Polycystic ovary syndrome. Medical search

A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.

A condition caused by the excessive secretion of ANDROGENS from the ADRENAL CORTEX; the OVARIES; or the TESTES. The clinical significance in males is negligible. In women, the common manifestations are HIRSUTISM and VIRILISM as seen in patients with POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME and ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION.

A condition observed in WOMEN and CHILDREN when there is excess coarse body hair of an adult male distribution pattern, such as facial and chest areas. It is the result of elevated ANDROGENS from the OVARIES, the ADRENAL GLANDS, or exogenous sources. The concept does not include HYPERTRICHOSIS, which is an androgen-independent excessive hair growth.

The reproductive organ (GONADS) in female animals. In vertebrates, the ovary contains two functional parts: the OVARIAN FOLLICLE for the production of female germ cells (OOGENESIS); and the endocrine cells (GRANULOSA CELLS; THECA CELLS; and LUTEAL CELLS) for the production of ESTROGENS and PROGESTERONE.

Abnormally infrequent menstruation.

A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289)

Suspension or cessation of OVULATION in animals or humans with follicle-containing ovaries (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). Depending on the etiology, OVULATION may be induced with appropriate therapy.

A triphenyl ethylene stilbene derivative which is an estrogen agonist or antagonist depending on the target tissue. Note that ENCLOMIPHENE and ZUCLOMIPHENE are the (E) and (Z) isomers of Clomiphene respectively.

Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.

Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.

A potent androgenic steroid and major product secreted by the LEYDIG CELLS of the TESTIS. Its production is stimulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE from the PITUITARY GLAND. In turn, testosterone exerts feedback control of the pituitary LH and FSH secretion. Depending on the tissues, testosterone can be further converted to DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE or ESTRADIOL.

Compounds that interact with ANDROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of TESTOSTERONE. Depending on the target tissues, androgenic effects can be on SEX DIFFERENTIATION; male reproductive organs, SPERMATOGENESIS; secondary male SEX CHARACTERISTICS; LIBIDO; development of muscle mass, strength, and power.

Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.

Compounds which increase the capacity to conceive in females.

A characteristic symptom complex.

A metabolite of PROGESTERONE with a hydroxyl group at the 17-alpha position. It serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of HYDROCORTISONE and GONADAL STEROID HORMONES.

A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.

Variations of menstruation which may be indicative of disease.

Kidney disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance and characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS with progressive deterioration of renal function.

A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Luteinizing hormone regulates steroid production by the interstitial cells of the TESTIS and the OVARY. The preovulatory LUTEINIZING HORMONE surge in females induces OVULATION, and subsequent LUTEINIZATION of the follicle. LUTEINIZING HORMONE consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.

Techniques for the artifical induction of ovulation, the rupture of the follicle and release of the ovum.

An agent with anti-androgen and progestational properties. It shows competitive binding with dihydrotestosterone at androgen receptor sites.

A glycoprotein migrating as a beta-globulin. Its molecular weight, 52,000 or 95,000-115,000, indicates that it exists as a dimer. The protein binds testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol in the plasma. Sex hormone-binding protein has the same amino acid sequence as ANDROGEN-BINDING PROTEIN. They differ by their sites of synthesis and post-translational oligosaccharide modifications.

A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.

A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates GAMETOGENESIS and the supporting cells such as the ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS, the testicular SERTOLI CELLS, and LEYDIG CELLS. FSH consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

A glycoprotein that causes regression of MULLERIAN DUCTS. It is produced by SERTOLI CELLS of the TESTES. In the absence of this hormone, the Mullerian ducts develop into structures of the female reproductive tract. In males, defects of this hormone result in persistent Mullerian duct, a form of MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM.

Substances which lower blood glucose levels.

A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).

The discharge of an OVUM from a rupturing follicle in the OVARY.

An indicator of body density as determined by the relationship of BODY WEIGHT to BODY HEIGHT. BMI=weight (kg)/height squared (m2). BMI correlates with body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE). Their relationship varies with age and gender. For adults, BMI falls into these categories: below 18.5 (underweight); 18.5-24.9 (normal); 25.0-29.9 (overweight); 30.0 and above (obese). (National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)

A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the acceptable or desirable weight, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).

The period from onset of one menstrual bleeding (MENSTRUATION) to the next in an ovulating woman or female primate. The menstrual cycle is regulated by endocrine interactions of the HYPOTHALAMUS; the PITUITARY GLAND; the ovaries; and the genital tract. The menstrual cycle is divided by OVULATION into two phases. Based on the endocrine status of the OVARY, there is a FOLLICULAR PHASE and a LUTEAL PHASE. Based on the response in the ENDOMETRIUM, the menstrual cycle is divided into a proliferative and a secretory phase.

Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

Absence of menstruation.

Glucose in blood.

Procedures using an electrically heated wire or scalpel to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. It is different from ELECTROSURGERY which is used more for cutting tissue than destroying and in which the patient is part of the electric circuit.

A test to determine the ability of an individual to maintain HOMEOSTASIS of BLOOD GLUCOSE. It includes measuring blood glucose levels in a fasting state, and at prescribed intervals before and after oral glucose intake (75 or 100 g) or intravenous infusion (0.5 g/kg).

A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.

A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.

Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various ENDOCRINE GLANDS and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects.

An OOCYTE-containing structure in the cortex of the OVARY. The oocyte is enclosed by a layer of GRANULOSA CELLS providing a nourishing microenvironment (FOLLICULAR FLUID). The number and size of follicles vary depending on the age and reproductive state of the female. The growing follicles are divided into five stages: primary, secondary, tertiary, Graafian, and atretic. Follicular growth and steroidogenesis depend on the presence of GONADOTROPINS.

A cluster of metabolic risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome X include excess ABDOMINAL FAT; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state. (from AHA/NHLBI/ADA Conference Proceedings, Circulation 2004; 109:551-556)

Hormones that stimulate gonadal functions such as GAMETOGENESIS and sex steroid hormone production in the OVARY and the TESTIS. Major gonadotropins are glycoproteins produced primarily by the adenohypophysis (GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY) and the placenta (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN). In some species, pituitary PROLACTIN and PLACENTAL LACTOGEN exert some luteotropic activities.

The induction of local hyperthermia by either short radio waves or high-frequency sound waves.

The ratio of the number of conceptions (CONCEPTION) including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; and fetal losses, to the mean number of females of reproductive age in a population during a set time period.

The periodic shedding of the ENDOMETRIUM and associated menstrual bleeding in the MENSTRUAL CYCLE of humans and primates. Menstruation is due to the decline in circulating PROGESTERONE, and occurs at the late LUTEAL PHASE when LUTEOLYSIS of the CORPUS LUTEUM takes place.

A microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 17-alpha-hydroxylation of progesterone or pregnenolone and subsequent cleavage of the residual two carbons at C17 in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP17 gene, generates precursors for glucocorticoid, androgen, and estrogen synthesis. Defects in CYP17 gene cause congenital adrenal hyperplasia (ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA, CONGENITAL) and abnormal sexual differentiation.

Development of male secondary SEX CHARACTERISTICS in the FEMALE. It is due to the effects of androgenic metabolites of precursors from endogenous or exogenous sources, such as ADRENAL GLANDS or therapeutic drugs.

A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.

A major gonadotropin secreted by the human adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates GAMETOGENESIS and the supporting cells such as the ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS, the testicular SERTOLI CELLS, and the LEYDIG CELLS. FSH consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. The alpha subunit is common in the three human pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

A subgroup of TRP cation channels that are widely expressed in various cell types. Defects are associated with POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASES.

A genetic disorder with autosomal recessive inheritance, characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS and associated LIVER lesions. Serious manifestations are usually present at BIRTH with high PERINATAL MORTALITY.

Steroid hormones produced by the GONADS. They stimulate reproductive organs, germ cell maturation, and the secondary sex characteristics in the males and the females. The major sex steroid hormones include ESTRADIOL; PROGESTERONE; and TESTOSTERONE.

The event that a FETUS is born alive with heartbeats or RESPIRATION regardless of GESTATIONAL AGE. Such liveborn is called a newborn infant (INFANT, NEWBORN).

Chemical compounds that induce menstruation either through direct action on the reproductive organs or through indirect action by relieving another condition of which amenorrhea is a secondary result. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

The flattened stroma cells forming a sheath or theca outside the basal lamina lining the mature OVARIAN FOLLICLE. Thecal interstitial or stromal cells are steroidogenic, and produce primarily ANDROGENS which serve as precusors of ESTROGENS in the GRANULOSA CELLS.

A complication of OVULATION INDUCTION in infertility treatment. It is graded by the severity of symptoms which include OVARY enlargement, multiple OVARIAN FOLLICLES; OVARIAN CYSTS; ASCITES; and generalized EDEMA. The full-blown syndrome may lead to RENAL FAILURE, respiratory distress, and even DEATH. Increased capillary permeability is caused by the vasoactive substances, such as VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS, secreted by the overly-stimulated OVARIES.

The 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. Estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids.

An assisted reproductive technique that includes the direct handling and manipulation of oocytes and sperm to achieve fertilization in vitro.

Pathological processes of the OVARY.

A circumscribed melanosis consisting of a brown-pigmented, velvety verrucosity or fine papillomatosis appearing in the axillae and other body folds. It occurs in association with endocrine disorders, underlying malignancy, administration of certain drugs, or as in inherited disorder.

Clinical and laboratory techniques used to enhance fertility in humans and animals.

A stage of development at which the ADRENAL GLANDS undergo maturation leading to the capability of producing increasing amounts of adrenal androgens, DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE and ANDROSTENEDIONE. Adrenarche usually begins at about 7 or 8 years of age before the signs of PUBERTY and continues throughout puberty.

The fluid surrounding the OVUM and GRANULOSA CELLS in the Graafian follicle (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). The follicular fluid contains sex steroids, glycoprotein hormones, plasma proteins, mucopolysaccharides, and enzymes.

A group of polycyclic compounds closely related biochemically to TERPENES. They include cholesterol, numerous hormones, precursors of certain vitamins, bile acids, alcohols (STEROLS), and certain natural drugs and poisons. Steroids have a common nucleus, a fused, reduced 17-carbon atom ring system, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene. Most steroids also have two methyl groups and an aliphatic side-chain attached to the nucleus. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)

THIAZOLES with two keto oxygens. Members are insulin-sensitizing agents which overcome INSULIN RESISTANCE by activation of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma).

A decapeptide that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. GnRH is produced by neurons in the septum PREOPTIC AREA of the HYPOTHALAMUS and released into the pituitary portal blood, leading to stimulation of GONADOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.

An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.

Inability to reproduce after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Reproductive sterility is permanent infertility.

A broadly distributed protein that binds directly to ACTIVINS. It functions as an activin antagonist, inhibits FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretion, regulates CELL DIFFERENTIATION, and plays an important role in embryogenesis. Follistatin is a single glycosylated polypeptide chain of approximately 37-kDa and is not a member of the inhibin family (INHIBINS). Follistatin also binds and neutralizes many members of the TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA family.

A form of acupuncture with electrical impulses passing through the needles to stimulate NERVE TISSUE. It can be used for ANALGESIA; ANESTHESIA; REHABILITATION; and treatment for diseases.

A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.

Cell surface proteins that bind FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

The waist circumference measurement divided by the hip circumference measurement. For both men and women, a waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) of 1.0 or higher is considered "at risk" for undesirable health consequences, such as heart disease and ailments associated with OVERWEIGHT. A healthy WHR is 0.90 or less for men, and 0.80 or less for women. (National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 2004)

Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.

A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standard of acceptable or desirable weight. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal "over fat".

The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production. Progesterone, converted from PREGNENOLONE, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.

Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.

Pathological conditions in which the BLOOD GLUCOSE cannot be maintained within the normal range, such as in HYPOGLYCEMIA and HYPERGLYCEMIA. Etiology of these disorders varies. Plasma glucose concentration is critical to survival for it is the predominant fuel for the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of androgens.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

A 30-kDa COMPLEMENT C1Q-related protein, the most abundant gene product secreted by FAT CELLS of the white ADIPOSE TISSUE. Adiponectin modulates several physiological processes, such as metabolism of GLUCOSE and FATTY ACIDS, and immune responses. Decreased plasma adiponectin levels are associated with INSULIN RESISTANCE; TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; and ATHEROSCLEROSIS.

A state of insufficient flesh on the body usually defined as having a body weight less than skeletal and physical standards. Depending on age, sex, and genetic background, a BODY MASS INDEX of less than 18.5 is considered as underweight.

Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.

Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.

Component of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH. It was initially established to investigate the broad aspects of human development as a means of understanding developmental disabilities, including mental retardation, and the events that occur during pregnancy. It now conducts and supports research on all stages of human development. It was established in 1962.

Any fluid-filled closed cavity or sac that is lined by an EPITHELIUM. Cysts can be of normal, abnormal, non-neoplastic, or neoplastic tissues.

Methods used to remove unwanted facial and body hair.

The period of the MENSTRUAL CYCLE representing follicular growth, increase in ovarian estrogen (ESTROGENS) production, and epithelial proliferation of the ENDOMETRIUM. Follicular phase begins with the onset of MENSTRUATION and ends with OVULATION.

Fixed drug combinations administered orally for contraceptive purposes.

Chemical substances that prevent or reduce the probability of CONCEPTION.

A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.

A gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone produced primarily by the PLACENTA. Similar to the pituitary LUTEINIZING HORMONE in structure and function, chorionic gonadotropin is involved in maintaining the CORPUS LUTEUM during pregnancy. CG consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is virtually identical to the alpha subunits of the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA SUBUNIT, HUMAN).

Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; INDUCED ABORTION. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, such as EMBRYO TRANSFER or FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.

Glycoproteins that inhibit pituitary FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretion. Inhibins are secreted by the Sertoli cells of the testes, the granulosa cells of the ovarian follicles, the placenta, and other tissues. Inhibins and ACTIVINS are modulators of FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretions; both groups belong to the TGF-beta superfamily, as the TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA. Inhibins consist of a disulfide-linked heterodimer with a unique alpha linked to either a beta A or a beta B subunit to form inhibin A or inhibin B, respectively

Supporting cells for the developing female gamete in the OVARY. They are derived from the coelomic epithelial cells of the gonadal ridge. Granulosa cells form a single layer around the OOCYTE in the primordial ovarian follicle and advance to form a multilayered cumulus oophorus surrounding the OVUM in the Graafian follicle. The major functions of granulosa cells include the production of steroids and LH receptors (RECEPTORS, LH).

Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.

The proportion of one particular in the total of all ALLELES for one genetic locus in a breeding POPULATION.

The physical characteristics of the body, including the mode of performance of functions, the activity of metabolic processes, the manner and degree of reactions to stimuli, and power of resistance to the attack of pathogenic organisms.

Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.

Fatty tissue in the region of the ABDOMEN. It includes the ABDOMINAL SUBCUTANEOUS FAT and the INTRA-ABDOMINAL FAT.

A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)

Maintenance of a constant blood glucose level by perfusion or infusion with glucose or insulin. It is used for the study of metabolic rates (e.g., in glucose, lipid, amino acid metabolism) at constant glucose concentration.

Hormones released from neoplasms or from other cells that are not the usual sources of hormones.

The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.

A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.

The treatment of insulin resistance does not improve adrenal cytochrome P450c17alpha enzyme dysregulation in polycystic ovary syndrome. (1/1493)

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether metformin. when given to non-diabetic women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), results in a reduction of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia while body weight is maintained. Also we aimed to see whether the reduction in insulin levels attenuates the activity of adrenal P450c17alpha enzyme in patients with PCOS. DESIGN: We investigated the 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) and androstenedione responses to ACTH, insulin responses to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and glucose disposal rate in an insulin tolerance test before and after metformin therapy (500 mg, orally, twice daily, for 12 weeks). METHODS: The presence of hyperinsulinemia in 15 women with PCOS was demonstrated by an OGTT and results were compared with those of 10 healthy women. Insulin sensitivity was measured by the rate of endogenous glucose disposal after i.v. bolus injection of insulin. 17-OHP and androstenedione responses to ACTH were measured in all the women with PCOS and the normal women. RESULTS: Women with PCOS were hyperinsulinemic (102.0+/-13.0 (S.E.M.) VS 46.2+/-4.4 pmol/l) and hyperandrogenemic (free testosterone 15.3+/-1.7 vs 7.9+/-0.6 nmol/l; androstenedione 11.8+/-0.8 vs 8.2+/-0.6 nmol/l) and more hirsute (modified Ferriman-Gallwey score, 17.7+/-1.6 vs 3.0+/-0.3) than healthy women. In addition, women with PCOS had higher 17-OHP and androstenedione responses to ACTH when compared with healthy women. Metformin therapy resulted in some improvement in insulin sensitivity and reduced the basal and post-glucose load insulin levels. But 17-OHP and androstenedione responses to ACTH were unaltered in response to metformin. CONCLUSIONS: PCOS is characterized by hyperactivity of the adrenal P450c17alpha enzyme and insulin resistance. It seems that there is no direct relationship between insulin resistance and adrenal P450c17alpha enzyme dysregulation. (+info)

No association between the -308 polymorphism in the tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) promoter region and polycystic ovaries. (2/1493)

The tumour necrosis factor (TNF)2 allele appears to be linked with increased insulin resistance and obesity, conditions often found in overweight patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The significance of TNFalpha polymorphism in relation to the clinical and biochemical parameters associated with PCOS was investigated in 122 well-characterized patients with polycystic ovaries (PCO). Of these, 84 had an abnormal menstrual cycle and were classified as having PCOS, while the remaining 38 had a normal menstrual cycle and were classified as having PCO. There were a further 28 individuals without PCO (non-PCO) and 108 individuals whose PCO status was undetermined (reference population). The promoter region of the TNFalpha gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the presence or absence of the polymorphism at -308 was determined by single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. The less common TNF allele (TNF2) was found as TNF1/2 or TNF2/2 in 11/38 (29%) of PCO subjects, 25/84 (30%) of PCOS subjects, 7/28 (25%) of non-PCO subjects, and 45/108 (42%) of the reference population. There was no significant difference in the incidence of the TNF2 allele between the groups. The relationship of TNF genotype to clinical and biochemical parameters was examined. In both the PCO group and the PCOS group, the presence of the TNF2 allele was significantly associated with lower glucose values obtained from the glucose tolerance testing (P<0.05). The TNF genotype was not significantly associated with any clinical or biochemical parameter measured in the PCO, PCOS or non-PCOS groups. Thus, the TNFalpha -308 polymorphism does not appear to strongly influence genetic susceptibility to polycystic ovaries. (+info)

The mechanism of action of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor alpha on aromatase activity in granulosa cells from polycystic ovaries. (3/1493)

We investigated aromatization and the mechanism of action of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor alpha (TGFalpha) on oestradiol biosynthesis in freshly prepared granulosa cells from polycystic ovaries. Freshly prepared granulosa cells from polycystic ovaries incubated for only 3 h under basal conditions secreted significantly (P< 0.001) greater amounts of oestradiol-17beta than that of granulosa cells from normal ovaries. 8-Bromo-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP), but not follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) or luteinizing hormone (LH), further enhanced this activity. Both EGF and TGFalpha inhibited gonadotrophinor 8-Br-cAMP-stimulated, but not basal, oestradiol production. LH receptor (LHR) binding, estimated by immunolabelling the bound LH, was significantly (P< 0.001) reduced in granulosa cells from polycystic ovaries when compared with cells from normal ovaries. EGF or TGFalpha significantly reduced the binding in cultured cells from all patient groups (P< 0.05). More interestingly, a further increase of the inhibitory effect was seen in granulosa cells from polycystic ovaries (P < 0.001). In conclusion, granulosa cells from polycystic ovaries contain high levels of basal aromatase activity in vitro, which is probably inherited from the in-vivo condition. EGF and TGFalpha suppress oestradiol synthesis at a step beyond the production of cAMP and also LHR binding with more effect in granulosa cells from polycystic ovaries. (+info)

Retrieval, maturation, and fertilization of immature oocytes obtained from unstimulated patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. (4/1493)

PURPOSE: Our purpose was to determine whether immature oocytes could be retrieved under local anesthesia, whether these oocytes would mature and fertilize in vitro, and whether adequate endometrium development could be obtained after hormonal supplementation. METHODS: Ovum pick-up was performed under local anesthesia. Immature oocytes were cultured and inseminated. To prepare the endometrium, estradiolvalerate was administered in combination with micronized progesterone. RESULTS: Immature oocytes were obtained in all cases. Fifty-six percent (n = 30) of the oocytes developed into metaphase II (MII) after 48 hr of culture, and another 20% reached the MII stage by 72 hr. Normal fertilization was observed in only 10% of oocytes inseminated. No embryonic development occurred, and therefore embryo transfer was not performed in any of the patients. Endometrial microbiopsy was performed in all subjects and endometrial development was considered sufficient in eight patients. CONCLUSIONS: We collected immature oocytes from patients with polycystic ovary syndrome without general anesthesia. In vitro maturation of these oocytes seemed adequate but fertilization rates were poor. Sufficient endometrial quality was obtained after hormonal substitution. (+info)

Insulin in obstetrics: a main parameter in the management of pregnancy. (5/1493)

Insulin plays a central role in human pregnancy. Maternal insulin sensitivity decreases with advancing gestation in order to provide glucose and possibly other nutrients for feto-placental growth and energy needs. Moreover, alterations of insulin metabolism are clearly involved in the development of gestational diabetes. In recent years, hyperinsulinaemia has been also proposed as a possible pathogenic factor in the development of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia; furthermore it has also been postulated that there is an involvement of insulin sensitivity in fetal growth restriction. These intriguing data have stimulated our interest in summarizing the physiopathological mechanisms by which the pancreatic hormone could be involved in obstetrics. (+info)

The contributions of oestrogen and growth factors to increased adrenal androgen secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome. (6/1493)

Adrenal hyperandrogenism is prevalent in many women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), although the expression of this enhanced secretion may be heterogeneous. Since no single factor acts in isolation, this study was performed to assess the influence of oestradiol (total and unbound), insulin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF-II and the binding proteins IGFBP-I, and IGFBP-3, on basal and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) stimulated adrenal androgen secretion in 25 women with PCOS and 10 matched ovulatory controls. Women with PCOS exhibited elevations of all androgens as well as unbound oestradiol, insulin and non-IGFBP-1 bound IGF-I. Positive correlations were noted between oestrogen and basal and ACTH stimulated delta 5 adrenal androgens. Serum IGF-I was only correlated with basal dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S), while insulin exhibited a strong correlation with the delta 4 pathway and androstenedione formation in particular. This correlation was also confirmed by dividing the PCOS group into those women with and without hyperinsulinaemia. The activity of 17,20 lyase favouring androstenedione was increased in the hyperinsulinaemic women. By multivariate analyses, body mass index did not influence these findings. Although there are inherent difficulties in making major conclusions based on correlative analyses, it is suggested that oestrogen may have a greater influence on enhancing delta 5 adrenal androgen secretion, and insulin a greater effect on the delta 4 pathway. In turn, the relative importance of these influences may contribute to the heterogeneous nature of adrenal hyperandrogenism in PCOS. (+info)

Oocyte quality and treatment outcome in intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles of polycystic ovarian syndrome patients. (7/1493)

Patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) have higher miscarriage rates. It is postulated that this is caused by a lower rate of mature oocytes, and a lower quality of embryos. Retrospectively we analysed 51 intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles of 31 PCOS patients. These data were compared to age-matched controls (105 cycles) during the same period. All patients of both groups received gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists prior to gonadotrophin treatment. The rate of metaphase II oocytes (MII) was not different. However, the mean absolute number of normally fertilized oocytes was significantly higher in PCOS patients (5.00 versus 3.56, P < 0.01), due to a higher number of oocytes retrieved. More embryos were transferred by cycle in the PCOS group (2.69 versus 2.17, P < 0.05), with a higher cumulative embryo score. The overall and multiple pregnancy rate showed no differences and the clinical abortion rate was lower (21 versus 41.67%, P < 0.05) in the controls. Our findings demonstrate that negative factors unconnected to oocyte morphology must be present in PCOS patients. It is possible that only cytoplasmic, not nuclear, maturity is influenced in these patients. (+info)

The pattern of changes in ovarian stromal and uterine artery blood flow velocities during in vitro fertilization treatment and its relationship with outcome of the cycle. (8/1493)

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of short-term (2-3 weeks) pituitary suppression and controlled ovarian stimulation on ovarian and uterine artery Doppler measurements during the in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment cycle and to compare the pattern of these changes between conception and non-conception cycles as well as between patients with normal and those with polycystic ovaries. DESIGN: Prospective observational study of women undergoing IVF treatment. SUBJECTS: Women using the long-treatment buserelin protocol who did not have uterine fibroids, ovarian cysts or endometrioma. METHODS: Serial transvaginal color and pulsed Doppler measurements of ovarian stromal and uterine artery blood flow velocity were carried out in the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, on the day of pituitary suppression and on the day of administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). The main outcome measures were the ovarian stromal and uterine artery blood flow peak systolic velocity (PSV) and pulsatility index (PI). RESULTS: A total of 105 patients were recruited but six patients were excluded from the analysis because they had only one stage of the measurements performed. There was a significant decline in mean ovarian stromal artery PSV after 2-3 weeks of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist therapy but no effect on ovarian stromal artery PI. The mean uterine artery PSV or PI did not change significantly after 2-3 weeks of GnRH agonist therapy. There was a significantly higher mean ovarian stromal artery PSV in conception cycles compared to non-conception cycles in the early follicular phase and on the day of pituitary suppression, but not on the day of hCG administration. There were no differences between conception and non-conception cycles in the mean uterine artery PSV or PI. Women with polycystic ovaries had a higher mean ovarian artery PSV on all the three occasions of measurement. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that assessment of ovarian blood flow before commencement of gonadotropin stimulation may play a role in assessing cycles likely to result in pregnancy. (+info)

1. Irregular menstrual cycles, or amenorrhea (the absence of periods).
2. Cysts on the ovaries, which are fluid-filled sacs that can be detected by ultrasound.
3. Elevated levels of androgens (male hormones) in the body, which can cause a range of symptoms including acne, excessive hair growth, and male pattern baldness.
4. Insulin resistance, which is a condition in which the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels.

PCOS is a complex disorder, and there is no single cause. However, genetics, hormonal imbalances, and insulin resistance are thought to play a role in its development. It is estimated that 5-10% of women of childbearing age have PCOS, making it one of the most common endocrine disorders affecting women.

There are several symptoms of PCOS, including:

1. Irregular menstrual cycles or amenorrhea
2. Weight gain or obesity
3. Acne
4. Excessive hair growth on the face, chest, and back
5. Male pattern baldness
6. Infertility or difficulty getting pregnant
7. Mood changes, such as depression and anxiety
8. Sleep apnea

PCOS can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests, including:

1. Pelvic exam: A doctor will examine the ovaries and uterus to look for cysts or other abnormalities.
2. Ultrasound: An ultrasound can be used to detect cysts on the ovaries and to evaluate the thickness of the uterine lining.
3. Hormone testing: Blood tests can be used to measure levels of androgens, estrogen, and progesterone.
4. Glucose tolerance test: This test is used to check for insulin resistance, which is a common finding in women with PCOS.
5. Laparoscopy: A small camera inserted through a small incision in the abdomen can be used to visualize the ovaries and uterus and to diagnose PCOS.

There is no cure for PCOS, but it can be managed with lifestyle changes and medication. Treatment options include:

1. Weight loss: Losing weight can improve insulin sensitivity and reduce androgen levels.
2. Hormonal birth control: Birth control pills or other hormonal contraceptives can help regulate menstrual cycles and reduce androgen levels.
3. Fertility medications: Clomiphene citrate and letrozole are commonly used to stimulate ovulation in women with PCOS.
4. Injectable fertility medications: Gonadotropins, such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), can be used to stimulate ovulation.
5. Surgery: Laparoscopic ovarian drilling or laser surgery can improve ovulation and fertility in women with PCOS.
6. Assisted reproductive technology (ART): In vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) can be used to help women with PCOS conceive.
7. Alternative therapies: Some complementary and alternative therapies, such as acupuncture and herbal supplements, may be helpful in managing symptoms of PCOS.

It is important for women with PCOS to work closely with their healthcare provider to develop a treatment plan that meets their individual needs and goals. With appropriate treatment, many women with PCOS can improve their menstrual regularity, fertility, and overall health.

There are several possible causes of hyperandrogenism, including:

1. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH): A genetic disorder that affects the production of cortisol and aldosterone hormones by the adrenal glands.
2. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): A hormonal disorder that affects women of reproductive age and is characterized by cysts on the ovaries, irregular menstrual cycles, and high levels of androgens.
3. Adrenal tumors: Tumors in the adrenal glands can cause excessive production of androgens.
4. Familial hyperandrogenism: A rare inherited condition that causes an overproduction of androgens.
5. Obesity: Excess body fat can lead to increased production of androgens.

The symptoms of hyperandrogenism can vary depending on the cause, but may include:

1. Acne
2. Hirsutism (excessive hair growth)
3. Virilization (male-like physical characteristics, such as deepening of the voice and clitoral enlargement in women)
4. Male pattern baldness
5. Increased muscle mass and strength
6. Irregular menstrual cycles or cessation of menstruation
7. Infertility
8. Elevated blood pressure
9. Elevated cholesterol levels

Treatment options for hyperandrogenism depend on the underlying cause, but may include:

1. Medications to reduce androgen production or block their effects
2. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to restore normal hormone balance
3. Surgery to remove tumors or cysts
4. Weight loss programs to reduce excess body fat
5. Lifestyle changes, such as exercise and dietary modifications, to improve overall health.

It's important to note that hyperandrogenism can also be caused by other factors, such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia or ovarian tumors, so it's important to consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Some of the symptoms of hirsutism include:

* Thick, dark hair on the face, chest, back, and buttocks
* Hair growth on the arms, legs, and other areas of the body
* Thinning or loss of hair on the head
* Acne and oily skin

Hirsutism can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

* Hormonal imbalances: Excessive levels of androgens, such as testosterone, can cause hirsutism.
* Genetics: Inheritance plays a role in the development of hirsutism.
* Medications: Certain medications, such as anabolic steroids and certain antidepressants, can cause hirsutism as a side effect.
* Other medical conditions: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), and other endocrine disorders can also cause hirsutism.

There are several treatment options for hirsutism, including:

* Medications such as anti-androgens and retinoids to reduce hair growth and improve skin texture
* Electrolysis and laser therapy to remove unwanted hair
* Hormonal therapies such as birth control pills and spironolactone to regulate hormone levels and reduce hair growth
* Plastic surgery to remove excess hair-bearing skin.

It is important for individuals with hirsutism to seek medical attention if they experience any of the following symptoms:

* Sudden or excessive hair growth
* Hair growth on the face, chest, back, or buttocks
* Thinning or loss of hair on the head
* Acne and oily skin.

Early diagnosis and treatment can help manage the symptoms of hirsutism and improve quality of life for individuals affected by this condition.

Treatment for oligomenorrhea depends on the underlying cause, but may include hormone replacement therapy, birth control pills, or other medications to regulate menstrual cycles. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to correct anatomical abnormalities or remove cysts that are interfering with normal menstruation.

Oligomenorrhea can have significant impacts on women's lives, including difficulty becoming pregnant due to irregular ovulation and increased risk of developing endometrial cancer. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment are important to manage the condition and prevent potential complications.

1. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): This is the most common cause of anovulation, affecting up to 75% of women with PCOS.
2. Hypothalamic dysfunction: The hypothalamus regulates hormonal signals that stimulate ovulation. Disruptions in these signals can lead to anovulation.
3. Thyroid disorders: Both hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) and hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) can disrupt hormone levels and lead to anovulation.
4. Premature ovarian failure (POF): This condition is characterized by the premature loss of ovarian function before age 40.
5. Ovarian insufficiency: This occurs when the ovaries lose their ability to produce eggs, often due to aging or medical treatment.
6. Chronic diseases: Certain conditions like diabetes, hypertension, and obesity can increase the risk of anovulation.
7. Luteal phase defect: This occurs when the uterine lining does not properly thicken during the second half of the menstrual cycle, making it difficult for a fertilized egg to implant.
8. Ovulatory disorders: Disorders such as ovarian cysts, endometriosis, and pelvic inflammatory disease can interfere with ovulation.
9. Genetic factors: Some genetic mutations can affect ovulation, such as those associated with Turner syndrome or other rare genetic conditions.
10. Medications: Certain medications, such as hormonal contraceptives and antidepressants, can disrupt ovulation.

Anovulation is typically diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests, including hormone levels and imaging studies. Treatment options for anovulation depend on the underlying cause and may include:

1. Hormonal medications to stimulate ovulation
2. Intrauterine insemination (IUI) or in vitro fertilization (IVF) to increase the chances of conception
3. Lifestyle modifications, such as weight loss and stress management
4. Surgery to correct anatomical abnormalities or remove any blockages in the reproductive tract
5. Assisted reproductive technologies (ART), such as IVF with egg donation or surrogacy.

It's important for women experiencing irregular periods or anovulation to seek medical attention, as timely diagnosis and treatment can improve their chances of conceiving and reduce the risk of complications during pregnancy.

There are two main types of PKD: autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). ADPKD is the most common form of PKD and accounts for about 90% of all cases. It is caused by mutations in the PKD1 or PKD2 genes, which are inherited from one's parents. ARPKD is less common and is caused by mutations in the PKHD1 gene.

The symptoms of PKD can vary depending on the severity of the disease and the age of onset. Common symptoms include high blood pressure, back pain, kidney stones, urinary tract infections, and frequent urination. As the cysts grow, they can also cause complications such as kidney damage, anemia, and electrolyte imbalances.

PKD is typically diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scans, and MRI, as well as genetic testing to identify the presence of the disease-causing mutations. There is no cure for PKD, but treatment options are available to manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These may include medications to control high blood pressure, pain management, and dialysis in advanced cases.

In conclusion, polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a genetic disorder that affects the kidneys and can lead to chronic kidney disease and eventually kidney failure. It is important to be aware of the symptoms and risk factors for PKD, as well as to seek medical attention if they are present, in order to receive proper diagnosis and treatment.

There are several factors that can contribute to the development of insulin resistance, including:

1. Genetics: Insulin resistance can be inherited, and some people may be more prone to developing the condition based on their genetic makeup.
2. Obesity: Excess body fat, particularly around the abdominal area, can contribute to insulin resistance.
3. Physical inactivity: A sedentary lifestyle can lead to insulin resistance.
4. Poor diet: Consuming a diet high in refined carbohydrates and sugar can contribute to insulin resistance.
5. Other medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and Cushing's syndrome, can increase the risk of developing insulin resistance.
6. Medications: Certain medications, such as steroids and some antipsychotic drugs, can increase insulin resistance.
7. Hormonal imbalances: Hormonal changes during pregnancy or menopause can lead to insulin resistance.
8. Sleep apnea: Sleep apnea can contribute to insulin resistance.
9. Chronic stress: Chronic stress can lead to insulin resistance.
10. Aging: Insulin resistance tends to increase with age, particularly after the age of 45.

There are several ways to diagnose insulin resistance, including:

1. Fasting blood sugar test: This test measures the level of glucose in the blood after an overnight fast.
2. Glucose tolerance test: This test measures the body's ability to regulate blood sugar levels after consuming a sugary drink.
3. Insulin sensitivity test: This test measures the body's ability to respond to insulin.
4. Homeostatic model assessment (HOMA): This is a mathematical formula that uses the results of a fasting glucose and insulin test to estimate insulin resistance.
5. Adiponectin test: This test measures the level of adiponectin, a protein produced by fat cells that helps regulate blood sugar levels. Low levels of adiponectin are associated with insulin resistance.

There is no cure for insulin resistance, but it can be managed through lifestyle changes and medication. Lifestyle changes include:

1. Diet: A healthy diet that is low in processed carbohydrates and added sugars can help improve insulin sensitivity.
2. Exercise: Regular physical activity, such as aerobic exercise and strength training, can improve insulin sensitivity.
3. Weight loss: Losing weight, particularly around the abdominal area, can improve insulin sensitivity.
4. Stress management: Strategies to manage stress, such as meditation or yoga, can help improve insulin sensitivity.
5. Sleep: Getting adequate sleep is important for maintaining healthy insulin levels.

Medications that may be used to treat insulin resistance include:

1. Metformin: This is a commonly used medication to treat type 2 diabetes and improve insulin sensitivity.
2. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs): These medications, such as pioglitazone, improve insulin sensitivity by increasing the body's ability to use insulin.
3. Sulfonylureas: These medications stimulate the release of insulin from the pancreas, which can help improve insulin sensitivity.
4. DPP-4 inhibitors: These medications, such as sitagliptin, work by reducing the breakdown of the hormone incretin, which helps to increase insulin secretion and improve insulin sensitivity.
5. GLP-1 receptor agonists: These medications, such as exenatide, mimic the action of the hormone GLP-1 and help to improve insulin sensitivity.

It is important to note that these medications may have side effects, so it is important to discuss the potential benefits and risks with your healthcare provider before starting treatment. Additionally, lifestyle modifications such as diet and exercise can also be effective in improving insulin sensitivity and managing blood sugar levels.

Causes of Female Infertility
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There are several potential causes of female infertility, including:

1. Hormonal imbalances: Disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid dysfunction, and premature ovarian failure can affect hormone levels and ovulation.
2. Ovulatory disorders: Problems with ovulation, such as anovulation or oligoovulation, can make it difficult to conceive.
3. Tubal damage: Damage to the fallopian tubes due to pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, or surgery can prevent the egg from traveling through the tube and being fertilized.
4. Endometriosis: This condition occurs when tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside of the uterus, causing inflammation and scarring that can lead to infertility.
5. Fibroids: Noncancerous growths in the uterus can interfere with implantation of a fertilized egg or disrupt ovulation.
6. Pelvic adhesions: Scar tissue in the pelvis can cause fallopian tubes to become damaged or blocked, making it difficult for an egg to travel through the tube and be fertilized.
7. Uterine or cervical abnormalities: Abnormalities such as a bicornuate uterus or a narrow cervix can make it difficult for a fertilized egg to implant in the uterus.
8. Age: A woman's age can affect her fertility, as the quality and quantity of her eggs decline with age.
9. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and being overweight or underweight can affect fertility.
10. Stress: Chronic stress can disrupt hormone levels and ovulation, making it more difficult to conceive.

It's important to note that many of these factors can be treated with medical assistance, such as medication, surgery, or assisted reproductive technology (ART) like in vitro fertilization (IVF). If you are experiencing difficulty getting pregnant, it is recommended that you speak with a healthcare provider to determine the cause of your infertility and discuss potential treatment options.

Examples of syndromes include:

1. Down syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 that affects intellectual and physical development.
2. Turner syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by a missing or partially deleted X chromosome that affects physical growth and development in females.
3. Marfan syndrome: A genetic disorder affecting the body's connective tissue, causing tall stature, long limbs, and cardiovascular problems.
4. Alzheimer's disease: A neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss, confusion, and changes in personality and behavior.
5. Parkinson's disease: A neurological disorder characterized by tremors, rigidity, and difficulty with movement.
6. Klinefelter syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by an extra X chromosome in males, leading to infertility and other physical characteristics.
7. Williams syndrome: A rare genetic disorder caused by a deletion of genetic material on chromosome 7, characterized by cardiovascular problems, developmental delays, and a distinctive facial appearance.
8. Fragile X syndrome: The most common form of inherited intellectual disability, caused by an expansion of a specific gene on the X chromosome.
9. Prader-Willi syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by a defect in the hypothalamus, leading to problems with appetite regulation and obesity.
10. Sjogren's syndrome: An autoimmune disorder that affects the glands that produce tears and saliva, causing dry eyes and mouth.

Syndromes can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment for a syndrome depends on the underlying cause and the specific symptoms and signs presented by the patient.

Also known as: Menstrual Disorders, Menstrual Abnormalities, Dysmenorrhea, Amenorrhea, Oligomenorrhea, Polymenorrhea.

There are several types of acne, including:

1. Comedonal acne: characterized by blackheads and whiteheads.
2. Inflammatory acne: characterized by papules, pustules, and nodules.
3. Cystic acne: characterized by large, painful cysts that can cause scarring.
4. Acne rosacea: a type of acne that occurs in adults, characterized by redness, flushing, and telangiectasias (small blood vessels).

There are several treatment options for acne vulgaris, including:

1. Topical treatments: such as benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, and sulfur.
2. Oral antibiotics: such as doxycycline and minocycline.
3. Retinoids: derived from vitamin A, used to unclog pores and reduce inflammation.
4. Hormonal therapies: such as birth control pills, used to regulate hormones that can contribute to acne.
5. Isotretinoin: a powerful oral medication used for severe cases of cystic acne that have not responded to other treatments.
6. Laser and light therapy: such as blue light therapy and photodynamic therapy, used to reduce inflammation and kill bacteria.
7. Lifestyle modifications: such as using non-comedogenic products, wearing sunscreen, and avoiding picking or popping pimples.

It is important to note that acne can be a persistent condition, and it may take time and experimentation to find the right treatment approach. It's best to consult with a dermatologist for personalized advice on treating acne vulgaris.

There are several different types of obesity, including:

1. Central obesity: This type of obesity is characterized by excess fat around the waistline, which can increase the risk of health problems such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
2. Peripheral obesity: This type of obesity is characterized by excess fat in the hips, thighs, and arms.
3. Visceral obesity: This type of obesity is characterized by excess fat around the internal organs in the abdominal cavity.
4. Mixed obesity: This type of obesity is characterized by both central and peripheral obesity.

Obesity can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, lack of physical activity, poor diet, sleep deprivation, and certain medications. Treatment for obesity typically involves a combination of lifestyle changes, such as increased physical activity and a healthy diet, and in some cases, medication or surgery may be necessary to achieve weight loss.

Preventing obesity is important for overall health and well-being, and can be achieved through a variety of strategies, including:

1. Eating a healthy, balanced diet that is low in added sugars, saturated fats, and refined carbohydrates.
2. Engaging in regular physical activity, such as walking, jogging, or swimming.
3. Getting enough sleep each night.
4. Managing stress levels through relaxation techniques, such as meditation or deep breathing.
5. Avoiding excessive alcohol consumption and quitting smoking.
6. Monitoring weight and body mass index (BMI) on a regular basis to identify any changes or potential health risks.
7. Seeking professional help from a healthcare provider or registered dietitian for personalized guidance on weight management and healthy lifestyle choices.

Causes:

There are several possible causes of amenorrhea, including:

1. Hormonal Imbalance: Imbalance of hormones can prevent the uterus from preparing for menstruation.
2. Pregnancy: Pregnancy is one of the most common causes of amenorrhea.
3. Menopause: Women going through menopause may experience amenorrhea due to the decreased levels of estrogen and progesterone.
4. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): PCOS is a hormonal disorder that can cause irregular periods or amenorrhea.
5. Thyroid Disorders: Both hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) and hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) can cause amenorrhea.
6. Obesity: Women who are significantly overweight may experience amenorrhea due to the hormonal imbalance caused by excess body fat.
7. Stress: Chronic stress can disrupt hormone levels and cause amenorrhea.
8. Surgery or Trauma: Certain surgeries, such as hysterectomy or removal of the ovaries, can cause amenorrhea. Trauma, such as a severe injury or infection, can also cause amenorrhea.
9. Medications: Certain medications, such as steroids and chemotherapy drugs, can cause amenorrhea as a side effect.
10. Endocrine Disorders: Disorders such as hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, hyperprolactinemia, and hypothyroidism can cause amenorrhea.

Symptoms:

Amenorrhea can cause a range of symptoms, including:

1. No menstrual period
2. Difficulty getting pregnant (infertility)
3. Abnormal vaginal bleeding or spotting
4. Painful intercourse
5. Weight gain or loss
6. Mood changes, such as anxiety or depression
7. Fatigue
8. Headaches
9. Insomnia
10. Hot flashes

Diagnosis:

Amenorrhea is typically diagnosed based on a patient's medical history and physical examination. Additional tests may be ordered to determine the underlying cause of amenorrhea, such as:

1. Blood tests to measure hormone levels, including estrogen, progesterone, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
2. Imaging tests, such as ultrasound or MRI, to evaluate the ovaries and uterus
3. Laparoscopy, a minimally invasive procedure that allows the doctor to visually examine the ovaries and fallopian tubes
4. Hysteroscopy, a procedure that allows the doctor to examine the inside of the uterus

Treatment:

The treatment of amenorrhea depends on the underlying cause. Some common treatments include:

1. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to restore hormone balance and promote menstruation
2. Medications to stimulate ovulation, such as clomiphene citrate or letrozole
3. Surgery to remove fibroids, cysts, or other structural abnormalities that may be contributing to amenorrhea
4. Infertility treatments, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), if the patient is experiencing difficulty getting pregnant
5. Lifestyle changes, such as weight loss or exercise, to improve overall health and promote menstruation

Prevention:

There is no specific way to prevent amenorrhea, but maintaining a healthy lifestyle and managing any underlying medical conditions can help reduce the risk of developing the condition. Some tips for prevention include:

1. Eating a balanced diet that includes plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein sources
2. Exercising regularly to maintain a healthy weight and improve overall health
3. Managing stress through relaxation techniques, such as yoga or meditation
4. Getting enough sleep each night
5. Avoiding excessive alcohol consumption and smoking
6. Maintaining a healthy body mass index (BMI) to reduce the risk of developing hormonal imbalances
7. Managing any underlying medical conditions, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid disorders, or adrenal gland disorders
8. Avoiding exposure to harmful chemicals and toxins that can disrupt hormone balance.

In hyperinsulinism, the body produces too much insulin, leading to a range of symptoms including:

1. Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar): Excessive insulin can cause blood sugar levels to drop too low, leading to hypoglycemic symptoms such as shakiness, dizziness, confusion, and rapid heartbeat.
2. Weight gain: Hyperinsulinism can lead to weight gain due to the body's inability to effectively use glucose for energy production.
3. Fatigue: Excessive insulin can cause fatigue, as the body's cells are not able to effectively use glucose for energy production.
4. Mood changes: Hyperinsulinism can lead to mood changes such as irritability, anxiety, and depression.
5. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): Women with PCOS are at a higher risk of developing hyperinsulinism due to insulin resistance.
6. Gestational diabetes: Hyperinsulinism can occur during pregnancy, leading to gestational diabetes.
7. Acanthosis nigricans: A condition characterized by dark, velvety patches on the skin, often found in the armpits, neck, and groin area.
8. Cancer: Hyperinsulinism has been linked to an increased risk of certain types of cancer, such as breast, colon, and pancreatic cancer.
9. Cardiovascular disease: Excessive insulin can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, including high blood pressure, heart disease, and stroke.
10. Cognitive impairment: Hyperinsulinism has been linked to cognitive impairment and an increased risk of dementia.

There are several causes of hyperinsulinism, including:

1. Insulin-producing tumors: Tumors that produce excessive amounts of insulin can lead to hyperinsulinism.
2. Familial hyperinsulinism: A genetic disorder that affects the regulation of insulin secretion and action.
3. Pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction: Dysfunction in the pancreatic beta cells, which produce insulin, can lead to hyperinsulinism.
4. Medications: Certain medications such as steroids and certain psychiatric drugs can cause hyperinsulinism.
5. Pituitary tumors: Tumors in the pituitary gland can lead to excessive secretion of growth hormone, which can stimulate insulin production.
6. Maternal diabetes during pregnancy: Women with diabetes during pregnancy may experience hyperinsulinism due to increased insulin resistance and higher insulin levels.
7. Gestational diabetes: High blood sugar during pregnancy can lead to hyperinsulinism.
8. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): Women with PCOS may experience hyperinsulinism due to insulin resistance and high insulin levels.
9. Cushing's syndrome: An endocrine disorder caused by excessive cortisol production can lead to hyperinsulinism.
10. Other medical conditions: Certain medical conditions such as thyroid disorders, adrenal gland disorders, and pituitary gland disorders can also cause hyperinsulinism.

It's important to note that some individuals with hyperinsulinism may not experience any symptoms, while others may experience a range of symptoms, including:

1. Weight gain
2. Fatigue
3. Headaches
4. Numbness or tingling in the hands and feet
5. Memory loss and difficulty concentrating
6. Mood changes, such as anxiety and depression
7. Skin problems, such as acne and thinning skin
8. Increased risk of heart disease and stroke
9. Growth retardation in children
10. Increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes

If you suspect that you or your child may have hyperinsulinism, it's important to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment. A doctor may perform a physical examination, take a medical history, and order blood tests to determine if hyperinsulinism is present and what may be causing it. Treatment options for hyperinsulinism will depend on the underlying cause of the condition. In some cases, medications such as metformin or other anti-diabetic drugs may be prescribed to help regulate blood sugar levels and reduce insulin production. In other cases, surgery or lifestyle changes may be necessary. With proper diagnosis and treatment, it is possible to manage hyperinsulinism and prevent or manage related health complications.

1. Abdominal obesity (excess fat around the waistline)
2. High blood pressure (hypertension)
3. Elevated fasting glucose (high blood sugar)
4. High serum triglycerides (elevated levels of triglycerides in the blood)
5. Low HDL cholesterol (low levels of "good" cholesterol)

Having three or more of these conditions is considered a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome X. It is estimated that approximately 34% of adults in the United States have this syndrome, and it is more common in women than men. Risk factors for developing metabolic syndrome include obesity, lack of physical activity, poor diet, and a family history of type 2 diabetes or CVD.

The term "metabolic syndrome" was first introduced in the medical literature in the late 1980s, and since then, it has been the subject of extensive research. The exact causes of metabolic syndrome are not yet fully understood, but it is believed to be related to insulin resistance, inflammation, and changes in body fat distribution.

Treatment for metabolic syndrome typically involves lifestyle modifications such as weight loss, regular physical activity, and a healthy diet. Medications such as blood pressure-lowering drugs, cholesterol-lowering drugs, and anti-diabetic medications may also be prescribed if necessary. It is important to note that not everyone with metabolic syndrome will develop type 2 diabetes or CVD, but the risk is increased. Therefore, early detection and treatment are crucial in preventing these complications.

The causes of virilism can be due to various factors including:

1. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH): A genetic disorder that affects the production of hormones by the adrenal glands, leading to excessive levels of androgens such as testosterone.
2. Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS): A condition where the body is unable to respond to androgens, leading to virilization.
3. 5-alpha-reductase deficiency: A rare genetic disorder that affects the production of the enzyme 5-alpha-reductase, which is important for the development of male characteristics.
4. Genetic mutations: Some individuals may have genetic mutations that lead to the overproduction of androgens or the underproduction of anti-androgens.
5. Hormonal imbalances: Imbalances in hormone levels, such as high testosterone and low estrogen, can also cause virilism.

Virilism can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as hormone level measurements. Treatment options for virilism depend on the underlying cause and may include hormone replacement therapy, surgery, or psychological counseling.

In summary, virilism is a condition characterized by the excessive development of male characteristics in individuals who are not biologically male, and it can be caused by various genetic or hormonal factors. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes.

Note: Autosomal recessive inheritance means that a person must inherit two copies of the mutated gene, one from each parent, to develop the condition. If a person inherits only one copy of the mutated gene, they will be a carrier but are unlikely to develop symptoms themselves.

OHSS typically occurs when too many eggs are stimulated to mature during ovulation, leading to an imbalance in hormone levels. The syndrome is more common in women who undergo IVF with high-dose fertility medications, multiple embryo transfer, or those with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Symptoms of OHSS may include:

1. Enlarged ovaries that are painful to the touch
2. Abdominal bloating and discomfort
3. Pelvic pain
4. Nausea and vomiting
5. Diarrhea or constipation
6. Abnormal vaginal bleeding
7. Elevated hormone levels (estradiol and/or LH)

OHSS can be diagnosed through ultrasound and blood tests. Treatment options for OHSS include:

1. Cancellation of further fertility treatment until symptoms resolve
2. Medications to reduce hormone levels and inflammation
3. Ultrasound-guided aspiration of fluid from the ovaries
4. Hospitalization for monitoring and supportive care

Prevention is key, and fertility specialists take several measures to minimize the risk of OHSS, such as:

1. Monitoring hormone levels and ultrasound assessment of ovarian response during treatment
2. Adjusting medication dosages based on individual patient needs
3. Limited embryo transfer to reduce the risk of multiple pregnancies
4. Avoiding the use of high-dose stimulation protocols in women with PCOS or other risk factors

Early detection and proper management are crucial to prevent complications and ensure a successful outcome for fertility treatment. If you suspect you may have OHSS, it is essential to consult a fertility specialist immediately.

1. Ovarian cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that form on the ovaries. They can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Common symptoms include pelvic pain, bloating, and irregular periods.
2. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): This is a hormonal disorder that affects ovulation and can cause cysts on the ovaries. Symptoms include irregular periods, acne, and excess hair growth.
3. Endometriosis: This is a condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus, often on the ovaries. Symptoms include pelvic pain, heavy bleeding, and infertility.
4. Ovarian cancer: This is a type of cancer that affects the ovaries. It is rare, but can be aggressive and difficult to treat. Symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, and vaginal bleeding.
5. Premature ovarian failure (POF): This is a condition in which the ovaries stop functioning before the age of 40. Symptoms include hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and infertility.
6. Ovarian torsion: This is a condition in which the ovary becomes twisted, cutting off blood flow. Symptoms include severe pelvic pain, nausea, and vomiting.
7. Ovarian abscess: This is an infection that forms on the ovaries. Symptoms include fever, abdominal pain, and vaginal discharge.
8. Ectopic pregnancy: This is a condition in which a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, often on the ovaries. Symptoms include severe pelvic pain, bleeding, and fainting.
9. Ovarian cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that form on the ovaries. They can be benign or cancerous. Symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, and irregular periods.
10. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): This is a hormonal disorder that affects the ovaries, causing symptoms such as irregular periods, cysts on the ovaries, and excess hair growth.

It's important to note that these are just a few examples of the many possible conditions that can affect the ovaries. If you experience any persistent or severe symptoms in your pelvic area, it is important to seek medical attention to determine the cause and receive proper treatment.

There are two main types of acanthosis nigricans:

1. Congenital acanthosis nigricans (CAN): present at birth and usually affects the neck, arms, and legs. This type is associated with certain genetic disorders such as Down syndrome.
2. Acquired acanthosis nigricans (AAN): develops over time and can occur in various parts of the body, particularly in areas exposed to the sun. It is often seen in people with obesity, diabetes, hypothyroidism, and other endocrine disorders.

The exact cause of acanthosis nigricans is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to hormonal imbalances, insulin resistance, and inflammation. Treatment options include topical creams, phototherapy, and systemic medications such as retinoids and anti-diabetic drugs. In some cases, surgical excision may be necessary.

While acanthosis nigricans is not a life-threatening condition, it can have a significant impact on quality of life due to the unsightly appearance of the affected areas and potential skin irritation or infection. Early detection and proper management are essential to prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Infertility can be classified into two main categories:

1. Primary infertility: This type of infertility occurs when a couple has not been able to conceive a child after one year of regular sexual intercourse, and there is no known cause for the infertility.
2. Secondary infertility: This type of infertility occurs when a couple has been able to conceive at least once before but is now experiencing difficulty in conceiving again.

There are several factors that can contribute to infertility, including:

1. Age: Women's fertility declines with age, especially after the age of 35.
2. Hormonal imbalances: Imbalances of hormones such as progesterone, estrogen, and thyroid hormones can affect ovulation and fertility.
3. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): A common condition that affects ovulation and can cause infertility.
4. Endometriosis: A condition in which the tissue lining the uterus grows outside the uterus, causing inflammation and scarring that can lead to infertility.
5. Male factor infertility: Low sperm count, poor sperm quality, and blockages in the reproductive tract can all contribute to infertility.
6. Lifestyle factors: Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, being overweight or underweight, and stress can all affect fertility.
7. Medical conditions: Certain medical conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and thyroid disorders can affect fertility.
8. Uterine or cervical abnormalities: Abnormalities in the shape or structure of the uterus or cervix can make it difficult for a fertilized egg to implant in the uterus.
9. Previous surgeries: Surgeries such as hysterectomy, tubal ligation, and cesarean section can affect fertility.
10. Age: Both male and female age can impact fertility, with a decline in fertility beginning in the mid-30s and a significant decline after age 40.

It's important to note that many of these factors can be treated with medical interventions or lifestyle changes, so it's important to speak with a healthcare provider if you are experiencing difficulty getting pregnant.

1. Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT): This is a condition where the body has difficulty regulating blood sugar levels after consuming a meal.
2. Impaired fasting glucose (IFG): This is a condition where the body has difficulty regulating blood sugar levels when fasting (not eating for a period of time).
3. Gestational diabetes: This is a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy, usually in the second or third trimester.
4. Type 2 diabetes: This is a chronic condition where the body cannot effectively use insulin to regulate blood sugar levels.

The symptoms of glucose intolerance can vary depending on the type and severity of the condition. Some common symptoms include:

* High blood sugar levels
* Increased thirst and urination
* Fatigue
* Blurred vision
* Cuts or bruises that are slow to heal
* Tingling or numbness in the hands and feet

The diagnosis of glucose intolerance is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as:

* Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test: This measures the level of glucose in the blood after an overnight fast.
* Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT): This measures the body's ability to regulate blood sugar levels after consuming a sugary drink.
* Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test: This measures the average blood sugar level over the past 2-3 months.

Treatment for glucose intolerance usually involves lifestyle changes such as:

* Eating a healthy, balanced diet that is low in added sugars and refined carbohydrates
* Increasing physical activity to help the body use insulin more effectively
* Losing weight if you are overweight or obese
* Monitoring blood sugar levels regularly

In some cases, medication may be prescribed to help manage blood sugar levels. These include:

* Metformin: This is a type of oral medication that helps the body use insulin more effectively.
* Sulfonylureas: These medications stimulate the release of insulin from the pancreas.
* Thiazolidinediones: These medications improve the body's sensitivity to insulin.

If left untreated, glucose intolerance can lead to a range of complications such as:

* Type 2 diabetes: This is a more severe form of glucose intolerance that can cause damage to the body's organs and tissues.
* Cardiovascular disease: High blood sugar levels can increase the risk of heart disease and stroke.
* Nerve damage: High blood sugar levels over an extended period can damage the nerves, leading to numbness, tingling, and pain in the hands and feet.
* Kidney damage: High blood sugar levels can damage the kidneys and lead to kidney disease.
* Eye damage: High blood sugar levels can damage the blood vessels in the eyes, leading to vision problems.

It is important to note that not everyone with glucose intolerance will develop these complications, but it is important to manage the condition to reduce the risk of these complications occurring.

Being overweight can increase the risk of various health problems, such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and certain types of cancer. It can also affect a person's mental health and overall quality of life.

There are several ways to assess whether someone is overweight or not. One common method is using the BMI, which is calculated based on height and weight. Another method is measuring body fat percentage, which can be done with specialized tools such as skinfold calipers or bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA).

Losing weight and maintaining a healthy weight can be achieved through a combination of diet, exercise, and lifestyle changes. Some examples of healthy weight loss strategies include:

* Eating a balanced diet that is high in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein sources
* Engaging in regular physical activity, such as walking, running, swimming, or weight training
* Avoiding fad diets and quick fixes
* Getting enough sleep and managing stress levels
* Setting realistic weight loss goals and tracking progress over time.

Definition:

* A form of diabetes that develops during pregnancy
* Caused by hormonal changes and insulin resistance
* Can lead to complications for both the mother and the baby
* Typically goes away after childbirth

Some common types of glucose metabolism disorders include:

1. Diabetes mellitus: This is a group of diseases characterized by high blood sugar levels due to defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both. There are several types of diabetes, including type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes.
2. Hypoglycemia: This is a condition characterized by low blood sugar levels, typically below 70 mg/dL. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including medication side effects, hormonal changes, or certain medical conditions.
3. Hyperglycemia: This is a condition characterized by high blood sugar levels, typically above 140 mg/dL. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including diabetes, stress, or medication side effects.
4. Insulin resistance: This is a condition in which the body's cells become less responsive to insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels. It is often associated with type 2 diabetes and obesity.
5. Metabolic syndrome: This is a cluster of conditions that increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. These conditions include central obesity, hypertension, high triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, and high blood sugar.

Glucose metabolism disorders can have serious complications if left untreated, including nerve damage, kidney damage, and an increased risk of heart disease and stroke. Treatment for these disorders typically involves a combination of dietary changes, medication, and lifestyle modifications.

In medicine, thinness is sometimes used as a diagnostic criterion for certain conditions, such as anorexia nervosa or cancer cachexia. In these cases, thinness can be a sign of a serious underlying condition that requires medical attention.

However, it's important to note that thinness alone is not enough to diagnose any medical condition. Other factors, such as a person's overall health, medical history, and physical examination findings, must also be taken into account when making a diagnosis. Additionally, it's important to recognize that being underweight or having a low BMI does not necessarily mean that someone is unhealthy or has a medical condition. Many people with a healthy weight and body composition can still experience negative health effects from societal pressure to be thin.

Overall, the concept of thinness in medicine is complex and multifaceted, and it's important for healthcare providers to consider all relevant factors when evaluating a patient's weight and overall health.

The endocrine system is a network of glands and hormones that regulate various bodily functions, such as growth, development, metabolism, and reproductive processes. Endocrine system diseases refer to disorders or abnormalities that affect one or more of the endocrine glands or the hormones they produce.

Types of Endocrine System Diseases:

1. Diabetes Mellitus (DM): A group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood sugar levels due to insulin deficiency or insulin resistance.
2. Hypothyroidism: A condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance.
3. Hyperthyroidism: A condition where the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone, leading to symptoms such as anxiety, weight loss, and heart palpitations.
4. Cushing's Syndrome: A rare disorder caused by excessive levels of cortisol hormone in the body, leading to symptoms such as weight gain, high blood pressure, and mood changes.
5. Addison's Disease: A rare disorder caused by a deficiency of cortisol and aldosterone hormones in the body, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, and dehydration.
6. Pituitary Gland Disorders: Tumors or cysts in the pituitary gland can affect the production of hormones that regulate other endocrine glands.
7. Adrenal Insufficiency: A condition where the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol and aldosterone hormones, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, and dehydration.
8. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): A hormonal disorder that affects women of reproductive age, characterized by irregular menstrual cycles, cysts on the ovaries, and insulin resistance.
9. Graves' Disease: An autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism (an overactive thyroid gland), leading to symptoms such as rapid weight loss, nervousness, and heart palpitations.
10. Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: An autoimmune disorder that causes hypothyroidism (an underactive thyroid gland), leading to symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, and depression.

These are just a few examples of endocrine disorders, and there are many more that can affect different parts of the endocrine system. It's important to be aware of the signs and symptoms of these disorders so that you can seek medical attention if you experience any unusual changes in your body.

1. Alopecia areata: This is an autoimmune disorder that causes patchy hair loss on the scalp or body.
2. Androgenetic alopecia (male pattern baldness): This is a common condition in which men experience hair loss due to hormonal changes.
3. Telogen effluvium: This is a condition where there is an increase in the number of hair follicles that stop growing and enter the resting phase, leading to excessive hair shedding.
4. Alopecia totalis: This is a condition where all hair on the scalp is lost, including eyebrows and lashes.
5. Alopecia universalis: This is a condition where all body hair is lost.

Alopecia can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, hormonal imbalances, autoimmune disorders, and certain medications. Treatment options for alopecia depend on the underlying cause and may include medications, hair transplantation, or other therapies.

In medical literature, alopecia is often used as a term to describe the loss of hair in specific contexts, such as in the treatment of cancer patients or in the management of autoimmune disorders. It is also used to describe the side effects of certain medications, such as chemotherapy drugs that can cause hair loss.

There are many different types of cysts that can occur in the body, including:

1. Sebaceous cysts: These are small, usually painless cysts that form in the skin, particularly on the face, neck, or torso. They are filled with a thick, cheesy material and can become inflamed or infected.
2. Ovarian cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that form on the ovaries. They are common in women of childbearing age and can cause pelvic pain, bloating, and other symptoms.
3. Kidney cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that form in the kidneys. They are usually benign but can cause problems if they become large or infected.
4. Dermoid cysts: These are small, usually painless cysts that form in the skin or organs. They are filled with skin cells, hair follicles, and other tissue and can become inflamed or infected.
5. Pilar cysts: These are small, usually painless cysts that form on the scalp. They are filled with a thick, cheesy material and can become inflamed or infected.
6. Epidermoid cysts: These are small, usually painless cysts that form just under the skin. They are filled with a thick, cheesy material and can become inflamed or infected.
7. Mucous cysts: These are small, usually painless cysts that form on the fingers or toes. They are filled with a clear, sticky fluid and can become inflamed or infected.
8. Baker's cyst: This is a fluid-filled cyst that forms behind the knee. It can cause swelling and pain in the knee and is more common in women than men.
9. Tarlov cysts: These are small, fluid-filled cysts that form in the spine. They can cause back pain and other symptoms, such as sciatica.
10. ganglion cysts: These are noncancerous lumps that form on the joints or tendons. They are filled with a thick, clear fluid and can cause pain, swelling, and limited mobility.

It's important to note that this is not an exhaustive list and there may be other types of cysts that are not included here. If you suspect that you have a cyst, it's always best to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Down syndrome can be diagnosed before birth through prenatal testing, such as chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis, or after birth through a blood test. The symptoms of Down syndrome can vary from person to person, but common physical features include:

* A flat face with a short neck and small ears
* A short stature
* A wide, short hands with short fingers
* A small head
* Almond-shaped eyes that are slanted upward
* A single crease in the palm of the hand

People with Down syndrome may also have cognitive delays and intellectual disability, as well as increased risk of certain medical conditions such as heart defects, gastrointestinal problems, and hearing and vision loss.

There is no cure for Down syndrome, but early intervention and proper medical care can greatly improve the quality of life for individuals with the condition. Treatment may include speech and language therapy, occupational therapy, physical therapy, and special education programs. With appropriate support and resources, people with Down syndrome can lead fulfilling and productive lives.

Explanation: Genetic predisposition to disease is influenced by multiple factors, including the presence of inherited genetic mutations or variations, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices. The likelihood of developing a particular disease can be increased by inherited genetic mutations that affect the functioning of specific genes or biological pathways. For example, inherited mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes increase the risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer.

The expression of genetic predisposition to disease can vary widely, and not all individuals with a genetic predisposition will develop the disease. Additionally, many factors can influence the likelihood of developing a particular disease, such as environmental exposures, lifestyle choices, and other health conditions.

Inheritance patterns: Genetic predisposition to disease can be inherited in an autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or multifactorial pattern, depending on the specific disease and the genetic mutations involved. Autosomal dominant inheritance means that a single copy of the mutated gene is enough to cause the disease, while autosomal recessive inheritance requires two copies of the mutated gene. Multifactorial inheritance involves multiple genes and environmental factors contributing to the development of the disease.

Examples of diseases with a known genetic predisposition:

1. Huntington's disease: An autosomal dominant disorder caused by an expansion of a CAG repeat in the Huntingtin gene, leading to progressive neurodegeneration and cognitive decline.
2. Cystic fibrosis: An autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the CFTR gene, leading to respiratory and digestive problems.
3. BRCA1/2-related breast and ovarian cancer: An inherited increased risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer due to mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes.
4. Sickle cell anemia: An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a point mutation in the HBB gene, leading to defective hemoglobin production and red blood cell sickling.
5. Type 1 diabetes: An autoimmune disease caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, including multiple genes in the HLA complex.

Understanding the genetic basis of disease can help with early detection, prevention, and treatment. For example, genetic testing can identify individuals who are at risk for certain diseases, allowing for earlier intervention and preventive measures. Additionally, understanding the genetic basis of a disease can inform the development of targeted therapies and personalized medicine."

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In premenopausal women with polycystic ovary syndrome, ketoconazole has been found to significantly decrease levels of ... Wheeler CJ, Keye WR, Peterson CM (2010). "Polycystic Ovary Syndrome". Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility. pp. 147-182. ... "Low dose ketoconazole attenuates serum androgen levels in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome and inhibits ovarian ... Ketoconazole HRA was approved for use in the European Union for treatment of Cushing's syndrome in November 2013. As of March ...

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The HAIR-AN syndrome is a rare subtype of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) characterized by hyperandrogenism (HA), insulin ... "HAIR-AN Syndrome". fpnotebook.com. Retrieved 2017-04-03. Futterweit, W. (1999). "Polycystic ovary syndrome: clinical ... doi:10.1016/0002-9378(83)90091-1. Goudas, Vasilios T.; Dumesic, Daniel A. (1 December 1997). "POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME". ... "The Androgen Excess and PCOS Society criteria for the polycystic ovary syndrome: the complete task force report". Fertility and ...

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"The challenging role of antiandrogens in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome". Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Elsevier. pp ... and scalp hair loss in women as well as high testosterone levels due to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in women, at 25 to 50 ... "Combined Oral Contraception and Bicalutamide in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Severe Hirsutism: A Double-Blind Randomized ... Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Nestler JE, Pandas D, Pasquale R (21 December 2009). Insulin Resistance and Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome ...

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... polycystic ovary syndrome; excess weight; and conditions associated with metabolic syndrome. The American Diabetes Association ... Donohue syndrome, and Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome, among others. Maturity onset diabetes of the young constitute 1-5% of all ... Other health problems that are associated include: acromegaly, Cushing's syndrome, hyperthyroidism, pheochromocytoma, and ...

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Guan Y, Wang D, Bu H, Zhao T, Wang H (2020). "The Effect of Metformin on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Overweight Women: A ... In women with insulin resistance, such as those with polycystic ovary syndrome, androgen levels are often elevated. Metformin, ... 138-. ISBN 978-1-4051-7177-9. Allahbadia G, Agrawal R, Merchant R (2007). Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Anshan. pp. 184-. ISBN 978 ... such as those that occur in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Antiandrogens are also used as a component of feminizing hormone ...

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Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is seen as numerous cysts developing on the ovaries, and this can be seen with additional ... "Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)". www.hopkinsmedicine.org. 2022-02-28. Retrieved 2022-12-01. Ahmad Mir, Suhail; Rashid, ... "Polycystic ovarian syndrome-current pharmacotherapy and clinical implications". www.clinicalkey.com. Retrieved 2022-12-01. (CS1 ... Klinefelter's syndrome, and aromatase excess syndrome. Such conditions may be treated with drugs with antiestrogen actions, ...

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Shetty, Disha (22 September 2015). "One out of every 10 Indian women have polycystic ovary syndrome: Dr Duru Shah, Founder ... ISBN 978-81-250-2206-0. Shah, Duru; Bhathena, R. K.; Shroff, Safala (2004). The Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Orient Blackswan. ... Practical Infertility Management (2002) ISBN 9788125022060 The Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2004) ISBN 9788125026334 Fetal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duru_Shah

It is also used in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. It is not associated with weight gain and is taken by mouth. It ... It is also used as a second-line agent for infertility in those with polycystic ovary syndrome. The American Diabetes ... Kumar P, Khan K (May 2012). "Effects of metformin use in pregnant patients with polycystic ovary syndrome". Journal of Human ... Lord JM, Flight IH, Norman RJ (October 2003). "Metformin in polycystic ovary syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metformin

22 February 2007). Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2 ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 11-. ISBN 978-1-139-46203-7. OCLC ... Nearly 90% of women with oligoamenorrhea have polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Margo Mountjoy, ed. (6 October 2014). Handbook ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligoamenorrhea

Naessén S, Carlström K, Garoff L, Glant R, Hirschberg AL (July 2006). "Polycystic ovary syndrome in bulimic women--an ... McCluskey S, Evans C, Lacey JH, Pearce JM, Jacobs H (February 1991). "Polycystic ovary syndrome and bulimia". Fertility and ... Jahanfar S, Eden JA, Nguyent TV (June 1995). "Bulimia nervosa and polycystic ovary syndrome". Gynecological Endocrinology. 9 (2 ... Lujan ME, Chizen DR, Pierson RA (August 2008). "Diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome: pitfalls and controversies ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eating_disorder

Increasing body weight is also thought to be linked to the development of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). PCOS is a very ... polycystic ovaries, hyperandrogenism, and ovulatory dysfunction. Polycystic ovaries can be viewed by the ultrasound, and it ... Williams T, Mortada R, Porter S (July 2016). "Diagnosis and Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome". American Family Physician ... CDC (2020-03-24). "PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome) and Diabetes". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2020- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity_and_fertility

ISBN 978-3-642-74614-7. Rittmaster RS (June 1999). "Antiandrogen treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome". Endocrinol. Metab. ... "How actual is the treatment with antiandrogen alone in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome?". J. Endocrinol. Invest. 21 (9 ... He JC, Xu P, Peng LB (December 2009). "炔雌醇环丙孕酮致布加综合征1例" [A case of Budd-Chiari syndrome induced by ethinylestradiol and ... Garty BZ, Dinari G, Gellvan A, Kauli R (May 1999). "Cirrhosis in a child with hypothalamic syndrome and central precocious ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_effects_of_cyproterone_acetate

"Polycystic ovary syndrome: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2019-05-06. Misgar RA, Wani AI, ... Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome + Obesity + Hirsutism + Infertility Kallmann syndrome Hypothalamic ... Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome Castration Swyer syndrome Certain forms of CAH Testicular failure Lupus Most of these ... FSH stimulates the growth and recruitment of immature ovarian follicles in the ovary. In early (small) antral follicles, FSH is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone

Kalra, Bharti; Kalra, Sanjay; Sharma, J. B. (2016). "The inositols and polycystic ovary syndrome". Indian Journal of ... Bizzarri, M.; Carlomagno, G. (July 2014). "Inositol: history of an effective therapy for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome". European ... "Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Insights into the Therapeutic Approach with Inositols". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 8: 341. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1D-chiro-Inositol

The National Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Association. Retrieved August 3, 2017. "Ashley Levinson Receives 2016 Ricardo Azziz PCOS ... "Cedars-Sinai Endocrine Researchers To Discuss Gene That May Be Linked To Polycystic Ovary Syndrome" (Press release). Cedars- ... He is a recognized expert in female reproductive disorders, particularly androgen excess and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). ... Azziz is a recognized expert in female reproductive disorders, particularly androgen excess and polycystic ovary syndrome. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Azziz

"Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) fact sheet". Women's Health. 23 December 2020. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. ... "Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Condition Information". National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 31 January ... Kaur was diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which is due to elevated androgens (male hormones) in females. One of ... Polycystic ovary syndrome Hirsutism Fat feminism "Harnaam Kaur , Official Website". Harnaamkaur.com. Retrieved 3 September 2020 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harnaam_Kaur

... is promoted as a dietary supplement in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). However, there is only ... Inositol is considered a safe and effective treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). It works by increasing insulin ... González, F. (2012). "Inflammation in polycystic ovary syndrome: underpinning of insulin resistance and ovarian dysfunction". ... Moghetti, P. (2016). "Insulin resistance and polycystic ovary syndrome". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 22 (36): 5526-5534. doi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inositol

A study found that multiple dosages of flutamide significantly reduced hirsutism in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and ... 573-. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3. "Polycystic Ovary Syndrome - Treatment - NHS Choices". Nhs.uk. 2011-10-17. Retrieved 2013-01-04. ... in polycystic ovary syndrome or congenital adrenal hyperplasia), and is effective in improving the symptoms of these conditions ... Current Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Cambridge University Press. pp. 132-. ISBN 978-1-906985-41-7. Nguyen HL, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flutamide

CPA is one of the most commonly used medications in the treatment of hirsutism, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovary syndrome ... Ruan X, Kubba A, Aguilar A, Mueck AO (June 2017). "Use of cyproterone acetate/ethinylestradiol in polycystic ovary syndrome: ... Rittmaster RS (June 1999). "Antiandrogen treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome". Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. 28 (2): ... "How actual is the treatment with antiandrogen alone in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome?". J. Endocrinol. Invest. 21 (9 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate

... of polycystic ovary syndrome. Others have found a higher rate of hyperinsulinemia in family members of women with polycystic ... "Is there male androgenetic alopecia the sign of male equivalent of polycystic ovary syndrome or metabolic syndrome?". Endocrine ... Male equivalent of polycystic ovary syndrome?". Endocrine Regulations. Slovak Academic Press. 39 (4): 127-131. PMID 16552990. ... Moura, H. H.; Costa, D. L.; Bagatin, E.; Sodré, C. T.; Manela-Azulay, M. (2011). "Polycystic ovary syndrome: A dermatologic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_hair_loss

March 2018). "Combined Oral Contraception and Bicalutamide in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Severe Hirsutism: A Double-Blind ... Conversely, hyperandrogenism in women, for instance due to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or congenital adrenal hyperplasia ( ... polycystic ovary syndrome, precocious puberty, persistent erections, and in sex offenders. Studies in transwomen are quite ... "A Summary on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Diagnostic Criteria, Prevalence, Clinical Manifestations, and Management According to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_bicalutamide

ISBN 978-0-7216-8258-7. Balen A, Franks S, Homburg R, Kehoe S (October 2010). Current Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. ... Housman E, Reynolds RV (November 2014). "Polycystic ovary syndrome: a review for dermatologists: Part I. Diagnosis and ... such as polycystic ovary syndrome, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and androgen-secreting tumors, can cause acne in affected ... "How actual is the treatment with antiandrogen alone in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome?". Journal of Endocrinological ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acne

"Hirsutism and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)" (PDF). American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Retrieved 5 May 2013. Sivin ... "Hirsutism and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome" (PDF). American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Retrieved 5 May 2013. " ... but is also prescribed for the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome, menstrual disorders such as dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia ... are frequently successful at alleviating symptoms associated with polycystic ovary syndrome. Birth control pills are often ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonal_contraception

"Polycystic ovary and gonadoblastoma in Turner's syndrome". Minerva Pediatrica. 59 (4): 397-401. PMID 17947845. Bianco B, Lipay ... Gonadoblastoma has been found in association with androgen insensitivity syndrome, mixed gonadal dysgenesis and Turner syndrome ... Women with Turner syndrome whose karyotype includes a Y chromosome (as in 45,X/46,XY mosaicism) are at increased risk for ... In a population-based study, the cumulative risk for women with Turner syndrome and Y chromosome material was 7.9 percent by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonadoblastoma

... such as due to polycystic ovary syndrome or congenital adrenal hyperplasia, in women As a component of hormone therapy for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsteroidal_antiandrogen

... citing a friend with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fluke stated this friend needed contraceptive hormones costing over $100 per ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Fluke

... hypertriglyceridemia and polycystic ovary syndrome in women. There is an increased risk of coronary heart disease. ... Familial partial lipodystrophy, also known as Köbberling-Dunnigan syndrome, is a rare genetic metabolic condition characterized ... an underrecognized syndrome". Diabetes Care. 26 (6): 1819-24. doi:10.2337/diacare.26.6.1819. PMID 12766116. Garg A (2011). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_partial_lipodystrophy

"Evidence for association of polycystic ovary syndrome in caucasian women with a marker at the insulin receptor gene locus". J. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_p450_family_19_subfamily_a_member_1

Sexual desire is not increased in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in spite of high testosterone levels. Women with ... "Combined Oral Contraception and Bicalutamide in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Severe Hirsutism: A Double-Blind Randomized ... Men with aromatase deficiency and estrogen insensitivity syndrome, and hence estrogen deficiency, appear to have normal sexual ... Sexual desire is not decreased in women with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) relative to unaffected women in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_hormones_on_sexual_motivation

Women with ovarian growths or cysts unrelated to polycystic ovary syndrome. Patients with a history of liver disease. Patients ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclomifene

Polycystic ovary syndrome - a common cause of irregular menstrual cycles Howell, Madeleine (24 April 2019). "Can 'seed cycling ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_cycling

However, in one study in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, 25 mg/day bicalutamide significantly decreased levels of total ... or SHBG have been observed in women with hirsutism with or without polycystic ovary syndrome that were treated with 25 or 50 mg ... "Combined Oral Contraception and Bicalutamide in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Severe Hirsutism: A Double-Blind Randomized ... Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Nestler JE, Pandas D, Pasquale R (21 December 2009). Insulin Resistance and Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacology_of_bicalutamide

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which also causes irregular or no ovulation, is associated with higher rates of endometrial ... Women with Lynch syndrome should begin to have annual biopsy screening at the age of 35. Some women with Lynch syndrome elect ... Women with Lynch syndrome represent 2-3% of endometrial cancer cases; some sources place this as high as 5%. Depending on the ... Carcinogenesis in Lynch syndrome comes from a mutation in MLH1 or MLH2: genes that participate in the process of mismatch ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endometrial_cancer

High rates of polycystic ovary syndrome and menstrual disorders have also been observed in women treated with valproic acid. ... There is evidence that shows valproic acid may increase the chance of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in women with epilepsy ... Bilo L, Meo R (October 2008). "Polycystic ovary syndrome in women using valproate: a review". Gynecological Endocrinology. 24 ( ... Sodium valproate has been associated with paroxysmal tonic upgaze of childhood, also known as Ouvrier-Billson syndrome, from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valproate

2006). "Specific haplotypes of the CALPAIN-5 gene are associated with polycystic ovary syndrome". Hum. Reprod. 21 (4): 943-51. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAPN5

... among women with polycystic ovary syndrome. "What is Galactorrhoea-Hyperprolactinaemia? - RightDiagnosis.com". Wrongdiagnosis. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactorrhea_hyperprolactinemia

Neoplasm Carbohydrate malabsorption Pancreatic cancer Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) Trans fats Since hyperinsulinemia and ... Metabolic syndrome (Syndrome X) Acanthosis nigricans Ballantyne, Sarah, "Is It Paleo? Splenda, Erythritol, Stevia, and Other ... Physiologic Effects of Insulin Matsuzawa, Y; Fanahashi T; Nakamura T (1999). "Moleculare mechanism of metabolic syndrome X: ... This close association between hyperinsulinemia and conditions of metabolic syndrome suggest related or common mechanisms of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperinsulinemia

Women suffering from polycystic ovary syndrome, characterised by low estrogen, display more male type fat distributions such as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynoid_fat_distribution

These clinical features are those of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and a small percentage of women with PCOS are found to ... They have normal ovaries and uterus and potential fertility with hormone replacement and surgery. However, the dilemmas ... Inside the pelvis, the ovaries are normal and since they have not been exposed to testicular antimullerian hormone (AMH), the ... The internal pelvic organs include normal ovaries and uterus, and the vagina connects internally with the urethra as in Stage 4 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_adrenal_hyperplasia_due_to_21-hydroxylase_deficiency

The ovarian phenotype closely resembles that of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in humans. It is caused by chronic exposure to ... The ovary is normal until sexual maturity, at which point there is complete anovulation and the ovaries become enlarged, ... The ovary is normal prior to puberty, and there is still no gross aberrant phenotype during adulthood. However, there is ... This can be explained by the genetics of each syndrome. AIS is an X-linked recessive condition and thus carried over, by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen_insensitivity_syndrome

2006). "Polymorphism in HSD17B6 is associated with key features of polycystic ovary syndrome". Fertil. Steril. 86 (5): 1438-46 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSD17B6

retained placenta Sheehan's syndrome prior breast surgery (especially breast reduction) prior nipple piercing polycystic ovary ... These conditions include tongue-tie, congenital heart defects, prematurity, and Down syndrome. Primary causes of low milk ... In breastfeeding women, low milk supply, also known as lactation insufficiency, insufficient milk syndrome, agalactia, ... syndrome (PCOS) hypothyroidism hypoprolactinemia theca lutein cysts hypertension pregnancy Smoking more than 15 cigarettes per ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_milk_supply

In a follow-up theoretical paper, previous research findings indicating higher rates of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in ... polycystic ovary syndrome, autism and low birth weight". Mental Illness. 9 (2): 7325. doi:10.4081/mi.2017.7325. PMC 5661141. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology_and_sexual_orientation

PKD1 Polycystic liver disease; 174050; PRKCSH Polycystic liver disease; 174050; SEC63 Polycystic ovary syndrome; 184700; FST ... AKAP9 Long QT syndrome-3; 603830; SCN5A Long QT syndrome-4; 600919; ANK2 Long QT syndrome-7; 170390; KCNJ2 Long QT syndrome-9; ... TGFBR2 Long QT syndrome 12; 612955; SNT1 Long QT syndrome 13; 613485; KCNJ5 Long QT syndrome-1; 192500; KCNQ1 Long QT syndrome- ... KRAS Noonan syndrome 4; 610733; SOS1 Noonan syndrome 5; 611553; RAF1 Noonan syndrome 6; 613224; NRAS Noonan-like syndrome with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_OMIM_disorder_codes

Occurring more often in lean patients with polycystic ovary syndrome, ovarian hemorrhage after TVOR is a potentially ... a potentially catastrophic and not so rare complication among lean patients with polycystic ovary syndrome". Fertility and ... especially in women with polycystic ovary syndrome who have been hyperstimulated during previous assisted reproduction cycles. ... Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome by Early Aspiration of Small Follicles in Hyper-responsive Patients With Polycystic Ovaries ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transvaginal_oocyte_retrieval

... plays a role in hyperemesis gravidarum (severe morning sickness of pregnancy), in polycystic ovary syndrome and ... and polycystic ovary syndrome. While in vitro experiments have confirmed a negative correlation between thyroxine and leptin, ... Berardinelli-Seip syndrome and Lawrence syndrome); and in adults and children above the age of 12 years with partial ... It also is produced by brown adipose tissue, placenta (syncytiotrophoblasts), ovaries, skeletal muscle, stomach (the lower part ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptin

"Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome". Retrieved 2008-09-28. Horejsí J (June 1997). "Acquired clitoral enlargement. Diagnosis and ... Acquired clitoromegaly may also be caused by pathologies affecting the ovaries and other endocrine glands. These pathologies ... It can also be caused by the autosomal recessive congenital disorder known as Fraser syndrome. In acquired clitoromegaly, the ... van Haelst MM, Scambler PJ, Hennekam RC (December 2007). "Fraser syndrome: a clinical study of 59 cases and evaluation of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitoromegaly

People with hyperandrogenism, which can occur in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), are at risk for developing hyperreactio ... Removal of the ovaries may also be performed if large areas of tissue continue to infarct despite resolving the torsion. ... Due to the enlargement of the ovaries, there is an increased risk for torsion. Surgical intervention may be required to remove ... Torsion occurs when the cysts enlarge the ovaries, causing an imbalance resulting in the twisting of the fallopian tubes. As a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theca_lutein_cyst

... happens when a womans ovaries or adrenal glands produce more male hormones than normal. Learn the symptoms of PCOS. ... Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research) * Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) (Eunice ... Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (For Teens) (Nemours Foundation) * Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) in Teens: A Guide for Parents and ... Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) happens when a womans ovaries or adrenal glands produce more male hormones than normal. PCOS ...

https://medlineplus.gov/polycysticovarysyndrome.html

2015). Polycystic ovary syndrome. Retrieved May 20, 2016, from http://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Polycystic-Ovary-Syndrome-PCOS ... International evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Monash University, ... www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/polycystic-ovary-syndrome.html (PDF 126 KB) ... 2014). Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) fact sheet. Retrieved May 20, 2016, from http:// ...

https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pcos/conditioninfo

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/polycysticovarysyndrome.html

Ever heard of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)? If youre a woman who has had trouble getting pregnant, you might have. Just ... Multiple small cysts on the ovaries. Just having ovarian cysts isnt enough for a diagnosis. Lots of women without PCOS have ... cysts on their ovaries and lots of women with PCOS dont have cysts. ...

https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/pcos.html

Dictionary Definition: polycystic ovary syndrome. polycystic ovary syndrome. A condition in which women have high levels of ...

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/dictionary/p/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Twin Sisters Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Twin Sisters ... The NIEHS is studying polycystic ovary syndrome in twins to find out if it is caused by genetics, environmental triggers or a ... Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is manifested as a heterogeneous mixture of clinical and biochemical characteristics that ... We will also add new twin pairs who meet the criteria (irregular periods and evidence of PCOS or cystic ovaries) as they are ...

https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/atniehs/labs/crb/studies/polycystic/index.cfm

Polycystic ovary syndrome is a condition in which your hormones are out of balance. PCOS can affect your health and pregnancy. ... "Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.". Mayo Clinic: "Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)," "PCOS: Complications," "Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ... Johns Hopkins Medicine: "Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS).". Merck Manual Consumer Version: "Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)." ... Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Written by WebMD Editorial Contributors Medically Reviewed by Traci C. Johnson, MD on ...

https://www.webmd.com/women/what-is-pcos

Risk Across the Lifespan for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)" on October 13 and 22, 2021.The leadership and members of the ... Furthermore, obesity is frequently associated with PCOS and substantially worsens IR and the risk for metabolic syndrome, CVD, ... metabolic syndrome, and hypertension (e.g., androgen levels, sex hormone binding globulin, birth control pills, etc.). ...

https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/events/2021/cardiovascular-risk-across-lifespan-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-workshop

... and the condition is most often caused by polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The initial evaluation of hirsute patients should ... Endocrine and metabolic characteristics in polycystic ovary syndrome Dan Med J. 2016 Apr;63(4):B5232. ... Hirsutism affects 5-25% women, and the condition is most often caused by polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The initial ... PCOS is a diagnosis of exclusion and is a multiorgan disease affecting most endocrine organs including ovaries, adrenals, ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27034186/

Ovulation induction in polycystic ovary syndrome. Download Prime PubMed App to iPhone, iPad, or Android ... Advances in polycystic ovary syndrome treatment: metformin and ovarian diathermy.. *Evaluation of a new surgical approach for ... Ovulation induction in polycystic ovary syndrome.. Minerva Ginecol. 2008 Feb; 60(1):53-61.MG ... Management of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) usually spans a womans reproductive years. While treatment of androgenic ...

https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/18277352/Ovulation_induction_in_polycystic_ovary_syndrome_

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a heterogeneous and chronic condition, today affects about 5% of women of reproductive age. ... Polycystic ovary syndrome Anindita Nandi 1 , Zijian Chen 1 , Ronak Patel 1 , Leonid Poretsky 2 ... Polycystic ovary syndrome Anindita Nandi et al. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2014 Mar. ... An update of polycystic ovary syndrome: causes and therapeutics options. Rababah AM, Matani BR, Yehya A. Rababah AM, et al. ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24582095

Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

https://videocast.nih.gov/watch=3798

... you may be suffering from one of the most common hormonal disorders impacting the female population.Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ( ... Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) affects as many as five million women in the US, but there are still many uncertainties ... Most women with PCOS also develop many tiny cysts along the outer edges of their ovaries, hence the term "polycystic." ... The syndrome can also impact the bodys ability to properly utilize insulin, a hormone made in the pancreas that allows the ...

https://www.onemedical.com/blog/get-well/polycystic-ovary-syndrome/

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common disorder among reproductive-age women, yet the diagnosis may be overlooked during ... Polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescence Deborah A Driscoll. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003 Nov. ... Polycystic ovary syndrome. Kahn JA, Gordon CM. Kahn JA, et al. Adolesc Med. 1999 Jun;10(2):321-36. Adolesc Med. 1999. PMID: ... Polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescence. Driscoll DA. Driscoll DA. Semin Reprod Med. 2003 Aug;21(3):301-7. doi: 10.1055/s-2003 ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14644809

Tags: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, COVID, COVID-19, Coronavirus, Health, JAMA, Journal of the American Medical Association, Study ... Tags: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, COVID, COVID-19, Coronavirus, Health, JAMA, Journal of the American Medical Association, Study ... Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) leads to ovarian cysts but also causes irregular periods, difficulty becoming pregnant and is ... New study suggests women with polycystic ovary syndrome may be at higher risk for severe COVID. Hormonal problem potentially ...

https://www.clickondetroit.com/health/good-health/2021/05/27/new-study-suggests-women-with-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-may-be-at-higher-risk-for-severe-covid/

... previous studies have demonstrated that insulin signaling pathway has an important role in the pathophysiology of polycystic ... ovary syndrome (PCOS), including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and protein kinase B signaling, which is critically implicated ... Pasquali R. Metabolic syndrome in polycystic ovary syndrome. Frontiers of Hormone Research. 2018;. 49. :114-130. DOI: 10.1159/ ... Polycystic ovary syndrome: A syndrome of ovarian hypersensitivity to insulin? The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and ...

https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/69087

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a complex condition with mechanisms likely to involve the interaction between genetics and ... type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome in polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum. Reprod. Update ... Li, Y.; Liu, F.; Luo, S.; Hu, H.; Li, X.H.; Li, S.W. Polymorphism T-,C of gene CYP17 promoter and polycystic ovary syndrome ... Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a major public health concern affecting 6-10% of reproductive aged women [1]. PCOS is ...

https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/8/10/1606

... has released an informational booklet on polycystic ovary/ovarian syndrome (PCOS), an endocrine disease affecting millions of ... The NIH Office of Research on Womens Health (ORWH) has released an informational booklet on polycystic ovary/ovarian syndrome ... Although the syndrome may affect as many as 26% of women, 50% of PCOS cases remain undiagnosed or are misdiagnosed, in part ... ORWH developed an informative PCOS booklet to educate and improve understanding and diagnosis of this syndrome. ...

http://orwh.od.nih.gov/in-the-spotlight/all-articles/orwh-publishes-informational-booklet-polycystic-ovaryovarian-syndrome

This study describes the grit and characteristics of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The participants of this ... This study describes the grit and characteristics of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The participants of this ... Grit and Socio-Demographic Characteristics Among Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Authors ... Grit and Socio-Demographic Characteristics Among Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) BT - Proceedings of the 1st ...

https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/ticmih-21/125965094

Ula Abed Alwahab discuss Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and the symptoms women… ... Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. By: Ula Abed Alwahab, MD • Dana Leslie, CNP • Posted on August 29, 2019 ... Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Women often dont learn about potential health issues until after they are diagnosed with them. One ... Because there is no cure, polycystic ovary syndrome needs to be managed to prevent problems. Treatment goals are based on your ...

https://speakingofwomenshealth.com/column/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

... ...

https://www.physiciansweekly.com/does-body-mass-index-affect-infertility-related-stress-quality-of-life-in-infertile-women-with-polycystic-ovary-syndrome/

Weiss, T. R. & Bulmer, S. M. Young womens experiences living with polycystic ovary syndrome. Jognn J. Obst. Gyn. Neo. 40(6), ... Brennan, L. et al. Lifestyle and behavioral management of polycystic ovary syndrome. J. Womens Health. 26(8), 836-848. https ... Giallauria, F. et al. Cardiovascular risk in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J. Cardiovasc. Med. 9(10), 987-992 (2008). ... Pena, A. S. et al. Adolescent polycystic ovary syndrome according to the international evidence-based guideline. BMC Med. 18(1 ...

https://www.fsa-sky.org/effect-of-using-5as-model-for-lifestyle-counseling-on-psychological-symptoms-in-women-with-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-a-randomized-field-trial.html

This workshop on polycystic ovary syndrome was the first workshop of the program now known as Pathways to Prevention (P2P). ... Evidence-based Methodology Workshop on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) This workshop on polycystic ovary syndrome was the ... Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormone disorder that affects approximately 5 million reproductive-aged women in ... One such imbalance is high blood levels of androgens, which can come from both the ovaries and adrenal gland. Other organ ...

http://prevention.nih.gov/workshops/2012/pcos/default.aspx

The Effects of Soy Isoflavones in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Jan 31st, 2017 by Tori Hudson, N.D. ... Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in women, which includes metabolic changes of hyperinsulinemia ... Jamilian M, Asemi Z. The effects of soy isoflavones on metabolic status of patients with polycystic ovary sundrome. J Clin ... Black Cohosh and Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) - a new option in ovulation induction ...

https://drtorihudson.com/general/nutrition/the-effects-of-soy-isoflavones-in-women-with-polycystic-ovary-syndrome/

... advises women on how to recognize and treat polycystic ovary syndrome or PCOS ... Concerned that you may have polycystic ovary syndrome? Please come see us.. If you have polycystic ovary syndrome, or are ... Polycystic ovary syndrome: an imbalance of reproductive hormones. Tiffany Werbin-Silver, MD, FACOG. The reason the word "ovary ... When weve discussed polycystic ovary syndrome with these patients, many of them are unfamiliar with it. For this reason, we as ...

https://www.westchesterhealth.com/blog/what-is-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-and-what-do-i-do-if-i-have-it/

Can Probiotics Treat Polycystic Ovary Syndrome? Medical News Bulletin - April 27, 2018. 0 ... Female Infertility and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Natasha Tetlow PhD - September 28, 2018. 0 ... Can Herbal Medicines and Supplements Treat Polycystic Ovary Syndrome?. Medical News Bulletin - January 11, 2018. 0 ...

https://medicalnewsbulletin.com/tag/polycystic-ovary-syndrome/

Polycystic ovary syndrome : A simplified approach based on the evolving set of symptoms. In: Human Reproduction. 2003 ; Vol. 18 ... Polycystic ovary syndrome: A simplified approach based on the evolving set of symptoms. / Orvieto, Raoul; Ben-Rafael, Zion. In ... Orvieto R, Ben-Rafael Z. Polycystic ovary syndrome: A simplified approach based on the evolving set of symptoms. Human ... Orvieto, R., & Ben-Rafael, Z. (2003). Polycystic ovary syndrome: A simplified approach based on the evolving set of symptoms. ...

https://cris.bgu.ac.il/en/publications/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-a-simplified-approach-based-on-the-evol

Polycystic ovary syndrome answers are found in the Diagnosaurus powered by Unbound Medicine. Available for iPhone, iPad, ... syndrome. Accessed June 1, 2023.. Zeiger, R. F. (2015). Polycystic ovary syndrome. In Diagnosaurus (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill ... syndrome. Zeiger RFR. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome [Internet]. In: Diagnosaurus. McGraw-Hill Education; 2015. [cited 2023 June 01 ... Zeiger, Roni F.. "Polycystic Ovary Syndrome." Diagnosaurus, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill Education, 2015. Medicine Central, im. ...

https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/Diagnosaurus/114532/all/Polycystic_ovary_syndrome

Altered multihormone synchrony in obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Ferdinand Roelfsema, Petra Kok, Johannes D. ... Dive into the research topics of Altered multihormone synchrony in obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Together ...

https://mayoclinic.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/altered-multihormone-synchrony-in-obese-patients-with-polycystic-/fingerprints/

Polycystic ovary syndrome. Anju E Joham, Robert J Norman, Elisabet Stener-Victorin, Richard S Legro, Stephen Franks, Lisa J ... Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects 5-18% of women, and is a reproductive, metabolic, and psychological condition with ... Polycystic ovary syndrome. The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology. 2022 Sep;10(9):668-680 ... and polycystic ovary morphology. In adolescents, both the criteria of hyperandrogenism and irregular cycles are needed, and ...

https://accounts.public.ce.basespace.illumina.com/b/search/article.nb?id=35934017

Ever heard of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)? (cdc.gov)
Lots of women without PCOS have cysts on their ovaries and lots of women with PCOS don't have cysts. (cdc.gov)
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) happens when a woman's ovaries or adrenal glands produce more male hormones than normal. (medlineplus.gov)
PCOS causes cysts (fluid-filled sacs) to grow on the ovaries. (medlineplus.gov)
Women with PCOS are at higher risk of diabetes, metabolic syndrome, heart disease, and high blood pressure. (medlineplus.gov)
What Are the Symptoms of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)? (medlineplus.gov)
How Do Health Care Providers Diagnose Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)? (medlineplus.gov)
Some women diagnosed with PCOS have the first two conditions listed above as well as other symptoms of PCOS but do not have growths on their ovaries. (nih.gov)
PCOS is the most common cause of anovulatory (pronounced an-OV-yuh-luh-tawr-ee ) infertility, meaning that the infertility results from the absence of ovulation, the process that releases a mature egg from the ovary every month. (nih.gov)
A family member, friend, co-worker, or neighbor: You probably know someone with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). (medlineplus.gov)
Nicole Strayhorn was diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) at age 14. (medlineplus.gov)
Iceland may be key to helping us understand how and why women get polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). (medlineplus.gov)
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is manifested as a heterogeneous mixture of clinical and biochemical characteristics that complicate study of its etiology. (nih.gov)
Polycystic (pronounced: pol-ee-SISS-tik) ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common health problem that can affect teen girls and young women. (kidshealth.org)
What Problems Can Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)Cause? (kidshealth.org)
The effects of PCOS on the ovaries can make a girl stop ovulating. (kidshealth.org)
How Is Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Diagnosed? (kidshealth.org)
Polycystic ovary syndrome , or PCOS , is a hormonal condition that can happen during childbearing years. (webmd.com)
Some people with PCOS have cysts on their ovaries. (webmd.com)
That's because so many other things - including insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and high levels of androgens - come into play with PCOS. (webmd.com)
In fact, some studies have shown that while hormone therapy can cause changes to the ovaries in transgender men, it doesn't necessarily cause PCOS. (webmd.com)
Hirsutism affects 5-25% women, and the condition is most often caused by polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). (nih.gov)
PCOS is a diagnosis of exclusion and is a multiorgan disease affecting most endocrine organs including ovaries, adrenals, pituitary, fat cells, and endocrine pancreas. (nih.gov)
Patients diagnosed with PCOS therefore should be screened for elements in the metabolic syndrome including weight, waist, blood pressure, HbA1c, and lipid status. (nih.gov)
Management of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) usually spans a woman's reproductive years. (unboundmedicine.com)
A1 - Nader,S, PY - 2008/2/16/pubmed PY - 2008/6/28/medline PY - 2008/2/16/entrez SP - 53 EP - 61 JF - Minerva ginecologica JO - Minerva Ginecol VL - 60 IS - 1 N2 - Management of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) usually spans a woman's reproductive years. (unboundmedicine.com)
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy affecting women of childbearing age. (aafp.org)
The diagnosis of PCOS is primarily clinical, based on the presence of at least two of the three Rotterdam criteria: oligoanovulation, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries on ultrasonography. (aafp.org)
Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) can effectively detect and diagnose Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), which is the most common hormone disorder among women, typically between ages 15 and 45, according to a new study by the National Institutes of Health. (nih.gov)
PCOS occurs when the ovaries do not work properly, and in many cases, is accompanied by elevated levels of testosterone. (nih.gov)
Take polycystic ovary syndrome, also known as PCOS, one of several overdiagnosed conditions we study. (statnews.com)
For instance, polycystic ovaries are often seen in women without PCOS. (statnews.com)
A few studies in different populations found that prevalence of the syndrome peaks between the ages of 20 to 25 years then rapidly decreases, suggesting that many women may "grow out of PCOS" by the time they are in their 30s. (statnews.com)
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a condition that affects how your ovaries work. (nhsinform.scot)
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) affects as many as five million women in the US, but there are still many uncertainties surrounding the condition. (onemedical.com)
Most women with PCOS also develop many tiny cysts along the outer edges of their ovaries, hence the term "polycystic. (onemedical.com)
Cysts: If your health care provider suspects you have PCOS, he or she may order an ultrasound to look for cysts on your ovaries. (onemedical.com)
Some women with PCOS don't have cystic ovaries at all. (onemedical.com)
Soy isoflavones may help in improving the cardiovascular health of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a study has determined. (nutraingredients.com)
The etiology of the syndrome remains unknown, but evidence suggests that PCOS might be a complex multigenic disorder with strong epigenetic and environmental influences, including diet and lifestyle factors. (edocr.com)
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with hormonal, biochemical disturbance and adverse cosmetic, reproductive, metabolic, and psychological consequences, resulting in reduced health- related quality of life (HRQoL). (edocr.com)
2018) Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) also referred to as hyperandrogenic an ovulation (HA), or Stein-Leventhal syndrome (Evans and Riley, 1958), is the commonest endocrine disorder that affect women in their reproductive age. (edocr.com)
Azziz et al, 2016) Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a disorder that is characterized by a combination of signs and symptoms such as: androgen excess (hirsutism and/or hyperandrogenaemia) and ovarian dysfunction (oligo- ovulation and/or polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM an excessive number of parental follicles in the ovaries). (edocr.com)
10] The international clinical practice guidelines for PCOS emphasize diet and exercise as first line management of clinical signs and symptoms of this syndrome. (edocr.com)
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) leads to ovarian cysts but also causes irregular periods, difficulty becoming pregnant and is linked to diabetes and obesity. (clickondetroit.com)
The NIH Office of Research on Women's Health (ORWH) has released an informational booklet on polycystic ovary/ovarian syndrome (PCOS), an endocrine disease affecting millions of women that is often missed during medical examination. (nih.gov)
Although the syndrome may affect as many as 26% of women, 50% of PCOS cases remain undiagnosed or are misdiagnosed, in part because of changing definitions of the disease and its heterogeneous symptoms and progression. (nih.gov)
As part of the observation of PCOS Awareness Month (September), ORWH developed an informative PCOS booklet to educate and improve understanding and diagnosis of this syndrome. (nih.gov)
The PCOS booklet informs women about their chances of having PCOS, suggests how to manage symptoms, and describes how the syndrome affects women across their life course. (nih.gov)
Our previous studies have demonstrated that insulin signaling pathway has an important role in the pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and protein kinase B signaling, which is critically implicated in insulin resistance, androgen secretion, obesity, and follicular development. (intechopen.com)
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder syndrome with reproductive dysfunction and abnormal glucose metabolism, which is characterized by excessive androgen. (intechopen.com)
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a complex condition with mechanisms likely to involve the interaction between genetics and lifestyle. (mdpi.com)
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder that affects up to 1 in 10 girls and women who can have children. (anytimecliniccare.com)
When a woman has PCOS, her ovaries make a lot of male hormones. (anytimecliniccare.com)
When a woman has PCOS, her ovaries often get bigger. (anytimecliniccare.com)
It's not known what causes PCOS, but it's thought that the way the ovaries work is changed by having too much insulin. (anytimecliniccare.com)
This study describes the grit and characteristics of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). (atlantis-press.com)
One of the diseases that usually flies under the radar is polycystic ovary syndrome, or PCOS. (speakingofwomenshealth.com)
In women with PCOS, the ovary doesn't make all the hormones it needs for an egg to fully mature. (speakingofwomenshealth.com)
Follow-up should be offered in all young patients due to high incidence of recurrence or subsequent development of endocrine disorders such as Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). (minervamedica.it)
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) appears to have a genetic predisposition and a fetal origin. (eur.nl)
We compared the expression levels of 25 PCOS candidate genes from adult control and PCOS human ovaries (n = 16) using microarrays. (eur.nl)
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormone disorder that affects approximately 5 million reproductive-aged women in the United States. (nih.gov)
Body image, personality profiles and alexithymia in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). (fsa-sky.org)
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in women, which includes metabolic changes of hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism and dyslipidemia. (drtorihudson.com)
Khan MJ, Ullah A, Basit S. Genetic Basis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Current Perspectives. (umk.pl)
Adults with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) can have multiple metabolic abnormalities. (biomedcentral.com)
Obesity could worsen insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and metabolic syndrome in PCOS adolescents. (biomedcentral.com)
Metabolic abnormalities, including pre-diabetes, dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome (MS), have been widely studied in adult women with PCOS. (biomedcentral.com)
The first workshop in this program focused on polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a common hormone disorder that affects approximately 5 million reproductive-aged women in the United States. (nih.gov)
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous clinical entity that is defined as the association of hyperandrogenism with chronic an ovulation in women without specific underlying diseases of the adrenal or pituitary glands. (who.int)
This data will allow for analysis of the selected steroid hormones and related binding protein that can be used to assist in disease diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases, such as Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), androgen deficiency, certain cancers, and hormone imbalances. (cdc.gov)

International evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. (nih.gov)

2019) Various environmental factors contribute in the occurrence and treatment of this syndrome, among which dietary pattern, physical activity, smoking and stress could be highlighted. (edocr.com)

The NIEHS is studying polycystic ovary syndrome in twins to find out if it is caused by genetics, environmental triggers or a combination of both. (nih.gov)
adult ovary , fetal ovary , polycystic ovary syndrome , gene expression , genetics. (eur.nl)
Glueck CJ, Goldenberg N. Characteristics of obesity in polycystic ovary syndrome: Etiology, treatment, and genetics. (umk.pl)

It can mess up your period, change your skin and hair, and cause cysts on your ovaries. (anytimecliniccare.com)

Symptoms of this hormonal and metabolic disorder include menstrual irregularities, not ovulating during a menstrual cycle, the presence of polycystic ovaries (enlarged ovaries that contain numerous small follicles that contain immature eggs) and signs such as acne and excess facial and body hair that the body is producing too much testosterone and other androgens. (statnews.com)
One of these commonly encountered reproductive and hormonal irregularities includes POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME. (edocr.com)

and polycystic ovaries (i.e. the presence of ≥ 12 follicles in each ovary measuring 2-9 mm in diameter) after exclusion of other etiologies (e.g. congenital adrenal hyperplasia, androgen-secreting tumours and Cushing's syndrome). (biomedcentral.com)
Measurements of DHEAS provides information about the adrenal gland function and can help with the diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia and polycystic ovary syndrome. (cdc.gov)

Cangfudaotan decoction inhibits mitochondria-dependent apoptosis of granulosa cells in rats with polycystic ovarian syndrome. (nih.gov)

Canagliflozin combined with metformin versus metformin monotherapy for endocrine and metabolic profiles in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A single-center, open-labeled prospective randomized controlled trial. (nih.gov)
In a meta-analysis of 24 studies of unselected adult women, approximately 13% had hirsutism, 11% had hyperandrogenemia, 28% had polycystic ovaries, and 15% had oligoanovulation. (aafp.org)
However, not all women fitting the expanded criteria for the syndrome may be at risk for infertility, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease. (statnews.com)
Does Body Mass Index Affect Infertility-Related Stress & Quality of Life in Infertile Women With polycystic Ovary syndrome? (physiciansweekly.com)
Body image distress is increased in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and mediates depression and anxiety. (fsa-sky.org)
Yin, X. C., Ji, Y. N., Chan, C. L. W. & Chan, C. H. Y. The mental health of women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (fsa-sky.org)
Cardiovascular risk in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. (fsa-sky.org)
Porchia, L. M., Hernandez-Garcia, S. C., Gonzalez-Mejia, M. E. & Lopez-Bayghen, E. Diets with lower carbohydrate concentrations improve insulin sensitivity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A meta-analysis. (fsa-sky.org)
Regular mindful yoga practice as a method to improve androgen levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. (fsa-sky.org)
Generalized self-efficacy, dispositional optimism, and illness acceptance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. (fsa-sky.org)
Wright, P. J., Dawson, R. M. & Corbett, C. F. Social construction of biopsychosocial and medical experiences of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. (fsa-sky.org)
Structured education programme for women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomised controlled trial. (fsa-sky.org)
The Effects of Soy Isoflavones in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome « Dr. Tori Hudson, N.D. (drtorihudson.com)
Zehravi M, Maqbool M, Ara I. Depression and anxiety in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: a literature survey. (umk.pl)
Balen AH, Morley LC, Misso M, Franks S, Legro RS, Wijeyaratne CN, Stener-Victorin E, Fauser BC, Norman RJ, Teede H. The management of anovulatory infertility in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: an analysis of the evidence to support the development of global WHO guidance. (umk.pl)
For women of childbearing age, simple unilateral oophorectomy via laparoscopy or laparotomy is adequate, provided that the contralateral ovary appears grossly normal. (medscape.com)

The ovaries, where a woman's eggs are produced, have tiny fluid-filled sacs called follicles or cysts. (speakingofwomenshealth.com)

Metabolic syndrome. (webmd.com)
The findings add to the growing interest in this compound and its relation to metabolic syndrome. (nutraingredients.com)

Then, instead of an egg being released during ovulation as in a normal period, the cysts build up in the ovaries. (kidshealth.org)
Cysts in the ovaries can interfere with ovulation . (webmd.com)
Protocols for ovulation induction with FSH injections are outlined and the relative risks of multiple gestation and severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome of these various protocols discussed. (unboundmedicine.com)

Adolescent polycystic ovary syndrome according to the international evidence-based guideline. (fsa-sky.org)

Harwood, K., Vuguin, P. & DiMartino-Nardi, J. Current approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome in youth. (fsa-sky.org)

The exact cause is unknown, and the name itself indicates the spectrum of symptomatology-it's referred to as a "syndrome" rather than a "disorder" because it presents so differently from case to case. (onemedical.com)

Omega-3 Intake Improves Clinical Pregnancy Rate in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients: A Double-Blind, Randomized Study. (nih.gov)
The Effects of Soy Isoflavones on Metabolic Status of Patients With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. (nutraingredients.com)

One such imbalance is high blood levels of androgens, which can come from both the ovaries and adrenal gland. (nih.gov)
17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) is a steroid hormone that is primarily produced in the adrenal glands, as well as in ovaries, testes, and placenta. (cdc.gov)
Estradiol is produced primarily in the ovary (follicle, corpus luteum), but small quantities are also formed in the testes and in the adrenal cortex, as well as in fat cells. (cdc.gov)

It could also be related to problems that make your body produce too much insulin , which can affect your ovaries and their ability to ovulate (or release eggs). (webmd.com)
The syndrome can also impact the body's ability to properly utilize insulin, a hormone made in the pancreas that allows the body to process sugar (glucose) in food and keep blood sugar levels stable. (onemedical.com)

Follicle cysts of the ovary are the most common cystic structures found in healthy ovaries. (medscape.com)

signaling the ovaries to release extra male hormones. (kidshealth.org)

In girls, the ovaries make the hormones estrogen and progesterone , and also androgens , such as testosterone. (kidshealth.org)
White blood cells produce substances to fight infection, and that can cause the ovaries to produce androgens. (webmd.com)

An ultrasound examines the ovaries and whether there are multiple cysts (fluid-filled sacs). (anytimecliniccare.com)

Imbalanced hormone levels can cause changes in a girl's entire body, not just her ovaries. (kidshealth.org)

Your doctor might order a pelvic ultrasound (a safe, painless test that uses sound waves to make images of the pelvis) to check your ovaries for cysts or other problems. (kidshealth.org)

This workshop on polycystic ovary syndrome was the first workshop of the program now known as Pathways to Prevention (P2P). (nih.gov)

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome - increased risk of depression development. (umk.pl)

Anatomy6

Diseases32

Chemicals and Drugs42

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment25

Phenomena and Processes23

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Information Science2

Health Care10

The treatment of insulin resistance does not improve adrenal cytochrome P450c17alpha enzyme dysregulation in polycystic ovary syndrome. (1/1493)

No association between the -308 polymorphism in the tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) promoter region and polycystic ovaries. (2/1493)

The mechanism of action of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor alpha on aromatase activity in granulosa cells from polycystic ovaries. (3/1493)

Retrieval, maturation, and fertilization of immature oocytes obtained from unstimulated patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. (4/1493)

Insulin in obstetrics: a main parameter in the management of pregnancy. (5/1493)

The contributions of oestrogen and growth factors to increased adrenal androgen secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome. (6/1493)

Oocyte quality and treatment outcome in intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles of polycystic ovarian syndrome patients. (7/1493)

The pattern of changes in ovarian stromal and uterine artery blood flow velocities during in vitro fertilization treatment and its relationship with outcome of the cycle. (8/1493)

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Hyperandrogenism

Hirsutism

Ovary

Oligomenorrhea

Metformin

Anovulation

Clomiphene

Polycystic Kidney Diseases

Insulin Resistance

Testosterone

Androgens

Infertility, Female

Fertility Agents, Female

Syndrome

17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone

Androstenedione

Menstruation Disturbances

Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant

Luteinizing Hormone

Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate

Ovulation Induction

Cyproterone Acetate

Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin

Acne Vulgaris

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Anti-Mullerian Hormone

Hypoglycemic Agents

Insulin

Ovulation

Body Mass Index

Obesity

Menstrual Cycle

Case-Control Studies

Pregnancy

Amenorrhea

Blood Glucose

Electrocoagulation

Glucose Tolerance Test

Hyperinsulinism

Ethinyl Estradiol

Hormones

Ovarian Follicle

Metabolic Syndrome X

Gonadotropins

Diathermy

Pregnancy Rate

Menstruation

Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase

Virilism

Dehydroepiandrosterone

Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Human

TRPP Cation Channels

Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Recessive

Gonadal Steroid Hormones

Live Birth

Menstruation-Inducing Agents

Theca Cells

Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome

Estradiol

Fertilization in Vitro

Ovarian Diseases

Acanthosis Nigricans

Reproductive Techniques, Assisted

Adrenarche

Follicular Fluid

Steroids

Thiazolidinediones

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone

Testosterone Propionate

Infertility

Follistatin

Electroacupuncture

Glucose Intolerance

Receptors, FSH

Phenotype

Waist-Hip Ratio

Biological Markers

Risk Factors

Prevalence