Poisons. Medical search

Substances which, when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed, or when applied to, injected into, or developed within the body in relatively small amounts may, by their chemical action, cause damage to structure or disturbance of function. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection, inhalation of or exposure to a deleterious agent.

Compounds that inhibit the activity of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II. Included in this category are a variety of ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS which target the eukaryotic form of topoisomerase II and ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS which target the prokaryotic form of topoisomerase II.

Compounds that inhibit the activity of DNA TOPOISOMERASE I.

An allergic contact dermatitis caused by exposure to plants of the genus Toxicodendron (formerly Rhus). These include poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac, all plants that contain the substance urushiol, a potent skin sensitizing agent. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other rodents.

Venoms produced by frogs, toads, salamanders, etc. The venom glands are usually on the skin of the back and contain cardiotoxic glycosides, cholinolytics, and a number of other bioactive materials, many of which have been characterized. The venoms have been used as arrow poisons and include bufogenin, bufotoxin, bufagin, bufotalin, histrionicotoxins, and pumiliotoxin.

DNA TOPOISOMERASES that catalyze ATP-dependent breakage of both strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strands through the breaks, and rejoining of the broken strands. These enzymes bring about relaxation of the supercoiled DNA and resolution of a knotted circular DNA duplex.

The reduction or regulation of the population of noxious, destructive, or dangerous rodents through chemical, biological, or other means.

Substances or materials used in the course of housekeeping or personal routine.

A genus (formerly part of Rhus genus) of shrubs, vines, or trees that yields a highly allergenic oleoresin which causes a severe contact dermatitis (DERMATITIS, TOXICODENDRON). The most toxic species are Toxicodendron vernix (poison sumac), T. diversilobum (poison oak), and T. radicans (poison ivy). T. vernicifera yields a useful varnish from which certain enzymes (laccases) are obtained.

Medical procedure involving the emptying of contents in the stomach through the use of a tube inserted through the nose or mouth. It is performed to remove poisons or relieve pressure due to intestinal blockages or during surgery.

DNA TOPOISOMERASES that catalyze ATP-independent breakage of one of the two strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strand through the break, and rejoining of the broken strand. DNA Topoisomerases, Type I enzymes reduce the topological stress in the DNA structure by relaxing the superhelical turns and knotted rings in the DNA helix.

Agents counteracting or neutralizing the action of POISONS.

Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.

Substances found in many plants, containing the 4-hydroxycoumarin radical. They interfere with vitamin K and the blood clotting mechanism, are tightly protein-bound, inhibit mitochondrial and microsomal enzymes, and are used as oral anticoagulants.

An order of the class Amphibia, which includes several families of frogs and toads. They are characterized by well developed hind limbs adapted for jumping, fused head and trunk and webbed toes. The term "toad" is ambiguous and is properly applied only to the family Bufonidae.

The sumac plant family in the order Sapindales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida. They are tropical and subtropical trees, shrubs, and woody vines that have resin ducts in the bark. The sap of many of the species is irritating to the skin.

A reaction that severs one of the covalent sugar-phosphate linkages between NUCLEOTIDES that compose the sugar phosphate backbone of DNA. It is catalyzed enzymatically, chemically or by radiation. Cleavage may be exonucleolytic - removing the end nucleotide, or endonucleolytic - splitting the strand in two.

An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.

An alkaloid isolated from the stem wood of the Chinese tree, Camptotheca acuminata. This compound selectively inhibits the nuclear enzyme DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I. Several semisynthetic analogs of camptothecin have demonstrated antitumor activity.

A syrup made from the dried rhizomes of two different species, CEPHAELIS ipecacuanha and C. acuminata. They contain EMETINE, cephaeline, psychotrine and other ISOQUINOLINES. Ipecac syrup is used widely as an emetic acting both locally on the gastric mucosa and centrally on the chemoreceptor trigger zone.

A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle.

Compounds that inhibit the activity of DNA TOPOISOMERASES.

A group of 1,2-benzenediols that contain the general formula R-C6H5O2.

Agents that cause vomiting. They may act directly on the gastrointestinal tract, bringing about emesis through local irritant effects, or indirectly, through their effects on the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the postremal area near the medulla.

A carbamate that is used as an herbicide and as a plant growth regulator.

A potent eye, throat, and skin irritant. One of its uses is as a riot control agent.

Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.

Agents that are capable of inserting themselves between the successive bases in DNA, thus kinking, uncoiling or otherwise deforming it and therefore preventing its proper functioning. They are used in the study of DNA.

Laws concerned with manufacturing, dispensing, and marketing of drugs.

A highly toxic gas that has been used as a chemical warfare agent. It is an insidious poison as it is not irritating immediately, even when fatal concentrations are inhaled. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed, p7304)

The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and biological action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations.

A plant genus of the family APOCYNACEAE. Members contain thevetin.

An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties.

Drugs designed and synthesized, often for illegal street use, by modification of existing drug structures (e.g., amphetamines). Of special interest are MPTP (a reverse ester of meperidine), MDA (3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine), and MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine). Many drugs act on the aminergic system, the physiologically active biogenic amines.

Inorganic or organic compounds derived from phosphine (PH3) by the replacement of H atoms. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Injuries to DNA that introduce deviations from its normal, intact structure and which may, if left unrepaired, result in a MUTATION or a block of DNA REPLICATION. These deviations may be caused by physical or chemical agents and occur by natural or unnatural, introduced circumstances. They include the introduction of illegitimate bases during replication or by deamination or other modification of bases; the loss of a base from the DNA backbone leaving an abasic site; single-strand breaks; double strand breaks; and intrastrand (PYRIMIDINE DIMERS) or interstrand crosslinking. Damage can often be repaired (DNA REPAIR). If the damage is extensive, it can induce APOPTOSIS.

Coordination of activities and programs among health care institutions within defined geographic areas for the purpose of improving delivery and quality of medical care to the patients. These programs are mandated under U.S. Public Law 89-239.

The unsuccessful attempt to kill oneself.

Containers, packaging, and packaging materials for drugs and BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS. These include those in ampule, capsule, tablet, solution or other forms. Packaging includes immediate-containers, secondary-containers, and cartons. In the United States, such packaging is controlled under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act which also stipulates requirements for tamper-resistance and child-resistance. Similar laws govern use elsewhere. (From Code of Federal Regulations, 21 CFR 1 Section 210, 1993) DRUG LABELING is also available.

Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.

Organic nitrogenous bases. Many alkaloids of medical importance occur in the animal and vegetable kingdoms, and some have been synthesized. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A compound that contains a reduced purine ring system but is not biosynthetically related to the purine alkaloids. It is a poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by GONYAULAX and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects. It is neurotoxic and causes RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS and other effects in MAMMALS, known as paralytic SHELLFISH poisoning.

Agents obtained from higher plants that have demonstrable cytostatic or antineoplastic activity.

Poisoning from ingestion of mushrooms, primarily from, but not restricted to, toxic varieties.

Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide.

Professionals who plan, organize and direct health education programs for the individual, groups and the community.

Agents which affect CELL DIVISION and the MITOTIC SPINDLE APPARATUS resulting in the loss or gain of whole CHROMOSOMES, thereby inducing an ANEUPLOIDY.

Chemical substances which are employed during a riot in order to control or disperse the rioting parties.

The religion of the Jews characterized by belief in one God and in the mission of the Jews to teach the Fatherhood of God as revealed in the Hebrew Scriptures. (Webster, 3d ed)

Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

An amorphous form of carbon prepared from the incomplete combustion of animal or vegetable matter, e.g., wood. The activated form of charcoal is used in the treatment of poisoning. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Physicians appointed to investigate all cases of sudden or violent death.

An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.

A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Teniposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent cells from entering into the mitotic phase of the cell cycle, and lead to cell death. Teniposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cycle.

Nocodazole is an antineoplastic agent which exerts its effect by depolymerizing microtubules.

The family of true frogs of the order Anura. The family occurs worldwide except in Antarctica.

One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)

Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL); INSECTICIDES; RODENTICIDES; etc.

A mucoprotein found in the cell wall of various types of bacteria. It has adjuvant and antitumor activities and has been used to augment the production of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells.

A polysymptomatic condition believed by clinical ecologists to result from immune dysregulation induced by common foods, allergens, and chemicals, resulting in various physical and mental disorders. The medical community has remained largely skeptical of the existence of this "disease", given the plethora of symptoms attributed to environmental illness, the lack of reproducible laboratory abnormalities, and the use of unproven therapies to treat the condition. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

Compounds based on benzene fused to oxole. They can be formed from methylated CATECHOLS such as EUGENOL.

Efforts and designs to reduce the incidence of unexpected undesirable events in various environments and situations.

Venoms from animals of the phylum Arthropoda. Those most investigated are from scorpions and spiders of the class Arachnidae and from ant, bee, and wasp families of the Insecta order Hymenoptera. The venoms contain protein toxins, enzymes, and other bioactive substances and may be lethal to man.

A family of fused-ring hydrocarbons isolated from coal tar that act as intermediates in various chemical reactions and are used in the production of coumarone-indene resins.

Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.

Poisoning from toxins present in bivalve mollusks that have been ingested. Four distinct types of shellfish poisoning are recognized based on the toxin involved.

Used as an electron carrier in place of the flavine enzyme of Warburg in the hexosemonophosphate system and also in the preparation of SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE.

Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.

Derivatives of acetic acid with one or more fluorines attached. They are almost odorless, difficult to detect chemically, and very stable. The acid itself, as well as the derivatives that are broken down in the body to the acid, are highly toxic substances, behaving as convulsant poisons with a delayed action. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed)

A direct communication system, usually telephone, established for instant contact. It is designed to provide special information and assistance through trained personnel and is used for counseling, referrals, and emergencies such as poisonings and threatened suicides.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Aquatic invertebrates belonging to the phylum MOLLUSCA or the subphylum CRUSTACEA, and used as food.

An industrial solvent which causes nervous system degeneration. MBK is an acronym often used to refer to it.

Toxic or poisonous substances elaborated by marine flora or fauna. They include also specific, characterized poisons or toxins for which there is no more specific heading, like those from poisonous FISHES.

The family of true toads belonging to the order Anura. The genera include Bufo, Ansonia, Nectophrynoides, and Atelopus.

Improper use of drugs or medications outside the intended purpose, scope, or guidelines for use. This is in contrast to MEDICATION ADHERENCE, and distinguished from DRUG ABUSE, which is a deliberate or willful action.

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species.

Devices that control the supply of electric current for running electrical equipment.

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

A microtubule structure that forms during CELL DIVISION. It consists of two SPINDLE POLES, and sets of MICROTUBULES that may include the astral microtubules, the polar microtubules, and the kinetochore microtubules.

Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.

Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.

Organic compounds that contain two nitro groups attached to a phenol.

A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms.

An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.

Drugs obtained and often manufactured illegally for the subjective effects they are said to produce. They are often distributed in urban areas, but are also available in suburban and rural areas, and tend to be grossly impure and may cause unexpected toxicity.

A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.

A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.

A plant genus of the family RUTACEAE.

A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed)

Medicines that can be sold legally without a DRUG PRESCRIPTION.

Waves of oscillating electric and MAGNETIC FIELDS which move at right angles to each other and outward from the source.

Compounds based on a seven-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring. Heat can rearrange them to NAPHTHALENES which have two fused six-membered rings. They are similar to guaiazulenes which are SESQUITERPENES with a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

Flagellate EUKARYOTES, found mainly in the oceans. They are characterized by the presence of transverse and longitudinal flagella which propel the organisms in a rotating manner through the water. Dinoflagellida were formerly members of the class Phytomastigophorea under the old five kingdom paradigm.

The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. It is used for both induction and maintenance of ANESTHESIA.

Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often PROTEINS, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants (PLANTS, TOXIC), or ANIMALS.

Plants or plant parts which are harmful to man or other animals.

Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of facts and data garnered from material of a specialized subject area and made available for analysis and application. The collection can be automated by various contemporary methods for retrieval. The concept should be differentiated from DATABASES, BIBLIOGRAPHIC which is restricted to collections of bibliographic references.

Agents that interact with TUBULIN to inhibit or promote polymerization of MICROTUBULES.

Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes.

Defective nuclei produced during the TELOPHASE of MITOSIS or MEIOSIS by lagging CHROMOSOMES or chromosome fragments derived from spontaneous or experimentally induced chromosomal structural changes.

An RNA polymerase II transcriptional inhibitor. This compound terminates transcription prematurely by selective inhibition of RNA synthesis. It is used in research to study underlying mechanisms of cellular regulation.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Interruptions in the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA, across both strands adjacently.

Pesticides used to destroy unwanted vegetation, especially various types of weeds, grasses (POACEAE), and woody plants. Some plants develop HERBICIDE RESISTANCE.

Elements, compounds, mixtures, or solutions that are considered severely harmful to human health and the environment. They include substances that are toxic, corrosive, flammable, or explosive.

A lignan (LIGNANS) found in PODOPHYLLIN resin from the roots of PODOPHYLLUM plants. It is a potent spindle poison, toxic if taken internally, and has been used as a cathartic. It is very irritating to skin and mucous membranes, has keratolytic actions, has been used to treat warts and keratoses, and may have antineoplastic properties, as do some of its congeners and derivatives.

The room or rooms in which the physician and staff provide patient care. The offices include all rooms in the physician's office suite.

A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed)

Antisera used to counteract poisoning by animal VENOMS, especially SNAKE VENOMS.

A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (PERIODIC DISEASE).

Chloride and mercury-containing derivatives of benzoic acid.

Inorganic or organic salts and esters of arsenic acid.

The visually perceived property of objects created by absorption or reflection of specific wavelengths of light.

The period of the CELL CYCLE following DNA synthesis (S PHASE) and preceding M PHASE (cell division phase). The CHROMOSOMES are tetraploid in this point.

Resistance or diminished response of a neoplasm to an antineoplastic agent in humans, animals, or cell or tissue cultures.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A class in the phylum MOLLUSCA comprised of mussels; clams; OYSTERS; COCKLES; and SCALLOPS. They are characterized by a bilaterally symmetrical hinged shell and a muscular foot used for burrowing and anchoring.

Cyclic hydrocarbons that contain multiple rings and share one or more atoms.

Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.

Compounds that inhibit cell production of DNA or RNA.

Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein TUBULIN and are influenced by TUBULIN MODULATORS.

A noninvasive technique that enables direct microscopic examination of the surface and architecture of the SKIN.

Coloration of the skin.

Chemical agents that uncouple oxidation from phosphorylation in the metabolic cycle so that ATP synthesis does not occur. Included here are those IONOPHORES that disrupt electron transfer by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes.

Hospital department responsible for the administration and provision of immediate medical or surgical care to the emergency patient.

The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

Chemical substances, produced by microorganisms, inhibiting or preventing the proliferation of neoplasms.

The reconstruction of a continuous two-stranded DNA molecule without mismatch from a molecule which contained damaged regions. The major repair mechanisms are excision repair, in which defective regions in one strand are excised and resynthesized using the complementary base pairing information in the intact strand; photoreactivation repair, in which the lethal and mutagenic effects of ultraviolet light are eliminated; and post-replication repair, in which the primary lesions are not repaired, but the gaps in one daughter duplex are filled in by incorporation of portions of the other (undamaged) daughter duplex. Excision repair and post-replication repair are sometimes referred to as "dark repair" because they do not require light.

The chromosomal constitution of a cell containing multiples of the normal number of CHROMOSOMES; includes triploidy (symbol: 3N), tetraploidy (symbol: 4N), etc.

An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.

A cyclodecane isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, TAXUS BREVIFOLIA. It stabilizes MICROTUBULES in their polymerized form leading to cell death.

Methods of investigating the effectiveness of anticancer cytotoxic drugs and biologic inhibitors. These include in vitro cell-kill models and cytostatic dye exclusion tests as well as in vivo measurement of tumor growth parameters in laboratory animals.

A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.

Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from DRUG TOLERANCE which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration.

The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.

Drugs that are chemically similar to naturally occurring metabolites, but differ enough to interfere with normal metabolic pathways. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2033)

Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.

Any arthropod of the subclass ACARI except the TICKS. They are minute animals related to the spiders, usually having transparent or semitransparent bodies. They may be parasitic on humans and domestic animals, producing various irritations of the skin (MITE INFESTATIONS). Many mite species are important to human and veterinary medicine as both parasite and vector. Mites also infest plants.

Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetius. It is a hydroxy derivative of DAUNORUBICIN.

A province of eastern Canada, one of the Maritime Provinces with NEW BRUNSWICK; PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND; and sometimes NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR. Its capital is Halifax. The territory was granted in 1621 by James I to the Scotsman Sir William Alexander and was called Nova Scotia, the Latin for New Scotland. The territory had earlier belonged to the French, under the name of Acadia. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p871 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p384)

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

A group of compounds with the heterocyclic ring structure of benzo(c)pyridine. The ring structure is characteristic of the group of opium alkaloids such as papaverine. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

Twenty-carbon compounds derived from MEVALONIC ACID or deoxyxylulose phosphate.

An ERYTHROLEUKEMIA cell line derived from a CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA patient in BLAST CRISIS.

An instrument for reproducing sounds especially articulate speech at a distance. (Webster, 3rd ed)

Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics.

Compounds with a BENZENE fused to IMIDAZOLES.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

Systems developed for collecting reports from government agencies, manufacturers, hospitals, physicians, and other sources on adverse drug reactions.

Antitumor alkaloid isolated from Vinca rosea. (Merck, 11th ed.)

Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.

Ongoing scrutiny of a population (general population, study population, target population, etc.), generally using methods distinguished by their practicability, uniformity, and frequently their rapidity, rather than by complete accuracy.

The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals.

The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Members of the phylum Arthropoda, composed of organisms having a hard, jointed exoskeleton and paired jointed legs. It includes the class INSECTS and the subclass ARACHNIDA, many species of which are important medically as parasites or as vectors of organisms capable of causing disease in man.

Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)

An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.

A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).

The confinement of a patient in a hospital.

Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

Circular duplex DNA isolated from viruses, bacteria and mitochondria in supercoiled or supertwisted form. This superhelical DNA is endowed with free energy. During transcription, the magnitude of RNA initiation is proportional to the DNA superhelicity.

Organized services to provide information on any questions an individual might have using databases and other sources. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

The practice of sending a patient to another program or practitioner for services or advice which the referring source is not prepared to provide.

The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.

A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

The action of a drug in promoting or enhancing the effectiveness of another drug.

Instinctual behavior pattern in which food is obtained by killing and consuming other species.

The sorting out and classification of patients or casualties to determine priority of need and proper place of treatment.

Detection of drugs that have been abused, overused, or misused, including legal and illegal drugs. Urine screening is the usual method of detection.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.

Calcium antagonists ameliorate ischemia-induced endothelial cell permeability by inhibiting protein kinase C. (1/123)

BACKGROUND: Dihydropyridines block calcium channels; however, they also influence endothelial cells, which do not express calcium channels. We tested the hypothesis that nifedipine can prevent ischemia-induced endothelial permeability increases by inhibiting protein kinase C (PKC) in cultured porcine endothelial cells. METHODS AND RESULTS: Ischemia was induced by potassium cyanide/deoxyglucose, and permeability was measured by albumin flux. Ion channels were characterized by patch clamp. [Ca2+]i was measured by fura 2. PKC activity was measured by substrate phosphorylation after cell fractionation. PKC isoforms were assessed by Western blot and confocal microscopy. Nifedipine prevented the ischemia-induced increase in permeability in a dose-dependent manner. Ischemia increased [Ca2+]i, which was not affected by nifedipine. Instead, ischemia-induced PKC translocation was prevented by nifedipine. Phorbol ester also increased endothelial cell permeability, which was dose dependently inhibited by nifedipine. The effects of non-calcium-channel-binding dihydropyridine derivatives were similar. Analysis of the PKC isoforms showed that nifedipine prevented ischemia-induced translocation of PKC-alpha and PKC-zeta. Specific inhibition of PKC isoforms with antisense oligodeoxynucleotides demonstrated a major role for PKC-alpha. CONCLUSIONS: Nifedipine exerts a direct effect on endothelial cell permeability that is independent of calcium channels. The inhibition of ischemia-induced permeability by nifedipine seems to be mediated primarily by PKC-alpha inhibition. Anti-ischemic effects of dihydropyridine calcium antagonists could be due in part to their effects on endothelial cell permeability. (+info)

The role of oxidative DNA damage in human arsenic carcinogenesis: detection of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in arsenic-related Bowen's disease. (2/123)

Arsenic is widely distributed in nature in the form of either metalloids or chemical compounds, which cause a variety of pathologic conditions including cutaneous and visceral malignancies. Recently, reactive oxygen species have been hypothesized to be one of the causes of arsenic-induced carcinogenesis. 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine is one of the major reactive oxygen species-induced DNA base-modified products that is widely accepted as a sensitive marker of oxidative DNA damage. We studied the presence of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine by immunohistochemistry using N45.1 monoclonal antibody in 28 cases of arsenic-related skin neoplasms and arsenic keratosis as well as in 11 cases of arsenic-unrelated Bowen's diseases. The frequency of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine positive cases was significantly higher in arsenic-related skin neoplasms (22 of 28; 78%) than in arsenic-unrelated Bowen's disease (one of 11; 9%) (p < 0.001 by chi2 test). 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine was also detected in normal tissue adjacent to the arsenic-related Bowen's disease lesions. Furthermore, arsenic was detected by neutron activation analysis in the deparaffined skin tumor samples of arsenic-related disease (four of five; 80%), whereas arsenic was not detected in control samples. Our results strongly suggest the involvement of reactive oxygen species in arsenic-induced human skin cancer. Key word: neutron activation analysis. (+info)

Efficient cleavage of conjugates of drugs or poisons by immobilized beta-glucuronidase and arylsulfatase in columns. (3/123)

BACKGROUND: Cleavage of conjugates is an important step in toxicological analysis, especially of urine samples. The aim of this study was to combine the advantages and to reduce the disadvantages of acid hydrolysis and conventional enzymatic hydrolysis procedures. METHODS: beta-Glucuronidase (GRD; EC 3.2.1.31) and arylsulfatase (ARS; EC 3.1.6.1) were purified and coimmobilized on an agarose gel matrix and packed into columns. RESULTS: In columns packed with GRD and ARS, the test conjugates 4-nitrophenyl glucuronide and 4-nitrophenyl sulfate added into urine could be completely cleaved within 25 min. Even the relatively stable morphine conjugates could be completely hydrolyzed within 60 min in authentic urine samples. Therefore, an incubation time of 1 h is recommended. Enzyme inhibition by matrix or by rather high concentrations of acetaminophen conjugates was tested and found to be up to 50%. However, a large excess of GRD and ARS was used. The immobilizate columns could be reused for at least 70 incubations and had a storage stability of at least 12 weeks. Carryover of analytes in reused columns could be avoided by rinsing with 200 mL/L methanol in acetate buffer. Thus, five drugs known to be contaminants added in very high concentrations into urine could be completely removed from the columns. A study on the applicability in systematic toxicological analysis showed that 120 different drugs and/or their metabolites could be detected in 35 different authentic urine samples. CONCLUSIONS: Use of immobilized and column-packed GRD and ARS is an efficient alternative for the cleavage of urinary conjugates in clinical toxicology. (+info)

(+)-[3H]isradipine and [3H]glyburide bindings to heart and lung membranes from rats with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. (4/123)

We examined the binding of a 1,4-dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca2+ channel ligand, (+)-[3H]isradipine (PN200-110), and that of an ATP-sensitive K+ (K(ATP)) channel ligand, [3H]glyburide, to heart, lung and brain membranes isolated from Sprague-Dawley rats made pulmonary hypertensive by monocrotaline, a pyrrolizidine alkaloid. A single subcutaneous injection of monocrotaline increased right ventricular systolic pressure, a measure of pulmonary arterial pressure, and the thickness of the right ventricular free wall in 3 to 4 weeks. The (+)-[3H]PN200-110 and [3H]glyburide binding site densities (Bmax) were reduced in hypertrophied right ventricles when normalized per unit protein in comparison with those of age-matched control (sham) rats, whereas the values of the dissociation constant (Kd) of both ligands bound to the hypertrophied right ventricle were not significantly changed. The [3H]PN200-110 binding to the lung membranes of the monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertensive rats was increased. The results indicate that the change in the binding of 1,4-dihydropyridine Ca2+ and K(ATP) channel ligands to heart membranes may contribute to the pathological alteration of cardiopulmonary structure and functions in rats with pulmonary hypertension induced by monocrotaline. (+info)

Cardiac endothelin and big endothelin in right-heart hypertrophy due to monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rat. (5/123)

OBJECTIVE: Recent observations suggest the existence of a myocardial endothelin (ET) system and its possible involvement in left-ventricular myocardial hypertrophy and failure. However, nothing is known about the role of myocardial ET in right-ventricular hypertrophy. METHODS: Rats (80-100 g) were given an intraperitoneal injection of saline (controls) or monocrotaline (50 mg/kg) resulting in pulmonary hypertension-induced myocardial hypertrophy (n = 11 in both groups). After 10 weeks, the animals were sacrificed and hearts perfused in vitro to determine levels of big ET-1 and ET-1 in coronary effluent, interstitial fluid and ventricular tissue homogenates; plasma levels were also determined. RESULTS: In monocrotaline-treated animals, weights of right ventricles were 1.5 and of right atria 1.8-fold higher than in controls (p < 0.05), indicating substantial right-ventricular hypertrophy as also evident from greatly increased myocardial production of atrial natriuretic peptide. Left-ventricular weights were not different. Release of big ET-1 in coronary effluent, and of ET-1 in coronary effluent and interstitial transudate were similar in control and hypertrophic hearts (p > 0.05). Disruption of endothelium with collagenase reduced release of both peptides close to zero, indicating endothelial (not myocardial) origin of the peptides. Levels of big ET-1 and ET-1 were similar in left ventricles of both experimental groups, but lower in right ventricles of hypertrophic than control hearts (p < 0.05), reflecting increased tissue mass rather than reduced peptide production. On the other hand, plasma levels of both peptides and of ANP were twofold and levels of angiotensin II 1.3-fold higher in rats with right-heart hypertrophy than in controls (p < 0.05 in each case). CONCLUSION: These data do not support a role for local cardiac ET-1 and/or big ET-1 in right-ventricular hypertrophy, but point to blood-borne endothelins as possible mediators. (+info)

Identification of the general unknown. Application of mass selective detectors in forensic toxicology. (6/123)

One of the basic aims of forensic toxicology is the identification of previously unknown drugs and poisons. This is frequently achieved using the combination of gas chromatography and benchtop quadrupole or ion trap mass spectrometers. The influence of matrix loading on the mass spectral quality was tested, and it was found that a realistic amount of matrix changed the pattern of the spectra obtained by the ion trap mass spectrometer. Disturbed mass spectra led to unsuitable suggestions from the library search and thus rendered the identification of the "general unknown" more difficult. On the other hand, higher selectivity and lower detection limits favored the ion trap technology for target analysis because of the capability of MS-MS. (+info)

Toward antibody-catalyzed hydrolysis of organophosphorus poisons. (7/123)

We report here our preliminary results on the use of catalytic antibodies as an approach to neutralizing organophosphorus chemical weapons. A first-generation hapten, methyl-alpha-hydroxyphosphinate Ha, was designed to mimic the approach of an incoming water molecule for the hydrolysis of exceedingly toxic methylphosphonothioate VX (1a). A moderate protective activity was first observed on polyclonal antibodies raised against Ha. The results were further confirmed by using a mAb PAR 15 raised against phenyl-alpha-hydroxyphosphinate Hb, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of PhX (1b), a less toxic phenylphosphonothioate analog of VX with a rate constant of 0.36 M(-1) x min(-1) at pH 7.4 and 25 degrees C, which corresponds to a catalytic proficiency of 14,400 M(-1) toward the rate constant for the uncatalyzed hydrolysis of 1b. This is a demonstration on the organophosphorus poisons themselves that mAbs can catalytically hydrolyze nerve agents, and a significant step toward the production of therapeutically active abzymes to treat poisoning by warfare agents. (+info)

Fatal strychnine poisoning: application of gas chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. (8/123)

The history and toxicological findings in a case of suicidal fatal strychnine poisoning are presented along with a description of the analytical methods. Detection and quantitation of strychnine in body fluids and tissues was performed by gas chromatography (GC) with nitrogen-phosphorus detection, using organic extraction and calibration by a standard addition method. Strychnine concentrations in subclavian blood (1.82 mg/mL), inferior vena cava blood (3.32 mg/mL), urine (3.35 mg/mL), bile (11.4 mg/mL), liver (98.6 mg/kg), lung (12.3 mg/kg), spleen (11.8 mg/kg), brain (2.42 mg/kg), and skeletal muscle (2.32 mg/kg) were determined. Confirmation of strychnine in blood and tissue was performed by GC with detection by tandem ion-trap mass spectrometry (MS). GC-MS-MS analysis, employing electron ionization followed by unit mass resolution and collision-induced dissociation of strychnine, resulted in confirmatory ions with mass-to-charge ratios of 334 (parent ion), 319, 306, 277, 261, 246, 233, and 220. Additional confirmation was provided by GC-MS-MS-MS analysis of each confirmatory ion, revealing an ion fragmentation pathway consistent with the molecular structure of strychnine. The case demonstrates body tissue and fluid distribution of strychnine in a fatal poisoning and the application of tandem MS in medical examiner casework. (+info)

Every year there are around 60 deaths from accidental carbon monoxide poisoning in England and Wales. (www.nhs.uk)
The symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning are not always obvious, particularly during low-level exposure. (www.nhs.uk)
A tension-type headache is the most common symptom of mild carbon monoxide poisoning. (www.nhs.uk)
But unlike flu, carbon monoxide poisoning does not cause a high temperature. (www.nhs.uk)
Your symptoms will often indicate whether you have carbon monoxide poisoning, but a blood test will confirm the amount of carboxyhaemoglobin in your blood. (www.nhs.uk)
Mild carbon monoxide poisoning does not usually need hospital treatment, but it's still important that you seek medical advice. (www.nhs.uk)
Symptoms for carbon monoxide poisoning often are the same as for the cold or flu. (ct.gov)
If you and your family members are experiencing cold or flu symptoms when you are at home, but the symptoms go away when you leave, this may be a sign of carbon monoxide poisoning. (ct.gov)
If you suspect carbon monoxide poisoning, leave your home IMMEDIATELY. (ct.gov)
A person with signs or symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of carbon monoxide poisoning. (cdc.gov)

Here are some of the "hidden toxins" or unexpected poison concern for our pets. (petpoisonhelpline.com)
Explore the biodiversity of marine life and toxins while designing your own poison warning pattern-zig-zags, polka dots. (amnh.org)
When germs that cause food poisoning get into our systems, they can release toxins. (kidshealth.org)
These toxins are poisons (the reason for the name "food poisoning"), and can cause diarrhea and vomiting . (kidshealth.org)
An Eco-terrorist and a master of toxins, Poison Ivy is a rebel with a cause, which is a relative rarity in the unhinged world of Batman foes. (chicagotribune.com)
Poison ivy should never be burned because the smoke would contain toxins that, when inhaled, would cause what would amount to a poison ivy rash in your lungs. (newsday.com)

Local Poison Control Centers should be contacted immediately if a child consumes something poisonous. (medlineplus.gov)
The packets are advertised as no more mess, spills or heavy jugs of detergent, but the American Association of Poison Control Centers is reporting a recent surge in calls about the packets making children violently ill. (yahoo.com)
Texas poison control centers report receiving 57 of those emergency calls. (yahoo.com)
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines childhood lead poisoning as a whole-blood lead concentration equal to or greater than 10 micrograms/dL. (encyclopedia.com)
Listen to a first-hand account of one mom's experience with her local poison center and learn more about what poison centers do to support callers during a poison emergency. (ohsu.edu)
Read the joint statement by the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, American College of Medical Toxicology and the American Association of Poison Control Centers c aution about the proposed use of oleandrin for treatment of COVID-19. (ohsu.edu)
Read the joint statement by the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, American College of Medical Toxicology and the American Association of Poison Control Centers c aution about use of cleaning products and disinfectants. (ohsu.edu)
Read the joint statement by the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, American College of Medical Toxicology and the American Association of Poison Control Centers caution about toxicity from hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine. (ohsu.edu)
It has been estimated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that the economic cost of Salmonella food poisoning in the U.S. alone is between five and 17 billion dollars annually. (faqs.org)
Pregnant women and debilitated people are susceptible to a potentially fatal form of food poisoning , according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control. (healthcentral.com)
The daily number of calls to poison centers "increased sharply" at the beginning of March, around the same time the virus started spreading in the U.S. The CDC has encouraged people to properly clean and disinfect high-touch surfaces - such as doorknobs, faucets and kitchen counters - to help mitigate the transmission of the novel coronavirus. (aarp.org)
Inhaling fumes accounts for the largest percentage of the increase in calls to poison centers. (aarp.org)
1,319,044 calls were made to poison control centers in 2015 after a child got into a potential poison, that's over 3,600 calls a day, 150 every hour. (safekids.org)
Specialists at poison control centers provide free, confidential, expert medical advice 24 hours a day. (safekids.org)

Symptoms of acute poisoning from swallowing arsenic include nausea, vomiting , burning of the mouth and throat, and severe abdominal pains. (britannica.com)

Other forms of alcohol - including isopropyl alcohol (found in rubbing alcohol, lotions and some cleaning products) and methanol or ethylene glycol (a common ingredient in antifreeze, paints and solvents) - can cause other types of toxic poisoning that require emergency treatment. (mayoclinic.org)
Poisoning is a condition or a process in which an organism becomes chemically harmed severely ( poisoned ) by a toxic substance or venom of an animal . (wikipedia.org)
Many substances regarded as poisons are toxic only indirectly, by toxication . (wikipedia.org)
Samaritan Regional Poison Control Center, 602-253-3334, (if it is serious, call 9-1-1) provides around-the-clock advice and assistance with specially-trained registered nurses for patients experiencing serious toxic problems. (phoenix.gov)
Alcohol poisoning occurs when a person drinks a toxic amount of alcohol, usually over a short period of time (binge drinking) . (www.nhs.uk)
Abrin is highly toxic, with an estimated human fatal dose of 0.1-1 µg/kg, and has caused death after accidental and intentional poisoning. (springer.com)
Meg Neal, Popular Mechanics , "Nature's Toxic Gifts: The Deadly Story of Poison," 4 Oct. 2020 However, resentment is like drinking poison and waiting for the other person to die. (merriam-webster.com)
Nevertheless, here is a representative selection, in ascending order, of five truly deadly poisons, all at least a hundred times more toxic than cyanide, arsenic or strychnine. (businessinsider.com)
This extremely toxic plant poison was famously used to kill the Bulgarian dissident Georgi Markov , exiled in London. (businessinsider.com)
Poisoning can occur all year round and even dried material can be toxic. (rspca.org.uk)
All parts of the plant are toxic and even a small amount could result in life-threatening poisoning. (rspca.org.uk)
Mercury poisoning occurs when a person has ingested, inhaled, or had skin or eye contact with the toxic (poisonous) heavy metal mercury and suffers damage to his/her nervous system and other systems of the body. (encyclopedia.com)
Also, bacteria can change mercury-two into one of mercury's most toxic organic compounds, methyl mercury, which is easily soluble (capable of being dissolved) in water and thus finds its way into the food chain , where it poisons fish and other animals. (encyclopedia.com)
Pandora's Poison presents a solution to one of the most insidious environmental problems of our time: the global build-up of toxic chemicals. (mit.edu)
Poisoning can occur when someone swallows something toxic, spills or splashes a dangerous substance on their skin or eyes, or inhales poisonous fumes. (wikihow.com)
A person has alcohol poisoning if they have consumed a toxic amount of alcohol, usually over a short period. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Moscow (AFP) - Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny was "poisoned" by an unidentified toxic substance and doctors have sent him back to jail despite his condition, his lawyer and personal physician said Monday. (yahoo.com)

In the most severe cases, alcohol poisoning can lead to coma , brain damage and death. (www.nhs.uk)
Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny, who fell into a coma after a suspected poisoning, landed in Germany for treatment Saturday following a day-long standoff over whether he would be allowed to leave a Russian hospital. (freerepublic.com)
In instances of serious poisoning, convulsions and coma may culminate in death. (britannica.com)
If the alcohol poisoning is extreme, the patient can go into a coma and potentially die. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Acute poisoning is exposure to a poison on one occasion or during a short period of time. (wikipedia.org)
Most biocides, including pesticides , are created to act as poisons to target organisms, although acute or less observable chronic poisoning can also occur in non-target organisms ( secondary poisoning ), including the humans who apply the biocides and other beneficial organisms . (wikipedia.org)
Acute iron poisoning mainly involves children under age 6 who swallow pediatric or adult vitamins containing iron. (webmd.com)
however, renal effects (membranous nephropathy, proliferative glomerulonephritis, and arteritis) have been reported with poison oak dermatitis, [ 10 ] as well as at least one case of respiratory symptoms (acute respiratory distress syndrome resulting in death) after exposure to smoke from burning poison ivy. (medscape.com)
Poisoning may result from a single large dose ( acute poisoning) or from repeated small doses (chronic poisoning). (britannica.com)
The treatment of acute arsenic poisoning involves washing out the stomach and the prompt administration of dimercaprol (BAL). (britannica.com)
Acute lead poisoning , which is somewhat rare, occurs when a relatively large amount of lead is taken into the body over a short period of time. (encyclopedia.com)
CO poisoning can be reversed if caught in time, but acute poisoning could result in permanent heart and brain damage. (shrm.org)
There are steps that you can take if you encounter someone who could be suffering from acute alcohol poisoning. (csbsju.edu)
These are just some of the potential signs of acute alcohol poisoning. (csbsju.edu)

More than 150 people in the Unites States die every year from accidental non-fire related CO poisoning associated with consumer products. (cpsc.gov)
Among industrial workers, arsine may be a source of accidental poisoning. (britannica.com)
It has been theorized that the fluoride in dental products may cause accidental poisoning, if ingested in large quantities. (ehow.com)
Deliberate or accidental poisoning with large doses of medication or drugs is often accompanied by alcohol use, but they might also be using harder drugs. (wikihow.com)

Severe poisoning can result in death. (rspca.org.uk)
In a few cases, severe food poisoning can mean a visit to the doctor or hospital. (kidshealth.org)
Organophosphate poisoning symptoms can range from mild to severe and vary widely depending on the type and degree of exposure. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Severe poisoning symptoms include difficulty in breathing, irritability, loss of consciousness, and other neurologic symptoms. (news-medical.net)
On the other hand, prolonged exposure and severe poisoning may result in death. (news-medical.net)
Severe CO poisoning may require putting the patient in a full-body and high-pressure chamber, wherein the machine forces oxygen into the body. (news-medical.net)
In severe cases, alcohol poisoning is life-threatening. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Resin in poison ivy leaves and stems causes severe itching that often persists for three weeks. (garden.org)

If you suspect CO poisoning, get outside to fresh air immediately, and then call 911. (cpsc.gov)
If you suspect someone has alcohol poisoning, call for emergency medical help right away. (mayoclinic.org)
If you suspect that someone has alcohol poisoning - even if you don't see the classic signs and symptoms - seek immediate medical care. (mayoclinic.org)
If you know, or even suspect, that a child has eaten tablets, you should consult a hospital's emergency department or a poison control center regarding a possible iron poisoning. (webmd.com)
Call your doctor, local poison control center, or go directly to the closest hospital's emergency department if you suspect your child has swallowed iron-containing vitamins, even if your child shows no symptoms . (webmd.com)
If you suspect alcohol poisoning, dial 999 immediately to request an ambulance. (www.nhs.uk)
If you suspect a poisoning, don't take a chance. (ohsu.edu)
If you suspect CO poisoning, let the patient get fresh air immediately. (news-medical.net)
[1] If you know or suspect that you or someone else has been poisoned, stay calm and get medical help immediately. (wikihow.com)
If you know or suspect that you or someone else has been poisoned and you/they are showing symptoms, it's important to get medical help immediately. (wikihow.com)
If you suspect that a person has deliberately taken medication, drugs, or poison to hurt themselves, call emergency services immediately. (wikihow.com)
Ukraine's interior minister said on Tuesday a suspect in the Skripal poisoning case, working for Russian military intelligence, had been identified in Ukraine as a man who helped the former Ukrainian president flee to Russia in 2014. (japantimes.co.jp)
A prime suspect in the poisoning of former Russian agent Alexander Litvinenko appears to have broken his silence to say he will cooperate with a British inquiry into the death. (japantimes.co.jp)

Chronic poisoning is long-term repeated or continuous exposure to a poison where symptoms do not occur immediately or after each exposure. (wikipedia.org)
Chronic poisoning most commonly occurs following exposure to poisons that bioaccumulate , or are biomagnified , such as mercury , gadolinium, and lead . (wikipedia.org)
Exposure to radioactive substances can produce radiation poisoning , an unrelated phenomenon. (wikipedia.org)
The tendency for poison ivy resin to darken into a "black, shiny, varnish-like substance" on exposure to air was recorded at least as early as 1923 by McNair. (medscape.com)
Mallory and colleagues hypothesized that black-spot poison ivy is relatively rare because exposure to concentrated sap is required. (medscape.com)
The symptoms of exposure to low levels of carbon monoxide can be similar to those of food poisoning and flu . (www.nhs.uk)
Lead poisoning is a preventable condition that results from environmental exposure to lead. (labtestsonline.org)
Poisoning can occur after short or long-term exposure. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The prognosis of CO poisoning depends on the duration of exposure, the time between the exposure and the administration of treatment, and the severity of the symptoms. (news-medical.net)
If the poisoning is mild and the duration of exposure is short, the patient may recover completely. (news-medical.net)
What's the difference between having mercury exposure and mercury poisoning? (scientificamerican.com)
A person whose poison control center report indicates an exposure to carbon monoxide (Call type= exposure, Substance = carbon monoxide) with minor, moderate, or major health effects (Medical outcome = minor, moderate, major, death). (cdc.gov)
S3) A report of a patient with an environmental exposure consistent with CO poisoning. (cdc.gov)
S7) Poison Control Center (PCC) Data: A record of a case with "exposure" recorded as the type of call, when the exposure substance was carbon monoxide, AND a minor medical outcome was reported. (cdc.gov)

Keeping potentially dangerous substances out of little hands is a sure way to prevent unintentional poisoning. (healthfinder.gov)
CO poisoning is a leading cause of unintentional poisoning deaths in the United States. (cdc.gov)
Unintentional, non-fire related CO poisoning is responsible for approximately 450 deaths and 21,000 emergency department (ED) visits each year. (cdc.gov)
Poisoning is the third leading cause of unintentional injury death among children ages 1 to 19 years. (safekids.org)

If you think your rodent¿s been poisoned, contact your vet immediately. (rspca.org.uk)

Given its common use for this purpose throughout much of recorded history, arsenic has often been labeled the King of Poisons. (jhu.edu)
For example, the high arsenic content of drinking water in Bangladesh and West Bengal, India, is poisoning millions of people today. (jhu.edu)
Arsenic poisoning , harmful effects of various arsenic compounds on body tissues and functions. (britannica.com)
Arsenic poisoning in humans most often results from the ingestion or inhalation of insecticides containing arsenious oxide, copper acetoarsenite, or calcium or lead arsenate. (britannica.com)
Definitive diagnosis of arsenic poisoning is based on the finding of arsenic in the urine and in hair or nails. (britannica.com)
Natural arsenic deposits are a major health hazard in Bangladesh and West Bengal, where the poison contaminates groundwater from shallow tube wells. (newscientist.com)

Poison in Nature main content. (amnh.org)

What Are the Signs & Symptoms of Poison Ivy? (kidshealth.org)
Signs of poisoning include weakness, collapse, tremors or twitching and a fast or slow heart rate. (rspca.org.uk)
What Are the Signs & Symptoms of Food Poisoning? (kidshealth.org)

More poisonous than these, but still not near the top of the tree, is tetrodotoxin , the pufferfish toxin that poisons around 50 Japanese people every year. (businessinsider.com)
Snakeroot poisoning , illness in humans and grazing animals caused by trematol, a poisonous alcohol present in white snakeroot ( Ageratina altissima ), a plant found in North America . (britannica.com)
Not all medicines and household chemicals are poisonous and not all exposures necessarily poison your child. (montgomerycountymd.gov)

Iron poisoning occurs when a person, usually a child, swallows a large number of iron-containing pills, most often vitamins . (webmd.com)
Lead poisoning occurs when a person swallows, absorbs, or inhales lead in any form. (encyclopedia.com)
Lead poisoning occurs when a person swallows or inhales lead in any form, damaging the brain, nerves, and many other parts of the body. (faqs.org)

Symptoms of poisoning include the sudden onset of unconsciousness, seizures, confusion or illness when access to poisons, drugs, cleaning fluids or other chemicals is possible. (montgomerycountymd.gov)

Whether you're talking about Spider-man's archenemy or the deadly poisons that animals and insects use to kill their prey, venom most often conjures up negative thoughts. (popularmechanics.com)

In rat poison, the amount of fluoride content varied as different manufacturers developed their own proprietary formulas. (ehow.com)

There are some things which we, as humans, do not think of as poisons. (tripod.com)
Join host Mark Siddall with chemist Mandë Holford , biologist Marymegan Daly , and medical toxicologist Dr. Rama Rao for a series of presentations unraveling how ocean life has adapted to poison, how poisons found in the ocean can be beneficial to humans, and how families can explore the ocean together safely. (amnh.org)
That's the number of humans who could-theoretically-succumb to the poison secreted by all of these frogs. (amnh.org)
Humans first began using poison in warfare thousands of years ago. (merriam-webster.com)
Foodborne disease, referred to as food poisoning, is carried or transmitted to humans by food containing harmful substances. (eatright.org)

For slowly developing residential CO problems, occupants and/or physicians can mistake mild to moderate CO poisoning symptoms for the flu, which sometimes results in tragic deaths. (cpsc.gov)
According to the National Center for Environmental Health, there were about 200 deaths from lead poisoning in the United States between 1979 and 1998. (encyclopedia.com)
And there were 7,919 accident and poisoning deaths listed as Coronavirus deaths. (freerepublic.com)
According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and other global organizations, a high number of deaths occurred as a result of CO poisoning globally during the last decade. (news-medical.net)
Alcohol poisoning deaths can happen to people of any age. (csbsju.edu)

Germs that cause food poisoning can survive in many places and spread around your kitchen . (cdc.gov)
This list provides the symptoms, when symptoms begin, and common food sources for germs that cause food poisoning. (cdc.gov)
When people eat or drink something that's contaminated with germs, they can get sick with food poisoning. (kidshealth.org)
What Germs Cause Food Poisoning? (kidshealth.org)

Alcohol poisoning is a serious - and sometimes deadly - consequence of drinking large amounts of alcohol in a short period of time. (mayoclinic.org)
Alcohol poisoning can also occur when adults or children accidentally or intentionally drink household products that contain alcohol. (mayoclinic.org)
A person with alcohol poisoning needs immediate medical attention. (mayoclinic.org)
A person with alcohol poisoning who is unconscious or can't be awakened is at risk of dying. (mayoclinic.org)
Never assume the person will sleep off alcohol poisoning. (mayoclinic.org)
Because alcohol poisoning affects the way the gag reflex works, someone with alcohol poisoning may choke on his or her own vomit and not be able to breathe. (mayoclinic.org)
Ethyl alcohol poisoning generally results from drinking too many alcoholic beverages, especially in a short period of time. (mayoclinic.org)
A major cause of alcohol poisoning is binge drinking - a pattern of heavy drinking when a male rapidly consumes five or more alcoholic drinks within two hours, or a female rapidly consumes at least four drinks within two hours. (mayoclinic.org)
Alcohol poisoning is a leading cause of poisoning in England, especially among young people. (www.nhs.uk)
Alcohol poisoning can also occur if a person drinks household products that contain alcohol. (www.nhs.uk)
Alcohol poisoning can be life-threatening and usually requires urgent medical treatment. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Binge drinking is a common cause of alcohol poisoning. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Alcohol poisoning is a serious condition. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Even when someone stops drinking, there is risk of alcohol poisoning for some time afterward. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Alcohol poisoning can cause drinkers to lose consciousness when their blood alcohol concentration reaches a certain level. (medicalnewstoday.com)
This article focuses on the medical aspects of alcohol poisoning, rather than other environmental dangers of alcohol abuse such as getting into fights, losing possessions, or having problems with the law. (medicalnewstoday.com)
If a person is thought to have alcohol poisoning, an ambulance should be called. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Alcohol poisoning is an overdose of alcohol. (csbsju.edu)
Alcohol poisoning is deadly. (csbsju.edu)
Alcohol poisoning is not pretty - it involves crude, bodily functions, bad smell, and messes. (csbsju.edu)

Chronic lead poisoning - a common problem in children - occurs when small amounts of lead are taken in over a longer period. (encyclopedia.com)
People with health conditions (like chronic kidney disease) or weakened immune systems are more at risk of getting ill from food poisoning than people who are in good health. (kidshealth.org)

You can also get quick information about poisons at https://www.poisonhelp.org/help . (wikihow.com)

Food poisoning symptoms can be anywhere from mild to very serious. (cdc.gov)
For mild poisoning, the administration of oxygen may be enough to curb the condition. (news-medical.net)

Good Samaritan Regional Poison Center in Phoenix receives thousands of calls every year concerning harmful substance exposures. (phoenix.gov)
The CDC report notes that the data does not provide a "definite link" between poison exposures and coronavirus cleaning efforts but acknowledges that "there appears to be a clear temporal association with increased use of these products. (aarp.org)

Following four simple steps external icon at home-Clean, Separate, Cook, and Chill-can help protect you and your loved ones from food poisoning. (cdc.gov)
If you have symptoms of food poisoning, such as diarrhea or vomiting, drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration (not having enough water in your body). (cdc.gov)
Noun a jar of rat poison The killer gave her victims food laced with poison . (merriam-webster.com)
Sometimes, it's not always easy to tell the difference between food poisoning and influenza, especially since both show similar symptoms. (eatright.org)
Everyone can reduce their risk of food poisoning by properly handling food and following the Four Simple Steps: wash, separate, cook and refrigerate. (eatright.org)
Although everyone is at risk for contracting food poisoning, certain vulnerable populations are even more susceptible to food poisoning, so be extra careful if you are high risk or handling food for those at a higher risk including older adults, pregnant women, younger children and those with weakened immune systems. (eatright.org)
Both food poisoning and the flu can be very serious, so if you think you are ill, especially if you have a fever, see your health-care provider. (eatright.org)
Two weeks ago I suffered from campylobacter enteris food poisoning . (netdoctor.co.uk)
What Is Food Poisoning? (kidshealth.org)
Usually, doctors use "food poisoning" to describe an illness that comes on quickly after eating contaminated food. (kidshealth.org)
The good news is, food poisoning usually goes away quickly too. (kidshealth.org)
When people need medical treatment for food poisoning, it's often because of dehydration . (kidshealth.org)
Getting dehydrated is the most common serious complication of food poisoning. (kidshealth.org)
How food poisoning shows up depends on the germ that caused it. (kidshealth.org)
In rare cases, food poisoning can make someone feel dizzy, have blurry vision, or notice tingling in the arms. (kidshealth.org)
In very rare cases, the weakness that sometimes goes along with food poisoning will cause trouble breathing. (kidshealth.org)
Even water can cause food poisoning. (kidshealth.org)
Salmonella bacteria are the leading cause of food poisoning in the United States. (kidshealth.org)
Salmonella food poisoning, salmonellosis, affects two to four million Americans each year. (faqs.org)
Salmonella food poisoning results from the growth of the bacterium in food. (faqs.org)
The rapid increase in the number of bacteria in the intestinal tract overwhelms the defensive capabilities of the host and produces the symptoms of food poisoning. (faqs.org)
Salmonella enteriditis is of particular concern in food poisoning. (faqs.org)
When mixed into grain or other food, rats will readily consume the poison and die. (ehow.com)
Fortunately, there are glimmers of hope that at least some parts of the world are waking up to the obvious dangers associated with poisoning our food, our ecosystem and ourselves. (organicconsumers.org)
The environmental damage extends to the birds and fish who depend on the poisoned bugs for food. (inhabitat.com)
Federal court officers have recommended a sentence of life in prison for a peanut company executive convicted of selling salmonella-tainted food, a move that attorneys on both sides called "unprecedented" for a food-poisoning case. (japantimes.co.jp)

It is thus not easy for the victim to detect that he or she is being poisoned.As it is a cumulative poison, small doses can be given over a long period of time, eventually killing someone without necessarily arousing suspicion. (jhu.edu)
Verb How did the murderer poison the victim? (merriam-webster.com)
Once you get in touch with emergency medical personnel or a poison help hotline, tell them as much as you can about both the poison and the poisoning victim. (wikihow.com)

Since last year, the news agency has identified more than 3,300 U.S. neighborhood areas with documented childhood lead poisoning rates double those found in Flint. (voanews.com)
He and Markowitz were also expert witnesses in the recent landmark decision on childhood lead poisoning in California, where paint manufacturers were ordered to pay $400 million to the cities of Los Angeles, San Diego, Oakland, San Francisco and a number of counties to remove lead from older homes to stem an epidemic that has afflicted millions of children for decades. (news-medical.net)

Most frequently this issue comes up with radioactive poisons ( plutonium ), commonly known poisons ( strychnine ) and extremely carcinogenic substances (any aromatic ). (everything2.com)
In 2006 former Russian security officer Alexander Litvinenko, a high profile Kremlin critic, died in London after being poisoned with radioactive polonium. (telegraph.co.uk)

These range from bitter-tasting substances called tannins that interfere with digestive enzymes to poisons that can cause illness-or even death. (amnh.org)
The poison control center said it first started to link illness with the pods earlier this month. (yahoo.com)
Mark Leibovich, Star Tribune , "Trump's illness is a lesson in humility for a man, and an era, that needs it," 5 Oct. 2020 The absence of humility, Mr. Danforth said, can poison any chance for a collaborative culture. (merriam-webster.com)

Salmonella poisoning can infect people in one of two ways. (medicinenet.com)
Who Is Most at Risk of Salmonella Poisoning? (medicinenet.com)

This oily, sticky toxin occurs in many plants, including cashews (left) and poison ivy. (amnh.org)
Just because you're exposed to a toxin doesn't mean you get poisoned. (scientificamerican.com)

He was poisoned with cyanide. (merriam-webster.com)

Follow these guidelines to prevent this colorless, odorless gas from poisoning you and your family. (healthfinder.gov)

Below we'll go over some of the more common poisons and provide links to sites where you can find information on the various poisons. (tripod.com)
The criminal use of the colourless, tasteless compound arsenious oxide as a poison was common until chemical methods of detection were developed. (britannica.com)
Eating undercooked ground beef is the most common cause of E. coli poisoning in the United States. (kidshealth.org)
The most common way that kids get lead poisoning is from lead-based paint in older homes. (kidshealth.org)

In contrast, substances that destroy tissue but do not absorb, such as lye , are classified as corrosives rather than poisons. (wikipedia.org)
In the medical sense, toxicity and poisoning can be caused by less dangerous substances than those legally classified as a poison. (wikipedia.org)
A normal physical exam and no symptoms for 6 hours tells the doctor that the child has experienced either little poisoning or did not eat any iron-containing substances. (webmd.com)
In general, the official "poison" label is given to relatively few substances in order to not to cause inflation of the value of the label. (everything2.com)

Organophosphate poisoning can occur if a person is exposed to the chemicals in high doses or over a long time. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Do not induce vomiting unless instructed to do so by the poison control center or medical personnel. (montgomerycountymd.gov)
You should not induce vomiting unless directed to by a poison control authority or your physician. (montgomerycountymd.gov)

The amount of iron that will cause poisoning depends upon the size of the child. (webmd.com)

Join Curator Mark Siddall for a dynamic program that expands on the Museum's exhibition The Power of Poison and offers family-friendly activities. (amnh.org)
Come explore this hands-on station where you will have the chance to touch and observe specimens and learn about the power of poison. (amnh.org)
Part of the The Power of Poison exhibition. (amnh.org)
Visit The Power of Poison exhibition for more about poison in nature. (amnh.org)
Just like Dorothy's green-faced foe, the American Museum of Natural History has become besotted with the power of poison. (fastcompany.com)
Much of the 150-year-old museum is filled with Teddy Roosevelt-era taxidermy, but the design of Power of Poison is thoroughly modern, featuring touch-screen installations and an "enchanted book" with animated illustrations. (fastcompany.com)
The Power of Poison is on view at the American Museum of Natural History until August 10th, 2014. (fastcompany.com)

Most reported cases of human poisoning involve the ingestion of jequirity beans, which predominantly cause gastrointestinal toxicity. (springer.com)

This article looks at organophosphate poisoning, how to recognize it, the risk factors, and what to do if poisoning occurs. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Brian T. Allen, National Review , "The Covid Hydra Bites a Baltimore Museum," 30 Oct. 2020 So far, the other candidates have ignored him and saved their poison darts for each other. (merriam-webster.com)
Catrin Einhorn, New York Times , "Wolverines Don't Require Protection, U.S. Officials Rule," 8 Oct. 2020 High-profile critics and rivals of Russian President Vladimir Putin have a tendency to die from poison . (merriam-webster.com)
Jonathan Tobin, Washington Examiner , "Don't bet on a return to normalcy," 5 Nov. 2020 The move will further poison the working environment of media outlets in each other's country. (merriam-webster.com)
Stephen Collinson And Caitlin Hu, CNN , "What global readers want to hear from Biden and Trump on the debate stage," 22 Oct. 2020 Earl Gray, Lane's defense attorney, said the request for an upward sentencing departure is an attempt to poison the potential pool of jurors. (merriam-webster.com)
Rochelle Olson, Star Tribune , "Prosecutors want stiff sentences for ex-cops charged in George Floyd's killing," 12 Oct. 2020 The absence of humility, Danforth said, can poison any chance for a collaborative culture. (merriam-webster.com)
Mark Leibovich, New York Times , "The Untraveled High Road of Humility, and a President Laid Low," 4 Oct. 2020 Failure to reach one could poison relations between the two sides for years to come. (merriam-webster.com)

In the past, according to a State of Michigan publication titled Mercury Poisoning, it was used as the active ingredient in ointments, animal worming medicines, antiseptics, disinfectants, diuretics and fungicides. (encyclopedia.com)
Many people do not take the risk of mercury poisoning seriously because they have played with elemental or liquid mercury or broken thermometers containing mercury without ill health effects. (encyclopedia.com)
This is because poisoning from elemental mercury is most likely due to inhalation of mercury vapors. (encyclopedia.com)
Elemental mercury is not easily absorbed by the skin, so touching elemental mercury is usually not enough to cause poisoning. (encyclopedia.com)
What is mercury poisoning? (scientificamerican.com)
We asked Jay Schauben , director of the Florida/U.S. Virgin Islands Poison Information Center-Jacksonville, to explain mercury poisoning. (scientificamerican.com)

Also, call the local poison control helpline for assistance. (news-medical.net)
Once you're sure the person's (or your own) condition is stable, call your local poison control center or poison help hotline for further instructions. (wikihow.com)

On a weight basis, batrachotoxin is 250 times more powerful than the rat poison strychnine. (amnh.org)

Over the long term, lead poisoning in a child can lead to learning disabilities , behavioral problems, and even mental retardation . (encyclopedia.com)

Anatomy11

Organisms17

Diseases15

Chemicals and Drugs102

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment15

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes27

Disciplines and Occupations1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture3

Humanities1

Information Science6

Named Groups2

Health Care20

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Calcium antagonists ameliorate ischemia-induced endothelial cell permeability by inhibiting protein kinase C. (1/123)

The role of oxidative DNA damage in human arsenic carcinogenesis: detection of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in arsenic-related Bowen's disease. (2/123)

Efficient cleavage of conjugates of drugs or poisons by immobilized beta-glucuronidase and arylsulfatase in columns. (3/123)

(+)-[3H]isradipine and [3H]glyburide bindings to heart and lung membranes from rats with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. (4/123)

Cardiac endothelin and big endothelin in right-heart hypertrophy due to monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rat. (5/123)

Identification of the general unknown. Application of mass selective detectors in forensic toxicology. (6/123)

Toward antibody-catalyzed hydrolysis of organophosphorus poisons. (7/123)

Fatal strychnine poisoning: application of gas chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. (8/123)

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