was the first polyene macrolide antifungal. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is ... The structure of this active compound is characterized as a polyene macrolide with a deoxysugar D-mycosamine, an aminoglycoside ... OCLC 903083639.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Hammond SM (1977). Biological activity of polyene ... Fjaervik E, Zotchev SB (June 2005). "Biosynthesis of the polyene macrolide antibiotic nystatin in Streptomyces noursei". ...
Wasserman, H. H.; Van Verth, J. E.; McCaustland, D. J.; Borowitz, I. J.; Kamber, B. (March 1967). "The Mycoticins, Polyene ... Polyene Macrolides from". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 89 (6): 1535-1536. doi:10.1021/ja00982a052. PMID 6041359. ...
A polyene is a molecule with multiple conjugated double bonds. A polyene antifungal is a macrocyclic polyene with a heavily ... This makes polyene antifungals amphiphilic. The polyene antimycotics bind with sterols in the fungal cell membrane, principally ... As a polyene's hydrophobic chain is shortened, its sterol binding activity is increased. Therefore, further reduction of the ... "Research and Markets: Global Antifungal Therapeutics (Polyenes, Azoles, Echinocandins, Allylamines) Market:Trends and ...
Stork G, Burgstahler AW (October 1955). "The Stereochemistry of Polyene Cyclization". Journal of the American Chemical Society ...
Lennard-Jones, J. E. (1937). "The Electronic Structure of Some Polyenes and Aromatic Molecules. I. The Nature of the Links by ...
ISBN 0-205-12770-3. Coulson, Charles Alfred (7 February 1939). "The electronic structure of some polyenes and aromatic ...
These pigments were identified as polyenes by characteristic UV-Vis spectra. The structures of the polyenes were determined by ... The shorter polyene was found to be highly toxic against Drosophila melanogaster larvae. Feeding experiments with [1-13C] ... 2017) Induced Chemical Defense of a Mushroom by a Double-Bond-Shifting Polyene Synthase. Angewante Chemie. "Mushrooms Get ... bacterial polyene-forming PKSs, basidiomycete non-reducing PKSs, and ascomycete non-reducing PKSs. This research was ...
Both double bonds in the central B ring are exocyclic with respect to rings A and C. For polyenes having more than 4 conjugated ... Examples are conjugated carbonyl compounds, conjugated dienes, and polyenes. One set of Woodward-Fieser rules for dienes is ...
Kamilova, TA; Ekhvalova, TV (1989). "Resistance of yeasts to polyene antibiotics". Genetika. 25 (9): 1705-7. PMID 2689285. v t ...
2004). "Novel Polyene Carboxylic Acids fromStreptomyces†". J Nat Prod. 67 (9): 1631-3. doi:10.1021/np049852t. PMID 15387680. ...
They consist of linear polyenes terminated by an aldehyde group. There are five known psittacofulvin pigments - ...
"Controlled Synthesis of Polyenes by Catalytic Methods. Progress Report, December 1, 1989 - November 30, 1992", Department of ... "Controlled Synthesis of Polyenes by Catalytic Methods. Progress Report, December 1, 1992 - November 30, 1993", Massachusetts ...
"On the photophysics of all-trans polyenes: Hexatriene versus octatetraene". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 124 (3): 034306. ...
Another class of important polyenes are polyene antimycotics, Representative Polyenes Amphotericin B is an example of a polyene ... Thus many natural dyes contain linear polyenes. Polyenes tend to be more reactive than simpler alkenes. For example, polyene- ... Related to polyenes are dienes, where there are only two alternating double and single bonds. The following polyenes are used ... In organic chemistry, polyenes are poly-unsaturated, organic compounds that contain at least three alternating double (C=C) and ...
SEARCH RESULTS for: Polyene Antifungal [Drug Class] (182 results) *Share : JavaScript needed for Sharing tools. Bookmark & ...
A new polyene pigment, melanocrocin, has been isolated either from fruit bodies or myce-lial cultures of the subterranean ... Melanocrocin, a Polyene Pigment from Melanogaster broomeianus (Basidiomycetes). * Katharina Aulinger , Helmut Besl , Peter ... "Melanocrocin, a Polyene Pigment from Melanogaster broomeianus (Basidiomycetes)" Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, vol. 56, no. ... "Melanocrocin, a Polyene Pigment from Melanogaster broomeianus (Basidiomycetes)" Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 56, no. 7-8 ( ...
Antifungal agents, Polyene. Class Summary. These agents bind irreversibly to ergosterol within the fungal cell membrane. This ... Used off-label for salvage therapy in patients intolerant to amphotericin B or as step-down therapy after initial polyene ... Reed C, Bryant R, Ibrahim AS, Edwards J Jr, Filler SG, Goldberg R. Combination polyene-caspofungin treatment of rhino-orbital- ... Ibrahim AS, Gebremariam T, Fu Y, Edwards JE Jr, Spellberg B. Combination echinocandin-polyene treatment of murine mucormycosis ...
Scott Denmark reports on the enantioselective sulfenocyclization of polyenes under Lewis base catalysis. ... Scott Denmark reports on the enantioselective sulfenocyclization of polyenes under Lewis base catalysis. ... Polyene cyclization is one of the most general methods for constructing diverse polycyclic skeletons, such as those found in ... Despite the many advances that have been made in this area, catalytic, enantioselective polyene cyclizations are significantly ...
This essence helps develop character by what we learn from experiences. The personality becomes more dependable, disciplined in thoughts, actions and feelings. Forgiving becomes easier as empathy increases. Loving relationships become more stable. Team work with loved ones and others attain a rhythm. Accomplishments i
"Polyene antibiotics. IV. Structure of chainin." J Am Chem Soc, vol. 94, no. 12, June 1972, pp. 4306-10. Pubmed, doi:10.1021/ ... Pandey, R. C., Narasimhachari, N., Rinehart, K. L., & Millington, D. S. (1972). Polyene antibiotics. IV. Structure of chainin. ... Polyene antibiotics. IV. Structure of chainin. J Am Chem Soc. 1972 Jun 14;94(12):4306-10. ... Polyene antibiotics. IV. Structure of chainin. J Am Chem Soc. 1972 Jun 14;94(12):4306-4310. ...
Energies of low-lying excited states of linear polyenes. Ronald L. Christensen, Mary Grace I. Galinato, Emily F. Chu, Jason N. ... Energies of low-lying excited states of linear polyenes. / Christensen, Ronald L.; Galinato, Mary Grace I.; Chu, Emily F. et al ... Energies of low-lying excited states of linear polyenes. In: Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 2008 ; Vol. 112, No. 49. pp. ... Energies of low-lying excited states of linear polyenes. Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 2008 Dec 11;112(49):12629-12636. doi ...
Polyenes - Zeaxanthins PubMed MeSh Term *Overview. Overview. subject area of * Differences in light-harvesting, acclimation to ...
Charge storage states in polyenes. S. Stafström*, J. L. Brédas, M. Lögdlund, W. R. Salaneck. *Corresponding author for this ... Dive into the research topics of Charge storage states in polyenes. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...
Get access to the latest Concept for commulative polyenes prepared with NEET UG course curated by Indu Kumari Sharma on ...
Even when there is a broad range of antifungals drugs for Candida infections, azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins are ... 2.2 Polyenes. The potent fungicidal activity of polyenes derives from their ability to selectively bind sterol at the fungal ... The polyene AMB is a broad-spectrum drug and is one of the main antifungals used for ICs [10, 14]. AMB is heptane isolated from ... Polyene antibiotics. In Antibiotics, Springer: 1967; pp. 122-141. *28. Delattin N, Cammue BP, Thevissen K. Reactive oxygen ...
Symmetry control of radiative decay in linear polyenes: Low barriers for isomerization in the S1 state of hexadecaheptaene. ... Symmetry control of radiative decay in linear polyenes : Low barriers for isomerization in the S1 state of hexadecaheptaene. In ... Symmetry control of radiative decay in linear polyenes: Low barriers for isomerization in the S1 state of hexadecaheptaene. / ... These experiments imply that the S1 states of longer polyenes have local energy minima, corresponding to a range of ...
Methylene-interrupted polyenes edit These fatty acids have 2 or more cis double bonds that are separated from each other by a ...
... and also the interaction of the polyene system of the antibiotic with the PP polymer chain. The inactivation of the PP nystatin ... the basis for the adsorption of amphotericin B on PP is the formation of an ionic bond between the COOH-group of the polyene ... A1 complex is supposed to be connected with the complete shielding during the complex formation of the polyene fragment of the ... Complexes of practically important polyene antibiotics (amphotericin B and nystatin A1) with a modern biocompatible ...
... polyene class (amphotericin B MIC ≥2 μg/mL [E-test values of 1.5 rounded up to 2]), and echinocandins (anidulafungin MIC ≥4 μg/ ...
In addition, our bioinformatic analysis not only was critical for the structure elucidation of the polyene macrolactam ...
Azoles/polyenes. Mutations in the ERG6 and ERG11 proteins. Alteration of sterol 14-α-demethylase. Less ergosterol content with ... Various mechanisms of drug resistance to azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins were found for the C. glabrata complex, depending ... showed that the C. nivariensis strains obtained from clinical isolates were sensitive to azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins [ ... polyenes, and echinocandins used in the treatment of invasive or serious infections caused by the C. glabrata complex has been ...
Drug class: Polyenes. Medically reviewed by Drugs.com. Last updated on Jun 19, 2023. ...
... not all polyene ligands have been examined. Two such important ligands are the cross-conjugated pentadienyl and ... While nucleophilic attack on coordinated polyenes is a paradigm of organotransition metal chemistry, ... While nucleophilic attack on coordinated polyenes is a paradigm of organotransition metal chemistry, not all polyene ligands ...
Polyenes: amphotericin B. 0.19. *AMR genes were identified by using the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (https:// ...
Isomerization of Diphenyl Polyenes. Part II. Fluorescence Properties of 1,8-Diphenyl-1,3,5,7-octatetraene in Poly (vinyl ... Dive into the research topics of Isomerization of Diphenyl Polyenes. Part II. Fluorescence Properties of 1,8-Diphenyl-1,3,5,7- ...
polyene phosphatidylcholine Grants and funding * R01 HL118264/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ...
... representing three new members of a small but growing family of bacterially produced polyene macrolactams. The lobosamides ... Genome-directed lead discovery: biosynthesis, structure elucidation, and biological evaluation of two families of polyene ... representing three new members of a small but growing family of bacterially produced polyene macrolactams. The lobosamides ...
... and lecithin-cholesterol mixtures-studies in the presence of polyene antibiotics. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 108 ... and lecithin-cholesterol mixtures have been conducted in the presence of polyene antibiotics-amphotericin B and nystatin. ...
The ultrafast excited state dynamics of the smallest polyene, trans-1,3-butadiene, were studied by femtosecond time-resolved ... N2 - The ultrafast excited state dynamics of the smallest polyene, trans-1,3-butadiene, were studied by femtosecond time- ... AB - The ultrafast excited state dynamics of the smallest polyene, trans-1,3-butadiene, were studied by femtosecond time- ... abstract = "The ultrafast excited state dynamics of the smallest polyene, trans-1,3-butadiene, were studied by femtosecond time ...
Polyenes are considered to be important as they are widely used in treatment of serious fungal infections such as cryptococcal ... Based on the drug type, the antifungal drugs market is segmented into azoles, echinocandins, polyenes, and allylamines. Azoles ... The antifungal drugs that are currently used for fungal treatment include azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins. Although they ... Global Anti Fungal Drugs Market Size, Share & Industry Analysis, By Drug Type (Echinocandins, Azoles, Polyenes, and Allylamines ...
Role of Fks1p and matrix glucan in Candida albicans biofilm resistance to an echinocandin, pyrimidine, and polyene 2010 ...
Europe Antifungal Drugs Market by Drug Type Echinocandins, Azoles, Polyenes, Allylamines, Other Drugs. (EMAILWIRE.COM, ...
  • Even when there is a broad range of antifungals drugs for Candida infections, azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins are considered among the most effective treatment. (intechopen.com)
  • There are only three main classes of antifungal medications used to treat Candida infections: azoles, polyenes and echinocandins," Lyman said. (livescience.com)
  • A majority of C. auris cases are resistant to azoles and a high percentage are also resistant to polyenes. (livescience.com)
  • Another class of important polyenes are polyene antimycotics, Representative Polyenes Amphotericin B is an example of a polyene antifungal (antimycotic) agent. (wikipedia.org)
  • The 2 main classes of antifungal medications used to treat mucormycosis are the polyenes (amphotericin formulations) and triazoles (isavuconazole and posaconazole). (medscape.com)
  • Complexes of practically important polyene antibiotics (amphotericin B and nystatin A 1 ) with a modern biocompatible electroactive polymer polypyrrol (PP) were obtained for the first time, and their antifungal activities and some physicochemical properties were studied. (genetika.ru)
  • It was shown by infra-red spectroscopy that the basis for the adsorption of amphotericin B on PP is the formation of an ionic bond between the COOH-group of the polyene antibiotic and the NH-group of the pyrrol residue, and also the interaction of the polyene system of the antibiotic with the PP polymer chain. (genetika.ru)
  • The inactivation of the PP-nystatin A 1 complex is supposed to be connected with the complete shielding during the complex formation of the polyene fragment of the antibiotic, and also of amine and carboxylic groups in nystatin A 1 that are responsible for the primary binding of the antibiotic to the micromycete membrane. (genetika.ru)
  • Nystatin is a polyene antifungal antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces nursei. (nih.gov)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Polyene antibiotics. (duke.edu)
  • Polyene antibiotics. (duke.edu)
  • ransport through liquid membrane bilayers generated by lecithin, cholesterol, and lecithin-cholesterol mixtures-studies in the presence of polyene antibiotics. (csircentral.net)
  • In organic chemistry, polyenes are poly-unsaturated, organic compounds that contain at least three alternating double (C=C) and single (C−C) carbon-carbon bonds. (wikipedia.org)
  • While nucleophilic attack on coordinated polyenes is a paradigm of organotransition metal chemistry, not all polyene ligands have been examined. (marquette.edu)
  • The finding that fluorescence from linear polyenes is so strongly dependent on molecular symmetry requires a reevaluation of the literature on the radiative properties of all-trans polyenes and carotenoids. (psu.edu)
  • Cette etude menee en 1997 en milieu hospitalier senegalais se propose d'identifier les differentes especes de Candida isoles chez 60 sujets vivant avec le VIH et porteurs de Candidose oropharyngee. (bvsalud.org)
  • Many methods for cyclization of polyenes have been developed that involve cationic, anionic, and radical intermediates. (thieme.de)
  • Isomerization of Diphenyl Polyenes. (unthsc.edu)
  • Dive into the research topics of 'Isomerization of Diphenyl Polyenes. (unthsc.edu)
  • Related to polyenes are dienes, where there are only two alternating double and single bonds. (wikipedia.org)
  • Normally alkenes absorb in the ultraviolet region of a spectrum, but the absorption energy state of polyenes with numerous conjugated double bonds can be lowered such that they enter the visible region of the spectrum, resulting in compounds which are coloured (because they contain a chromophore). (wikipedia.org)
  • Most conductive polymers are polyenes, and many have conjugated structures. (wikipedia.org)
  • Excited state non-adiabatic dynamics of the smallest polyene, trans 1,3-butadiene. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The ultrafast excited state dynamics of the smallest polyene, trans-1,3-butadiene, were studied by femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron-photoion coincidence (TRPEPICO) spectroscopy. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Photoexcited breathers in conjugated polyenes: An excited-state molecular dynamics study. (reprap.org)
  • In addition, our bioinformatic analysis not only was critical for the structure elucidation of the polyene macrolactam salinilactam A, but its structural analysis aided the genome assembly of the highly repetitive slm loci. (nih.gov)
  • Genome-directed lead discovery: biosynthesis, structure elucidation, and biological evaluation of two families of polyene macrolactams against Trypanosoma brucei. (pacb.com)
  • These experiments imply that the S 1 states of longer polyenes have local energy minima, corresponding to a range of conformations and isomers, separated by relatively low (2-4 kcal) barriers. (psu.edu)
  • Theamountofgrowthineachtube recently,treatmentoffungalinfections agar(OXOIDLtd,UnitedKingdom) wascomparedtothatofthegrowthina wasstartedwithdrugs,includingazoles twice,for24hand48h,at35°Cto positivecontrol.Antifungalactivitywas and polyenes, which induce severe ensureviabilityandpurity.Thecarbo- expressedastheMICofeachisolateto side-effectsinthehosts.Onlyrecently hydrateassimilationpatternsofal the thedrug.Theresistancecut-offpoints hasantifungaldrugsusceptibilitytest- isolateswerestudiedusingtheAPI32C usedwereaccordingtoCLSIguidelines ingbecomeanimportantissue.There system,accordingtothemanufacturer's [5]orbasedonpreviousinvestigations are2reasonsfortestingsusceptibil- procedure (BioMérieux, France). (who.int)
  • The printing plate manufacturing process used a photographic system and the photoprepolymer, Y-Polymer, which contains a urethane based polyene, a methacrylate monomer, a photoinitiator, and a polythiol as its major components. (cdc.gov)
  • Experimental estimates of the vertical transition energies of unsubstituted, all-trans polyenes in vacuum as a function of conjugation length are compared with long-standing multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) treatments and with more recent ab initio calculations of the energies of the 2 1 A g - (S 1 ) and 1 1 B u + (S 2 ) states. (psu.edu)
  • Despite the many advances that have been made in this area, catalytic, enantioselective polyene cyclizations are significantly less well developed. (thieme.de)
  • Recently, the group of Professor Scott Denmark at the University of Illinois (USA) described a chiral thiiranium ion induced, polyene cyclization that proceeds in good yields with high enantioselectivities under mild conditions. (thieme.de)
  • Polyene cyclization is one of the most general methods for constructing diverse polycyclic skeletons, such as those found in steroid and terpenoid natural products. (thieme.de)
  • Improved antifungal polyene macrolides via engineering of the nystatin biosynthetic genes in Streptomyces noursei. (sintef.no)
  • Seven polyene macrolides with alterations in the polyol region and exocyclic carboxy group were obtained via genetic engineering of the nystatin biosynthesis genes in Streptomyces noursei. (sintef.no)
  • Control of polyene macrolide production in Streptomyces natalensis is mediated by the transcriptional activator PimM. (insa-toulouse.fr)
  • Nystatin is a polyene antimycotic obtained from Streptomyces noursei. (nih.gov)
  • Amphotericin B is a polyene antifungal agent produced by a strain of Streptomyces nodosus. (medscape.com)
  • Production of a Novel Amide ]Containing Polyene by Activating a Cryptic Biosynthetic Gene Cluster in Streptomyces sp. (google.de)
  • The present invention is directed to a process for purifying natamycin, to an epoxide polyene amphoteric macrolide, to a composition comprising said polyene amphoteric macrolide and to a process for preparing said polyene amphoteric macrolide. (justia.com)
  • trioxatricyclo[22.3.1.0 5,7 ]octacosa-8, 14, 16, 18, 20-pentaene-25-carboxyl ic acid) is an all-trans epoxide polyene amphoteric macrolide antifungal used to treat fungal infections around the eye. (justia.com)
  • Discovery and biosynthesis of the cytotoxic polyene terpenomycin in human pathogenic Nocardia. (leibniz-hki.de)
  • 3. Production of anticancer polyenes through precursor-directed biosynthesis. (nih.gov)
  • Polyenes irreversibly bind to the cell membrane sterol, ergosterol, causing disruption by increasing cell membrane permeability. (medscape.com)
  • Normally alkenes absorb in the ultraviolet region of a spectrum, but the absorption energy state of polyenes with numerous conjugated double bonds can be lowered such that they enter the visible region of the spectrum, resulting in compounds which are coloured (because they contain a chromophore). (wikipedia.org)
  • Polyenes tend to be more reactive than simpler alkenes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mechanism of polyene susceptibility in environmental isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans. (nih.gov)
  • This regulator, which combines an N-terminal PAS domain with a C-terminal helix-turn-helix motif, is highly conserved among polyene biosynthetic gene clusters. (insa-toulouse.fr)
  • Tuning sterol extraction kinetics yields a renal-sparing polyene antifungal. (nih.gov)
  • In organic chemistry, polyenes are poly-unsaturated, organic compounds that contain at least three alternating double (C=C) and single (C−C) carbon-carbon bonds. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we combine chemistry, genomics, and molecular microbiology to reveal the production of terpenomycin, a new cytotoxic and antifungal polyene from a human pathogenic Nocardia terpenica isolate. (leibniz-hki.de)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Polyenes" by people in this website by year, and whether "Polyenes" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (ucdenver.edu)
  • Related to polyenes are dienes, where there are only two alternating double and single bonds. (wikipedia.org)