A polynucleotide formed from the ADP-RIBOSE moiety of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by POLY(ADP-RIBOSE) POLYMERASES.
Nucleoside Diphosphate Sugars (NDPs) are biomolecules consisting of a nucleoside monophosphate sugar molecule, which is formed from the condensation of a nucleotide and a sugar molecule through a pyrophosphate bond.
A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form.
NAD+ Nucleosidase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) into nicotinamide and ADP-ribose, which plays a role in regulating NAD+ levels and modulating cellular signaling pathways.
Esters formed between the aldehydic carbon of sugars and the terminal phosphate of adenosine diphosphate.
A pyridine nucleotide that mobilizes CALCIUM. It is synthesized from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by ADP RIBOSE CYCLASE.
Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of multiple ADP-RIBOSE groups from nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) onto protein targets, thus building up a linear or branched homopolymer of repeating ADP-ribose units i.e., POLY ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSE.
Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.
A nucleoside that is composed of ADENINE and D-RIBOSE. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter.
A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed)
A strong oxidizing agent.
An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.
An important compound functioning as a component of the coenzyme NAD. Its primary significance is in the prevention and/or cure of blacktongue and PELLAGRA. Most animals cannot manufacture this compound in amounts sufficient to prevent nutritional deficiency and it therefore must be supplemented through dietary intake.
The attachment of PLATELETS to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., THROMBIN; COLLAGEN) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a THROMBUS.
A subclass of adenosine A2 receptors found in LEUKOCYTES, the SPLEEN, the THYMUS and a variety of other tissues. It is generally considered to be a receptor for ADENOSINE that couples to the GS, STIMULATORY G-PROTEIN.
A group of adenine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each adenine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.
A subtype of ADENOSINE RECEPTOR that is found expressed in a variety of tissues including the BRAIN and DORSAL HORN NEURONS. The receptor is generally considered to be coupled to the GI, INHIBITORY G-PROTEIN which causes down regulation of CYCLIC AMP.
Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation.
Adenine nucleotides are molecules that consist of an adenine base attached to a ribose sugar and one, two, or three phosphate groups, including adenosine monophosphate (AMP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which play crucial roles in energy transfer and signaling processes within cells.
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ADENOSINE to INOSINE with the elimination of AMMONIA.
A subclass of purinergic P2Y receptors that have a preference for ADP binding and are coupled to GTP-BINDING PROTEIN ALPHA SUBUNIT, GI. The P2Y12 purinergic receptors are found in PLATELETS where they play an important role regulating PLATELET ACTIVATION.
Serves as the glycosyl donor for formation of bacterial glycogen, amylose in green algae, and amylopectin in higher plants.
A subtype of ADENOSINE RECEPTOR that is found expressed in a variety of locations including the BRAIN and endocrine tissues. The receptor is generally considered to be coupled to the GI, INHIBITORY G-PROTEIN which causes down regulation of CYCLIC AMP.
Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.
An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ADP plus AMP from adenosine plus ATP. It can serve as a salvage mechanism for returning adenosine to nucleic acids. EC 2.7.1.20.
A subclass of adenosine A2 receptors found in the CECUM, the COLON, the BLADDER, and a variety of other tissues. It is generally considered to be a low affinity receptor for ADENOSINE that couples to the GS, STIMULATORY G-PROTEIN.
Compounds that bind to and block the stimulation of PURINERGIC P2Y RECEPTORS. Included under this heading are antagonists for specific P2Y receptor subtypes.
Laboratory examination used to monitor and evaluate platelet function in a patient's blood.
Drugs or agents which antagonize or impair any mechanism leading to blood platelet aggregation, whether during the phases of activation and shape change or following the dense-granule release reaction and stimulation of the prostaglandin-thromboxane system.
A subclass of ADENOSINE RECEPTORS that are generally considered to be coupled to the GS, STIMULATORY G-PROTEIN which causes up regulation of CYCLIC AMP.
Compounds that selectively bind to and activate ADENOSINE A2 RECEPTORS.
A series of progressive, overlapping events, triggered by exposure of the PLATELETS to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug.
Compounds that selectively bind to and block the activation of ADENOSINE A2 RECEPTORS.
A class of cell surface receptors that prefer ADENOSINE to other endogenous PURINES. Purinergic P1 receptors are widespread in the body including the cardiovascular, respiratory, immune, and nervous systems. There are at least two pharmacologically distinguishable types (A1 and A2, or Ri and Ra).
Compounds that bind to and block the stimulation of ADENOSINE A1 RECEPTORS.
A group of cytosine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each cytosine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.
A somewhat heterogeneous class of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of alkyl or related groups (excluding methyl groups). EC 2.5.
A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5.
Phosphoric or pyrophosphoric acid esters of polyisoprenoids.
An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.
A group of uridine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each uridine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.
Ribose substituted in the 1-, 3-, or 5-position by a phosphoric acid moiety.
Interferon inducer consisting of a synthetic, mismatched double-stranded RNA. The polymer is made of one strand each of polyinosinic acid and polycytidylic acid.
In humans, one of the paired regions in the anterior portion of the THORAX. The breasts consist of the MAMMARY GLANDS, the SKIN, the MUSCLES, the ADIPOSE TISSUE, and the CONNECTIVE TISSUES.
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.
Drug therapy given to augment or stimulate some other form of treatment such as surgery or radiation therapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy is commonly used in the therapy of cancer and can be administered before or after the primary treatment.
They are oval or bean shaped bodies (1 - 30 mm in diameter) located along the lymphatic system.
An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.
Transfer of a neoplasm from its primary site to lymph nodes or to distant parts of the body by way of the lymphatic system.
Cytoplasmic proteins that bind estrogens and migrate to the nucleus where they regulate DNA transcription. Evaluation of the state of estrogen receptors in breast cancer patients has become clinically important.
Benign or malignant neoplasms of the FALLOPIAN TUBES. They are uncommon. If they develop, they may be located in the wall or within the lumen as a growth attached to the wall by a stalk.
A pair of highly specialized muscular canals extending from the UTERUS to its corresponding OVARY. They provide the means for OVUM collection, and the site for the final maturation of gametes and FERTILIZATION. The fallopian tube consists of an interstitium, an isthmus, an ampulla, an infundibulum, and fimbriae. Its wall consists of three histologic layers: serous, muscular, and an internal mucosal layer lined with both ciliated and secretory cells.
Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.
An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Diseases involving the FALLOPIAN TUBES including neoplasms (FALLOPIAN TUBE NEOPLASMS); SALPINGITIS; tubo-ovarian abscess; and blockage.
Methods for assessing the patency of the fallopian tubes.

Increased poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of nuclear proteins in Alzheimer's disease. (1/427)

Experimental studies indicate that overactivation of the DNA repair protein poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in response to oxidative damage to DNA can cause cell death due to depletion of NAD+. Oxidative damage to DNA and other macromolecules has been reported to be increased in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease. In the present study we sought evidence of PARP activation in Alzheimer's disease by immunostaining sections of frontal and temporal lobe from autopsy material of 20 patients and 10 controls, both for PARP itself and for its end-product, poly(ADP-ribose). All of the brains had previously been subjected to detailed neuropathological examination to confirm the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease or, in the controls, to exclude Alzheimer's disease-type pathology. Double immunolabelling for poly(ADP-ribose) and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), glial fibrillary-acidic protein (GFAP), CD68, A beta-protein or tau was used to assess the identity of the cells with poly(ADP-ribose) accumulation and their relationship to plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Both PARP- and poly(ADP-ribose)-immunolabelled cells were detected in a much higher proportion of Alzheimer's disease (20 out of 20) brains than of control brains (5 out of 10) (P = 0.0018). Double-immunolabelling for poly(ADP-ribose) and markers of neuronal, astrocytic and microglial differentiation (MAP2, GFAP and CD68, respectively) showed many of the cells containing poly(ADP-ribose) to be neurons. Most of these were small pyramidal neurons in cortical laminae 3 and 5. A few of the cells containing poly(ADP-ribose) were astrocytes. No poly(ADP-ribose) accumulation was detected in microglia. Double-immunolabelling for poly(ADP-ribose) and tau or A beta-protein indicated that the cells with accumulation of poly(ADP-ribose) did not contain tangles and relatively few occurred within plaques. Our findings indicate that there is enhanced PARP activity in Alzheimer's disease and suggest that pharmacological interventions aimed at inhibiting PARP may have a role in slowing the progression of the disease.  (+info)

Reactive oxygen species participate in mdr1b mRNA and P-glycoprotein overexpression in primary rat hepatocyte cultures. (2/427)

P-glycoproteins encoded by multidrug resistance type 1 (mdr1) genes mediate ATP-dependent efflux of numerous lipophilic xenobiotics, including several anticancer drugs, from cells. Overexpression of mdr1-type transporters in tumour cells contributes to a multidrug resistance phenotype. Several factors shown to induce mdr1 overexpression (UV irradiation, epidermal growth factor, tumour necrosis factor alpha, doxorubicin) have been associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the present study, primary rat hepatocyte cultures that exhibit time-dependent overexpression of the mdr1b gene were used as a model system to investigate whether ROS might participate in the regulation of intrinsic mdr1b overexpression. Addition of H2O2 to the culture medium resulted in a significant increase in mdrlb mRNA and P-glycoprotein after 3 days of culture, with maximal (approximately 2-fold) induction being observed with 0.5-1 mM H2O2. Furthermore, H2O2 led to activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, a nuclear enzyme activated by DNA strand breaks, indicating that ROS reached the nuclear compartment. Thus, extracellularly applied H2O2 elicited intracellular effects. Treatment of rat hepatocytes with the catalase inhibitor 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (2-4 mM for 72 h or 10 mM for 1 h following the hepatocyte attachment period) also led to an up-regulation of mdrlb mRNA and P-glycoprotein expression. Conversely, antioxidants (1 mM ascorbate, 10 mM mannitol, 2% dimethyl sulphoxide, 10 mM N-acetylcysteine) markedly suppressed intrinsic mdr1b mRNA and P-glycoprotein overexpression. Intracellular steady-state levels of the mdrl substrate rhodamine 123, determined as parameter of mdr1-type transport activity, indicated that mdr1-dependent efflux was increased in hepatocytes pretreated with H2O2 or aminotriazole and decreased in antioxidant-treated cells. The induction of mdr1b mRNA and of functionally active mdr1-type P-glycoproteins by elevation in intracellular ROS levels and the repression of intrinsic mdrlb mRNA and P-glycoprotein overexpression by antioxidant compounds support the conclusion that the expression of the mdr1b P-glycoprotein is regulated in a redox-sensitive manner.  (+info)

Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of p53 during apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cells. (3/427)

Spontaneous apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cells was observed to be associated with a marked increase in the intracellular abundance of p53. Immunoprecipitation and immunoblot analysis revealed that, together with a variety of other nuclear proteins, p53 undergoes extensive poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation early during the apoptotic program in these cells. Subsequent degradation of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR), attached to p53 presumably by PAR glycohydrolase, the only reported enzyme to degrade PAR, was apparent concomitant with the onset of proteolytic processing and activation of caspase-3, caspase-3-mediated cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation during the later stages of cell death. The decrease in PAR covalently bound to p53 also coincided with the marked induction of expression of the p53-responsive genes bax and Fas. These results suggest that poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation may play a role in the regulation of p53 function and implies a regulatory role for PARP and/or PAR early in apoptosis.  (+info)

Formation and characterization of antibody against 2'-(5"-phosphoribosyl)-5' AMP, the monomer form of poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose). (4/427)

Specific antibody against 2'-(5"-phosphoribosyl)-5'AMP (PR-AMP), a monomer of poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) (poly(ADP-Rib)), was produced by immunizing a rabbit with PR-AMP coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA). Antibody against PR-AMP was purified 53-fold from serum by (NH4) 2SO4 precipitation, and BSA-Sepharose 4B, DEAE-cellulose and (PR-AMP)-BSA-Sepharose 4B column chromatographies. Inhibition experiments show that the adenine ring, 5'-phosphate residue and ribose-ribose bond of PR-AMP were essential for the antigenic determinant of PR-AMP. Anti PR-AMP antibody bound, not only with PR-AMP, but also with poly(ADP-Rib) of various chain lengths, while anti poly(ADP-Rib) antibody bound with poly(ADP-Rib) but not with PR-AMP.  (+info)

Sequential dependent enhancement of caspase activation and apoptosis by flavopiridol on paclitaxel-treated human gastric and breast cancer cells. (5/427)

Although in the past 10 years paclitaxel has emerged as a successful drug in cancer therapy, the overall response rate to this drug in patients with advanced metastatic disease remains low. Therefore, an understanding of the mechanism of the effect of paclitaxel on inducing apoptosis and the discovery of new ways to enhance the effect of paclitaxel will be critical to improving the therapeutic efficiency of this drug. In the present studies, we have determined that the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor flavopiridol significantly enhances paclitaxel-induced apoptosis in the human gastric and breast cancer cell lines MKN-74 and MCF-7. Flavopiridol enhances paclitaxel-induced apoptosis only when administered after paclitaxel treatment. The activation of caspases, specifically caspase 3, is enhanced by flavopiridol on paclitaxel-treated cells. In accordance with this, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage is enhanced in combination therapy relative to single-agent paclitaxel. The induction of apoptosis, activation of caspase 3, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage in treatment regimens with paclitaxel and paclitaxel followed by flavopiridol were reversed by treatment with the caspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone, which supports the notion that caspases are the executioners of apoptosis in these processes. Paclitaxel alone causes transient mitotic arrest with activation of cdc-2 kinase. Cells exit mitosis in a specific time window without cytokinesis, with a decrease in cdc-2 kinase activity and MPM-2 labeling. Flavopiridol accelerates the mitotic exit when administered after paclitaxel treatment in association with a more rapid decrease in MPM-2 labeling. In contrast, pretreatment with flavopiridol prevents cells from entering mitosis by inhibiting cdc-2 kinase activity, thus antagonizing the paclitaxel effect. Therefore, in this study we show that potentiation of paclitaxel-induced apoptosis by flavopiridol is highly sequence dependent, such that mitotic entry and cdc-2 kinase activation by paclitaxel must precede flavopiridol therapy, and the synergistic effect of flavopiridol on paclitaxel-treated cells is due to enhancement in caspase activation.  (+info)

Synergistic effects of retinoic acid and 8-chloro-adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate on the regulation of retinoic acid receptor beta and apoptosis: involvement of mitochondria. (6/427)

In advanced or recurrent malignant diseases, retinoic acid (RA) is not effective, even at doses that are toxic to the host. In late stages of breast cancer, patients do not respond to RA because the expression of RA receptor beta (RARbeta) is lost. In the present study, the intracellular mechanism(s) of synergistic effects of RA and a site-selective cyclic AMP (cAMP) analogue, 8-chloro-adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-Cl-cAMP), on growth inhibition and apoptosis in breast cancer cells was examined. Our data demonstrated that hormone-dependent MCF-7 cells, but not hormone-independent MDA-MB-231 cells, are sensitive to RA-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis. Introduction of the RARbeta gene into MDA-MB-231 cells resulted in a gain of RA sensitivity. 8-Cl-cAMP acted synergistically with all-trans-RA in inducing and activating RARbeta gene expression that correlates with the reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential, redistribution of cytochrome c, activation of caspases, cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and DNA-dependent protein kinase (catalytic subunit), and induction of apoptosis. Mutations in the cAMP response element-related motif within the RARbeta promoter resulted in loss of synergy in RARbeta transcription. In addition, inhibition of RARbeta expression by an antisense construct also blocked the antitumor effects of RA + 8-Cl-cAMP. Thus, RARbeta can mediate RA and/or cAMP action in breast cancer cells by promoting apoptosis. Therefore, loss of RARbeta expression may contribute to the tumorigenicity of human mammary epithelial cells. These findings suggest that RA and 8-Cl-cAMP act in a synergistic fashion and may have potential for combination biotherapy for the treatment of malignant diseases.  (+info)

Immunological determination and size characterization of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesized in vitro and in vivo. (7/427)

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase is a DNA break detecting enzyme playing a role in the surveillance of genome integrity. Poly(ADP-ribose) is synthesized rapidly and transiently from beta-NAD in response to DNA damaging agents. In order to study the physiological significance of poly(ADP-ribose) metabolism, we have developed immunological methods which enable us to study endogenous poly(ADP-ribose) without interfering with cell metabolism and integrity. For this purpose, we produced a highly specific polyclonal anti-poly(ADP-ribose) antibody which immunoreacts with polymers and oligomers. In addition to the immunodot blot method recently described by us (Affar et al., Anal. Biochem. 259 (1998) 280-283), other applications were investigated in cells: (i) detection of poly(ADP-ribose) by ELISA; (ii) characterization of poly(ADP-ribose) size using high resolution gel electrophoresis of polymers, followed by its transfer onto a positively charged membrane and detection with anti-poly(ADP-ribose) antibody; (iii) immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry analyses allowing poly(ADP-ribose) study at the level of individual cells.  (+info)

Role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage in apoptosis. Caspase 3-resistant PARP mutant increases rates of apoptosis in transfected cells. (8/427)

An early transient burst of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of nuclear proteins was recently shown to be required for apoptosis to proceed in various cell lines (Simbulan-Rosenthal, C., Rosenthal, D., Iyer, S., Boulares, H., and Smulson, M. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 13703-13712) followed by cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), catalyzed by caspase-3. This inactivation of PARP has been proposed to prevent depletion of NAD (a PARP substrate) and ATP, which are thought to be required for later events in apoptosis. The role of PARP cleavage in apoptosis has now been investigated in human osteosarcoma cells and PARP -/- fibroblasts stably transfected with a vector encoding a caspase-3-resistant PARP mutant. Expression of this mutant PARP increased the rate of staurosporine and tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced apoptosis, at least in part by reducing the time interval required for the onset of caspase-3 activation and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, as well as the generation of 50-kilobase pair DNA breaks, thought to be associated with early chromatin unfolding. Overexpression of wild-type PARP in osteosarcoma cells also accelerated the apoptotic process, although not to the same extent as that apparent in cells expressing the mutant PARP. These effects of the mutant and wild-type enzymes might be due to the early and transient poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis in response to DNA breaks, and the accompanying depletion of NAD apparent in the transfected cells. The accelerated NAD depletion did not seem to interfere with the later stages of apoptosis. These results indicate that PARP activation and subsequent cleavage have active and complex roles in apoptosis.  (+info)

Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) is not strictly referred to as "Poly Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose" in the medical or biochemical context, although the term ADP-ribose is a component of it. Poly(ADP-ribose) is a polymer of ADP-ribose units that are synthesized by enzymes called poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs).

Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, the process of adding PAR polymers to target proteins, plays a crucial role in various cellular processes such as DNA repair, genomic stability, and cell death. In medical research, alterations in PAR metabolism have been implicated in several diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, understanding the function and regulation of poly(ADP-ribose) is of significant interest in biomedical sciences.

Nucleoside diphosphate sugars (NDP-sugars) are essential activated sugars that play a crucial role in the biosynthesis of complex carbohydrates, such as glycoproteins and glycolipids. They consist of a sugar molecule linked to a nucleoside diphosphate, which is formed from a nucleotide by removal of one phosphate group.

NDP-sugars are created through the action of enzymes called nucleoside diphosphate sugars synthases or transferases, which transfer a sugar molecule from a donor to a nucleoside diphosphate, forming an NDP-sugar. The resulting NDP-sugar can then be used as a substrate for various glycosyltransferases that catalyze the addition of sugars to other molecules, such as proteins or lipids.

NDP-sugars are involved in many important biological processes, including cell signaling, protein targeting, and immune response. They also play a critical role in maintaining the structural integrity of cells and tissues.

Ribose is a simple carbohydrate, specifically a monosaccharide, which means it is a single sugar unit. It is a type of sugar known as a pentose, containing five carbon atoms. Ribose is a vital component of ribonucleic acid (RNA), one of the essential molecules in all living cells, involved in the process of transcribing and translating genetic information from DNA to proteins. The term "ribose" can also refer to any sugar alcohol derived from it, such as D-ribose or Ribitol.

NAD+ nucleosidase, also known as NMN hydrolase or nicotinamide mononucleotide hydrolase, is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) to produce nicotinamide and 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP). NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a crucial coenzyme involved in various redox reactions in the body, and its biosynthesis involves several steps, one of which is the conversion of nicotinamide to NMN by the enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT).

The hydrolysis of NMN to nicotinamide and PRPP by NAD+ nucleosidase is a rate-limiting step in the salvage pathway of NAD+ biosynthesis, which recycles nicotinamide back to NMN and then to NAD+. Therefore, NAD+ nucleosidase plays an essential role in maintaining NAD+ homeostasis in the body.

Deficiencies or mutations in NAD+ nucleosidase can lead to various metabolic disorders, including neurological and cardiovascular diseases, as well as aging-related conditions associated with decreased NAD+ levels.

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) sugars, also known as sugar nucleotides, are molecules that play a crucial role in the biosynthesis of complex carbohydrates, such as glycoproteins and glycolipids. These molecules consist of a sugar molecule, usually glucose or galactose, linked to a molecule of adenosine diphosphate (ADP).

The ADP portion of the molecule provides the energy needed for the transfer of the sugar moiety to other molecules during the process of glycosylation. The reaction is catalyzed by enzymes called glycosyltransferases, which transfer the sugar from the ADP-sugar donor to an acceptor molecule, such as a protein or lipid.

ADP-sugars are important in various biological processes, including cell recognition, signal transduction, and protein folding. Abnormalities in the metabolism of ADP-sugars have been implicated in several diseases, including cancer, inflammation, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) is a molecule that functions as a second messenger in the body, playing a role in regulating various cellular processes. It is synthesized from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) by the enzyme ADP-ribosyl cyclase.

Cyclic ADPR works by binding to and activating ryanodine receptors, a type of calcium channel found in the endoplasmic reticulum, a cellular organelle involved in calcium storage and release. This leads to an increase in intracellular calcium levels, which can trigger various downstream signaling pathways and physiological responses.

Cyclic ADPR has been implicated in a variety of biological processes, including the regulation of insulin secretion, immune cell function, and cardiovascular function. Dysregulation of cADPR signaling has been linked to several diseases, such as diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer.

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is a chemical compound that plays a crucial role in energy transfer within cells. It is a nucleotide, which consists of a adenosine molecule (a sugar molecule called ribose attached to a nitrogenous base called adenine) and two phosphate groups.

In the cell, ADP functions as an intermediate in the conversion of energy from one form to another. When a high-energy phosphate bond in ADP is broken, energy is released and ADP is converted to adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which serves as the main energy currency of the cell. Conversely, when ATP donates a phosphate group to another molecule, it is converted back to ADP, releasing energy for the cell to use.

ADP also plays a role in blood clotting and other physiological processes. In the coagulation cascade, ADP released from damaged red blood cells can help activate platelets and initiate the formation of a blood clot.

Adenosine is a purine nucleoside that is composed of a sugar (ribose) and the base adenine. It plays several important roles in the body, including serving as a precursor for the synthesis of other molecules such as ATP, NAD+, and RNA.

In the medical context, adenosine is perhaps best known for its use as a pharmaceutical agent to treat certain cardiac arrhythmias. When administered intravenously, it can help restore normal sinus rhythm in patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) by slowing conduction through the atrioventricular node and interrupting the reentry circuit responsible for the arrhythmia.

Adenosine can also be used as a diagnostic tool to help differentiate between narrow-complex tachycardias of supraventricular origin and those that originate from below the ventricles (such as ventricular tachycardia). This is because adenosine will typically terminate PSVT but not affect the rhythm of VT.

It's worth noting that adenosine has a very short half-life, lasting only a few seconds in the bloodstream. This means that its effects are rapidly reversible and generally well-tolerated, although some patients may experience transient symptoms such as flushing, chest pain, or shortness of breath.

NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. It plays an essential role in cellular metabolism, particularly in redox reactions, where it acts as an electron carrier. NAD exists in two forms: NAD+, which accepts electrons and becomes reduced to NADH. This pairing of NAD+/NADH is involved in many fundamental biological processes such as generating energy in the form of ATP during cellular respiration, and serving as a critical cofactor for various enzymes that regulate cellular functions like DNA repair, gene expression, and cell death.

Maintaining optimal levels of NAD+/NADH is crucial for overall health and longevity, as it declines with age and in certain disease states. Therefore, strategies to boost NAD+ levels are being actively researched for their potential therapeutic benefits in various conditions such as aging, neurodegenerative disorders, and metabolic diseases.

Periodic acid is not a medical term per se, but it is a chemical reagent that is used in some laboratory tests and staining procedures in the field of pathology, which is a medical specialty.

Periodic acid is an oxidizing agent with the chemical formula HIO4 or H5IO6. It is often used in histology (the study of the microscopic structure of tissues) to perform a special staining technique called the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction. This reaction is used to identify certain types of carbohydrates, such as glycogen and some types of mucins, in tissues.

The periodic acid first oxidizes the carbohydrate molecules, creating aldehydes. These aldehydes then react with a Schiff reagent, which results in a pink or magenta color. This reaction can help pathologists identify and diagnose various medical conditions, such as cancer, infection, and inflammation.

Adenosine diphosphate ribose (ADPR) is a molecule that plays a role in various cellular processes, including the modification of proteins and the regulation of enzyme activity. It is formed by the attachment of a diphosphate group and a ribose sugar to the adenine base of a nucleotide. ADPR is involved in the transfer of chemical energy within cells and is also a precursor in the synthesis of other important molecules, such as NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide). It should be noted that ADPR is not a medication or a drug, but rather a naturally occurring biomolecule.

Niacinamide, also known as nicotinamide, is a form of vitamin B3 (niacin). It is a water-soluble vitamin that is involved in energy production and DNA repair in the body. Niacinamide can be found in various foods such as meat, fish, milk, eggs, green vegetables, and cereal grains.

As a medical definition, niacinamide is a nutritional supplement and medication used to prevent or treat pellagra, a disease caused by niacin deficiency. It can also be used to improve skin conditions such as acne, rosacea, and hyperpigmentation, and has been studied for its potential benefits in treating diabetes, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease.

Niacinamide works by acting as a precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), a coenzyme involved in many cellular processes such as energy metabolism, DNA repair, and gene expression. Niacinamide has anti-inflammatory properties and can help regulate the immune system, making it useful for treating inflammatory skin conditions.

It is important to note that niacinamide should not be confused with niacin (also known as nicotinic acid), which is another form of vitamin B3 that has different effects on the body. Niacin can cause flushing and other side effects at higher doses, while niacinamide does not have these effects.

Platelet aggregation is the clumping together of platelets (thrombocytes) in the blood, which is an essential step in the process of hemostasis (the stopping of bleeding) after injury to a blood vessel. When the inner lining of a blood vessel is damaged, exposure of subendothelial collagen and tissue factor triggers platelet activation. Activated platelets change shape, become sticky, and release the contents of their granules, which include ADP (adenosine diphosphate).

ADP then acts as a chemical mediator to attract and bind additional platelets to the site of injury, leading to platelet aggregation. This forms a plug that seals the damaged vessel and prevents further blood loss. Platelet aggregation is also a crucial component in the formation of blood clots (thrombosis) within blood vessels, which can have pathological consequences such as heart attacks and strokes if they obstruct blood flow to vital organs.

Adenosine A2A receptor is a type of G protein-coupled receptor that binds to the endogenous purine nucleoside, adenosine. It is a subtype of the A2 receptor along with the A2B receptor and is widely distributed throughout the body, particularly in the brain, heart, and immune system.

The A2A receptor plays an essential role in various physiological processes, including modulation of neurotransmission, cardiovascular function, and immune response. In the brain, activation of A2A receptors can have both excitatory and inhibitory effects on neuronal activity, depending on the location and context.

In the heart, A2A receptor activation has a negative chronotropic effect, reducing heart rate, and a negative inotropic effect, decreasing contractility. In the immune system, A2A receptors are involved in regulating inflammation and immune cell function.

Pharmacologically, A2A receptor agonists have been investigated for their potential therapeutic benefits in various conditions, including Parkinson's disease, chronic pain, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and cancer. Conversely, A2A receptor antagonists have also been studied as a potential treatment for neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, and addiction.

"Poly A" is an abbreviation for "poly(A) tail" or "polyadenylation." It refers to the addition of multiple adenine (A) nucleotides to the 3' end of eukaryotic mRNA molecules during the process of transcription. This poly(A) tail plays a crucial role in various aspects of mRNA metabolism, including stability, transport, and translation. The length of the poly(A) tail can vary from around 50 to 250 nucleotides depending on the cell type and developmental stage.

Adenosine A1 receptor is a type of G protein-coupled receptor that binds to the endogenous purine nucleoside adenosine. When activated, it inhibits the production of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in the cell by inhibiting adenylyl cyclase activity. This results in various physiological effects, such as decreased heart rate and reduced force of heart contractions, increased potassium conductance, and decreased calcium currents. The Adenosine A1 receptor is widely distributed throughout the body, including the brain, heart, kidneys, and other organs. It plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including cardiovascular function, neuroprotection, and inflammation.

Blood platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are small, colorless cell fragments in our blood that play an essential role in normal blood clotting. They are formed in the bone marrow from large cells called megakaryocytes and circulate in the blood in an inactive state until they are needed to help stop bleeding. When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets become activated and change shape, releasing chemicals that attract more platelets to the site of injury. These activated platelets then stick together to form a plug, or clot, that seals the wound and prevents further blood loss. In addition to their role in clotting, platelets also help to promote healing by releasing growth factors that stimulate the growth of new tissue.

Adenine nucleotides are molecules that consist of a nitrogenous base called adenine, which is linked to a sugar molecule (ribose in the case of adenosine monophosphate or AMP, and deoxyribose in the case of adenosine diphosphate or ADP and adenosine triphosphate or ATP) and one, two, or three phosphate groups. These molecules play a crucial role in energy transfer and metabolism within cells.

AMP contains one phosphate group, while ADP contains two phosphate groups, and ATP contains three phosphate groups. When a phosphate group is removed from ATP, energy is released, which can be used to power various cellular processes such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and protein synthesis. The reverse reaction, in which a phosphate group is added back to ADP or AMP to form ATP, requires energy input and often involves the breakdown of nutrients such as glucose or fatty acids.

In addition to their role in energy metabolism, adenine nucleotides also serve as precursors for other important molecules, including DNA and RNA, coenzymes, and signaling molecules.

Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the immune system by helping to regulate the levels of certain chemicals called purines within cells. Specifically, ADA helps to break down adenosine, a type of purine, into another compound called inosine. This enzyme is found in all tissues of the body, but it is especially active in the immune system's white blood cells, where it helps to support their growth, development, and function.

ADA deficiency is a rare genetic disorder that can lead to severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), a condition in which babies are born with little or no functional immune system. This makes them extremely vulnerable to infections, which can be life-threatening. ADA deficiency can be treated with enzyme replacement therapy, bone marrow transplantation, or gene therapy.

Purinergic P2Y12 receptors are a type of G protein-coupled receptor that bind to and are activated by adenosine diphosphate (ADP). These receptors play an important role in regulating platelet activation and aggregation, which is crucial for the normal hemostatic response to vascular injury.

The P2Y12 receptor is a key component of the platelet signaling pathway that leads to the activation of integrin αIIbβ3, which mediates platelet aggregation. Inhibition of the P2Y12 receptor with drugs such as clopidogrel or ticagrelor is a standard treatment for preventing thrombosis in patients at risk of arterial occlusion, such as those with acute coronary syndrome or following percutaneous coronary intervention.

P2Y12 receptors are also expressed on other cell types, including immune cells and neurons, where they play roles in inflammation, neurotransmission, and other physiological processes.

Adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADP-glucose) is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of glycogen, which is a complex carbohydrate that serves as a primary form of energy storage in animals, fungi, and bacteria. In this process, ADP-glucose is formed from glucose-1-phosphate and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through the action of the enzyme ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. Once synthesized, ADP-glucose is then used as a substrate for the enzyme glycogen synthase, which catalyzes the addition of glucose units to an existing glycogen molecule, leading to its growth and expansion. This pathway plays a crucial role in regulating cellular energy metabolism and maintaining glucose homeostasis within the body.

Adenosine A3 receptor (A3R) is a type of G-protein coupled receptor that binds to adenosine, a purine nucleoside, and plays a role in various physiological processes. The activation of A3R leads to the inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity, which results in decreased levels of intracellular cAMP. This, in turn, modulates several downstream signaling pathways that are involved in anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects.

A3R is widely expressed in various tissues, including the brain, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, and immune cells. In the central nervous system, A3R activation has been shown to have neuroprotective effects, such as reducing glutamate release, protecting against excitotoxicity, and modulating neuroinflammation. Additionally, A3R agonists have been investigated for their potential therapeutic benefits in various pathological conditions, including pain management, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and neurodegenerative diseases.

Overall, the Adenosine A3 receptor is an important target for drug development due to its role in modulating inflammation and cellular responses in various tissues and diseases.

Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) is a nucleotide that is the monophosphate ester of adenosine, consisting of the nitrogenous base adenine attached to the 1' carbon atom of ribose via a β-N9-glycosidic bond, which in turn is esterified to a phosphate group. It is an important molecule in biological systems as it plays a key role in cellular energy transfer and storage, serving as a precursor to other nucleotides such as ADP and ATP. AMP is also involved in various signaling pathways and can act as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

Adenosine kinase (ADK) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the regulation of adenosine levels in cells. The medical definition of adenosine kinase is:

"An enzyme (EC 2.7.1.20) that catalyzes the phosphorylation of adenosine to form adenosine monophosphate (AMP) using ATP as the phosphate donor. This reaction helps maintain the balance between adenosine and its corresponding nucleotides in cells, and it plays a significant role in purine metabolism, cell signaling, and energy homeostasis."

Adenosine kinase is widely distributed in various tissues, including the brain, heart, liver, and muscles. Dysregulation of adenosine kinase activity has been implicated in several pathological conditions, such as ischemia-reperfusion injury, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. Therefore, modulating adenosine kinase activity has emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy for treating these diseases.

Adenosine A2B receptor (A2BAR) is a type of G protein-coupled receptor that binds the endogenous purine nucleoside adenosine. It is a subtype of the A2 class of adenosine receptors, which also includes A2A receptor.

The A2BAR is widely expressed in various tissues and cells, including vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, immune cells, and epithelial cells. Activation of the A2BAR by adenosine leads to a variety of cellular responses, such as relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, inhibition of platelet aggregation, modulation of inflammatory responses, and stimulation of fibroblast proliferation and collagen production.

The A2BAR has been implicated in several physiological and pathophysiological processes, such as cardiovascular function, pain perception, neuroprotection, tumor growth and metastasis, and pulmonary fibrosis. Therefore, the development of selective A2BAR agonists or antagonists has been an area of active research for therapeutic interventions in these conditions.

Purinergic P2Y receptor antagonists are a class of pharmaceutical compounds that block the activity of P2Y purinergic receptors, which are a type of G protein-coupled receptor found on the surface of various cells throughout the body. These receptors are activated by extracellular nucleotides such as ATP and ADP, and play important roles in regulating a variety of physiological processes, including inflammation, platelet aggregation, and neurotransmission.

P2Y receptor antagonists are used in the treatment of several medical conditions. For example, they can be used to prevent platelet aggregation and thrombosis in patients with cardiovascular disease or those at risk for stroke. They may also have potential therapeutic applications in the treatment of chronic pain, inflammatory disorders, and neurological conditions such as epilepsy and Parkinson's disease.

Some examples of P2Y receptor antagonists include clopidogrel (Plavix), ticlopidine (Ticlid), and cangrelor (Kengreal), which are used to prevent platelet aggregation and thrombosis, and suramin, a non-selective P2 receptor antagonist that has been investigated for its potential anti-cancer effects.

Platelet function tests are laboratory tests that measure how well platelets, which are small blood cells responsible for clotting, function in preventing or stopping bleeding. These tests are often used to investigate the cause of abnormal bleeding or bruising, or to monitor the effectiveness of antiplatelet therapy in patients with certain medical conditions such as heart disease or stroke.

There are several types of platelet function tests available, including:

1. Platelet count: This test measures the number of platelets present in a sample of blood. A low platelet count can increase the risk of bleeding.
2. Bleeding time: This test measures how long it takes for a small cut to stop bleeding. It is used less frequently than other tests due to its invasiveness and variability.
3. Platelet aggregation tests: These tests measure how well platelets clump together (aggregate) in response to various agents that promote platelet activation, such as adenosine diphosphate (ADP), collagen, or epinephrine.
4. Platelet function analyzer (PFA): This test measures the time it takes for a blood sample to clot under shear stress, simulating the conditions in an injured blood vessel. The PFA can provide information about the overall platelet function and the effectiveness of antiplatelet therapy.
5. Thromboelastography (TEG) or rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM): These tests measure the kinetics of clot formation, strength, and dissolution in whole blood samples. They provide information about both platelet function and coagulation factors.

These tests can help healthcare providers diagnose bleeding disorders, assess the risk of bleeding during surgery or other invasive procedures, monitor antiplatelet therapy, and guide treatment decisions for patients with abnormal platelet function.

Platelet aggregation inhibitors are a class of medications that prevent platelets (small blood cells involved in clotting) from sticking together and forming a clot. These drugs work by interfering with the ability of platelets to adhere to each other and to the damaged vessel wall, thereby reducing the risk of thrombosis (blood clot formation).

Platelet aggregation inhibitors are often prescribed for people who have an increased risk of developing blood clots due to various medical conditions such as atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, stroke, or a history of heart attack. They may also be used in patients undergoing certain medical procedures, such as angioplasty and stenting, to prevent blood clot formation in the stents.

Examples of platelet aggregation inhibitors include:

1. Aspirin: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that irreversibly inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase, which is involved in platelet activation and aggregation.
2. Clopidogrel (Plavix): A P2Y12 receptor antagonist that selectively blocks ADP-induced platelet activation and aggregation.
3. Prasugrel (Effient): A third-generation thienopyridine P2Y12 receptor antagonist, similar to clopidogrel but with faster onset and greater potency.
4. Ticagrelor (Brilinta): A direct-acting P2Y12 receptor antagonist that does not require metabolic activation and has a reversible binding profile.
5. Dipyridamole (Persantine): An antiplatelet agent that inhibits platelet aggregation by increasing cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels in platelets, which leads to decreased platelet reactivity.
6. Iloprost (Ventavis): A prostacyclin analogue that inhibits platelet aggregation and causes vasodilation, often used in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension.
7. Cilostazol (Pletal): A phosphodiesterase III inhibitor that increases cAMP levels in platelets, leading to decreased platelet activation and aggregation, as well as vasodilation.
8. Ticlopidine (Ticlid): An older P2Y12 receptor antagonist with a slower onset of action and more frequent side effects compared to clopidogrel or prasugrel.

Adenosine A2 receptors are a type of G-protein coupled receptor that binds the endogenous purine nucleoside adenosine. They are divided into two subtypes, A2a and A2b, which have different distributions in the body and couple to different G proteins.

A2a receptors are found in high levels in the brain, particularly in the striatum, and play a role in regulating the release of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and glutamate. They also have anti-inflammatory effects and are being studied as potential targets for the treatment of neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis.

A2b receptors, on the other hand, are found in a variety of tissues including the lung, blood vessels, and immune cells. They play a role in regulating inflammation and vasodilation, and have been implicated in the development of conditions such as asthma and pulmonary fibrosis.

Both A2a and A2b receptors are activated by adenosine, which is released in response to cellular stress or injury. Activation of these receptors can lead to a variety of downstream effects, depending on the tissue and context in which they are expressed.

Adenosine A2 receptor agonists are pharmaceutical agents that bind to and activate the A2 subtype of adenosine receptors, which are G-protein coupled receptors found in various tissues throughout the body. Activation of these receptors leads to a variety of physiological effects, including vasodilation, increased coronary blood flow, and inhibition of platelet aggregation.

A2 receptor agonists have been studied for their potential therapeutic benefits in several medical conditions, such as:

1. Heart failure: A2 receptor agonists can improve cardiac function and reduce symptoms in patients with heart failure by increasing coronary blood flow and reducing oxygen demand.
2. Atrial fibrillation: These agents have been shown to terminate or prevent atrial fibrillation, a common abnormal heart rhythm disorder, through their effects on the electrical properties of cardiac cells.
3. Asthma and COPD: A2 receptor agonists can help relax airway smooth muscle and reduce inflammation in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
4. Pain management: Some A2 receptor agonists have been found to have analgesic properties, making them potential candidates for pain relief in various clinical settings.

Examples of A2 receptor agonists include regadenoson, which is used as a pharmacological stress agent during myocardial perfusion imaging, and dipyridamole, which is used to prevent blood clots in patients with certain heart conditions. However, it's important to note that these agents can have side effects, such as hypotension, bradycardia, and bronchoconstriction, so their use must be carefully monitored and managed by healthcare professionals.

Platelet activation is the process by which platelets (also known as thrombocytes) become biologically active and change from their inactive discoid shape to a spherical shape with pseudopodia, resulting in the release of chemical mediators that are involved in hemostasis and thrombosis. This process is initiated by various stimuli such as exposure to subendothelial collagen, von Willebrand factor, or thrombin during vascular injury, leading to platelet aggregation and the formation of a platelet plug to stop bleeding. Platelet activation also plays a role in inflammation, immune response, and wound healing.

Adenosine A2 receptor antagonists are a class of pharmaceutical compounds that block the action of adenosine at A2 receptors. Adenosine is a naturally occurring molecule in the body that acts as a neurotransmitter and has various physiological effects, including vasodilation and inhibition of heart rate.

Adenosine A2 receptor antagonists work by binding to A2 receptors and preventing adenosine from activating them. This results in the opposite effect of adenosine, leading to vasoconstriction and increased heart rate. These drugs are used for a variety of medical conditions, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and heart failure.

Examples of Adenosine A2 receptor antagonists include theophylline, caffeine, and some newer drugs such asistradefylline and tozadenant. These drugs have different pharmacological properties and are used for specific medical conditions. It is important to note that adenosine A2 receptor antagonists can have side effects, including restlessness, insomnia, and gastrointestinal symptoms, and should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Purinergic P1 receptors are a type of G-protein coupled receptor that bind to nucleotides such as adenosine. These receptors are involved in a variety of physiological processes, including modulation of neurotransmitter release, cardiovascular function, and immune response. There are four subtypes of P1 receptors (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3) that have different signaling pathways and functions. Activation of these receptors can lead to a variety of cellular responses, including inhibition or stimulation of adenylyl cyclase activity, changes in intracellular calcium levels, and activation of various protein kinases. They play important roles in the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, gastrointestinal system, and immune system.

Adenosine A1 receptor antagonists are a class of pharmaceutical compounds that block the action of adenosine at A1 receptors. Adenosine is a naturally occurring purine nucleoside that acts as a neurotransmitter and modulator of various physiological processes, including cardiovascular function, neuronal excitability, and immune response.

Adenosine exerts its effects by binding to specific receptors on the surface of cells, including A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 receptors. The activation of A1 receptors leads to a variety of physiological responses, such as vasodilation, negative chronotropy (slowing of heart rate), and negative inotropy (reduced contractility) of the heart, as well as inhibition of neurotransmitter release in the brain.

Adenosine A1 receptor antagonists work by binding to and blocking the action of adenosine at A1 receptors, thereby preventing or reducing its effects on these physiological processes. These drugs have been investigated for their potential therapeutic uses in various conditions, such as heart failure, cardiac arrest, and neurological disorders.

Examples of adenosine A1 receptor antagonists include:

* Dipyridamole: a vasodilator used to treat peripheral arterial disease and to prevent blood clots.
* Caffeine: a natural stimulant found in coffee, tea, and chocolate, which acts as a weak A1 receptor antagonist.
* Rolofylline: an experimental drug that has been investigated for its potential use in treating acute ischemic stroke and traumatic brain injury.
* KW-3902: another experimental drug that has been studied for its potential therapeutic effects in heart failure, cardiac arrest, and neurodegenerative disorders.

It's important to note that adenosine A1 receptor antagonists may have side effects and potential risks, and their use should be monitored and managed by healthcare professionals.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Poly C" is not a widely recognized medical term or abbreviation in the field of medicine or biology. It might be a typographical error or a shorthand notation used in a specific context. If you could provide more context or clarify what you mean by "Poly C," I would be happy to help further.

Alkyl and aryl transferases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of alkyl or aryl groups from one molecule to another. These enzymes play a role in various biological processes, including the metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics, as well as the biosynthesis of certain natural compounds.

Alkyl transferases typically catalyze the transfer of methyl or ethyl groups, while aryl transferases transfer larger aromatic rings. These enzymes often use cofactors such as S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) or acetyl-CoA to donate the alkyl or aryl group to a recipient molecule.

Examples of alkyl and aryl transferases include:

1. Methyltransferases: enzymes that transfer methyl groups from SAM to various acceptor molecules, such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and small molecules.
2. Histone methyltransferases: enzymes that methylate specific residues on histone proteins, which can affect chromatin structure and gene expression.
3. N-acyltransferases: enzymes that transfer acetyl or other acyl groups to amino groups in proteins or small molecules.
4. O-acyltransferases: enzymes that transfer acyl groups to hydroxyl groups in lipids, steroids, and other molecules.
5. Arylsulfatases: enzymes that remove sulfate groups from aromatic rings, releasing an alcohol and sulfate.
6. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs): enzymes that transfer the tripeptide glutathione to electrophilic centers in xenobiotics and endogenous compounds, facilitating their detoxification and excretion.

Apyrase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of nucleoside triphosphates (like ATP or GTP) to nucleoside diphosphates (like ADP or GDP), releasing inorganic phosphate in the process. It can also hydrolyze nucleoside diphosphates to nucleoside monophosphates, releasing inorganic pyrophosphate.

This enzyme is widely distributed in nature and has been found in various organisms, including bacteria, plants, and animals. In humans, apyrases are present in different tissues, such as the brain, platelets, and red blood cells. They play essential roles in several biological processes, including signal transduction, metabolism regulation, and inflammatory response modulation.

There are two major classes of apyrases: type I (also known as nucleoside diphosphate kinase) and type II (also known as NTPDase). Type II apyrases have higher substrate specificity for nucleoside triphosphates, while type I apyrases can hydrolyze both nucleoside tri- and diphosphates.

In the medical field, apyrases are sometimes used in research to study platelet function or neurotransmission, as they can help regulate purinergic signaling by controlling extracellular levels of ATP and ADP. Additionally, some studies suggest that apyrase activity might be involved in certain pathological conditions, such as atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and neurological disorders.

Polyisoprenyl phosphates are a type of organic compound that play a crucial role in the biosynthesis of various essential biomolecules in cells. They are formed by the addition of isoprene units, which are five-carbon molecules with a branched structure, to a phosphate group.

In medical terms, polyisoprenyl phosphates are primarily known for their role as intermediates in the biosynthesis of dolichols and farnesylated proteins. Dolichols are long-chain isoprenoids that function as lipid carriers in the synthesis of glycoproteins, which are proteins that contain carbohydrate groups attached to them. Farnesylated proteins, on the other hand, are proteins that have been modified with a farnesyl group, which is a 15-carbon isoprenoid. This modification plays a role in the localization and function of certain proteins within the cell.

Abnormalities in the biosynthesis of polyisoprenyl phosphates and their downstream products have been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, and genetic syndromes. Therefore, understanding the biology and regulation of these compounds is an active area of research with potential therapeutic implications.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is a high-energy molecule that stores and transports energy within cells. It is the main source of energy for most cellular processes, including muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and protein synthesis. ATP is composed of a base (adenine), a sugar (ribose), and three phosphate groups. The bonds between these phosphate groups contain a significant amount of energy, which can be released when the bond between the second and third phosphate group is broken, resulting in the formation of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate. This process is known as hydrolysis and can be catalyzed by various enzymes to drive a wide range of cellular functions. ATP can also be regenerated from ADP through various metabolic pathways, such as oxidative phosphorylation or substrate-level phosphorylation, allowing for the continuous supply of energy to cells.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Poly U" is not a recognized medical term or abbreviation in the English language. It could potentially refer to Polytechnic University or Hong Kong Polytechnic University, but it does not have a specific medical connotation. If you have more context or information, I'd be happy to help further!

Ribose monophosphates are organic compounds that play a crucial role in the metabolism of cells, particularly in energy transfer and nucleic acid synthesis. A ribose monophosphate is formed by the attachment of a phosphate group to a ribose molecule, which is a type of sugar known as a pentose.

In biochemistry, there are two important ribose monophosphates:

1. Alpha-D-Ribose 5-Phosphate (ADP-Ribose): This compound serves as an essential substrate in various cellular processes, including DNA repair, chromatin remodeling, and protein modification. The enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ADP-ribose is known as poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP).
2. Ribulose 5-Phosphate: This compound is a key intermediate in the Calvin cycle, which is the process by which plants and some bacteria convert carbon dioxide into glucose during photosynthesis. Ribulose 5-phosphate is formed from ribose 5-phosphate through a series of enzymatic reactions.

Ribose monophosphates are essential for the proper functioning of cells and have implications in various physiological processes, as well as in certain disease states.

Poly(I):C is a synthetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecule made up of polycytidylic acid (poly C) and polyinosinic acid (poly I), joined by a 1:1 ratio of their phosphodiester linkages. It is used in research as an immunostimulant, particularly to induce the production of interferons and other cytokines, and to activate immune cells such as natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. Poly(I):C has been studied for its potential use in cancer immunotherapy and as a vaccine adjuvant. It can also induce innate antiviral responses and has been explored as an antiviral agent itself.

The breast is the upper ventral region of the human body in females, which contains the mammary gland. The main function of the breast is to provide nutrition to infants through the production and secretion of milk, a process known as lactation. The breast is composed of fibrous connective tissue, adipose (fatty) tissue, and the mammary gland, which is made up of 15-20 lobes that are arranged in a radial pattern. Each lobe contains many smaller lobules, where milk is produced during lactation. The milk is then transported through a network of ducts to the nipple, where it can be expressed by the infant.

In addition to its role in lactation, the breast also has important endocrine and psychological functions. It contains receptors for hormones such as estrogen and progesterone, which play a key role in sexual development and reproduction. The breast is also a source of sexual pleasure and can be an important symbol of femininity and motherhood.

It's worth noting that males also have breast tissue, although it is usually less developed than in females. Male breast tissue consists mainly of adipose tissue and does not typically contain functional mammary glands. However, some men may develop enlarged breast tissue due to conditions such as gynecomastia, which can be caused by hormonal imbalances or certain medications.

Breast neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the breast tissue that can be benign or malignant. Benign breast neoplasms are non-cancerous tumors or growths, while malignant breast neoplasms are cancerous tumors that can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body.

Breast neoplasms can arise from different types of cells in the breast, including milk ducts, milk sacs (lobules), or connective tissue. The most common type of breast cancer is ductal carcinoma, which starts in the milk ducts and can spread to other parts of the breast and nearby structures.

Breast neoplasms are usually detected through screening methods such as mammography, ultrasound, or MRI, or through self-examination or clinical examination. Treatment options for breast neoplasms depend on several factors, including the type and stage of the tumor, the patient's age and overall health, and personal preferences. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or targeted therapy.

Adjuvant chemotherapy is a medical treatment that is given in addition to the primary therapy, such as surgery or radiation, to increase the chances of a cure or to reduce the risk of recurrence in patients with cancer. It involves the use of chemicals (chemotherapeutic agents) to destroy any remaining cancer cells that may not have been removed by the primary treatment. This type of chemotherapy is typically given after the main treatment has been completed, and its goal is to kill any residual cancer cells that may be present in the body and reduce the risk of the cancer coming back. The specific drugs used and the duration of treatment will depend on the type and stage of cancer being treated.

Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped organs that are part of the immune system. They are found throughout the body, especially in the neck, armpits, groin, and abdomen. Lymph nodes filter lymph fluid, which carries waste and unwanted substances such as bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells. They contain white blood cells called lymphocytes that help fight infections and diseases by attacking and destroying the harmful substances found in the lymph fluid. When an infection or disease is present, lymph nodes may swell due to the increased number of immune cells and fluid accumulation as they work to fight off the invaders.

Carcinoma, ductal, breast is a type of breast cancer that begins in the milk ducts (the tubes that carry milk from the lobules of the breast to the nipple). It is called "ductal" because it starts in the cells that line the milk ducts. Ductal carcinoma can be further classified as either non-invasive or invasive, based on whether the cancer cells are confined to the ducts or have spread beyond them into the surrounding breast tissue.

Non-invasive ductal carcinoma (also known as intraductal carcinoma or ductal carcinoma in situ) is a condition where abnormal cells have been found in the lining of the milk ducts, but they have not spread outside of the ducts. These cells have the potential to become invasive and spread to other parts of the breast or body if left untreated.

Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) is a type of breast cancer that starts in a milk duct and then grows into the surrounding breast tissue. From there, it can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream and lymphatic system. IDC is the most common form of breast cancer, accounting for about 80% of all cases.

Symptoms of ductal carcinoma may include a lump or thickening in the breast, changes in the size or shape of the breast, dimpling or puckering of the skin on the breast, nipple discharge (especially if it is clear or bloody), and/or redness or scaling of the nipple or breast skin. However, many cases of ductal carcinoma are detected through mammography before any symptoms develop.

Treatment for ductal carcinoma depends on several factors, including the stage and grade of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and personal preferences. Treatment options may include surgery (such as a lumpectomy or mastectomy), radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and/or targeted therapies.

Lymphatic metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from a primary tumor to distant lymph nodes through the lymphatic system. It occurs when malignant cells break away from the original tumor, enter the lymphatic vessels, and travel to nearby or remote lymph nodes. Once there, these cancer cells can multiply and form new tumors, leading to further progression of the disease. Lymphatic metastasis is a common way for many types of cancer to spread and can have significant implications for prognosis and treatment strategies.

Estrogen receptors (ERs) are a type of nuclear receptor protein that are expressed in various tissues and cells throughout the body. They play a critical role in the regulation of gene expression and cellular responses to the hormone estrogen. There are two main subtypes of ERs, ERα and ERβ, which have distinct molecular structures, expression patterns, and functions.

ERs function as transcription factors that bind to specific DNA sequences called estrogen response elements (EREs) in the promoter regions of target genes. When estrogen binds to the ER, it causes a conformational change in the receptor that allows it to recruit co-activator proteins and initiate transcription of the target gene. This process can lead to a variety of cellular responses, including changes in cell growth, differentiation, and metabolism.

Estrogen receptors are involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including the development and maintenance of female reproductive tissues, bone homeostasis, cardiovascular function, and cognitive function. They have also been implicated in various pathological conditions, such as breast cancer, endometrial cancer, and osteoporosis. As a result, ERs are an important target for therapeutic interventions in these diseases.

Fallopian tube neoplasms are abnormal growths that occur in the epithelial lining of the fallopian tubes, which are a pair of narrow tubes that transport eggs from the ovaries to the uterus during ovulation. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Benign neoplasms of the fallopian tube include adenomas, papillomas, and leiomyomas. They are usually asymptomatic but can cause symptoms such as pelvic pain, abnormal vaginal bleeding, and infertility. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the neoplasm.

Malignant neoplasms of the fallopian tube are rare and include primary fallopian tube carcinoma and metastatic tumors that have spread to the fallopian tubes from other organs. Primary fallopian tube carcinoma is a highly aggressive cancer that can cause symptoms such as abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, and watery discharge. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the affected tube, followed by chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

Overall, Fallopian tube neoplasms are uncommon but can have serious consequences if left untreated. Regular gynecological exams and screenings can help detect these neoplasms early and improve treatment outcomes.

The Fallopian tubes, also known as uterine tubes or oviducts, are a pair of slender tubular structures in the female reproductive system. They play a crucial role in human reproduction by providing a passageway for the egg (ovum) from the ovary to the uterus (womb).

Each Fallopian tube is typically around 7.6 to 10 centimeters long and consists of four parts: the interstitial part, the isthmus, the ampulla, and the infundibulum. The fimbriated end of the infundibulum, which resembles a fringe or frill, surrounds and captures the released egg from the ovary during ovulation.

Fertilization usually occurs in the ampulla when sperm meets the egg after sexual intercourse. Once fertilized, the zygote (fertilized egg) travels through the Fallopian tube toward the uterus for implantation and further development. The cilia lining the inner surface of the Fallopian tubes help propel the egg and the zygote along their journey.

In some cases, abnormalities or blockages in the Fallopian tubes can lead to infertility or ectopic pregnancies, which are pregnancies that develop outside the uterus, typically within the Fallopian tube itself.

Peritoneal neoplasms refer to tumors or cancerous growths that develop in the peritoneum, which is the thin, transparent membrane that lines the inner wall of the abdomen and covers the organs within it. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant peritoneal neoplasms are often associated with advanced stages of gastrointestinal, ovarian, or uterine cancers and can spread (metastasize) to other parts of the abdomen.

Peritoneal neoplasms can cause various symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Diagnosis typically involves imaging tests like CT scans or MRIs, followed by a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancerous cells. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these approaches, depending on the type, stage, and location of the neoplasm.

Ovarian neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the ovary, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These growths can originate from various cell types within the ovary, including epithelial cells, germ cells, and stromal cells. Ovarian neoplasms are often classified based on their cell type of origin, histological features, and potential for invasive or metastatic behavior.

Epithelial ovarian neoplasms are the most common type and can be further categorized into several subtypes, such as serous, mucinous, endometrioid, clear cell, and Brenner tumors. Some of these epithelial tumors have a higher risk of becoming malignant and spreading to other parts of the body.

Germ cell ovarian neoplasms arise from the cells that give rise to eggs (oocytes) and can include teratomas, dysgerminomas, yolk sac tumors, and embryonal carcinomas. Stromal ovarian neoplasms develop from the connective tissue cells supporting the ovary and can include granulosa cell tumors, thecomas, and fibromas.

It is essential to diagnose and treat ovarian neoplasms promptly, as some malignant forms can be aggressive and potentially life-threatening if not managed appropriately. Regular gynecological exams, imaging studies, and tumor marker tests are often used for early detection and monitoring of ovarian neoplasms. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy, depending on the type, stage, and patient's overall health condition.

Adenocarcinoma, papillary is a type of cancer that begins in the glandular cells and grows in a finger-like projection (called a papilla). This type of cancer can occur in various organs, including the lungs, pancreas, thyroid, and female reproductive system. The prognosis and treatment options for papillary adenocarcinoma depend on several factors, such as the location and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and personalized treatment plan.

Fallopian tube diseases refer to conditions that affect the function or structure of the Fallopian tubes, which are a pair of narrow tubes that transport the egg from the ovaries to the uterus during ovulation and provide a pathway for sperm to reach the egg for fertilization. Some common Fallopian tube diseases include:

1. Salpingitis: This is an inflammation of the Fallopian tubes, usually caused by an infection. The infection can be bacterial, viral, or fungal in origin and can lead to scarring, blockage, or damage to the Fallopian tubes.
2. Hydrosalpinx: This is a condition where one or both of the Fallopian tubes become filled with fluid, leading to swelling and distension of the tube. The cause of hydrosalpinx can be infection, endometriosis, or previous surgery.
3. Endometriosis: This is a condition where the tissue that lines the inside of the uterus grows outside of it, including on the Fallopian tubes. This can lead to scarring, adhesions, and blockage of the tubes.
4. Ectopic pregnancy: This is a pregnancy that develops outside of the uterus, usually in the Fallopian tube. An ectopic pregnancy can cause the Fallopian tube to rupture, leading to severe bleeding and potentially life-threatening complications.
5. Tubal ligation: This is a surgical procedure that involves blocking or cutting the Fallopian tubes to prevent pregnancy. In some cases, tubal ligation can lead to complications such as ectopic pregnancy or tubal sterilization syndrome, which is a condition where the fallopian tubes reconnect and allow for pregnancy to occur.

These conditions can cause infertility, chronic pain, and other health problems, and may require medical or surgical treatment.

Fallopian tube patency tests are medical procedures used to determine whether the fallopian tubes, which are the pair of narrow tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus in females, are open and functioning properly. The tests typically involve introducing a dye or gas into the uterus and observing whether it flows freely through the fallopian tubes and spills out of the ends.

There are several types of Fallopian tube patency tests, including:

1. Hysterosalpingogram (HSG): This is a radiologic procedure that involves injecting a dye into the uterus through the cervix while taking X-rays to observe the flow of the dye through the fallopian tubes.
2. Sonohysterography: This is an ultrasound procedure that involves injecting a sterile saline solution into the uterus through the cervix and observing the flow of the fluid through the fallopian tubes using ultrasound imaging.
3. Falloposcopy: This is a minimally invasive procedure that involves inserting a thin, flexible tube with a camera into the uterus and fallopian tubes to directly visualize their patency and any abnormalities.
4. Hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography (HyCoSy): This is an ultrasound procedure that involves injecting a contrast medium into the uterus through the cervix while observing the flow of the contrast through the fallopian tubes using ultrasound imaging.

These tests are often performed as part of an infertility evaluation to determine whether blocked or damaged fallopian tubes may be contributing to difficulty conceiving.

... adenosine diphosphate ribose) with histones". Biochemistry. 31 (5): 1379-1385. doi:10.1021/bi00120a014. PMID 1736995. Fatokun, ... Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase is a mediator of necrotic cell death by ATP depletion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96: 13978-13982 ... PARP-1 accomplishes many of its roles through regulating poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR). PAR is a polymer that varies in length and can ... PAR, which is responsible for the activation of AIF, is regulated in the cell by the enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase ( ...
"Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide glycohydrolases and poly adenosine diphosphate ribose synthesis in rat liver". Biochemical ... ADP-ribose + nicotinamide Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are NAD+ and H2O, whereas its two products are ADP-ribose and ... Unlike ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase (EC 3.2.2.6), which catalyzes the same reaction, this reaction does not ... "ENZYME - 3.2.2.6 ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase". enzyme.expasy.org. Retrieved 2022-07-11. Hofmann EC, ...
PARP1 synthesizes polymeric adenosine diphosphate ribose (poly (ADP-ribose) or PAR) chains on itself. Next the chromatin ... In further steps, Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is required and may be an early step in MMEJ. There is pairing of ... The PARP1 protein, attached to both DDB1 and DDB2, then PARylates (creates a poly-ADP ribose chain) on DDB2 that attracts the ... December 2016). "The poly(ADP-ribose)-dependent chromatin remodeler Alc1 induces local chromatin relaxation upon DNA damage". ...
"Novel phenanthridinone inhibitors of poly(adenosine 5′-diphosphate-ribose) synthetase: Potent cytoprotective and antishock ... Szabó, C; Zingarelli, B; O'Connor, M; Salzman, A L (1996-03-05). "DNA strand breakage, activation of poly (ADP-ribose) ... which activate poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), a mammalian nuclear and mitochondrial enzyme, which, in turn, induces cell ... the role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation". Nature Medicine. 7 (1): 108-113. doi:10.1038/83241. ISSN 1078-8956. PMID ...
ADP-ribose). Miwa M, Sugimura T (October 1971). "Splitting of the ribose-ribose linkage of poly(adenosine diphosphate-robose) ... linkage of ribose-ribose bond to produce free ADP-ribose Specific to (1''-2') linkage of ribose-ribose bond of poly( ... Poly(ADP-ribose)+glycohydrolase at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology (EC ... Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.143) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction hydrolyses ...
"The cytotoxic T lymphocyte protease granzyme A cleaves and inactivates poly(adenosine 5'-diphosphate-ribose) polymerase-1". ...
... (ADPR) is an ester molecule formed into chains by the enzyme poly ADP ribose polymerase. ADPR is ... Adenosine diphosphate ADP-ribosylation Ribose Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase Braidy N, Berg J, Clement J, Sachdev P (2019). "Role ... September 2004). "TRPM2 channel opening in response to oxidative stress is dependent on activation of poly(ADP-ribose) ... Lee HC (2011). "Cyclic ADP-ribose and NAADP: fraternal twin messengers for calcium signaling". Science China Life Sciences. 54 ...
... and begins the synthesis of a polymeric adenosine diphosphate ribose (poly (ADP-ribose) or PAR) chain, which acts as a signal ... ADP-ribose) polymerase at inotekcorp.com The PARP Link Homepage at parplink.u-strasbg.fr Poly+ADP+Ribose+Polymerase at the U.S ... the PAR chains are degraded via Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG). NAD+ is required as substrate for generating ADP-ribose ... Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is a family of proteins involved in a number of cellular processes such as DNA repair, ...
... inhibits poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1(PARP-1) activity". J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 57 (2): 192-6. doi:10.3177/jnsv.57.192 ... In E. coli AThTP is synthesized from thiamine diphosphate (ThDP) according to the following reaction catalyzed by thiamine ... Adenosine thiamine triphosphate (AThTP), or thiaminylated adenosine triphosphate, is a natural thiamine adenine nucleotide. It ... diphosphate adenylyl transferase: ThDP + ATP (ADP) ↔ AThTP + PPi (Pi) The molecule is made up of thiamine and adenosine joined ...
... cyclic adp-ribose MeSH D09.408.620.569.070.125.600 - poly adenosine diphosphate ribose MeSH D09.408.620.569.200 - cytidine ... adenosine diphosphate glucose MeSH D09.408.620.569.070.125 - adenosine diphosphate ribose MeSH D09.408.620.569.070.125.040 - o- ... nucleoside diphosphate sugars MeSH D09.408.620.569.070 - adenosine diphosphate sugars MeSH D09.408.620.569.070.075 - ... uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid MeSH D09.408.620.569.727.800 - uridine diphosphate xylose MeSH D09.408.782.250 - escin MeSH ...
ADP-ribosylation (ADPr) defines the addition of one or more adenosine diphosphate ribose (ADP-ribose) groups to a protein. ADPr ... Ryu KW, Kim DS, Kraus WL (March 2015). "New facets in the regulation of gene expression by ADP-ribosylation and poly(ADP-ribose ... and mRNA processing through poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) enzymes. There are multiple types of PARP proteins, but the ...
... poly a-u MeSH D13.695.578.550.530 - poly adenosine diphosphate ribose MeSH D13.695.578.550.560 - poly c MeSH D13.695.578.550. ... cyclic adp-ribose MeSH D13.695.827.708.070.125.600 - poly adenosine diphosphate ribose MeSH D13.695.827.708.260 - cytidine ... adenosine diphosphate glucose MeSH D13.695.827.708.070.125 - adenosine diphosphate ribose MeSH D13.695.827.708.070.125.040 - o- ... adenosine diphosphate glucose MeSH D13.695.667.138.124.070.125 - adenosine diphosphate ribose MeSH D13.695.667.138.124.070. ...
"Chemical and metabolic properties of adenosine diphosphate ribose derivatives of nuclear proteins". Biochem J. 1975;147:523-529 ... ADP-ribose)glycohydrolase, an enzyme that hydrolyses poly(ADP-ribose) to produce free ADP-ribose. Studies have shown poly(ADP- ... Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerases (PARPs) are found mostly in eukaryotes and catalyze the transfer of multiple ADP-ribose molecules ... ADP-ribose) and a decrease in the amount of NAD+. For over a decade it was thought that PARP1 was the only poly(ADP-ribose) ...
... poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase EC 3.2.1.144: 3-deoxyoctulosonase EC 3.2.1.145: galactan 1,3-β-galactosidase EC 3.2.1.146: β- ... α-D-ribose 1-methylphosphonate 5-triphosphate diphosphatase EC 3.6.1.64: inosine diphosphate phosphatase * EC 3.6.1.65: (d)CTP ... ADP-ribose diphosphatase EC 3.6.1.14: adenosine-tetraphosphatase EC 3.6.1.15: nucleoside-triphosphatase EC 3.6.1.16: CDP- ... ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase EC 3.2.2.7: adenosine nucleosidase EC 3.2.2.8: ribosylpyrimidine nucleosidase ...
... that the hardening of arteries caused by the build-up of calcium may be triggered by polymeric adenosine diphosphate ribose ( ... 1 June 2019). "Poly(ADP-Ribose) Links the DNA Damage Response and Biomineralization". Cell Reports. 27 (11): 3124-3138.e13. doi ... 1 May 2014). "NMR spectroscopy of native and in vitro tissues implicates polyADP ribose in biomineralization". Science. 344 ( ...
poly(A) tail polyadenylation The addition of a series of multiple adenosine ribonucleotides, known as a poly(A) tail, to the 3 ... hydroxyl group from the ribose ring of ribonucleoside diphosphates (rNDPs). RNR plays a critical role in regulating the overall ... Ribose differs from its structural analog deoxyribose, used in DNA, only at the 2' carbon, where ribose has an attached ... Examples include ribosomes and the enzyme ribonuclease P. ribose A monosaccharide sugar which, as D-ribose in its pentose ring ...
... sulfide-dependent adenosine diphosphate thiazole synthase (*) EC 2.4.2.60: cysteine-dependent adenosine diphosphate thiazole ... poly(glycerol-phosphate) α-glucosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.53: poly(ribitol-phosphate) β-glucosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.54: ... α-D-ribose-1-phosphate 5-kinase (ADP) EC 2.7.1.213: cytidine kinase EC 2.7.1.214: C7-cyclitol 7-kinase EC 2.7.1.215: erythritol ... all-trans-nonaprenyl-diphosphate synthase [geranyl-diphosphate specific]) and EC 2.5.1.85 (all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate ...
... poly(adp-ribose) polymerases MeSH D08.811.913.400.725.115.690.840 - tankyrases MeSH D08.811.913.400.725.115.845 - sirtuins MeSH ... adenosine kinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.155 - choline kinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.175 - deoxycytidine kinase MeSH D08.811 ... ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase MeSH D08.811.682.830.249 - electron transport complex ii MeSH D08.811.682.830.249.500 - ... adp ribose transferases MeSH D08.811.913.400.725.115.180 - cholera toxin MeSH D08.811.913.400.725.115.220 - diphtheria toxin ...
... end Acentric chromosome Achondroplasia Active site Adam's Curse Adaptation Adenine Adenosine Adenovirus Adenosine diphosphate ( ... Poky mutation Polar body Polar granules Polar mutation Polar overdominance Polarity Polarity gene Pollen grain Poly(A) tail ... Retroviral infection Retrovirus Reverse genetics Reversion RF RFLP RFLP mapping Rho Ribonucleic acid Ribonucleotide Ribose ...
... adenosine diphosphate ribose) and the other with nicotinamide at this position. The compound accepts or donates the equivalent ... Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is carried out by the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases. The poly(ADP-ribose) structure is involved in the ... Bürkle A (2005). "Poly(ADP-ribose). The most elaborate metabolite of NAD+". FEBS J. 272 (18): 4576-89. doi:10.1111/j.1742- ... Diefenbach J, Bürkle A (2005). "Introduction to poly(ADP-ribose) metabolism". Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 62 (7-8): 721-30. doi: ...
Poly(adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have recently been found to be remarkably toxic to cells ... Poly(adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have recently been found to be remarkably toxic to cells ... Sargazi S, Saravani R, Zavar Reza J, Zarei Jaliani H, Galavi H, Moudi M et al . Novel Poly(Adenosine Diphosphate-Ribose) ... Novel Poly(Adenosine Diphosphate-Ribose) Polymerase (PARP) Inhibitor, AZD2461, Down-Regulates VEGF and Induces Apoptosis in ...
Poly adenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase inhibitors: This treatment works by blocking DNA repair pathways in cancer cells. ...
... adenosine diphosphate ribose) with histones". Biochemistry. 31 (5): 1379-1385. doi:10.1021/bi00120a014. PMID 1736995. Fatokun, ... Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase is a mediator of necrotic cell death by ATP depletion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96: 13978-13982 ... PARP-1 accomplishes many of its roles through regulating poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR). PAR is a polymer that varies in length and can ... PAR, which is responsible for the activation of AIF, is regulated in the cell by the enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase ( ...
Rucaparib is a PARP (poly [adenosine diphosphate-ribose] polymerase) inhibitor. It was approved in Europe in 2018. In the EU ...
Poly(adenosine diphosphate [ADP] ̶ ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors] (olaparib) The CDK4/6 inhibitor abemaciclib (Verzenio ...
... adenosine diphosphate-ribose] polymerase) inhibitor. PARP inhibitors can destroy cancer cells that are not good at repairing ... Olaparib is a type of drug called a PARP (poly [ ... Olaparib is a type of drug called a PARP (poly [adenosine ... diphosphate-ribose] polymerase) inhibitor. PARP inhibitors can destroy cancer cells that are not good at repairing DNA damage. ...
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) facilitates local chromatin relaxation and the recruitment of DNA repair factors at ... PARP-1 synthesizes a structurally complex polymer composed of ADP-ribose units that facilitates local chromatin relaxation and ... Oikawa, A., Tohda, H., Kanai, M., Miwa, M. & Sugimura, T. Inhibitors of poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase induce ... ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) functions in both DNA-dependent poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis activity and chromatin compaction ...
Niraparib is a highly selective poly adenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibi.... Source: Johnson and Johnson - ... a selective poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, in combination with abiraterone acetate plus prednisone in patients ... a highly selective poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, in combination with abiraterone acetate plus prednisone (AAP ...
Poly-adenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase or PARP-based targeted therapies are under development and are expected to ... Tags: Adenosine, Breast Cancer, Cancer, Cancer Therapy, Cancer Treatment, Chemotherapy, CT, Drug Delivery, Drugs, Health ...
Poly(adenosine 5′-diphosphate [ADP]-ribose)-polymerase (PARP)-14 belongs to a family of intracellular proteins that generate ... POLY(ADP-RIBOSE) POLYMERASE-14 INTERACTS WITH TRISTETRAPROLIN TO SELECTIVELY REGULATE TISSUE FACTOR MRNA STABILITY: A NOVEL ... Iqbal MB, Johns M, Yu SC, Hyde GD, Gavins FN, Blackshear PJ, Mackman N, Dean JL, Boothby M, Haskard DOet al., 2013, Poly(ADP- ... ribose) polymerase-14 interacts with tristetraprolin to selectively regulate tissue factor mRNA stability: a novel role for ADP ...
ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) activity on neurodegenerative pathology. The cellular stress and subsequent DNA damage ... We provide evidence for potential influences of E3 ligase and poly adenosine diphosphate ( ... We provide evidence for potential influences of E3 ligase and poly adenosine diphosphate (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) ... Functional protein families such as kinases, E3 ligases, (de)acetylases and poly adenosine diphosphate (ADP-ribose) polymerases ...
Potential role of poly(adenosine 5-diphosphate-ribose) polymerase activation in the pathogenesis of myocardial contractile ...
Inhibition of poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in experimental models of neurologic diseases: cell death ... Spatial and functional relationship between poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 and poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase in the brain. ... Proteome-wide identification of poly(ADP-ribose) binding proteins and poly(ADP-ribose)-associated protein complexes. Nucleic ... Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymer is a death signal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of ...
Inhibition of poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase by the active form of vitamin D. Mabley, J., Wallace, R., Pacher, P ... Inhibition of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase attenuates acute lung injury in an ovine model of sepsis. Murakami, K., Enkhbaatar, ... Inhibition of poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase by gene disruption or inhibition with 5-iodo-6-amino-1,2-benzopyrone protects mice ... Injectable strontium-doped hydroxyapatite integrated with phosphoserine-tethered poly(epsilon-lysine) dendrons for ...
The FDA has approved three poly (adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzyme inhibitors for maintenance ...
As poly adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose polymerase 1 (PARP-1) is overexpressed in various cancer types, and is localized to ... As poly adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose polymerase 1 (PARP-1) is overexpressed in various cancer types, and is localized to ... Upregulation of Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1 (PARP1) in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer and Other Primary Human Tumor Types ... Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is a family of enzymes involved in DNA damage response. In this study, we looked for ...
... a Poly (adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor (043)Tymon-Rosario J, Manara P, Manavella D, Bellone S ... a poly (adenosine diphosphate [ADP]- ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitorTymon-Rosario JR, Manara P, Manavella DD, Bellone S, ... a Poly (adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor (043). Gynecologic Oncology 2022, 166: s30. DOI: ... a poly (adenosine diphosphate [ADP]- ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor. Gynecologic Oncology 2022, 166: 117-125. PMID: ...
Clinical trials of poly-adenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase inhibitors have shown promising responses in men with germline ...
It modifies NUCLEAR PROTEINS involved in chromatin architecture and BASE EXCISION REPAIR with POLY ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSE ... ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1" by people in this website by year, and whether "Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1" was a major or minor ... Nusinow DA, Hern?ndez-Mu?oz I, Fazzio TG, Shah GM, Kraus WL, Panning B. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 is inhibited by a histone ... "Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH ( ...
... has approved BRCA genetic tests as companion diagnostics to guide cancer treatment with poly adenosine diphosphate-ribose ...
... on the selection of new upfront regimens for ovarian cancer incorporating bevacizumab and/or poly-adenosine diphosphate-ribose ...
Real-world clinical outcomes with poly (adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribose) polymerase inhibitors as second-line maintenance ...
keywords = "bevacizumab, first-line treatment, ovarian cancer, poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, ... KW - poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor. KW - real-world data ...
8, 2019 (HealthDay News) - The poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor veliparib plus platinum-based ...
... poly adenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase) inhibitor, if appropriate.. MacroGenics is also evaluating the activity of MGC018 ...
Poly adenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are approved as maintenance treatment for recurrent primary ...
PARP stands for poly adenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase, which is a type of enzyme that repairs DNA in cells. PARP ...
The following patients should be offered BRCA testing for poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase) inhibitor (PARPi) ...
... adenosine diphosphate)-ribose polymerase inhibitorsBRCA1 CpG island hypermethylation predicts sensitivity to poly(adenosine ... diphosphate)-ribose polymerase inhibitors. Veeck, Jürgen; Ropero, Santiago; Setién, Fernando; Gonzalez-Suarez, Eva; Osorio, Ana ... BRCA1 CpG island hypermethylation predicts sensitivity to poly( ...
... thus building up a linear or branched homopolymer of repeating ADP-ribose units i.e., POLY ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSE.. ... Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases. Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of multiple ADP-RIBOSE groups from nicotinamide-adenine ... Signal TransducingVincristineRadiation-Sensitizing AgentsProteinsPoly(ADP-ribose) PolymerasesOncogene Protein v-aktBrain- ... Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3 end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this ...
  • Poly(adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have recently been found to be remarkably toxic to cells with defects in homologous recombination, particularly cells with BRCA-mutated backgrounds. (ac.ir)
  • citation needed] Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a nuclear enzyme that is found universally in all eukaryotes and is encoded by the PARP-1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • It belongs to the PARP family, which is a group of catalysts that transfer ADP-ribose units from NAD (nicotinamide dinucleotide) to protein targets, thus creating branched or linear polymers. (wikipedia.org)
  • PARP-1 accomplishes many of its roles through regulating poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR). (wikipedia.org)
  • Rucaparib is a PARP (poly [adenosine diphosphate-ribose] polymerase) inhibitor. (medscape.com)
  • Olaparib is a type of drug called a PARP (poly [adenosine diphosphate-ribose] polymerase) inhibitor. (cancersa.org.au)
  • Upon activation, PARP-1 synthesizes a structurally complex polymer composed of ADP-ribose units that facilitates local chromatin relaxation and the recruitment of DNA repair factors. (nature.com)
  • Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is an abundant and ubiquitous nuclear protein that uses NAD + to synthesize a multibranched polyanion composed of ADP-ribose moieties, giving rise to poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR), onto itself or a variety of target proteins. (nature.com)
  • Poly-adenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase or PARP -based targeted therapies are under development and are expected to effectively treat breast cancers. (news-medical.net)
  • Poly(adenosine 5′-diphosphate [ADP]-ribose)-polymerase (PARP)-14 belongs to a family of intracellular proteins that generate ADP-ribose posttranslational adducts. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • As poly adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose polymerase 1 (PARP-1) is overexpressed in various cancer types, and is localized to the nucleus, PARP-1 can be safely targeted with Auger emitters to induce DNA damage in tumors. (osti.gov)
  • The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved BRCA genetic tests as companion diagnostics to guide cancer treatment with poly adenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors . (cdc.gov)
  • Our discussion provides a clinical pathway to guide clinicians on the selection of new upfront regimens for ovarian cancer incorporating bevacizumab and/or poly-adenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. (sutterhealth.org)
  • The Company plans to initiate the Phase 2 portion of the TAMARACK Phase 2/3 study in patients with mCRPC who have had prior exposure to a taxane and at least one androgen receptor axis-targeted, or ARAT, agent (including abiraterone, enzalutamide or apalutimide), and a PARP (poly adenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase) inhibitor, if appropriate. (macrogenics.com)
  • In addition to poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, immunotherapy has shown the potential in targeted therapy of OC [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) have demonstrated efficacy in women with BRCA-mutant ovarian cancer. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • Germline aberrations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are predictive biomarkers of response to poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor olaparib and platinum-based chemotherapy in PDAC, while mutations in mismatch repair genes identify patients suitable for immune checkpoint inhibitors. (escholarship.org)
  • Data being presented include results from a Phase 2 study evaluating the safety and efficacy of veliparib (ABT-888), a poly (adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, in combination with two broad-acting chemotherapeutic medicines in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). (abbvie.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Approximately half of high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas (HGSOCs) demonstrate homologous recombination repair (HR) pathway defects, resulting in a distinct clinical phenotype comprising hypersensitivity to platinum, superior clinical outcome, and greater sensitivity to poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • The now-published results from the EMBRACA study confirm that talazoparib (Pfizer), a poly-adenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, prolongs progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with advanced BCRA -positive breast cancer compared with single-agent chemotherapy alone, and that it also significantly improves quality of life. (cancercommons.org)
  • 5-Amino-4-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)isoquinolin-1-one was identified as a new potent and selective inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-2 (PARP-2). (bath.ac.uk)
  • The following patients should be offered BRCA testing for poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase) inhibitor (PARPi) theragnostic purposes: those with HER2-negative metastatic breast and castrate-resistant prostate cancer, patients with platinum-sensitive metastatic pancreatic cancer, and those with newly diagnosed FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) stage III/IV or recurrent high-grade epithelial ovarian cancer. (medscape.com)
  • Here, we show that a subset of ovarian cancer cell lines and ex vivo models derived from patient biopsies are intrinsically sensitive to a first-in-class poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) inhibitor. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • This vital coenzyme can be found in every cell of the human body where it aids in fuel reduction-oxidation reactions, the transportation of electrons between reactions, and acts as a cosubstrate for other enzymes such as the sirtuins and poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerases. (drvitaminsolutions.com)
  • Real-world clinical outcomes with poly (adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribose) polymerase inhibitors as second-line maintenance therapy in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer in the United States. (onclive.com)
  • It appears to be sensitive to platinum-based chemotherapy and poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase inhibitors. (wiredpen.com)
  • The dynamic turnover of PAR within seconds to minutes is executed by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase, the main PAR-degrading enzyme, which possesses both endoglycosidic and exoglycosidic activities, thereby enabling a new round of DNA damage signaling 14 . (nature.com)
  • PARIS undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation and poly(ADP-ribose)-mediated solidification. (neurotree.org)
  • EC 2.4.2.30) is an abundant nuclear enzyme, activated by DNA strand breaks to attach up to 200 ADP-ribose groups to nuclear proteins. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • My research revolves around ADP-ribosyltransferases, which cleave NAD+ to link ADP-ribose to their target proteins. (lu.se)
  • While necrosis is caused by acute cell injury resulting in traumatic cell death and apoptosis is a highly controlled process signalled by apoptotic intracellular signals, parthanatos is caused by the accumulation of Poly(ADP ribose) (PAR) and the nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) from mitochondria. (wikipedia.org)
  • abstract = "Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) is a nucleic acid-like protein modification that can seed the formation of microscopically visible cellular compartments that lack enveloping membranes, recently termed biomolecular condensates. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • We provide evidence for potential influences of E3 ligase and poly adenosine diphosphate (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) activity on neurodegenerative pathology. (frontiersin.org)
  • The injury further led to an increase in poly(ADP ribose) activity that reached its peak at 12 h after injury and declined afterward. (utmb.edu)
  • Jog NR, Caricchio R. Differential regulation of cell death programs in males and females by Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1 and 17? (umassmed.edu)
  • After 120 min of hyperoxic recovery, adenosine triphosphate levels returned to control values in slices pretreated with L-NAME and 7-NI, but to only 30% of control in untreated or L-nitroarginine-treated slices. (asahq.org)
  • Undoubtedly, the introduction of poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase inhibitors such as olaparib will alter this clinical picture. (amjcaserep.com)
  • such strategies include administering concurrent TRT and chemotherapy, and the use of TRT with known or putative radiosensitizers such as poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase and mammalian-target-of-rapamycin inhibitors. (ox.ac.uk)
  • High risk of recurrent disease after treatment of advanced-stage EOC has prompted an intensive search for maintenance strategies, and poly (adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribose) polymerase inhibitors have been found to be particularly efficacious in this setting. (mhmedical.com)
  • Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases are a family of DNA-dependent nuclear enzymes catalyzing the transfer of ADP-ribose moieties from cellular nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide to a variety of target proteins. (nih.gov)
  • Although they have been considered as resident nuclear elements of the DNA repair machinery, recent works revealed a more intricate physiologic role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases with numerous extranuclear activities. (nih.gov)
  • Indeed, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases participate in fundamental cellular processes like chromatin remodelling, transcription or regulation of the cell-cycle. (nih.gov)
  • These new insight into the physiologic roles of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases widens the range of human pathologies in which pharmacologic inhibition of these enzymes might have a therapeutic potential. (nih.gov)
  • Here, we overview our current knowledge on extranuclear functions of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases with a particular focus on the mitochondrial ones and discuss potential fields of future clinical applications. (nih.gov)
  • A polynucleotide formed from the ADP-RIBOSE moiety of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide ( NAD ) by POLY(ADP-RIBOSE ) POLYMERASES. (nih.gov)
  • Strategies to enhance response to poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPi) in primary and acquired homologous recombination (HR)-proficient tumors would be a major advance in cancer care. (nih.gov)
  • Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) is a cell-signaling molecule that mediates changes in protein function through binding at PAR binding sites. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase activation plays a part in Tenovin-6 IC50 the manifestation of P-selectin and intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 (22). (immune-source.com)
  • The molecule, called poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) or poly(ADP-ribose), can potentially inform disease prevention and treatments-if scientists can figure. (scienceweekdigest.com)
  • 3. Positron-Emission Tomographic Imaging of a Fluorine 18-Radiolabeled Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1 Inhibitor Monitors the Therapeutic Efficacy of Talazoparib in SCLC Patient-Derived Xenografts. (nih.gov)
  • 14. Therapeutic Targeting of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1 (PARP1) in Cancer: Current Developments, Therapeutic Strategies, and Future Opportunities. (nih.gov)
  • Thus, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1, DNA polymerase beta, and ligase III interact with x-ray repair cross-complementing protein-1 within the BER complex, which ensures that ATP is generated and specifically used for DNA ligation. (nih.gov)
  • Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation refers to the covalent attachment of ADP-ribose to protein, generating branched, long chains of ADP-ribose moieties, known as poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR). (nih.gov)
  • While necrosis is caused by acute cell injury resulting in traumatic cell death and apoptosis is a highly controlled process signalled by apoptotic intracellular signals, parthanatos is caused by the accumulation of Poly(ADP ribose) (PAR) and the nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) from mitochondria. (wikipedia.org)
  • This conclusion was drawn from experiments in which the fate of [(32)P]poly(ADP-ribose) or [(32)P]NAD added to HeLa nuclear extracts was systematically followed. (nih.gov)
  • When using NAD, but not poly(ADP-ribose), in the presence of 3-aminobenzamide, the entire process was blocked, confirming poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation to be the essential initial step. (nih.gov)
  • the same was confirmed by activation of caspases through cleavage of endogenous substrate poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase. (phcog.com)
  • Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is the main polymerase and acceptor of PAR in response to DNA damage. (nih.gov)
  • Although the well-known poly(ADP-ribosylating) (PARylating) PARPs primarily function in the DNA damage response, many noncanonical mono(ADP-ribosylating) (MARylating) PARPs are associated with cellular antiviral responses. (nih.gov)
  • It is shown here that poly(ADP-ribose) serves as an energy source for the final and rate-limiting step of BER, DNA ligation. (nih.gov)