AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation ScienceNamed GroupsHealth Care
Point MutationMutation, MissenseMutationFrameshift MutationMolecular Sequence DataBase SequenceGerm-Line MutationPedigreeAmino Acid SequenceDNA Mutational AnalysisExonsPolymerase Chain ReactionAmino Acid SubstitutionMutagenesis, Site-DirectedHeterozygoteMutation RateAllelesPolymorphism, Single-Stranded ConformationalMutagenesisSequence Analysis, DNASequence DeletionHomozygoteProtein Structure, TertiaryDNA PrimersGenotypePhenotypeBinding SitesCell LineCodonModels, MolecularCodon, NonsenseEscherichia coliSequence Homology, Amino AcidDNA-Binding ProteinsGene DeletionCloning, MolecularProtein BindingGenes, DominantDNAGenes, RecessiveSequence AlignmentSuppression, GeneticTranscription FactorsPlasmidsChromosome MappingTransfectionGenes, p53Genetic TestingGenetic Complementation TestDNA, MitochondrialMutant ProteinsSaccharomyces cerevisiaeTranscription, GeneticBacterial ProteinsPromoter Regions, GeneticMembrane ProteinsRecombinant ProteinsIntronsStructure-Activity RelationshipProtein ConformationNuclear ProteinsSyndromeEthylnitrosoureaDNA, NeoplasmRNA, MessengerGenetic VariationPolymorphism, GeneticModels, GeneticPolymorphism, Restriction Fragment LengthCarrier ProteinsGenetic LinkageKineticsRecombinant Fusion ProteinsFounder EffectHeterozygote DetectionMutagenesis, InsertionalGenesRecombination, GeneticConserved SequenceCOS CellsGenes, LethalGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseGenes, BacterialRestriction MappingConsanguinitySignal TransductionRNA SplicingProtein Structure, SecondarySaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsProto-Oncogene ProteinsProteinsGenes, SuppressorFamily HealthGene FrequencyDNA, ComplementaryProto-Oncogene Proteins B-rafTemperatureGenes, FungalMutagensExome
Point Mutation
A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.
Mutation, Missense
A mutation in which a codon is mutated to one directing the incorporation of a different amino acid. This substitution may result in an inactive or unstable product. (From A Dictionary of Genetics, King & Stansfield, 5th ed)
Mutation
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
Frameshift Mutation
A type of mutation in which a number of NUCLEOTIDES deleted from or inserted into a protein coding sequence is not divisible by three, thereby causing an alteration in the READING FRAMES of the entire coding sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of MUTAGENS or may occur spontaneously.
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Base Sequence
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Germ-Line Mutation
Any detectable and heritable alteration in the lineage of germ cells. Mutations in these cells (i.e., "generative" cells ancestral to the gametes) are transmitted to progeny while those in somatic cells are not.
Pedigree
The record of descent or ancestry, particularly of a particular condition or trait, indicating individual family members, their relationships, and their status with respect to the trait or condition.
Amino Acid Sequence
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
DNA Mutational Analysis
Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.
Exons
The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.
Polymerase Chain Reaction
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
Amino Acid Substitution
The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.
Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.
Heterozygote
An individual having different alleles at one or more loci regarding a specific character.
Mutation Rate
The number of mutations that occur in a specific sequence, GENE, or GENOME over a specified period of time such as years, CELL DIVISIONS, or generations.
Alleles
Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.
Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational
Variation in a population's DNA sequence that is detected by determining alterations in the conformation of denatured DNA fragments. Denatured DNA fragments are allowed to renature under conditions that prevent the formation of double-stranded DNA and allow secondary structure to form in single stranded fragments. These fragments are then run through polyacrylamide gels to detect variations in the secondary structure that is manifested as an alteration in migration through the gels.
Mutagenesis
Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.
Sequence Analysis, DNA
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
Sequence Deletion
Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.
Homozygote
An individual in which both alleles at a given locus are identical.
Protein Structure, Tertiary
The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
DNA Primers
Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.
Genotype
The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.
Phenotype
The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.
Binding Sites
The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.
Cell Line
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
Codon
A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).
Models, Molecular
Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.
Codon, Nonsense
An amino acid-specifying codon that has been converted to a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR) by mutation. Its occurance is abnormal causing premature termination of protein translation and results in production of truncated and non-functional proteins. A nonsense mutation is one that converts an amino acid-specific codon to a stop codon.
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.
DNA-Binding Proteins
Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.
Gene Deletion
A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.
Cloning, Molecular
The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.
Protein Binding
The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.
Genes, Dominant
Genes that influence the PHENOTYPE both in the homozygous and the heterozygous state.
DNA
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
Genes, Recessive
Genes that influence the PHENOTYPE only in the homozygous state.
Sequence Alignment
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
Suppression, Genetic
Mutation process that restores the wild-type PHENOTYPE in an organism possessing a mutationally altered GENOTYPE. The second "suppressor" mutation may be on a different gene, on the same gene but located at a distance from the site of the primary mutation, or in extrachromosomal genes (EXTRACHROMOSOMAL INHERITANCE).
Transcription Factors
Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.
Plasmids
Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.
Chromosome Mapping
Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.
Transfection
The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.
Genes, p53
Tumor suppressor genes located on the short arm of human chromosome 17 and coding for the phosphoprotein p53.
Genetic Testing
Detection of a MUTATION; GENOTYPE; KARYOTYPE; or specific ALLELES associated with genetic traits, heritable diseases, or predisposition to a disease, or that may lead to the disease in descendants. It includes prenatal genetic testing.
Genetic Complementation Test
A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.
DNA, Mitochondrial
Double-stranded DNA of MITOCHONDRIA. In eukaryotes, the mitochondrial GENOME is circular and codes for ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, and about 10 proteins.
Mutant Proteins
Proteins produced from GENES that have acquired MUTATIONS.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.
Transcription, Genetic
The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.
Bacterial Proteins
Proteins found in any species of bacterium.
Promoter Regions, Genetic
DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.
Membrane Proteins
Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.
Recombinant Proteins
Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.
Introns
Sequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some introns code for separate genes.
Structure-Activity Relationship
The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.
Protein Conformation
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
Nuclear Proteins
Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.
Ethylnitrosourea
A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.
DNA, Neoplasm
DNA present in neoplastic tissue.
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Genetic Variation
Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.
Polymorphism, Genetic
The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.
Models, Genetic
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
Variation occurring within a species in the presence or length of DNA fragment generated by a specific endonuclease at a specific site in the genome. Such variations are generated by mutations that create or abolish recognition sites for these enzymes or change the length of the fragment.
Carrier Proteins
Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.
Genetic Linkage
The co-inheritance of two or more non-allelic GENES due to their being located more or less closely on the same CHROMOSOME.
Kinetics
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.
Founder Effect
A phenomenon that is observed when a small subgroup of a larger POPULATION establishes itself as a separate and isolated entity. The subgroup's GENE POOL carries only a fraction of the genetic diversity of the parental population resulting in an increased frequency of certain diseases in the subgroup, especially those diseases known to be autosomal recessive.
Heterozygote Detection
Identification of genetic carriers for a given trait.
Mutagenesis, Insertional
Mutagenesis where the mutation is caused by the introduction of foreign DNA sequences into a gene or extragenic sequence. This may occur spontaneously in vivo or be experimentally induced in vivo or in vitro. Proviral DNA insertions into or adjacent to a cellular proto-oncogene can interrupt GENETIC TRANSLATION of the coding sequences or interfere with recognition of regulatory elements and cause unregulated expression of the proto-oncogene resulting in tumor formation.
Genes
A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.
Recombination, Genetic
Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.
Conserved Sequence
A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.
COS Cells
CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)
Genes, Lethal
Genes whose loss of function or gain of function MUTATION leads to the death of the carrier prior to maturity. They may be essential genes (GENES, ESSENTIAL) required for viability, or genes which cause a block of function of an essential gene at a time when the essential gene function is required for viability.
Genetic Predisposition to Disease
A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.
Genes, Bacterial
The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.
Restriction Mapping
Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.
Consanguinity
The magnitude of INBREEDING in humans.
Signal Transduction
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
RNA Splicing
The ultimate exclusion of nonsense sequences or intervening sequences (introns) before the final RNA transcript is sent to the cytoplasm.
Protein Structure, Secondary
The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.
Proto-Oncogene Proteins
Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.
Proteins
Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.
Genes, Suppressor
Genes that have a suppressor allele or suppressor mutation (SUPPRESSION, GENETIC) which cancels the effect of a previous mutation, enabling the wild-type phenotype to be maintained or partially restored. For example, amber suppressors cancel the effect of an AMBER NONSENSE MUTATION.
Family Health
The health status of the family as a unit including the impact of the health of one member of the family on the family as a unit and on individual family members; also, the impact of family organization or disorganization on the health status of its members.
Gene Frequency
The proportion of one particular in the total of all ALLELES for one genetic locus in a breeding POPULATION.
DNA, Complementary
Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.
Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf
A raf kinase subclass found at high levels in neuronal tissue. The B-raf Kinases are MAP kinase kinase kinases that have specificity for MAP KINASE KINASE 1 and MAP KINASE KINASE 2.
Temperature
The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.
Genes, Fungal
The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.
Mutagens
Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes.
Exome
That part of the genome that corresponds to the complete complement of EXONS of an organism or cell.
Cricetinae
A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.
Evolution, Molecular
The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.
Crosses, Genetic
Deliberate breeding of two different individuals that results in offspring that carry part of the genetic material of each parent. The parent organisms must be genetically compatible and may be from different varieties or closely related species.
Cells, Cultured
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
Drug Resistance
Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from DRUG TOLERANCE which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration.
Mice, Mutant Strains
Mice bearing mutant genes which are phenotypically expressed in the animals.
Chromosome Deletion
Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.
Oligonucleotide Probes
Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin.
Fungal Proteins
Proteins found in any species of fungus.
Microsatellite Repeats
A variety of simple repeat sequences that are distributed throughout the GENOME. They are characterized by a short repeat unit of 2-8 basepairs that is repeated up to 100 times. They are also known as short tandem repeats (STRs).
Genes, BRCA1
A tumor suppressor gene (GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR) located on human CHROMOSOME 17 at locus 17q21. Mutations of this gene are associated with the formation of HEREDITARY BREAST AND OVARIAN CANCER SYNDROME. It encodes a large nuclear protein that is a component of DNA repair pathways.
Amino Acid Motifs
Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.
Cercopithecus aethiops
A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.
RNA Splice Sites
Nucleotide sequences located at the ends of EXONS and recognized in pre-messenger RNA by SPLICEOSOMES. They are joined during the RNA SPLICING reaction, forming the junctions between exons.
DNA, Bacterial
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.
Repressor Proteins
Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.
Blotting, Southern
A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.
Gene Expression Regulation
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.
INDEL Mutation
A mutation named with the blend of insertion and deletion. It refers to a length difference between two ALLELES where it is unknowable if the difference was originally caused by a SEQUENCE INSERTION or by a SEQUENCE DELETION. If the number of nucleotides in the insertion/deletion is not divisible by three, and it occurs in a protein coding region, it is also a FRAMESHIFT MUTATION.
Tumor Suppressor Protein p53
Nuclear phosphoprotein encoded by the p53 gene (GENES, P53) whose normal function is to control CELL PROLIFERATION and APOPTOSIS. A mutant or absent p53 protein has been found in LEUKEMIA; OSTEOSARCOMA; LUNG CANCER; and COLORECTAL CANCER.
Gene Expression
The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.
Phosphorylation
The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.
HeLa Cells
The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.
Escherichia coli Proteins
Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.
Selection, Genetic
Differential and non-random reproduction of different genotypes, operating to alter the gene frequencies within a population.
Eye Proteins
Drug Resistance, Microbial
The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).
Genes, ras
Family of retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (ras) originally isolated from Harvey (H-ras, Ha-ras, rasH) and Kirsten (K-ras, Ki-ras, rasK) murine sarcoma viruses. Ras genes are widely conserved among animal species and sequences corresponding to both H-ras and K-ras genes have been detected in human, avian, murine, and non-vertebrate genomes. The closely related N-ras gene has been detected in human neuroblastoma and sarcoma cell lines. All genes of the family have a similar exon-intron structure and each encodes a p21 protein.
Drug Resistance, Viral
The ability of viruses to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents or antiviral agents. This resistance is acquired through gene mutation.
Jews
An ethnic group with historical ties to the land of ISRAEL and the religion of JUDAISM.
Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.
Drosophila Proteins
Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.
Nucleic Acid Conformation
The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.
Age of Onset
The age, developmental stage, or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual.
Oligodeoxyribonucleotides
A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.
Trans-Activators
Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.
DNA Repair
The reconstruction of a continuous two-stranded DNA molecule without mismatch from a molecule which contained damaged regions. The major repair mechanisms are excision repair, in which defective regions in one strand are excised and resynthesized using the complementary base pairing information in the intact strand; photoreactivation repair, in which the lethal and mutagenic effects of ultraviolet light are eliminated; and post-replication repair, in which the primary lesions are not repaired, but the gaps in one daughter duplex are filled in by incorporation of portions of the other (undamaged) daughter duplex. Excision repair and post-replication repair are sometimes referred to as "dark repair" because they do not require light.
Blotting, Western
Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.
Genetic Diseases, X-Linked
Genetic diseases that are linked to gene mutations on the X CHROMOSOME in humans (X CHROMOSOME, HUMAN) or the X CHROMOSOME in other species. Included here are animal models of human X-linked diseases.
Glycine
A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the neuroepithelium of the retina characterized by night blindness and progressive contraction of the visual field.
Mice, Transgenic
Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.
RNA, Transfer, Leu
A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying leucine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.
Alanine
A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Abnormalities, Multiple
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.
Arginine
An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.
MELAS Syndrome
A mitochondrial disorder characterized by focal or generalized seizures, episodes of transient or persistent neurologic dysfunction resembling strokes, and ragged-red fibers on muscle biopsy. Affected individuals tend to be normal at birth through early childhood, then experience growth failure, episodic vomiting, and recurrent cerebral insults resulting in visual loss and hemiparesis. The cortical lesions tend to occur in the parietal and occipital lobes and are not associated with vascular occlusion. VASCULAR HEADACHE is frequently associated and the disorder tends to be familial. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch56, p117)
Virus Replication
The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.
Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.
DNA Transposable Elements
Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.
Drosophila melanogaster
A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.
Dimerization
The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer.
ras Proteins
Small, monomeric GTP-binding proteins encoded by ras genes (GENES, RAS). The protooncogene-derived protein, PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN P21(RAS), plays a role in normal cellular growth, differentiation and development. The oncogene-derived protein (ONCOGENE PROTEIN P21(RAS)) can play a role in aberrant cellular regulation during neoplastic cell transformation (CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC). This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.
DNA Gyrase
A bacterial DNA topoisomerase II that catalyzes ATP-dependent breakage of both strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strands through the breaks, and rejoining of the broken strands. Gyrase binds to DNA as a heterotetramer consisting of two A and two B subunits. In the presence of ATP, gyrase is able to convert the relaxed circular DNA duplex into a superhelix. In the absence of ATP, supercoiled DNA is relaxed by DNA gyrase.
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.
Penetrance
The percent frequency with which a dominant or homozygous recessive gene or gene combination manifests itself in the phenotype of the carriers. (From Glossary of Genetics, 5th ed)
Drug Resistance, Bacterial
The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).
Genetic Markers
A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event.
Serine
A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.
Fibroblasts
Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.
Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathies
A heterogenous group of disorders characterized by alterations of mitochondrial metabolism that result in muscle and nervous system dysfunction. These are often multisystemic and vary considerably in age at onset (usually in the first or second decade of life), distribution of affected muscles, severity, and course. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp984-5)
X Chromosome
The female sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and all female gametes in human and other male-heterogametic species.
Genes, BRCA2
A tumor suppressor gene (GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR) located on human chromosome 13 at locus 13q12.3. Mutations in this gene predispose humans to breast and ovarian cancer. It encodes a large, nuclear protein that is an essential component of DNA repair pathways, suppressing the formation of gross chromosomal rearrangements. (from Genes Dev 2000;14(11):1400-6)
CHO Cells
CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.
Models, Biological
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Loss of Heterozygosity
The loss of one allele at a specific locus, caused by a deletion mutation; or loss of a chromosome from a chromosome pair, resulting in abnormal HEMIZYGOSITY. It is detected when heterozygous markers for a locus appear monomorphic because one of the ALLELES was deleted.
Tumor Cells, Cultured
Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.
Codon, Terminator
Any codon that signals the termination of genetic translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC). PEPTIDE TERMINATION FACTORS bind to the stop codon and trigger the hydrolysis of the aminoacyl bond connecting the completed polypeptide to the tRNA. Terminator codons do not specify amino acids.
Eye Abnormalities
Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.
DNA, Viral
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
Ethyl Methanesulfonate
An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.
Protein Transport
The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Protein Folding
Processes involved in the formation of TERTIARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE.
Cysteine
A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.
Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
Sequences of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies. There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES are copies of transposable elements (DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS or RETROELEMENTS) dispersed throughout the genome. TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES flank both ends of another sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on RETROVIRUSES. Variations may be direct repeats, those occurring in the same direction, or inverted repeats, those opposite to each other in direction. TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES are copies which lie adjacent to each other, direct or inverted (INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES).
Drosophila
A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.
Immunohistochemistry
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
Cell Nucleus
Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
DNA, Fungal
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of fungi.
Adenosine Triphosphatases
A group of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP. The hydrolysis reaction is usually coupled with another function such as transporting Ca(2+) across a membrane. These enzymes may be dependent on Ca(2+), Mg(2+), anions, H+, or DNA.
HEK293 Cells
A cell line generated from human embryonic kidney cells that were transformed with human adenovirus type 5.
Mitochondrial Diseases
Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.
Viral Proteins
Proteins found in any species of virus.
Operon
In bacteria, a group of metabolically related genes, with a common promoter, whose transcription into a single polycistronic MESSENGER RNA is under the control of an OPERATOR REGION.
Genetic Heterogeneity
The presence of apparently similar characters for which the genetic evidence indicates that different genes or different genetic mechanisms are involved in different pedigrees. In clinical settings genetic heterogeneity refers to the presence of a variety of genetic defects which cause the same disease, often due to mutations at different loci on the same gene, a finding common to many human diseases including ALZHEIMER DISEASE; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE DEFICIENCY, FAMILIAL; and POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASES. (Rieger, et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
A broad category of carrier proteins that play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They generally contain several modular domains, each of which having its own binding activity, and act by forming complexes with other intracellular-signaling molecules. Signal-transducing adaptor proteins lack enzyme activity, however their activity can be modulated by other signal-transducing enzymes
Cell Line, Tumor
A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.
Genes, Regulator
Genes which regulate or circumscribe the activity of other genes; specifically, genes which code for PROTEINS or RNAs which have GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION functions.
Protein Stability
The ability of a protein to retain its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to physical or chemical manipulations.
Phylogeny
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
Mitochondrial Myopathies
A group of muscle diseases associated with abnormal mitochondria function.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group
Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the southeastern and eastern areas of the Asian continent.
RNA
A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
Neoplasm Proteins
Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.
Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases
A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.
RNA, Viral
Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
A hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy transmitted most often as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by progressive distal wasting and loss of reflexes in the muscles of the legs (and occasionally involving the arms). Onset is usually in the second to fourth decade of life. This condition has been divided into two subtypes, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) types I and II. HMSN I is associated with abnormal nerve conduction velocities and nerve hypertrophy, features not seen in HMSN II. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1343)
Mosaicism
The occurrence in an individual of two or more cell populations of different chromosomal constitutions, derived from a single ZYGOTE, as opposed to CHIMERISM in which the different cell populations are derived from more than one zygote.
Substrate Specificity
A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

Over-representation of a germline RET sequence variant in patients with sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma and somatic RET codon 918 mutation. (1/13935)

The aetiology of sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma is unknown. About 50% harbour a somatic mutation at codon 918 of RET (M918T). To investigate whether other RET sequence variants may be associated with or predispose to the development of sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma, we analysed genomic DNA from the germline and corresponding tumour from 50 patients to identify RET sequence variants. In one patient, tumour DNA showed a novel somatic 12 bp in-frame deletion in exon 15. More interestingly, we found that the rare polymorphism at codon 836 (c.2439C > T; S836S) occurred at a significantly higher frequency than that in control individuals without sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma (Fisher's exact test, P = 0.03). Further, among the nine evaluable cases with germline c.2439C/T, eight also had the somatic M918T mutation in MTC DNA which was more frequent than in patients with the more common c.2439C/C (89% vs 40%, respectively; Fisher's exact test, P = 0.01). These findings suggest that the rare sequence variant at codon 836 may somehow play a role in the genesis of sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma.  (+info)

Cooperative binding of heat shock factor to the yeast HSP82 promoter in vivo and in vitro. (2/13935)

Previous work has shown that heat shock factor (HSF) plays a central role in remodeling the chromatin structure of the yeast HSP82 promoter via constitutive interactions with its high-affinity binding site, heat shock element 1 (HSE1). The HSF-HSE1 interaction is also critical for stimulating both basal (noninduced) and induced transcription. By contrast, the function of the adjacent, inducibly occupied HSE2 and -3 is unknown. In this study, we examined the consequences of mutations in HSE1, HSE2, and HSE3 on HSF binding and transactivation. We provide evidence that in vivo, HSF binds to these three sites cooperatively. This cooperativity is seen both before and after heat shock, is required for full inducibility, and can be recapitulated in vitro on both linear and supercoiled templates. Quantitative in vitro footprinting reveals that occupancy of HSE2 and -3 by Saccharomyces cerevisiae HSF (ScHSF) is enhanced approximately 100-fold through cooperative interactions with the HSF-HSE1 complex. HSE1 point mutants, whose basal transcription is virtually abolished, are functionally compensated by cooperative interactions with HSE2 and -3 following heat shock, resulting in robust inducibility. Using a competition binding assay, we show that the affinity of recombinant HSF for the full-length HSP82 promoter is reduced nearly an order of magnitude by a single-point mutation within HSE1, paralleling the effect of these mutations on noninduced transcript levels. We propose that the remodeled chromatin phenotype previously shown for HSE1 point mutants (and lost in HSE1 deletion mutants) stems from the retention of productive, cooperative interactions between HSF and its target binding sites.  (+info)

The alphaE-catenin gene (CTNNA1) acts as an invasion-suppressor gene in human colon cancer cells. (3/13935)

The acquisition of invasiveness is a crucial step in the malignant progression of cancer. In cancers of the colon and of other organs the E-cadherin/catenin complex, which is implicated in homotypic cell-cell adhesion as well as in signal transduction, serves as a powerful inhibitor of invasion. We show here that one allele of the alphaE-catenin (CTNNA1) gene is mutated in the human colon cancer cell family HCT-8, which is identical to HCT-15, DLD-1 and HRT-18. Genetic instability, due to mutations in the HMSH6 (also called GTBP) mismatch repair gene, results in the spontaneous occurrence of invasive variants, all carrying either a mutation or exon skipping in the second alphaE-catenin allele. The alphaE-catenin gene is therefore, an invasion-suppressor gene in accordance with the two-hit model of Knudsen for tumour-suppressor genes.  (+info)

Correlation between the status of the p53 gene and survival in patients with stage I non-small cell lung carcinoma. (4/13935)

The association of p53 abnormalities with the prognosis of patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) has been extensively investigated to date, however, this association is still controversial. Therefore, we investigated the prognostic significance of p53 mutations through exons 2 to 11 and p53 protein expression in 103 cases of stage I NSCLC. p53 mutations were detected in 49 of 103 (48%) tumors. Two separate mutations were detected in four tumors giving a total of 53 unique mutations in 49 tumors. Ten (19%) of mutations occurred outside exons 5-8. Positive immunohistochemical staining of p53 protein was detected in 41 of 103 (40%) tumors. The concordance rate between mutations and protein overexpression was only 69%. p53 mutations, but not expression, were significantly associated with a shortened survival of patients (P<0.001). Furthermore, we investigated the correlation between the types of p53 mutations and prognosis. p53 missense mutations rather than null mutations were associated with poor prognosis (P < 0.001 in missense mutations and P=0.243 in null mutations). These results indicated that p53 mutations, in particular missense mutations, rather than p53 expression could be a useful molecular marker for the prognosis of patients with surgically resected stage I NSCLC.  (+info)

p73 at chromosome 1p36.3 is lost in advanced stage neuroblastoma but its mutation is infrequent. (5/13935)

p73, a novel p53 family member, is a recently identified candidate neuroblastoma (NBL) suppressor gene mapped at chromosome 1p36.33 and was found to inhibit growth and induce apoptosis in cell lines. To test the hypothesis that p73 is a NBL suppressor gene, we analysed the p73 gene in primary human NBLs. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) for p73 was observed in 19% (28/151) of informative cases which included 92 mass-screening (MS) tumors. The high frequency of p73 LOH was significantly associated with sporadic NBLs (9% vs 34%, P<0.001), N-myc amplification (10% vs 71%, P<0.001), and advanced stage (14% vs 28%, P<0.05). Both p73alpha and p73beta transcripts were detectable in only 46 of 134 (34%) NBLs at low levels by RT-PCR methods, while they were easily detectable in most breast cancers and colorectal cancers under the same conditions. They found no correlation between p73 LOH and its expression levels (P>0.1). We found two mutations out of 140 NBLs, one somatic and one germline, which result in amino acid substitutions in the C-terminal region of p73 which may affect transactivation functions, though, in the same tumor samples, no mutation of the p53 gene was observed as reported previously. These results suggest that allelic loss of the p73 gene may be a later event in NBL tumorigenesis. However, p73 is infrequently mutated in primary NBLs and may hardly function as a tumor suppressor in a classic Knudson's manner.  (+info)

RNA binding by the novel helical domain of the influenza virus NS1 protein requires its dimer structure and a small number of specific basic amino acids. (6/13935)

The RNA-binding/dimerization domain of the NS1 protein of influenza A virus (73 amino acids in length) exhibits a novel dimeric six-helical fold. It is not known how this domain binds to its specific RNA targets, one of which is double-stranded RNA. To elucidate the mode of RNA binding, we introduced single alanine replacements into the NS1 RNA-binding domain at specific positions in the three-dimensional structure. Our results indicate that the dimer structure is essential for RNA binding, because any alanine replacement that causes disruption of the dimer also leads to the loss of RNA-binding activity. Surprisingly, the arginine side chain at position 38, which is in the second helix of each monomer, is the only amino-acid side chain that is absolutely required only for RNA binding and not for dimerization, indicating that this side chain probably interacts directly with the RNA target. This interaction is primarily electrostatic, because replacement of this arginine with lysine had no effect on RNA binding. A second basic amino acid, the lysine at position 41, which is also in helix 2, makes a strong contribution to the affinity of binding. We conclude that helix 2 and helix 2', which are antiparallel and next to each other in the dimer conformation, constitute the interaction face between the NS1 RNA-binding domain and its RNA targets, and that the arginine side chain at position 38 and possibly the lysine side chain at position 41 in each of these antiparallel helices contact the phosphate backbone of the RNA target.  (+info)

A concise promoter region of the heart fatty acid-binding protein gene dictates tissue-appropriate expression. (7/13935)

The heart fatty acid-binding protein (HFABP) is a member of a family of binding proteins with distinct tissue distributions and diverse roles in fatty acid metabolism, trafficking, and signaling. Other members of this family have been shown to possess concise promoter regions that direct appropriate tissue-specific expression. The basis for the specific expression of the HFABP has not been previously evaluated, and the mechanisms governing expression of metabolic genes in the heart are not completely understood. We used transient and permanent transfections in ventricular myocytes, skeletal myocytes, and nonmyocytic cells to map regulatory elements in the HFABP promoter, and audited results in transgenic mice. Appropriate tissue-specific expression in cell culture and in transgenic mice was dictated by 1.2 kb of the 5'-flanking sequence of FABP3, the HFABP gene. Comparison of orthologous murine and human genomic sequences demonstrated multiple regions of near-identity within this promoter region, including a CArG-like element close to the TATA box. Binding and transactivation studies demonstrated that this element can function as an atypical myocyte enhancer-binding factor 2 site. Interactions with adjacent sites are likely to be necessary for fully appropriate, tissue-specific, developmental and metabolic regulation.  (+info)

The DNA binding activity of Translin is mediated by a basic region in the ring-shaped structure conserved in evolution. (8/13935)

DNA binding proteins, for the most part, function as dimers or tetramers which recognize their target sequences. Here we show that Translin, a novel single-stranded DNA end binding protein, forms a ring-shaped structure conserved throughout evolution and that this structure is responsible for its DNA binding activity. Point mutations at Leu184 and Leu191 in the leucine zipper motif of human Translin resulted in loss of the multimeric structure and abrogation of DNA binding. Point mutations at R86, H88, H90 to T86, N88, N90 in one of the basic regions, however, completely inhibited the DNA binding activity without affecting the multimeric structure. These results support the view that the DNA binding domain of Translin is formed in the ring-shaped structure in combination with its basic region (amino acids 86-97) polypeptides.  (+info)

Identification of seven novel mutations in LH β-subunit gene by SSCP<...Identification of seven novel mutations in LH β-subunit gene by SSCP<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Identification of seven novel mutations in LH β-subunit gene by SSCP. AU - Roy, Ashim C.. AU - Liao, Wu Xiang. AU - Chen, Ying. AU - Arulkumaran, Sabaratnam. AU - Ratnam, Shan S.. PY - 1996. Y1 - 1996. N2 - Seven new point mutations have been identified from LH β-subunit gene by PCR-mediated SSCP, and sequencing. One mutation was found changing amino acid from Gln102 to Ser102. The remaining six mutations, which did not change the codings, were in complete linkage disequilibrium. SSCP can be used in the diagnosis of LH-related disorders.. AB - Seven new point mutations have been identified from LH β-subunit gene by PCR-mediated SSCP, and sequencing. One mutation was found changing amino acid from Gln102 to Ser102. The remaining six mutations, which did not change the codings, were in complete linkage disequilibrium. SSCP can be used in the diagnosis of LH-related disorders.. KW - Luteinizing hormone. KW - Mutation. KW - Polymerase chain reaction. KW - Restriction enzyme ...
https://pure.unic.ac.cy/en/publications/identification-of-seven-novel-mutations-in-lh-%CE%B2-subunit-gene-by-s
COVID-19: virus strain dominant worldwide is different from original in Wuhan : Peoples DispatchCOVID-19: virus strain dominant worldwide is different from original in Wuhan : Peoples Dispatch
Viral evolution is a common phenomenon. Among other factors that marks how a virus evolves is what is known as point mutation. A point mutation can either be in a specific location of the DNA or it can give rise to the change in a specific position of a critical viral protein. A change of a single base in the DNA or a single amino acid of a protein - the hallmark of point mutation - can bring in huge change in terms of physiology, infectivity and severity of a microorganism, and for that matter, in any organism. As a result of such point mutations, different strains of a virus evolve.. SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus that caused the COVID-19 pandemic with devastating consequences, also has undergone such point mutation and hence different strains have emerged. A Cell publication has revealed the viral strain that possibly emerged during April 2020 and has now has become the dominant viral form worldwide. The strain, named D614G, is different from the original one found in Wuhan, China and is more ...
https://peoplesdispatch.org/2020/07/05/covid-19-virus-strain-dominant-worldwide-is-different-from-original-in-wuhan/
Genomic and Biological Characterization of Exon 4 KRAS Mutations in Human Cancer | Cancer ResearchGenomic and Biological Characterization of Exon 4 KRAS Mutations in Human Cancer | Cancer Research
Several decades have passed since oncogenic RAS was first identified as the transforming factor in the Harvey and Kirsten strains of the Mouse Sarcoma Virus (1, 3-5). Since these discoveries, all three RAS family genes (KRAS, NRAS, and HRAS) have been shown to be somatically mutated in human cancer, most commonly as a result of single point mutations at codons 12, 13, and 61.. Despite overwhelming evidence that oncogenic RAS plays a central role in mediating transformation in human tumors, only recently has limited testing for somatic RAS mutations entered routine clinical practice. Widespread adoption of mutational profiling in the clinic has been delayed for several reasons. First, before recent advances in sequencing technology, RAS mutational testing was expensive and time intensive. Second, until recently, there was no definitive evidence that routine testing for RAS mutations would meaningfully affect clinical practice. This changed with the identification of KRAS mutations as a predictor ...
http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/70/14/5901.long
Developing new method for GBA sequencing and detection of germ-line or somatic point mutations, deletion/insertions, and...Developing new method for GBA sequencing and detection of germ-line or somatic point mutations, deletion/insertions, and...
Study Rationale: Mutations in the GBA gene are the most common genetic cause of Parkinson s disease. This gene has a nearby pseudogene, which is a genetic material that is very similar to the original gene but does not encode a protein. Because of the presence of the pseudogene, it is often difficult to identify mutations in the gene using traditional mutation detection techniques. Furthermore, specific mutations that occur as a result of a recombination between the gene and the pseudogene are often missed by the traditional genetic methods.. Hypothesis:. By using a novel technology called targeted locus amplification (TLA) we hypothesize that we will be able to better discriminate between the gene and its pseudogene, and to identify specific recombinations between GBA and its pseudogene.. Study Design:. First, we will design the TLA methods to match the target gene, GBA, and its pseudogene, and examine if it works using random DNA samples. Then, we will examine if the method works by using DNA ...
https://www.michaeljfox.org/foundation/grant-detail.php?grant_id=1561
Using a constraint-based regression method for relative quantification of somatic mutations in pyrosequencing signals: a case...Using a constraint-based regression method for relative quantification of somatic mutations in pyrosequencing signals: a case...
Pyrosequencing Allele Quantification (AQ) is a cost-effective DNA sequencing method that can be used for detecting somatic mutations in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples. The method displays a low turnaround time and a high sensitivity. Pyrosequencing suffers however from two main drawbacks including (i) low specificity and (ii) difficult signal interpretation when multiple mutations are reported in a hotspot genomic region. Using a constraint-based regression method, the new AdvISER-PYRO-SMQ algorithm was developed in the current study and implemented into an R package. As a proof-of-concept, AdvISER-PYRO-SMQ was used to identify a set of 9 distinct point mutations affecting codon 61 of the NRAS oncogene. In parallel, a pyrosequencing assay using the Qiagen software and its AQ module was used to assess selectively the presence of a single point mutation (NRAS $$c.182A|G$$
https://almob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13015-016-0086-4/tables/3
The (In)Adequacy of Darwinian EvolutionThe (In)Adequacy of Darwinian Evolution
Joseph Bozorgmehr also notes that [i]n many instances...a loss of function and regulation in a harsh or unusual environment can have a beneficial outcome and thus be selected for-bacteria tend to evolve resistance to antibiotics in such a way through mutations that would otherwise adversely affect membrane permeability.20. Parasites. Humans have been battling malaria for thousands of years. The advent of modern medicine provided us with a weapon to finally beat this ravaging parasite once and for all. Or so we thought. Unfortunately for us, malaria has been able to develop immunity to every drug weve thrown at it. For example, malaria quickly developed resistance to Atovaquone. All that was required to circumvent the effectiveness of this drug was a single point mutation at position 268 in a single malarial gene. The odds of developing this particular mutation are one in a trillion (1012). While those odds would be difficult to overcome for most organisms (such as human beings or beetles), ...
http://onenesspentecostal.com/DarwinianEvolution.htm
C# 7.0 - Maurizios blog 3.0C# 7.0 - Maurizios blog 3.0
public struct Point { public int X { get; set; } public int Y { get; set; } } Point[] arr = new[] { new Point {X=12, Y=15 }, new Point {X=56, Y = 754}, new Point {X=65, Y= 39}, new Point {X=21, Y=63} }; var p = new Point { X = 65, Y = 39 }; ref Point place = ref Find(p, arr); place.X = 99; place.Y = 99; // replaces 3rd Point element in the array Console.WriteLine(X= + arr[2].X + + Y= + arr[2].Y); // prints X=99 Y=99 public ref Point Find(Point p, Point[] points) { for (int i = 0; i , points.Length; i++) { if (points[i].X == p.X && points[i].Y == p.Y) { return ref points[i]; // return the storage location, not the value } } throw new IndexOutOfRangeException(${nameof(p)} not found ...
http://coding4art.com/archive/tag/c-7-0
Antievolution.org - Antievolution.org Discussion Board -Topic::Evolutionary ComputationAntievolution.org - Antievolution.org Discussion Board -Topic::Evolutionary Computation
Mendels Accountant User Manual: Maximal beneficial mutation effects A realistic upper limit must be placed upon beneficial mutations. This is because a single nucleotide change can expand total biological functionality of an organism only to a limited degree. The larger the genome and the greater the total genomic information, the less a single nucleotide is likely to increase the total. Researchers must make a judgment for themselves of what is a reasonable maximal value for a single base change. The MENDEL default value for this limit is 0.001. This limit implies that a single point mutation can increase total biological functionality by as much as 0.1%. In a genome such as man s, assuming only 10% of the genome is functional, such a maximal impact point mutation might be viewed as equivalent to adding 300,000 new information-bearing base pairs each of which had the genome-wide average fitness contribution. Researchers need to honestly define the upper limit they feel is realistic for their ...
http://www.antievolution.org/cgi-bin/ikonboard/ikonboard.cgi?s=50a399b6a4631568
Publications | DR. OSANJO GEORGE OYAMOPublications | DR. OSANJO GEORGE OYAMO
a-Galactosidase AgaB from Bacillus stearothermophilus displays a major a(1~6) and a minor a(1~3) regioselectivity in hydrolysis and transglycosylation. Its corresponding gene, agaB, was subjected to saturation mutagenesis at codon 442 in order to change its regioselectivity. The mutant genes were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli using pBTac2 as vector. The regioselective activity of the mutants was determined using thin layer chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A single point mutation, G442R, resulted in a mutant displaying an a(1~2) regioselectivity. Other amino acid substitutions at this site also gave mutants with altered regioselectivity and transglycosylation profiles. This is the first demonstration that single point mutations can lead to a strong modification of the regioselectivity of a glycosyl hydrolase. The kinetic parameters of the enzyme variants were determined and a preliminary investigation of possible substrates for condensation reactions ...
https://profiles.uonbi.ac.ke/gosanjo/publications?sort=author&order=asc
Generalized Radial Basis Function-Based High-Dimensional Model Representation Handling Existing Random Data | Journal of...Generalized Radial Basis Function-Based High-Dimensional Model Representation Handling Existing Random Data | Journal of...
The radial basis function-based high-dimensional model representation (RBF-HDMR) is very promising as a metamodel for high dimensional costly simulation-based functions. But in the modeling procedure, it requires well-structured regular points sampled on cut lines and planes. In practice, we usually have some existing random points that do not lie on cut lines or planes. For this case, RBF-HDMR cannot utilize the information of these random points because of its inner regular sampling process. To utilize the existing random points, this article presents two strategies to build a generalized RBF-HDMR (GRBF-HDMR) model. The GRBF-HDMR model using the error model (EM) strategy, called GRBF-HDMREM, constructs an error RBF model based on the prediction errors at all the sampled points to improve the RBF-HDMR predictions. While the GRBF-HDMR model using the error allocation (EA) strategy, called GRBF-HDMREA, employs the virtual regular points projected from the random points and the estimated virtual ...
http://mechanicaldesign.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/article.aspx?articleid=2565253
The variance gene for normal people as the control set compared with TCGA gene mutations for a certain cancer typeThe variance gene for normal people as the control set compared with TCGA gene mutations for a certain cancer type
It is very nice for you to answer my question so specific.. I think my work should be related with the first one. After reading your answer, I still have two questions about it.. 1. According to your answer, the mutations seen in both tumor and matched normal samples are usally germline, so I wonder, do the germline mutations, which can be detected from normal tissues of this patient, are eliminated from the somatic mutations, listed in that publication? (I guess if we check and search mutations in the tumor tissues of one patient, it is impossible to determine whether one mutation is belong to the somatic mutations or germline mutations, inherited from his parents. Unless we make the same analysis to the normal tissues of this patient and find the germline mutations of s/he, can we make sure which is somatic mutation and which is germline mutation.). 2. I just make sure Im clear about what you say. Most of the mutations for samples like TCGA-02-0047-11A-01D-1490-08 are belong to germline ...
https://www.biostars.org/p/118107/
Open questions: A logic (or lack thereof) of genome organization | BMC Biology | Full TextOpen questions: A logic (or lack thereof) of genome organization | BMC Biology | Full Text
Many approaches to the question have looked for statistical signatures of sequence under selective constraint. However, selection could, for example, be on the process of transcription not the product of transcription. A stronger, or perhaps complementary, approach is to start with a mechanistic hypothesis. If you know splice sites need exonic splice enhancer motifs to define them, then do these motifs impact on the evolution of the protein and gene sequence within which they are embedded [3]? As nucleosome location is important for gene expression, then does selection act on the DNA level to maintain proper positioning? Does this mean that a single point mutation can be disfavored for a minor disruption of function? We know that genes close together on chromosomes tend to be expressed together [4, 5]. Are genome rearrangements favored or disfavored then for bringing combinations together or breaking them up? How often will selection care about single point mutations within microRNA pairing ...
https://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7007-11-58
2.9 Fixed vs Segregating Mutations2.9 Fixed vs Segregating Mutations
The horizontal axis represents time, and the vertical axis represents a percentage of the population. When a mutation enters the population, it occurs in only one individual and is plotted as a point somewhere on the x axis. If the mutation is passed on, for example to four new offspring, then it will be in a higher percentage of the population at the next time step. Most mutations will soon drop out of the population. Either the individual where the mutation originates will not survive, or if it does survive and mate, by chance it may not pass the mutation to its children. Even then the children may not pass the mutation any further. Mutations that eventually die out show up as inverted ``V shapes in the figure: they are introduced, they are passed on to some proportion of the population in the next few generations, and eventually the percentage drops to 0 as the mutation disappears. Some small percentage of new mutations are passed on successfully. If by chance the mutation continues to ...
https://www.phy.ornl.gov/csep/CSEP/MU/NODE11A.html
13425 (Compute mutation type of a ClusterSeed or ClusterQuiver) - Sage13425 (Compute mutation type of a ClusterSeed or ClusterQuiver) - Sage
sage -t --long devel/sage/sage/combinat/cluster_algebra_quiver/mutation_type.py ********************************************************************** File devel/sage/sage/combinat/cluster_algebra_quiver/mutation_type.py, line 1259, in sage.combinat.cluster_algebra_quiver.mutation_type._mutation_type_test Failed example: _mutation_type_test(2) # long time Expected: True (A, 2) True (A, (1, 1), 1) True (B, 2) True (BC, 1, 1) True (G, 2) Got: True (A, (1, 1), 1) True (A, 2) True (B, 2) True (BC, 1, 1) True (G, 2) ********************************************************************** File devel/sage/sage/combinat/cluster_algebra_quiver/mutation_type.py, line 1266, in sage.combinat.cluster_algebra_quiver.mutation_type._mutation_type_test Failed example: _mutation_type_test(3) # long time Expected: True (A, 3) True (A, (2, 1), 1) True (B, 3) True (BB, 2, 1) True (BC, 2, 1) True (C, 3) True (CC, 2, 1) True (G, 2, -1) True (G, 2, 1) Got: True (A, (2, 1), 1) ...
https://trac.sagemath.org/ticket/13425
A comparison of ARMS and DNA sequencing for mutation analysis in clinical biopsy samples | Journal of Experimental & Clinical...A comparison of ARMS and DNA sequencing for mutation analysis in clinical biopsy samples | Journal of Experimental & Clinical...
In this study ARMS has been found to be both more sensitive and robust at detecting somatic mutations in clinical material than DNA sequencing. There were no examples where ARMS did not detect an assay-specific mutation that was detected by DNA sequencing. There were 42 mutations detected by ARMS that were not detected by DNA sequencing either due to low quantity or quality DNA causing assay fails or low mutant DNA compared to normal DNA in the sample that was beyond the detection limit of sequencing. They were not believed to be false positive results as they were known mutations, the results were reproducible and adequate controls were analysed in parallel. There were 12 mutations detected by sequencing that were not detected by ARMS because the ARMS assays used were not designed to detect these mutations, either because the mutations were rare (melanoma study) or ARMS assays had not yet been developed to detect these mutations. However, using the larger panel of ARMS assays now available the ...
https://jeccr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1756-9966-29-132
View Mutations on 3D protein structures (Xena -| MuPIT)View Mutations on 3D protein structures (Xena -| MuPIT)
Figure. Xena Browser link-out to MuPIT 3D mutation view. On the left of the figure is Xena mutation column view of ERBB2 somatic mutations from the TCGA breast cancer cohort (https://xenabrowser.net/heatmap/?bookmark=6098aca9a00041d6271f18f2b471a241). User clicking on the MuPIT link-out menu (similar to how xena links out to Tumor Map), it will send all the mutations genomic positions as well as their recurrence p values to the MuPIT display. On the right side of the figure, MuPIT displays mutations in various size of bright green spheres. Large spheres for recurrent mutations. Size of the mutation spheres are determined by recurrence p values. The MuPIT display shows these ERBB2 somatic mutations cluster around the ERBB2 active site (ATP binding site in blue and proton acceptor site in teal).. ...
http://xena.ucsc.edu/mupit/
Mutation and Cancer: The Antecedents to Our Studies of Adaptive Mutation | GeneticsMutation and Cancer: The Antecedents to Our Studies of Adaptive Mutation | Genetics
LITTLE excuse is needed for still being interested in mutation. We are here thanks to the germline mutations experienced by our ancestors, and, at least in the developed nations of the world, more of us die from somatic mutations than from any other single cause. For the evolutionary biologist, the process of mutation presents no problems. For anyone attempting an overview of cancer research, however, the process has become increasingly obscure. It was this obscurity that prompted my laboratory in the 1980s to look again at the interplay between mutation and selection.. Germline mutation: To some extent, the particular mutational changes that generated the evolutionary tree can be deduced from comparisons of the differences in sequence that distinguish the different branches of the tree. It is not easy, however, to investigate what were the causes of those changes. Perhaps for that reason, it is customary to think of mutation as being driven by chance events attributable to the natural ...
http://www.genetics.org/content/148/4/1433
An efficient visualization tool for the analysis of protein mutation matrices | BMC Bioinformatics | Full TextAn efficient visualization tool for the analysis of protein mutation matrices | BMC Bioinformatics | Full Text
Mutation matrices have been frequently used to describe measures of physicochemical similarities among amino acids. Dayhoff et al. initially introduced the use of the mutation matrix, which was constructed from the phylogenetic analysis of 71 proteins with at least 85% pairwise sequence identity [1]. They observed point mutations in the matrices resulting from both the mutation of the gene itself, and the subsequent acceptance of the mutation, possibly as a predominant form. Not all possible replacements for an amino acid are acceptable, and the group of acceptable mutations vary from one protein family to another [1]. The Dayhoff matrix still ranks among the widely-used scoring schemes for generating multiple alignments, although there have been several modifications, such as the use of a larger number of more divergent protein sequences, as well as the generation of separate log-odds matrices for soluble and non-soluble proteins [2].. It remains difficult, however, to evaluate the effects of ...
https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2105-9-218
The effects of mutationsThe effects of mutations
Mutations are often the victims of bad press unfairly stereotyped as unimportant or as a cause of genetic disease. While many mutations do indeed have small or negative effects, another sort of mutation gets less airtime. Mutations to control genes can have major (and sometimes positive) effects. Some regions of DNA control other genes, determining when and where other genes are turned on. Mutations in these parts of the genome can substantially change the way the organism is built. The difference between a mutation to a control gene and a mutation to a less powerful gene is a bit like the difference between whispering an instruction to the trumpet player in an orchestra versus whispering it to the orchestras conductor. The impact of changing the conductors behavior is much bigger and more coordinated than changing the behavior of an individual orchestra member. Similarly, a mutation in a gene conductor can cause a cascade of effects in the behavior of genes under its control. ...
https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/mutations_05
HTML5 Experiment: A Rotating Solid Cube | codeNtronixHTML5 Experiment: A Rotating Solid Cube | codeNtronix
DOCTYPE html, ,html, ,head, ,title,HTML5 Experiment: A Rotating Solid Cube,/title, ,script type=text/javascript, window.onload = startDemo; function Point3D(x,y,z) { this.x = x; this.y = y; this.z = z; this.rotateX = function(angle) { var rad, cosa, sina, y, z rad = angle * Math.PI / 180 cosa = Math.cos(rad) sina = Math.sin(rad) y = this.y * cosa - this.z * sina z = this.y * sina + this.z * cosa return new Point3D(this.x, y, z) } this.rotateY = function(angle) { var rad, cosa, sina, x, z rad = angle * Math.PI / 180 cosa = Math.cos(rad) sina = Math.sin(rad) z = this.z * cosa - this.x * sina x = this.z * sina + this.x * cosa return new Point3D(x,this.y, z) } this.rotateZ = function(angle) { var rad, cosa, sina, x, y rad = angle * Math.PI / 180 cosa = Math.cos(rad) sina = Math.sin(rad) x = this.x * cosa - this.y * sina y = this.x * sina + this.y * cosa return new Point3D(x, y, this.z) } this.project = function(viewWidth, viewHeight, fov, viewDistance) { var factor, x, y factor = fov / ...
http://codentronix.com/2011/05/10/html5-experiment-a-rotating-solid-cube/?replytocom=17251
Point Set GraphicsPoint Set Graphics
where. X1 is the x coordinate of new point. Y1 is the y coordinate of the new point. X is the x coordinate of the seed point. Y is the y coordinate of the seed point. The recurrence formula is the heart of this process. By changing these equations, you can begin to create new recursive point sets.. Running The Program. After youve entered the program (and made the appropriate changes if you use tape), RUN it. First youll be asked whether you want to create a new point set, or view a point set which you have saved on tape or disk. If you enter a two, and youre using a disk drive, type in the name of the picture file you wish to see. If you are using tape, push PLAY when the computer beeps.. Since you havent created any point sets yet, enter 1. The recurrence formula (lines 170-190) will be displayed. Type CONT and youll see the points created by the recurrence formula begin to appear on the screen along with their x and y coordinates. The points will continue to be plotted until you take one ...
https://www.atariarchives.org/c2ba/page067.php
Mutation found that kills off gene responsible for diabetes | The TechMutation found that kills off gene responsible for diabetes | The Tech
A new study based on genetic testing of 150,000 people has found a rare mutation that protects even fat people from getting Type 2 diabetes. The effect is so pronounced - the mutation reduces risk by two-thirds - that it provides a promising new target for developing a drug to mimic the mutations effect.. The mutation destroys a gene used by pancreas cells where insulin is made. Those with the mutation seem to make slightly more insulin and have slightly lower blood glucose levels for their entire lives.. Already Pfizer, which helped finance the study, and Amgen, which owns a company whose data played a key role in the research, are starting programs aimed at developing drugs that act like the mutation, the companies said.. But Timothy Rolph, a Pfizer vice president, cautioned it can take 10 to 20 years to get a drug to market after discovering something new about human genetics and disease.. The study, published Sunday in Nature Genetics, involved a mutation so rare that finding it was only ...
https://thetech.com/2014/03/04/long3-v134-n9
Discovery of new ALS gene points to common role of cytoskeleton in diseaseDiscovery of new ALS gene points to common role of cytoskeleton in disease
An international team of researchers co-led by UMass Medical School researcher John Landers has identified KIF5A as a new gene associated with the development of ALS.
https://www.umassmed.edu/news/news-archives/2018/03/discovery-of-new-als-gene-points-to-common-role-of-cytoskeleton-in-disease/
Re: Mutation events replacement from Jonas Sicking on 2011-07-22 (public-webapps@w3.org from July to September 2011)Re: Mutation events replacement from Jonas Sicking on 2011-07-22 ([email protected] from July to September 2011)
On Fri, Jul 22, 2011 at 2:08 AM, Dave Raggett ,[email protected], wrote: , On 22/07/11 02:26, Adam Klein wrote: ,, ,, This is only complex because youre coalescing the mutations, right? ,, In Rafaels original proposal, each mutation would result in a single ,, immutable mutation record, so the semantics would be to deliver (by ,, appending to a queue associated with each observer) a mutation record ,, to any currently-registered observers. ,, ,, Or is there some other concern with beginning notifications partway ,, through a task? , , I would suggest avoiding coalescing mutations altogether! , , But if you are going to, *dont* coalesce mutations when the resulting DOM , tree is dependent on the order in which those mutations took place. This is , critical to distributed editing applications. The DOM should have no such behavior. The only exception to this rule that I know of is ,script, elements. They execute their contained script the first time they are inserted into a Document, but dont undo ...
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-webapps/2011JulSep/0463.html
3rd+Week+Presentation - C7 == 4 free points Dont need to turn prelab back in Small numbers in the report are points you got...3rd+Week+Presentation - C7 == 4 free points Dont need to turn prelab back in Small numbers in the report are points you got...
View Notes - 3rd+Week+Presentation from CHEM 1310 at Georgia Tech. C7 == 4 free points Dont need to turn prelab back in Small numbers in the report are points you got…number in lower left hand
https://www.coursehero.com/file/6087768/3rdWeekPresentation/
Polyclonal Secondary FGFR2 Mutations Drive Acquired Resistance to FGFR Inhibition in Patients with FGFR2 Fusion-Positive...Polyclonal Secondary FGFR2 Mutations Drive Acquired Resistance to FGFR Inhibition in Patients with FGFR2 Fusion-Positive...
Figure 2. FGFR point mutations confer resistance to BGJ398 and other FGFR inhibitors. A, In silico model of BGJ398 in binding pocket of FGFR2, demonstrating steric clash in the context of a V564F mutation. B and C, Mutagenesis screen in BaF3 cells that were engineered to express a TEL-FGFR3 fusion protein and subjected to increasing doses of BGJ398. The bar graph in B indicates the number of BGJ398-resistant clones isolated with indicated FGFR3 point mutations, with higher doses of BGJ398 resulting exclusively in colonies harboring the V555M gatekeeper mutation. Proliferation was quantified in C after 3 days with Alamar blue. Corresponding FGFR2 amino acids are indicated after the slash. D, IC50 values for BaF3 cells expressing the indicated constructs and treated with a variety of inhibitors. E and F, Proliferation assays with BaF3 cells expressing the FGFR2 V564F constructs and treated with increasing doses of either BGJ398 (E) or LY287445 (F). G, Phospho-FGFR2 ELISA demonstrating that FGFR2 ...
http://cancerdiscovery.aacrjournals.org/content/7/3/252.figures-only
Detection of 11 germline inactivating TP53 mutations and absence of TP63 andHCHK2 mutations in 17 French families with Li...Detection of 11 germline inactivating TP53 mutations and absence of TP63 andHCHK2 mutations in 17 French families with Li...
In the six families without detectable TP53germline mutation (fig 2), we then analysed theTP63 gene. To screen for inactivatingTP63 mutations, we performed a functional assay in yeast. Transformation of the pCI51 plasmid18containing the wild type coding region corresponding to the isoform γ of TP63 into the yIG397-RGC yeast reporter strain resulted in white colonies. Transformation of two mutant pCI51 plasmids (with the mutation Leu264Ser or Cys269Ser generated by PCR induced mutagenesis), used as controls, resulted only in red colonies. In four index cases, for whom mRNA was available, the TP63 cDNA was PCR amplified from lymphocytes between codons 18 and 434, cloned by homologous recombination into the gapped expression vector pCI51 linearised between codons 30 and 420, and transformed into yIG397-RGC; the percentage of red colonies (table 1) suggested the absence of heterozygous inactivating mutations. We also sequenced in the six families without detectable TP53 mutation exons 2 to 15 of ...
http://jmg.bmj.com/content/38/4/253
Point mutations in the RUNX1/AML1 gene: another actor in RUNX leukemiaPoint mutations in the RUNX1/AML1 gene: another actor in RUNX leukemia
The RUNX1/AML1 gene is the most frequent target for chromosomal translocation in leukemia. In addition, recent studies have demonstrated point mutations in the RUNX1 gene as another mode of genetic alteration in development of leukemia. Monoallelic germline mutations in RUNX1 result in familial plat …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15156185/?dopt=Abstract
pr.probability - Minimum separation among $m$ random points on an $n$-dimensional unit sphere - MathOverflowpr.probability - Minimum separation among $m$ random points on an $n$-dimensional unit sphere - MathOverflow
If the angle between the vectors $v_i$ and $v_j$ is denoted by $\theta_{ij}$, then using cosine rule we have $$\rho = 2 \min_{i,j \in\{1,2,\dots,m\}}\sin({\theta_{ij}}/{2})$$ Assuming that $m$ is a large number, then minimum will occur for a very small value of $\theta_{ij}$. Hence, $$\rho \approx \min_{i,j \in\{1,2,\dots,m\}} \theta_{ij}$$ Since the points are distributed uniformly, It is not difficult to find the distribution of $\theta_{ij}$ and then find the expectation and variance of $\rho$. This I guess will give a pretty good estimate of the actual value of expectation and variance of $\rho$.. ...
https://mathoverflow.net/questions/245027/minimum-separation-among-m-random-points-on-an-n-dimensional-unit-sphere
Absence of point mutation in the third intracellular loop of...Absence of point mutation in the third intracellular loop of...
[Absence of point mutation in the third intracellular loop of alpha 1B- and alpha 1D adrenergic receptor in the aortae of spontaneously hypertensive rats].: Our
https://www.mysciencework.com/publication/show/absence-point-mutation-third-intracellular-loop-alpha-1b-alpha-1d-adrenergic-receptor-aortae-spontaneously-hypertensive-9e5fad97
Mutations and Their Consequences - Causative AgentMutations and Their Consequences - Causative Agent
Because of mutations, the concept that all cells arising from a single cell are identical is not strictly true, since every large population contains mutants. Even the cells in a single colony that contains about 1 million cells are not completely identical because of random mutations. These mutations provide a mechanism by which organisms, with their altered characteristics, can respond to a changing environment. This is the process of natural selection. The environment, however, does not cause the mutation but rather selects those cells that can grow under its conditions. Thus, a spontaneous mutation to antimicrobial resistance, though rare, will result in the mutants becoming the dominant organisms in a hospital environment where the antimicrobial medication is present, because only the resistant cells can survive. The antimicrobial kills the sensitive cells and thereby allows the resistant cells to take over the population.. Since genes mutate independently of one another, the chance that ...
https://www.alpfmedical.info/causative-agent/mutations-and-their-consequences.html
BIS101 HW6 F08 Engebrecht - Deletions x Point mutations 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 a 2 b 3 c 4 d 5 e 2 The following DNA is part of...BIS101 HW6 F08 Engebrecht - Deletions x Point mutations 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 a 2 b 3 c 4 d 5 e 2 The following DNA is part of...
View Notes - BIS101 HW6 F08 Engebrecht from BIS 101 at UC Davis. Deletions x Point mutations 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 - - - - + a + - - + + 2 - - + + b + + - + - 3 - - - c - + - - + 4 - + d - - - + + 5
https://www.coursehero.com/file/5991661/BIS101-HW6-F08-Engebrecht/
Germline and malignant melanoma sampled sequences containing point mutations | ZenodoGermline and malignant melanoma sampled sequences containing point mutations | Zenodo
Data files generated as part of a study into the influence of neighbouring bases on point mutation. The data are sampled from the Ensembl (http://www.ensembl.org) MySQL databases or COSMIC (http://cancer.sanger.ac.uk/cosmic) and processed using custom scripts that will be uploaded separately and associated with this submission via gthe related identifier.
https://zenodo.org/record/53158/export/schemaorg_jsonld
Sequence-based mutation analysis BCKDHA - BioinformatikpediaSequence-based mutation analysis BCKDHA - Bioinformatikpedia
For position 29 only BLOSSUM62 says that this mutation is not likely. The 9 other sources show that this mutation wont have a damaging influence on the function or structure of the protein. This is perspicuous since the conservation of this position is not very high. The amino acid on position 125 is quite good conserved with 96%. SNAP and SIFT says that this mutation will have an influence on the protein whereas Polyphen2 says that this mutation is ether not (HumVar) or hardly damaging (HumDiv). Since this position is quite good conserved it is more likely that this mutation will have an influence on the function or structure of the protein. back to Maple_syrup_urine_disease main page go back to Task 5 Mapping SNPs ...
https://i12r-studfilesrv.informatik.tu-muenchen.de/wiki/index.php?title=Sequence-based_mutation_analysis_BCKDHA&direction=next&oldid=7012
CRISPR Point Mutation Cell Line Service | Applied StemCellCRISPR Point Mutation Cell Line Service | Applied StemCell
Utilizing the precision of CRISPR/Cas9 technology, we can generate cell lines with a point mutation in your gene of interest. Click here to learn more!
https://www.appliedstemcell.com/crispr-custom-point-mutation-cell-line-generation-service-asc-6012-3
A point mutation in KINDLIN3 ablates activation of three integ...A point mutation in KINDLIN3 ablates activation of three integ...
A point mutation in KINDLIN3 ablates activation of three integrin subfamilies in humans.: Monogenic deficiency diseases provide unique opportunities to define t
https://www.mysciencework.com/publication/show/point-mutation-kindlin3-ablates-activation-three-integrin-subfamilies-humans-6b03ef2d
Investigation Dna Proteins And Mutations Answer Key ≥ COMAGS Answer Key GuideInvestigation Dna Proteins And Mutations Answer Key ≥ COMAGS Answer Key Guide
Investigation Dna Proteins And Mutations Answer Key. Point mutations that occur in dna sequences encoding proteins are either silent, missense or nonsense. Copying errors when dna replicates or is transcribed into rna can cause changes in the sequence of bases which makes up the genetic code. Mutations mutations the genes encoded in your dna result […]
http://comicbooks-mgs.com/investigation-dna-proteins-and-mutations-answer-key/
dom] Mutation Observers from Anne van Kesteren on 2011-12-05 (public-webapps@w3.org from October to December 2011)dom] Mutation Observers from Anne van Kesteren on 2011-12-05 ([email protected] from October to December 2011)
As discussed mutation observers would be best defined in the DOM. The DOM is discussed on [email protected]: http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-dom/ (I bccd public-webapps just in case anyone missed this.) I think I now defined the last hook needed for mutation observers, replace all. The hooks related to tree mutations are defined here: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#mutation-algorithms To illustrate: * appendChild(node) maps to the append algorithm, which invokes pre-insert, which eventually does insert. * setting textContent maps to the replace all algorithm, which invokes remove (for each child node) followed by a single append * setting innerHTML can be defined just like textContent, using a DocumentFragment for the nodes to be inserted Whether separate pre-insert and insert is really necessary depends on how we end up defining mutation observers. Im not sure what the current status of mutation observers is, but one open question was whether ...
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-webapps/2011OctDec/1371.html
IDH Inhibitor idhinhibitor.comIDH Inhibitor idhinhibitor.com
Rkin and, in unique, to the initial RING domain.It has been suggested that point mutations may lead to a greater all round loss of function than entire exonic
https://www.idhinhibitor.com/2019/11/13/10285/
Allow vaccines for pregnant & lactating women: Obstetric & gynae body - News PointAllow vaccines for pregnant & lactating women: Obstetric & gynae body - News Point
The Federation of Obstetric and Gynaecological Societies of India ( FOGSI ), with over 37,000 doctors are members, has said Covid-19 vaccines should be given to pregnant women and lactating mothers. In a statement on Thursday, the group said:
https://www.newspointapp.com/english-news/publisher-toi/science/allow-vaccines-for-pregnant-lactating-women-obstetric-gynae-body/articleshow/145048209ebbe029faeb7d8b9d353fc17adc7076?utm_source=pwa&utm_medium=browser&utm_campaign=np
CiNii 論文 - A Novel Somatic Point Mutation of the RET Proto-oncogene in Tumor Tissues of Small...CiNii 論文 - A Novel Somatic Point Mutation of the RET Proto-oncogene in Tumor Tissues of Small...
YOSHIMOTO Katsuhiko , TANAKA Chisato , MORITANI Maki , SHIMIZU Eiji , YAMAOKA Takashi , YAMADA Shozo , SANO Toshiaki , ITAKURA Mitsuo Endocrine journal 46(1), 199-207, 1999-02 医中誌Web 参考文献26件 ...
https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10008071241
Biology-Online • View topic - Polymorphism and MutationBiology-Online • View topic - Polymorphism and Mutation
Just about numbers. A mutation is a change to a single individual that may or may not be propagated. For example a single point mutation where a base is replaced or deleted from a strand of DNA. This may cause the individual some discomfort or problems but is normally isolated to the individual ...
http://www.biology-online.org/biology-forum/about38000.html?p=161483&hilit=Population
Mutation Detection - R. G. H. Cotton; E. Edkins; S. Forrest - Oxford University PressMutation Detection - R. G. H. Cotton; E. Edkins; S. Forrest - Oxford University Press
Mutation detection is increasingly undertaken in a wide spectrum of research areas: in medicine it is fundamental in isolating disease genes and diagnosis, and is especially important in cancer research; in biology, commercially important genes can be identified by the mutations they contain. But mutation detection is time-consuming and expensive.
https://global.oup.com/academic/product/mutation-detection-9780199636563?facet_narrowbyprice_facet=100to200&facet_narrowbytype_facet=Academic%2520Research&lang=en&cc=us
Controversial double points rule for final F1 Grand Prix of season here to stay // F1 News // James Allen on F1 - The official...Controversial double points rule for final F1 Grand Prix of season here to stay // F1 News // James Allen on F1 - The official...
The controversial rule to award double points at the final race of the season is set to go ahead after a meeting in Geneva on Wednesday between Formula 1 team
https://www.jamesallenonf1.com/2014/01/controversial-double-points-rule-for-final-f1-grand-prix-of-season-here-to-stay/
Remnantmods • View topic - Mutation Src + Halo 2 idbRemnantmods • View topic - Mutation Src + Halo 2 idb
In this rar are the contents of the hdd mutation sits on. It contains the current (non-functioning) source code as well as multiple source backups I had made throughout its development. The current source code is capable of importing tags from other projects, but when I last touched it I was in the middle of writing code to explode the sound_diagnostics tag at decompile time, and rebuilding it at compile time from the sound tags. So in its current state it will not work for anything, if it even compiles without errors. I would check the last source backup to see if it can import tags, since it could prove useful to some people. I would also like to say that this project is the result of many years of work, coding styles, and ideas. It is a mess and does not reflect my current coding ability. My only request is that if you choose to do anything to Mutation and release it, please release it under another name with credit to the mutation source code. I have a vision in my head of what Mutation ...
http://www.remnantmods.com/forums/viewtopic.php?f=25&t=2020&p=38901
ARITHMETIC APPARATUS, ELLIPTIC SCALAR MULTIPLICATION METHOD OF ARITHMETIC APPARATUS, ELLIPTIC SCALAR MULTIPLICATION PROGRAM...ARITHMETIC APPARATUS, ELLIPTIC SCALAR MULTIPLICATION METHOD OF ARITHMETIC APPARATUS, ELLIPTIC SCALAR MULTIPLICATION PROGRAM...
13. An arithmetic apparatus that calculates a coordinate value kG obtained by scalar multiplication of a coordinate value G of a specific point included in an elliptic curve by a multiplier value k represented by a t-bit bit sequence, the arithmetic apparatus comprising: a constant storage unit that pre-stores a coordinate value 2.sup.tG obtained by scalar multiplication of the coordinate value G of the specific point by 2 to a power oft; an initial setting unit that sets the coordinate value G of the specific point in a scalar multiplication variable R; a scalar multiplication unit that references the t-bit bit sequence representing the multiplier value k in units of a predetermined number of bits from a most significant bit, and each time the predetermined number of bits of the bit sequence are referenced, sets in a zeroth work variable R[0] a coordinate value obtained by doubling the scalar multiplication variable R, sets in a first work variable R[1] a coordinate value obtained by adding a ...
http://www.patentsencyclopedia.com/app/20130218937
Mutation overview page PRL - p.L199= ( Substitution - coding silent)Mutation overview page PRL - p.L199= ( Substitution - coding silent)
These are internal identifiers that are unique to a mutation on a particular transcript and are displayed in the URL of the mutation pages. Therefore, several of these internal ids could be associated with a single genomic COSV id where the mutation has been mapped to all overlapping genes and transcripts. Similarly, since every COSM id is mapped to one COSV id (where genomic coordinates are known), each COSM id can also be associated with several alternative (internal) identifiers. These ids are expected to change between assemblies (GRCh37 and GRCh38) and between the releases ...
https://cancer.sanger.ac.uk/cosmic/mutation/overview?id=88047419
Mutation overview page FGFR1 ENST00000341462 - p.? ( Unknown)Mutation overview page FGFR1 ENST00000341462 - p.? ( Unknown)
These are internal identifiers that are unique to a mutation on a particular transcript and are displayed in the URL of the mutation pages. Therefore, several of these internal ids could be associated with a single genomic COSV id where the mutation has been mapped to all overlapping genes and transcripts. Similarly, since every COSM id is mapped to one COSV id (where genomic coordinates are known), each COSM id can also be associated with several alternative (internal) identifiers. These ids are expected to change between assemblies (GRCh37 and GRCh38) and between the releases ...
https://cancer.sanger.ac.uk/cosmic/mutation/overview?id=92696795
The Effects of Specific Point Mutations on Infectivity and Virulence of Murine NorovirusThe Effects of Specific Point Mutations on Infectivity and Virulence of Murine Norovirus
My research project focuses on determining the effect of specific point mutations in the capsid protein of murine norovirus (MNV) on its infectivity and virulence The specific point mutations were selected because they arose naturally in malnourished mice persistently infected with a MNV strain named MNV 1 Together with my postdoctoral mentor, I performed site specific PCR based mutagenesis to introduce the appropriate mutations into a cloned version of the parental virus and determined virus yields For those mutations that were not lethal to the virus, I generated virus stocks and performed virus growth curves to analyze replication efficiency I performed this experiment in two known target cells of MNVs, macrophages (RAW cells) and B cells (M 12 cells) I have identified a mutation that reduces the viral replication efficiency in both cell types, demonstrating that these residues provide a critical function during the viral life cycle The lab is also testing this panel of mutant viruses in ...
https://ufdc.ufl.edu/IR00006666/00001
Emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pyogenes in Japan by a point mutation leading to a new amino acid...Emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pyogenes in Japan by a point mutation leading to a new amino acid...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pyogenes in Japan by a point mutation leading to a new amino acid substitution. AU - Arai, Kazuaki. AU - Hirakata, Yoichi. AU - Yano, Hisakazu. AU - Kanamori, Hajime. AU - Endo, Shiro. AU - Hirotani, Ayako. AU - Abe, Yuko. AU - Nagasawa, Mitsuaki. AU - Kitagawa, Miho. AU - Aoyagi, Tetsuji. AU - Hatta, Masumitsu. AU - Yamada, Mitsuhiro. AU - Nishimaki, Katsushi. AU - Takayama, Yoko. AU - Yamamoto, Natsuo. AU - Kunishima, Hiroyuki. AU - Kaku, Mitsuo. PY - 2011/3/1. Y1 - 2011/3/1. N2 - Objectives: Streptococcus pyogenes causes various diseases in humans. While the prevalence of fluoroquinolone-resistant S. pyogenes isolates has been increasing since 2000 in the USA and Europe, it has remained very low in Japan. We isolated a fluoroquinolone-resistant S. pyogenes strain and analysed its genetics. Methods: TU-296, a strain of S. pyogenes resistant to levofloxacin (MIC 16 mg/L), was isolated from the throat of a patient in their ...
https://tohoku.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/emergence-of-fluoroquinolone-resistant-streptococcus-pyogenes-in-
Genetic Mutations Worksheet Answer Key Dna Mutations Practice Worksheet Point Mutation Mutation - Worksheet Printable TemplateGenetic Mutations Worksheet Answer Key Dna Mutations Practice Worksheet Point Mutation Mutation - Worksheet Printable Template
Genetic Mutations Worksheet Answer Key Dna Mutations Practice Worksheet Point Mutation Mutation one of Worksheet Printable Template - ideas, to explore this Genetic Mutations Worksheet Answer Key Dna Mutations Practice Worksheet Point Mutation Mutation idea you can browse by and . We hope your happy with this Genetic Mutations Worksheet Answer Key Dna Mutations Practice Worksheet Point Mutation Mutation idea. You can download and please share this Genetic Mutations Worksheet Answer Key Dna Mutations Practice Worksheet Point Mutation Mutation ideas to your friends and family via your social media account. Back to 20 Genetic Mutations Worksheet Answer Key. ...
https://novablohon.best/20-genetic-mutations-worksheet-answer-key/genetic-mutations-worksheet-answer-key-dna-mutations-practice-worksheet-point-mutation-mutation/
A PCR-RFLP Method for the Detection of Activated H-ras Oncogene with a Point Mutation at Codon 12 and 61<...A PCR-RFLP Method for the Detection of Activated H-ras Oncogene with a Point Mutation at Codon 12 and 61<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - A PCR-RFLP Method for the Detection of Activated H-ras Oncogene with a Point Mutation at Codon 12 and 61. AU - Hong, Sung Joon. AU - Lee, Tack. AU - Park, Young Sug. AU - Lee, Kyung Ok. AU - Chung, Byung Ha. AU - Lee, Soo Hyung. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2018 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 1996. Y1 - 1996. N2 - To investigate the incidence of the H-ras gene activation in bladder tumor and the feasibility of using urinary washout samples for screening, a series of 33 human bladder tumors and their preoperatively collected urinary washout samples were screened using a mutant specific PCR-RFLP (polymerase chain-restriction fragment length polymorphism) to detect a point mutation of the H-ras gene. Five tumors were found to harbor H-ras mutations where two tumors had a glycine to valine (G→T) change in codon 12 and three tumors had a glutamine to lysine (C→A) change in codon 61, respectively. Moreover, we could also detect the same point mutations of the H-ras gene in ...
https://yonsei.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/a-pcr-rflp-method-for-the-detection-of-activated-h-ras-oncogene-w
Current Studies | The Colleen Giblin Research Laboratories for Pediatric NeurologyCurrent Studies | The Colleen Giblin Research Laboratories for Pediatric Neurology
Open for Enrollment. Mitochondrial and Mental Retardation: Investigations of Clinical Syndromes Associated with MtDNA Point Mutations. The Natural History Study is an ongoing study that involves participants that have point mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). These mutations affect the genetic material contained in the mitochondria of the cell. Mitochondria, often called the powerhouse of the cell, are small structures within cells that provide the energy necessary to power growth and change over time. The purpose of this study is to better characterize mitochondrial disorders as they present over time in participants. Through this study we hope to determine whether mtDNA point mutations produce any measurable disturbances of thinking, attention, intelligence, behavior, or neurological functioning. Eligible participants must have a proven mitochondrial point mutation. Some or all participants may represent members of a single family because mtDNA point mutations are inherited from ones ...
http://giblinlab.org/current-studies/
Radiolabeled polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of ras oncogene point mutations in tumors<...Radiolabeled polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of ras oncogene point mutations in tumors<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Radiolabeled polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of ras oncogene point mutations in tumors. AU - Aoki, Yoichi. AU - Lee, J. C.. AU - Pillai, Shiv. AU - Isselbacher, Kurt J.. AU - Rustgi, Anil K.. PY - 1994/5/20. Y1 - 1994/5/20. N2 - The human ras gene plays a fundamental role in the transduction of extracellular signals to the nucleus, thereby regulating cell growth and differentiation. Point mutations in the ras gene convert it into a transforming oncogene that has been found in many solid and hematologic malignancies. We describe a rapid and sensitive assay based on a radiolabeled polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction enzyme digestion that we have adapted for differentiating between the wild-type and mutant ras genes. This assay should prove useful in the analysis of ras gene point mutations in clinical tumor specimens in which ras oncogene activation is an early event in carcinogenesis.. AB - The human ras gene plays a fundamental role in the transduction ...
https://researchoutput.ncku.edu.tw/zh/publications/radiolabeled-polymerase-chain-reaction-assay-for-detection-of-ras
Molecular and cellular analysis of a novel HBA2 mutation (HBA2: C.94A>G) shows activation of a cryptic splice site and...Molecular and cellular analysis of a novel HBA2 mutation (HBA2: C.94A>G) shows activation of a cryptic splice site and...
In this study, we describe the clinical features and provide experimental analyses of a novel point mutation affecting the penultimate nucleotide of the first exon of the HBA2 (HBA2: c.94A,G) gene identified in a 26-year-old female who also carries a heterozygous Hb E (HBB: c.79G,A) variant. The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of this point mutation on the transcriptional activity of the HBA2 gene using a combination of an initial in silico prediction followed by in vitro mutagenesis and transcriptional activity assessment. The analyses revealed that the HBA2: c.94A,G point mutation causes the activation of a cryptic splice site located 49bp upstream of the exon1-intron1 boundary in both HBA2 long and short isoforms, thus generating a frameshift and a premature termination codon between codons 48 and 49 in the second exon. A rapid degradation of the aberrantly spliced transcripts by the nonsense mediated decay (NMD) surveillance system is highly indicative of an a-thalassemia ...
https://espace.curtin.edu.au/handle/20.500.11937/6903
Modulation of erbB kinase activity and oncogenic potential by single point mutations in the glycine loop of the catalytic...Modulation of erbB kinase activity and oncogenic potential by single point mutations in the glycine loop of the catalytic...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Modulation of erbB kinase activity and oncogenic potential by single point mutations in the glycine loop of the catalytic domain. AU - Shu, Hui Kuo G.. AU - Chang, Chi Ming. AU - Ravi, Lakshmeswari. AU - Ling, Lei. AU - Castellano, Chris M.. AU - Walter, Elizabeth. AU - Pelley, Robert J.. AU - Kung, Hsing Jien. PY - 1994/1/1. Y1 - 1994/1/1. N2 - Avian c-erbB is activated to a leukemia oncogene following truncation of its amino-terminal ligand-binding domain by retroviral insertion. The insertionally activated transcripts encode protein products which have constitutive tyrosine kinase activity and can induce erythroleukemia but not sarcomas. We have previously found that a valine-to-isoleucine point mutation at position 157 (V157I mutant) within the tyrosine kinase domain of this truncated erbB can dramatically activate the sarcomagenic potential of the oncogene and increase the kinase activity of this oncoprotein. This mutation lies at position 157 of the insertionally activated ...
https://tmu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/modulation-of-erbb-kinase-activity-and-oncogenic-potential-by-sin
Action of Repeat-Induced Point Mutation on Both Strands of a Duplex and on Tandem Duplications of Various Sizes in Neurospora |...Action of Repeat-Induced Point Mutation on Both Strands of a Duplex and on Tandem Duplications of Various Sizes in Neurospora |...
The Genetics Society of America (GSA), founded in 1931, is the professional membership organization for scientific researchers and educators in the field of genetics. Our members work to advance knowledge in the basic mechanisms of inheritance, from the molecular to the population level.. Online ISSN: 1943-2631. ...
https://www.genetics.org/content/153/2/705.article-info
Error-Prone Polymerase, DNA Polymerase IV, Is Responsible for Transient Hypermutation during Adaptive Mutation in Escherichia...Error-Prone Polymerase, DNA Polymerase IV, Is Responsible for Transient Hypermutation during Adaptive Mutation in Escherichia...
When populations of microorganisms are exposed to nonlethal selections, mutations that relieve the selective pressure arise (7), a phenomenon called adaptive mutation (6). Although it originally seemed that only useful mutations appeared (7), it is now clear that selected mutations are accompanied by nonselected mutations, i.e., the process is not directed to useful genes (12).. Most research on adaptive mutation has focused on a strain of Escherichia coli, called FC40, that cannot utilize lactose (Lac−) but that readily reverts to lactose utilization (Lac+) when lactose is its only carbon source (6). The process that produces adaptive Lac+ mutations is not the same as that which produces Lac+ mutations during normal growth. Unlike growth-dependent mutations, almost all adaptive Lac+ mutations are dependent on recombination functions (6, 10, 24). While several different types of sequence changes revert the Lac− allele during growth, adaptive Lac+ mutations are almost all −1-bp frameshifts ...
https://jb.asm.org/content/185/11/3469?ijkey=100ec89fddbd47cc36920cf0025fb231e867239b&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
COMUS: Clinician-Oriented locus-specific MUtation detection and deposition System | BMC Genomics | Full TextCOMUS: Clinician-Oriented locus-specific MUtation detection and deposition System | BMC Genomics | Full Text
Genetic mutations have two major types: large mutation (deletion, insertion, duplication, and inversion) and point mutation (nonsense, missense, and frame shift). Some mutations can induce DNA transcription and translation errors eventually causing protein dysfunction that leads to disease [1, 2]. Currently, many whole genome scale association studies between disease and variation are being published [3]. However, medical researchers have had to go through mutations in patient DNA to detect mutations that may be the cause of a disease [4, 5].. There are many human disease gene databases that contain disease-causing mutation information as locus-specific databases (LSDBs). Also, large databases, such as Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) [6] and the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) [7], collect and describe comprehensively all disease-related genes. In contrast, LSDBs usually describe variations in a small number of genes. The LSDBs aim to provide particular genetic mutation ...
https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2164-10-S3-S35
Evolution - A-Z - MutationEvolution - A-Z - Mutation
A mutation is any change occurring in the message that a gene carries. Mutations mainly arise as copy errors when DNA is replicated at mitosis and meiosis. Darwinian evolution requires a constant supply of variation: much of it is supplied by mutation, and a mutation-selection balance can maintain a genetic polymorphism. The first major geneticist to study mutation was H.J. Muller, who demonstrated it can be induced by X-rays. He also recognized that the rate of mutation in nature is extremely low, and that they are almost always deleterious to the fitness of the organism. The accumulation of deleterious mutations places a mutational load on the population. Mutations can occur at single base level or at chromosomal level. The effects of mutation can occasionally be very dramatic: some of these fruitflies have suffered mutations which alter the number of wings that develop... Is mutation directed?. ...
http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/ridley/a-z/Mutation.asp
Mutations in 115-Year-Old Provide Perspective for Personal Genome Sequencing | DNA Science BlogMutations in 115-Year-Old Provide Perspective for Personal Genome Sequencing | DNA Science Blog
Mutations are generally regarded as bad. Ive covered several on this blog, from the curious genetics of werewolves to homeotic mutations that turn arms into legs to the sad tales of neurologic disease and hereditary blindness.. But some mutations are good. Perhaps the best is the CCR5 mutation that keeps HIV out of our cells, a genetic glitch that drugs and gene therapy are trying to imitate. Most mutations, it seems, are neither evil nor beneficial, but neutral. After all, Henny lived in good health for 115 years, yet her blood cells still accrued 450 mutations.. DNA Science blog always tries to find a different perspective to genetics news, and for the case of Henny, it is the fact that mutations need not signal doom. Dr. Holstege had the idea to look at Hennys genome because of the role of somatic mutations in causing cancer. But another view is that many mutations do nothing at all.. Neutral mutations will impact the application of DNA sequencing in health care decision-making. The Nature ...
http://blogs.plos.org/dnascience/2014/05/01/mutations-115-year-old-provide-perspective-personal-genome-sequencing/
Gradual selection of a cellular clone presenting a mutation at codon 179 of the p53 gene during establishment of the...Gradual selection of a cellular clone presenting a mutation at codon 179 of the p53 gene during establishment of the...
We studied the occurrence of a p53 mutation along passages stored as frozen vials during establishment of a nontumorigenic human mammary epithelial cell line HMT-3522. Mutations were identified by a PCR-SSCP approach using DNA as a template. The mutation, a nonconservative nucleotide substitution at codon 179 changing a histidine into an asparagine, appeared between passages 51 and 63 and was concommitant to a change in growth conditions. Cells were no longer grown on collagen coat and cell growth was not responsive to insulin, transferrin, or hydrocortisone anymore. To assess if the mutation was an early or a late event during cell line evolution we put a vial of cells frozen at passage 30 back into culture and tested for the appearance of a p53 mutation along newly produced passages. The same mutation (His to Asp at codon 179), as previously identified, reemerged between passages 48 and 52, thus indicating that the mutation was preexisting in passage 30 and gradually selected out because of ...
http://www.igmm.cnrs.fr/en/publication/gradual-selection-of-a-cellular-clone-presenting-a-mutation-at-codon-179-of-the-p53-gene-during-establishment-of-the-immortalized-human-breast-epithelial-cell-line-hmt-3522/
Somatic mutation identification and verification - QIAGENSomatic mutation identification and verification - QIAGEN
Mutation assays can then be grouped together into PCR arrays based off common themes to enable users to profile a focused set of mutations. The mutations on an array are selected based on a commonality, such as being from the same gene, signaling pathway, or cancer type. For example, users could profile the most common 84 mutations in breast cancer or the 44 most common mutations in APC. The Custom qBiomarker Somatic Mutation PCR Arrays allow users to select the mutations that they wish to profile. Together, the qBiomarker Somatic Mutation products facilitate sensitive detection and profiling of mutations in cancer cells or tumor samples ...
https://www.qiagen.com/ca/landing-pages/som-qpcr/
Team:Calgary/Project/OSCAR/Desulfurization - 2012.igem.orgTeam:Calgary/Project/OSCAR/Desulfurization - 2012.igem.org
dszA has four PstI cut sites. dszB has a PstI and a NotI cut site. dszC has two PstI cut sites. In order to be able to use these parts in construction, we had to eliminate these cut sites. Stratagene site directed mutagenesis was used for this purpose. During this procedure, two primers are designed for each mutation. Primers are complementary to the DNA strands except for one base pair. Therefore after the PCR, the whole plasmid is amplified with a point mutation. The base pair was chosen in a way so that it eliminates the cut site but the codon it belongs to still codes for the same amino acid (a silent mutation). We also used the same method to perform the Y63F mutagenesis in dszB (rationale will be explained). In this case the primers also introduce a point mutation. The point mutation causes the codon to code for Phe instead of Tyr. We also did this in a way so that the site of the mutation turns into a hpyAV cut site so we can confirm the mutagenesis by cutting the plamid with ...
http://2012.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Calgary/Project/OSCAR/Desulfurization&oldid=125143
Team:Calgary/Project/OSCAR/Desulfurization - 2012.igem.orgTeam:Calgary/Project/OSCAR/Desulfurization - 2012.igem.org
dszA has four PstI cut sites. dszB has a PstI and a NotI cut site. dszC has two PstI cut sites. In order to be able to use these parts in construction, we had to eliminate these cut sites. Stratagene site directed mutagenesis was used for this purpose. During this procedure, two primers are designed for each mutation. Primers are complementary to the DNA strands except for one base pair. Therefore after the PCR, the whole plasmid is amplified with a point mutation. The base pair was chosen in a way so that it eliminates the cut site but the codon it belongs to still codes for the same amino acid (a silent mutation). We also used the same method to perform the Y63F mutagenesis in dszB (rationale will be explained). In this case the primers also introduce a point mutation. The point mutation causes the codon to code for Phe instead of Tyr. We also did this in a way so that the site of the mutation turns into a hpyAV cut site so we can confirm the mutagenesis by cutting the plamid with ...
https://2012.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Calgary/Project/OSCAR/Desulfurization&direction=prev&oldid=125143
Biology-Online • View topic - What makes dominant allele dominant?Biology-Online • View topic - What makes dominant allele dominant?
2) its not only about expression. The difference can be anywhere from transcription to protein post-translational modifications. There can be mutation in the promotor changing significantly expression. If the binding of ribosome will be impaired, there will be much less of protein made. Single point mutations can lead to differences in binding of miRNAs. On the protein level, there are several options, you can have premature STOP codon and the resulting peptide is too short to do its work. Or you can have change of a crucial residue to turn off your protein, like in case of Asp to Asn mutations in receptor which impair its ability to transfer phosphates and thus signal the binding. Or you could change the post-translational modification and thus mis-localizing the protein or impairing its binding to partners or simply changing its activity ...
http://www.biology-online.org/biology-forum/post-161566.html
Mutagenetix > Incidental...Mutagenetix > Incidental...
PHENOTYPE: Homozygous KO is embryonic lethal. A hypomorphic homozygous point mutation affects neuromuscular junctions and Purkinje cell development, causing early-onset neurodysfunction. [provided by MGI curators ...
https://mutagenetix.utsouthwestern.edu/incidental/incidental_rec.cfm?mid=548041
Teleomechanist: 2008Teleomechanist: 2008
The genetic code has the remarkable property of error minimization, whereby the arrangement of amino acids to codons is highly efficient at reducing the deleterious effects of random point mutations and transcriptional and translational errors. Whether this property has been explicitly selected for is unclear. Here, three scenarios of genetic code evolution are examined, and their effects on error minimization assessed. First, a simple model of random stepwise addition of physicochemically similar amino acids to the code is demonstrated to result in substantial error minimization. Second, a model of random addition of physicochemically similar amino acids in a codon expansion scheme derived from the Ambiguity Reduction Model results in improved error minimization over the first model. Finally, a recently introduced 213 Model of genetic code evolution is examined by the random addition of physicochemically similar amino acids to a primordial core of four amino acids. Under certain conditions, 22% ...
http://teleomechanist.blogspot.com/2008/
Teleomechanist: November 2008Teleomechanist: November 2008
The genetic code has the remarkable property of error minimization, whereby the arrangement of amino acids to codons is highly efficient at reducing the deleterious effects of random point mutations and transcriptional and translational errors. Whether this property has been explicitly selected for is unclear. Here, three scenarios of genetic code evolution are examined, and their effects on error minimization assessed. First, a simple model of random stepwise addition of physicochemically similar amino acids to the code is demonstrated to result in substantial error minimization. Second, a model of random addition of physicochemically similar amino acids in a codon expansion scheme derived from the Ambiguity Reduction Model results in improved error minimization over the first model. Finally, a recently introduced 213 Model of genetic code evolution is examined by the random addition of physicochemically similar amino acids to a primordial core of four amino acids. Under certain conditions, 22% ...
http://teleomechanist.blogspot.com/2008/11/
Two novel point mutations of the XLRS1 g - pestfile siteTwo novel point mutations of the XLRS1 g - pestfile site
The high correlation in metabolic efficiency within twin pairs in response to therapeutic weight loss suggests a strong genetic contribution. Unexpected effects of a whole body irradiation on cialis prices 5mg the mortality rate of baby mice after an experimental infection with the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) Experimental evidence also shows that in many cases the protein achieves partial sequence specificity by indirect recognition, i.e., by recognizing structural properties of the DNA. Spatial mapping of city-wide PBDE levels using an exponential decay model. We have, therefore, reassigned the name GST omega to this new alpha-class anionic GST of human liver. In contrast, in adrenal medullary-transplanted animals, epibatidine elevated responses to acute noxious stimuli and markedly suppressed phase 2 formalin responses in a dose-related fashion. Two doses of U-74500A (4.0 mg/kg, i.v.) were administered 45 min prior to renal artery occlusion and then 15 min prior to reperfusion. Therefore, ...
http://pestfile.site/two-novel-point-mutations-of-the-xlrs1-g/
Thousands of rare mutations linked with cancer revealed in new analysisThousands of rare mutations linked with cancer revealed in new analysis
Cancer arises when genetic mutations in a cell cause abnormal growth that leads to a tumour.. Some cancer drugs exploit this to attack tumour cells by targeting proteins that are mutated from their usual form because of mutations in the genes that encode them.. However, only a fraction of all the mutations that contribute significantly to cancer have been identified.. Thomas Peterson, at the University of Maryland, and colleagues developed a new statistical analysis approach that uses genetic data from cancer patients to find cancer-causing mutations.. Unlike previous studies that focused on mutations in individual genes, the new approach addresses similar mutations shared by families of related proteins.. Specifically, the new method focuses on mutations in sub-components of proteins known as protein domains.. Even though different genes encode them, different proteins can share common protein domains.. The new strategy draws on existing knowledge of protein domain structure and function to ...
http://oncologynews.com.au/thousands-of-rare-mutations-linked-with-cancer-revealed-in-new-analysis/
Mutations and Drug Resistance | Frontiers Research TopicMutations and Drug Resistance | Frontiers Research Topic
A drug must interact with its target(s) to achieve the therapeutic effects. Mutation in drug target is a critical mechanism that results in drug resistance. The aim of this topic is to highlight clinically-relevant mutations in drug targets that lead to resistance to anticancer or antivirus agents as well as current strategies in overcoming these resistances. There are several scenarios under which a mutation could lead to drug resistance. Mutations could reduce the binding affinity of a drug to its target or render the target constitutively active. Worse yet, mutations could turn a drug from an antagonist into an agonist. For example, current therapeutic strategy for advanced prostate cancer is to inhibit the androgen receptor (AR) signaling. However, the W741C mutation in the AR was found to convert bicalutamide from an antagonist of the wild type AR into an agonist of the W741C AR mutant, which actually promotes tumor growth. Whats more, multiple resistant mutations in AR could be
https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/2063/mutations-and-drug-resistance
Mutations in gene Tmem161b as cause for cardiac arrhythmias - UMC UtrechtMutations in gene Tmem161b as cause for cardiac arrhythmias - UMC Utrecht
In their new paper, published in PNAS, the researchers show that the Tmem161b protein plays an important role in the regulation of the cardiac rhythm in at least two species: the zebrafish and the mouse. The researchers observed a disturbed cardiac rhythm in a group of zebrafish embryos and the cause was traced back to a mutation in Tmem161b. Likewise, mice that carried a mutation in this gene displayed abnormalities in heart function. Homozygous mutations - that is, mutations that occur on both copies of the gene - are incompatible with life; animals with this double mutation in Tmem161b die prematurely. This also appears to be the case in humans. Animals with a heterozygous mutation - a mutation on one copy of the gene - mature, but then appear more susceptible to developing cardiac arrythmias. We do not know yet whether this is also the case in humans. Further research is necessary to elucidate this, says Lotte Koopman, researcher on the project ...
https://www.umcutrecht.nl/en/over-ons/nieuws/circulatory-health/mutations-in-gene-tmem161b-as-cause-for-cardiac-arrhythmias
T Helper and B Cell Escape Mutations within the HBc Gene in Patients with Asymptomatic HBV Infection: A Study From the...T Helper and B Cell Escape Mutations within the HBc Gene in Patients with Asymptomatic HBV Infection: A Study From the...
Background: Escape mutations potentially allow viruses to avoid detection and clearance by the host immune sys-tem and may represent a mechanism through which infections may persist in some patients. The association of the mutations in the HBcAg gene with Hepatitis B asymptomatic carriers (ASC) has not been studied adequately. The current study was aimed to investigate HBcAg18-27 CTL epitope mutations in ASC patients in the South-Eastern region of Iran. Methods: 100 ASC patients were selected for this study and screened for HLA-A2 using flow cytometry. HBV-DNA was extracted from the HLA-A2 positive patients and the HBc gene was amplified using PCR. Direct double sequencing was performed to analyse mutations in the HBc gene of HBV isolates from patients with ASC. Results: Overall, 25 (25%) of individuals were HLA-A2 positive. Direct double sequencing indicated no mutations in the HBcAg18-27 epitope. However, four mutations within the T helper and three mutations within the B cell epitopes of ASC ...
https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au/handle/10072/46900
Eloxx Pharmaceuticals To Present at the Evercore ISI HealthCONx Conference on Tuesday, November 27, 2018Eloxx Pharmaceuticals To Present at the Evercore ISI HealthCONx Conference on Tuesday, November 27, 2018
Eloxx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company developing novel RNA-modulating drug candidates (designed to be eukaryotic ribosomal selective glycosides) that are formulated to treat rare and ultra-rare premature stop codon diseases. Premature stop codons are point mutations that disrupt protein synthesis from messenger RNA.
https://finance.yahoo.com/news/eloxx-pharmaceuticals-present-evercore-isi-120000817.html
PPT - Mutations PowerPoint Presentation - ID:1277847PPT - Mutations PowerPoint Presentation - ID:1277847
Mutations . Section 12-4 This section describes and compares gene mutations and chromosomal mutations. Mutations. What are mutations? Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence that affect genetic information. Mutations. Is the following sentence true or false? Slideshow 1277847 by Patman
https://www.slideserve.com/Patman/mutations
Sandwalk: One Protein - Two FoldsSandwalk: One Protein - Two Folds
This is an interesting and important finding because it is (so far) the only example of a protein adopting two completely different stable folds with no hydrogen bonds in common at equilibrium. Trivially, natively disordered proteins adopt multiple conformations under physiological solution conditions, and many proteins alter their conformations in response to ligand binding while keeping most of their hydrogen bond network intact. In this case, however, an existing network of stabilizing bonds is completely disrupted in order to form a new fold with a totally different function. Ive already discussed some of the implications of this with respect to protein folding, and in regards to the recent transitive homology studies out of the Cordes group. Lymphotactin offers lessons and ideas for protein folding and evolution that must be taken into account. In particular, the fact that point mutations can significantly stabilize one or the other of these structures implies that there may be previously ...
http://sandwalk.blogspot.ca/2008/04/one-protein-two-folds.html
3D clusters of somatic mutations in cancer reveal numerous rare mutations as functional targets | Genome Medicine | Full Text3D clusters of somatic mutations in cancer reveal numerous rare mutations as functional targets | Genome Medicine | Full Text
Many mutations in cancer are of unknown functional significance. Standard methods use statistically significant recurrence of mutations in tumor samples as an indicator of functional impact. We extend such analyses into the long tail of rare mutations by considering recurrence of mutations in clusters of spatially close residues in protein structures. Analyzing 10,000 tumor exomes, we identify more than 3000 rarely mutated residues in proteins as potentially functional and experimentally validate several in RAC1 and MAP2K1. These potential driver mutations (web resources: 3dhotspots.org and cBioPortal.org) can extend the scope of genomically informed clinical trials and of personalized choice of therapy.
https://genomemedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13073-016-0393-x
Exploiting the Mutanome for Tumor Vaccination | Cancer ResearchExploiting the Mutanome for Tumor Vaccination | Cancer Research
Our study was motivated by the hypothesis that mutations provide a rich source for novel vaccine targets. Although immunogenic mutations have been reported in mouse and man, there is a complete lack of knowledge about the fraction of nonsynonymous mutations processed and presented in an immunologic relevant manner. To address this question, we carried out the first mouse tumor exome capture study, identifying B16F10 somatic point mutations, followed by testing of mutations for their capability to elicit T-cell immunogenicity. Our result is the first map of the B16F10 T-cell-druggable mutanome.. The B16 melanoma cell line originated spontaneously in a C57BL/6 mouse in 1954 and was propagated by the Jackson Memorial Laboratory in Bar Harbor. In vivo passage of B16 cells resulted in formation of the highly metastatic daughter clone B16F10 (34). B16 cells express melanoma differentiation antigens and present MHC class I restricted epitopes from gp100, MART1 (35), tyrosinase (36), TRP1 (37) and ...
https://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/72/5/1081?ijkey=af4f5007c58ab0844b003d655e7c4c29cefaabb4&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Plus itPlus it
Cancer cells often acquire resistance to therapy due to genetic mutations. However, without drug selection, these mutations would likely have a fitness cost to cancer cells and we hypothesize that the severity of this fitness cost is correlated with the effectiveness of drug treatment, with more effective treatments leading to more drastic genetic lesions. The size of a genetic lesion often correlates with its fitness cost - point mutation having little cost, aneuploidy having a large cost. However, aneuploidy is fast because the search space is only 46 gains or losses, while point mutations are slow with billions of base pairs to search before finding the right mutations. We designed experimental and computational systems to understand the selection pressures that would lead to resistance by these different genetic mechanisms. Mice were implanted with xenograft tumors from the HT1080 fibrosarcoma cell line that were heterozygous for DR5 (TNFRSF10B) and extremely sensitive to treatment with a ...
http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/21/4_Supplement/PR07
What is the principle for qBiomarker Somatic Mutation PCR Array data analysis? - QIAGENWhat is the principle for qBiomarker Somatic Mutation PCR Array data analysis? - QIAGEN
The basic principle behind the data analysis is that we compare the Ct value of a mutation assay in a test sample with the Ct value of the same assay in a wildtype sample. When there is a significant difference (a preset value of 4 Cts) between the Ct values, the test sample is concluded to contain the mutation. The Ct values used for comparison can either be raw Ct (in average Ct method) or normalized Ct (in delta delta Ct case). When the Ct difference falls between 3 and 4, we give a borderline mutation call, which means that the mutation may be present at low percentage. When the Ct difference is smaller than 3, we give a negative mutation call (i.e. the mutation percentage is beyond the detection limit of the array). The wildtype sample can be either a genuine wildtype sample that is tested in the same experiment, or it could be a virtual wildtype sample that is computed from all test samples. For detailed description of the data analysis principle, refer to (link to white paper ...
https://www.qiagen.com/au/resources/faq?id=6ea39462-9725-49d6-a1bd-75de33dfe34f&lang=en
Age of father linked to increased mutations in children | Behavioral Healthcare ExecutiveAge of father linked to increased mutations in children | Behavioral Healthcare Executive
A recent study published in Nature has found that the age at which a father has children will determine how many mutations his offspring inherit. Pioneering geneticist J. B. S. Haldane in the 1930s, had worked years before the structure of DNA was determined, but according to Nature, he was correct about why fathers pass on more mutations than mothers. Sperm is continually being generated by dividing precursor cells, which acquire new mutations with each division. By contrast, women are born with their lifelong complement of egg cells, according to the article. The study found that fathers passed on nearly four times as many new mutations as mothers: on average, 55 versus 14.. Stefánssons team also found that the older a man gets, the more new mutations are passed on. A 36-year-old will pass on twice as many mutations to his child as a man of 20, and a 70-year-old eight times as many, his team estimated.. Since the average age of childbearing is rising, the study suggests that more ...
https://www.behavioral.net/news-item/age-father-linked-increased-mutations-children
All Things Beautiful: DIY Zombie- Apocalyptic Summer Learning Camp, Phase I, part B: Zombies and MutationsAll Things Beautiful: DIY Zombie- Apocalyptic Summer Learning Camp, Phase I, part B: Zombies and Mutations
A gene mutation is a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene, making the sequence differ from what is found in most people. Mutations can affect anywhere from a single DNA building block (base pair) to a large segment of a chromosome that includes multiple genes. There are two types of gene mutations. Hereditary mutations are inherited from a parent and are present throughout a persons life in virtually every cell in the body. Acquired mutations, sometimes called somatic mutations, occur at some time during a persons life and are present only in certain cells. These changes can be caused by environmental factors or can occur if a mistake is made as DNA copies itself during cell division. ...
http://homeschooljournal-bergblog.blogspot.com/2017/06/diy-zombie-apocalyptic-summer-learning_12.html
Presence of gene mutation helps guide thyroid cancer... ( A specific gene mutation may be usef...)Presence of gene mutation helps guide thyroid cancer... ( A specific gene mutation may be usef...)
...A specific gene mutation may be useful in predicting the level of aggr...The mutation called BRAF V600E is a genetic alteration in the BRAF o...Past studies have shown that the mutation frequently occurs in the mos...The findings come at an important time as both the incidence of thyroi...,Presence,of,gene,mutation,helps,guide,thyroid,cancer,treatment,biological,biology news articles,biology news today,latest biology news,current biology news,biology newsletters
http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-news-1/Presence-of-gene-mutation-helps-guide-thyroid-cancer-treatment-266-1/
Specified Life: Non-inherited genetic diseaseSpecified Life: Non-inherited genetic disease
A significant but unquantified portion of genetic diseases is non-inherited; occurring from de novo (new) mutations in the the germ cells of the affected individuals. In humans, point mutations (i.e., mutations that occur in a single nucleotide base within the genome) occur with a frequency of about 1 to 3 x 10-8 per base (1), (2). There are many types of mutational alterations other than point mutations (e.g., mutations in microsatellites) (3). Our knowledge of the likelihood of other types of mutation most of these alternate types of mutation is limited. In many cases de novo mutations cause lethal genetic diseases that occur in children, through the action of a dominant gene (i.e., one gene copy that produces the disease). Such diseases are seldom inherited because they cannot be conserved in the population; those with the gene die early in life, without passing the gene to progeny. Sometimes, non-inheritance accounts for some proportion of cases that would otherwise occur as dominant gene ...
http://julesberman.blogspot.com/2016/02/non-inherited-genetic-disease.html
New Mutations for Gamma World | Steve KensonNew Mutations for Gamma World | Steve Kenson
The following mutations are based on material from earlier editions of Gamma World, adapted for the Alternity edition. The gamemaster can extend the mutation tables or allow the new mutations to be substituted for some existing mutations, if they are being determined randomly. Physical Mutations Burning Hands Good, Activated, WIL The mutant can emit heat from his hands…
https://stevekenson.com/2005/08/15/new-mutations-for-gamma-world/
Links Between Blood Cell Mutation and Heart Disease Identified | School of MedicineLinks Between Blood Cell Mutation and Heart Disease Identified | School of Medicine
A new study provides some of the first links between relatively common mutations in the blood cells of the elderly and atherosclerosis.. Though cardiovascular disease, which is characterized in part by atherosclerosis, or plaque build-up, is a leading cause of death in the elderly, almost 60 percent of elderly patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) exhibit no conventional risk factors, or just one. This and other data suggest that age-dependent risk factors that havent yet been identified may contribute to CVD.. Scientists know that accumulation of somatic DNA mutations is a feature of aging, though little data exists on the role of such mutations in age-associated disorders beyond cancer. Meanwhile, recent human studies indicate that aging is associated with an increase in somatic mutations in the hematopoietic system, which gives rise to blood cells; these mutations provide a competitive growth advantage to the mutant hematopoietic cells, allowing for their clonal ...
https://www.bumc.bu.edu/busm/2017/01/20/links-between-blood-cell-mutation-and-heart-disease-identified/
Racing to block tumorigenesis after pRb loss: An innocuous point mutation wins with synthetic lethality<...Racing to block tumorigenesis after pRb loss: An innocuous point mutation wins with synthetic lethality<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Racing to block tumorigenesis after pRb loss. T2 - An innocuous point mutation wins with synthetic lethality. AU - Bauzon, Frederick. AU - Zhu, Liang. N1 - Funding Information: We thank members of our laboratory for helpful discussions. This work was supported by grant RO1CA131421 from the NIH-NCI. L.Z. is a recipient of the Irma T. Hirschl Career Scientist Award.. PY - 2010/6/1. Y1 - 2010/6/1. N2 - A major goal of tumor suppressor research is to neutralize the tumorigenic effects of their loss. Since loss of pRb does not induce tumorigenesis in many types of cells, natural mechanisms may neutralize the tumorigenic effects of prb loss in these cells. For susceptible cells, neutralizing the tumorigenic effects of pRb loss could logically be achieved by correcting the deregulated activities of pRb targets to render pRb-deficient cells less abnormal. This line of research has unexpectedly revealed that knocking out the prb target Skp2 did not render Rb1 deficient cells less abnormal ...
https://einstein.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/racing-to-block-tumorigenesis-after-prb-loss-an-innocuous-point-m-2
Anti-GD<sub>2</sub> with an FC point mutation reduces complement fixation and decreases antibody-induced...Anti-GD<sub>2</sub> with an FC point mutation reduces complement fixation and decreases antibody-induced...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Anti-GD2 with an FC point mutation reduces complement fixation and decreases antibody-induced allodynia. AU - Sorkin, Linda S.. AU - Otto, Mario. AU - Baldwin, William M.. AU - Vail, Emily. AU - Gillies, Stephen D.. AU - Handgretinger, Rupert. AU - Barfield, Raymond C.. AU - Ming Yu, Hui. AU - Yu, Alice L.. N1 - Funding Information: We would like to thank Damon McCumber for performing the blinded tail vein injections and Julie Nguyen for secretarial support. This work was supported by the Cindy Matters Fund (L.S.S.) and NIH NS048563-04 (L.S.S.), and in part by a grant from FDA, FD-R-002319 (A.L.Y.). None of the authors has any financial arrangements that represent a conflict of interest. PY - 2010/4. Y1 - 2010/4. N2 - Monoclonal antibodies against GD2 ganglioside, such as ch14.18, the human-mouse chimeric antibody, have been shown to be effective for the treatment of neuroblastoma. However, treatment is associated with generalized, relatively opiate-resistant pain. We ...
https://scholars.uthscsa.edu/en/publications/anti-gdsub2sub-with-an-fc-point-mutation-reduces-complement-fixat
Third-person Kingdom Come Deliverance Mod Offers a New Point of ViewThird-person Kingdom Come Deliverance Mod Offers a New Point of View
A freshly released third-person Kingdom Come Deliverance mod allows players to experience the title from a different point of view.
https://wccftech.com/kingdom-come-deliverance-mod-third-person/
Mutation 003Mutation 003
Mutation synonyms. LSMD # = Monnat Unique Number: 003. Werner syndrome Registry #: STUTT1010. Huang et al. mutation #: 3. Uhrhammer mutation #: n/a. OMIM mutant allele #: 277700.0010. HGMD mutation #: n/a. Japanese mutation #: n/a. ...
http://www.pathology.washington.edu/research/werner/database/wrn/mut_003.html
Mutation 047Mutation 047
Mutation synonyms. LSMD # = Monnat Unique Number: 047. Werner syndrome Registry #: UTRE1010. Huang et al. mutation #: 47. Uhrhammer mutation #: n/a. OMIM mutant allele #: n/a. HGMD mutation #: n/a. Japanese mutation #: n/a. ...
http://www.pathology.washington.edu/research/werner/database/wrn/mut_047.html
Nonsense mutationNonsense mutation
Nonsense mutation In genetics, a nonsense mutation is a point mutation in a sequence of DNA that results in a premature stop codon, or a nonsense codon in the
https://www.bionity.com/en/encyclopedia/Nonsense_mutation.html
PIT Tests, a Mutation TestingPIT Tests, a Mutation Testing
While wondering over internet, I just come across the mutation testing and here I blog about it. The blog largely said about one such framework PIT tests.. When we say my code coverage is 80%, that only mean, in simple term, your unit tests cover 80% of your code base. Do they really tell you what your tests are really testing? - No. To answer this, there is a thing that called as mutation testing. The framework I am talking about is PIT tests; they said its like automation tests for your tests. Cool!. How does it work?. Well in plain simple language, it mutate (modify the byte code at runtime) some logical part, decision taking part of your code and then run tests against such modified code, if your test fail (called as mutation killed), your test is OK, if its passed (called mutation survived), beware, there might be some bug hidden there. So, more the mutation killed more good your tests are.. Example:. The simplest example might be ...
http://techmythoughts.blogspot.com/2011/12/pit-tests-mutation-testing.html
Books: mouse modelBooks: mouse model
P53: The Gene That Cracked the Cancer Code by Sue Armstrong Amazon: amazon.com - amazon.co.uk - amazon.de - amazon.fr Asilomar, discovery of DNA, discovery of penicillin, double helix, mouse model, stem cell, trade route And if youre going to generate a mouse for the first time you dont want a mutant thats kind of wimpy. Meanwhile, at MIT in Boston, Tyler Jacks - renowned for creating one of the two first p53 knock-out mice in 1992 - was on the same track. His lab was busy generating two different mouse models that mimicked LFS - one with the same point mutation as Lozanos mice, corresponding to human R175H, and another corresponding to R273H. The two groups published their findings in the same edition of Cell in December 2004. What distinguished their mouse models from others designed to test the activity of mutant p53 was that here the gene was being switched on naturally in response to signals from the cells environment. In most other models, the gene was switched on artificially by ...
http://edwardbetts.co.uk/monograph/mouse_model
Minimization Using Simulated Annealing AlgorithmMinimization Using Simulated Annealing Algorithm
Simulated annealing mimics the annealing process to solve an optimization problem. It uses a temperature parameter that controls the search. The temperature parameter typically starts off high and is slowly cooled or lowered in every iteration. At each iteration a new point is generated and its distance from the current point is proportional to the temperature. If the new point has a better function value it replaces the current point and iteration counter is incremented. It is possible to accept and move forward with a worse point. The probability of doing so is directly dependent on the temperature. This unintuitive step sometime helps identify a new search region in hope of finding a better minimum.. ...
http://www.mathworks.com/examples/global-optimization/mw/globaloptim-ex55801511-minimization-using-simulated-annealing-algorithm?s_cid=rlcnt_ME
TATA boxTATA box
Point mutations[edit]. Point mutations to the TATA box have similar varying phenotypic changes depending on the gene that is ... Mutations to the TATA box can range from a deletion or insertion to a point mutation with varying effects based on the gene ... Based on the sequence and mechanism of TATA box initiation, mutations such as insertions, deletions, and point mutations to ... Mutations[edit]. Figure 3. Effects on TBP binding to the TATA box from mutations. Wildtype shows transcription done normally. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TATA_box
GermacreneGermacrene
Point mutation of (+)-germacrene A synthase from Ixeris dentata. Biotechnol Lett. 2005 Mar;27(5):285-8. ... Boiling point 236.4 °C (457.5 °F; 509.5 K) Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state ( ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germacrene
Paternal age effectPaternal age effect
DNA point mutations[edit]. In contrast to oogenesis, the production of sperm cells is a lifelong process.[16] Each year after ... There are different types of genome mutations, with distinct mutation mechanisms: *DNA length mutations of repetitive DNA (such ... DNA point mutations, caused by cellular copying errors and also by chemical and physical insults such as radiation ... Geneticist James F. Crow described mutations that have a direct visible effect on the child's health and also mutations that ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternal_age_effect
SubstitutionSubstitution
Base-pair substitution or point mutation, a type of mutation. *Substitution reaction, where a functional group in a chemical ... If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_substitution
GeneticsGenetics
Figure (2) shows a missense, single point, non silent mutation. Figures (3 and 4) both show frameshift mutations, which is why ... Most mutations have little effect on an organism's phenotype, health, or reproductive fitness.[76] Mutations that do have an ... Mutations occasionally occur within cells in the body as they divide. Although these mutations will not be inherited by any ... somatic mutations). The most frequent mutations are a loss of function of p53 protein, a tumor suppressor, or in the p53 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics
gamma-Aminobutyric acidgamma-Aminobutyric acid
Ffrench-Constant RH, Rocheleau TA, Steichen JC, Chalmers AE (June 1993). "A point mutation in a Drosophila GABA receptor ... Park DH, Mirabella R, Bronstein PA, Preston GM, Haring MA, Lim CK, Collmer A, Schuurink RC (October 2010). "Mutations in γ- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-Aminobutyric_acid
EpigeneticsEpigenetics
"Relics of repeat-induced point mutation direct heterochromatin formation in Neurospora crassa". Genome Res. 19 (3): 427-37. PMC ... repeat-induced point mutation) and silences gene expression by inhibiting transcription elongation.[109] ... heritable DNA methylation mutations are 100.000 times more likely to occur compared to DNA mutations.[105] An epigenetically ... Rett syndrome is underlain by mutations in the MECP2 gene despite no large-scale changes in expression of MeCP2 being found in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetic
Tyrosine hydroxylaseTyrosine hydroxylase
Lüdecke B, Dworniczak B, Bartholomé K (Jan 1995). "A point mutation in the tyrosine hydroxylase gene associated with Segawa's ... 10 (6 Pt 2): 774-81. doi:10.1159/000073965. PMID 14631117.. *^ a b Halskau Ø, Ying M, Baumann A, Kleppe R, Rodriguez-Larrea D, ... "Recessively inherited L-DOPA-responsive dystonia caused by a point mutation (Q381K) in the tyrosine hydroxylase gene". Human ... Royo M, Fitzpatrick PF, Daubner SC (Feb 2005). "Mutation of regulatory serines of rat tyrosine hydroxylase to glutamate: ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine_3-monooxygenase
P110αP110α
"Activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase by interaction with Ras and by point mutation". The EMBO Journal. 15 (10): 2442-51. doi ... 116 (Pt 15): 3037-40. doi:10.1242/jcs.00609. PMID 12829733.. *. Li VS, Wong CW, Chan TL, Chan AS, Zhao W, Chu KM, So S, Chen X ... Somatic activating mutations in PIK3CA are found in Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome and venous malformation.[18][19] ... The presence of [a] PIK3CA mutation may predict response to aspirin therapy for colorectal cancer.[16][17] ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIK3CA
Retinitis pigmentosaRetinitis pigmentosa
The Class I mutant protein's activity is compromised as specific point mutations in the protein-coding amino acid sequence ... Up to 150 mutations have been reported to date in the opsin gene associated with the RP since the Pro23His mutation in the ... Mutations in this gene most commonly presents as missense mutations or misfolding of the rhodopsin protein, and most frequently ... A variety of retinal molecular pathway defects have been matched to multiple known RP gene mutations. Mutations in the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinitis_pigmentosa
FERMT3FERMT3
"A point mutation in KINDLIN3 ablates activation of three integrin subfamilies in humans". Nat. Med. 15 (3): 313-8. doi:10.1038/ ... McDowall A, Svensson L, Stanley P, Patzak I, Chakravarty P, Howarth K, Sabnis H, Briones M, Hogg N (2010). "Two mutations in ... FERMT3 mutations can result in autosomal recessive leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndrome-III (LAD-III). a deficiency in beta1 ... "Leukocyte adhesion deficiency-III is caused by mutations in KINDLIN3 affecting integrin activation". Nat. Med. 15 (3): 306-12. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FERMT3
PSEN1PSEN1
Talking Point on the role of presenilin mutations in Alzheimer disease". EMBO Rep. 8 (2): 141-6. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400897. ... Talking Point on the role of presenilin mutations in Alzheimer disease". EMBO Rep. 8 (2): 136-40. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400896 ... 121 (Pt 4): 413-20. doi:10.1242/jcs.015255. PMID 18256384.. *^ a b Thinakaran G, Borchelt DR, Lee MK, Slunt HH, Spitzer L, Kim ... Cruts M, Van Broeckhoven C (1998). "Presenilin mutations in Alzheimer's disease". Hum. Mutat. 11 (3): 183-90. doi:10.1002/(SICI ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSEN1
Niedoczynność przytarczyc, wolna encyklopediaNiedoczynność przytarczyc, wolna encyklopedia
Morten KJ., Cooper JM., Brown GK., Lake BD., Pike D., Poulton J. A new point mutation associated with mitochondrial ...
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedoczynność_przytarczyc
Granulosa cell tumourGranulosa cell tumour
The tumors without duplications carried point mutations affecting highly conserved residues. The mutated proteins carrying the ... Mutation c.402C,G in the sequence of FOXL2 leads to the amino acid substitution p. C134W. It is believed that this mutation may ... Using next generation DNA sequencing, it was discovered that 97% of adult granulosa cell tumours contain an identical mutation ... These results incriminate somatic mutations of AKT1 as major probably driver events in the pathogenesis of juvenile granulosa ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulosa_cell_tumour
Myeloproliferative neoplasmMyeloproliferative neoplasm
"MPL mutations in myeloproliferative disorders: analysis of the PT-1 cohort". Blood. 112 (1): 141-9. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-01- ... Most Philadelphia chromosome negative cases have an activating JAK2 or MPL mutation.[4] Mutations in CALR have been found in ... ET is associated with the JAK2 V617F mutation in up to 55% of cases[14] and with an MPL (thrombopoietin receptor) mutation in ... Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is associated with the JAK2V617F mutation in up to 50% of cases, the JAK2 exon 12 mutations in 1-2 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myeloproliferative_disease
Polymerase chain reactionPolymerase chain reaction
April 1989). "Analysis of any point mutation in DNA. The amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS)". Nucleic Acids ... It can also introduce deletions, insertions or point mutations into a DNA sequence. PAN-AC: uses isothermal conditions for ... Site-directed mutagenesis: PCR can be used to create mutant genes with mutations chosen by scientists at will. These mutations ... At these points, one primer set recognizes DNA with cytosines to amplify methylated DNA, and one set recognizes DNA with uracil ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction
The Phoenix FilesThe Phoenix Files
Motang and yells "There's something wrong with the baby!" Mutation comes from Jordan's point of view. She begins to notices ... Arrival is told from Luke Hunter's point of view, as he and his recently divorced mother, Emily, move into Phoenix, a town run ... Fallout is told from Jordan's point of view. It starts with Luke, Jordan, Reeve, Luke's dad, Kara, Soren and a girl who is ... Contact switches to Peter's point of view. After he, Jordan and Luke hear the ringing phone in the town square, Peter finds out ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phoenix_Files
SNP genotypingSNP genotyping
"Analysis of any point mutation in DNA. The amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS)". Nucleic Acids Research. 17 (7): ... A SNP is a single base pair mutation at a specific locus, usually consisting of two alleles (where the rare allele frequency is ... cut the genomic sample results in an identifiably larger than expected fragment implying that there is a mutation at the point ... Because DASH genotyping is measuring a quantifiable change in Tm, it is capable of measuring all types of mutations, not just ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNP_genotyping
BLOSUMBLOSUM
Sequence alignment Point accepted mutation Henikoff, S.; Henikoff, J.G. (1992). "Amino Acid Substitution Matrices from Protein ... Commonly used substitution matrices include the blocks substitution (BLOSUM) and point accepted mutation (PAM) matrices. Both ... Changing a single amino acid in a protein may reduce its ability to carry out this function, or the mutation may even change ... This is known as a mutation. At the molecular level, there are regulatory systems that correct most - but not all - of these ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLOSUM
TUBA1ATUBA1A
The relevant point mutation resulted in S140G; the site of the mutation participates in the N-site of the formed α-tubulin, and ... TUBA1A mutation is common in microlissencephaly Keays et al. describe a mouse with a mutation of the TUBA1A gene induced by N- ... 105 (6 Pt 2): 3065-73. doi:10.1083/jcb.105.6.3065. PMC 2114727. PMID 3693406. Cowan NJ, Dobner PR, Fuchs EV, Cleveland DW ( ... The S140G mutation resulted in the formation of a "compromised GTP binding pocket". Authors note defects associated with ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TUBA1A
MicrosatelliteMicrosatellite
Unlike point mutations, which affect only a single nucleotide, microsatellite mutations lead to the gain or loss of an entire ... Another possible cause of microsatellite mutations are point mutations, where only one nucleotide is incorrectly copied during ... Mutation mechanisms and mutation rates[edit]. DNA strand slippage during replication of an STR locus. Boxes symbolize ... In Ewing's sarcoma (a type of painful bone cancer in young humans), a point mutation has created an extended GGAA ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_tandem_repeats
BudgerigarBudgerigar
One can often easily note the colour mutation of the individual birds at this point.) At this stage of the chicks' development ... at least 32 primary mutations (including violet) occur, enabling hundreds of possible secondary mutations (stable combined ... Mature males usually have a cere of light to dark blue, but in some particular colour mutations it can be purplish to pink - ... Breeders have worked to produce a variety of colour, pattern and feather mutations, including albino, blue, cinnamon-ino ( ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budgerigar
Dejerine-Sottas diseaseDejerine-Sottas disease
Roa BB, Dyck PJ, Marks HG, Chance PF, Lupski JR (November 1993). "Dejerine-Sottas syndrome associated with point mutation in ... it has been associated with mutations in MPZ,[5] PMP22,[6] PRX,[7] and EGR2[8] genes. The disorder is inherited in an autosomal ... March 2006). "Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 4F disease caused by S399fsx410 mutation in the PRX gene". Neurology. 66 (5): 745-7. doi ... The condition is caused by mutations in a various genes and currently has no known cure.[2] ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dejerine–Sottas_disease
SalmonellaSalmonella
"Evolution of Salmonella enterica virulence via point mutations in the fimbrial adhesin". PLOS Pathogens. 8 (6): e1002733. doi: ... Some of the ways that Salmonella serotypes have adapted to their hosts include loss of genetic material and mutation. In more ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella
Multiple sequence alignmentMultiple sequence alignment
Visual depictions of the alignment as in the image at right illustrate mutation events such as point mutations (single amino ... Similarly, the evolutionary operator of point mutations can be used to define an edit distance for coding sequences, but this ... Point mutations and insertion or deletion events (called indels) can be detected. ... An entry point to the main MergeAlign server and information. *European Bioinformatics Institute servers: *ClustalW2 - general ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_Sequence_Alignment
Polymerase chain reactionPolymerase chain reaction
"Analysis of any point mutation in DNA. The amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS)". Nucleic Acids Research. 17 (7): ... It can also introduce deletions, insertions or point mutations into a DNA sequence.[58][59] ... Site-directed mutagenesis: PCR can be used to create mutant genes with mutations chosen by scientists at will. These mutations ... Don RH, Cox PT, Wainwright BJ, Baker K, Mattick JS (1991). "'Touchdown' PCR to circumvent spurious priming during gene ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction
No-SCAR (Scarless Cas9 Assisted Recombineering) Genome EditingNo-SCAR (Scarless Cas9 Assisted Recombineering) Genome Editing
1989). "Analysis of any point mutation in DNA. The amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS)". Nucleic Acids Res. 17: ... In the case of point mutations, oligonucleotides targeted to the lagging strand are designed to alter the either the PAM ... The SCAR-less method is able to induce point mutations, oligonucleotide-mediated deletions, and short sequence insertions with ... Therefore, efficiency can be low (0.1-10% for point mutations; 10−5-10−6 for insertions, deletions, or replacements) and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-SCAR_(Scarless_Cas9_Assisted_Recombineering)_Genome_Editing
Friedreichs ataxiaFriedreich's ataxia
... point mutation, with an expansion in one allele and a point mutation in the other. A missense point mutation can have milder ... Depending on the point mutation, cells can produce no frataxin, nonfunctional frataxin, or frataxin that is not properly ... February 1999). "Friedreich's ataxia: point mutations and clinical presentation of compound heterozygotes". Annals of Neurology ... The condition is caused by mutations in the FXN gene on chromosome 9, which makes a protein called frataxin. In FRDA, cells ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedreich's_ataxia
Blue cone monochromacyBlue cone monochromacy
The point mutation is the so-called C203R. The name of the point mutations indicates the position at which mutation has ... Other mutations on genes OPN1LW and OPN1MW that lead to the blue cone monochromacy are constituted by a set of point mutations ... Other point mutations are the P307L and R247X. The last one replaces arginine with the Stop codon, prematurely stopping at ... This type of mutation is named W177R and is a misfolding mutation that, if present on both opsin genes cause cone dystrophy ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_cone_monochromacy
IndelIndel
... s can be contrasted with a point mutation. An indel inserts and deletes nucleotides from a sequence, while a point ... In coding regions of the genome, unless the length of an indel is a multiple of 3, it will produce a frameshift mutation. For ... Indels can also be contrasted with Tandem Base Mutations (TBM), which may result from fundamentally different mechanisms. A TBM ... Hill KA, Wang J, Farwell KD, Sommer SS (January 2003). "Spontaneous tandem-base mutations (TBM) show dramatic tissue, age, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indel
CraniosynostosisCraniosynostosis
The mutations can be divided into mutations that lead to gain of function (in FGFR genes) and mutations that lead to loss of ... The third point of view is the frontal view. The points to look at are: eye position, eye symmetry and twisting of the nasal ... including a displacement of the chin point of the jaw and a deviation of the tip of the nose.[10][11] The chin point is located ... This article's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craniosynostosis
IndinavirIndinavir
Its melting point or its temperature of decomposition is 150 - 153 °C at which it starts to emit toxic vapors such as nitrogen ... and structural changes in high-resolution crystal structures of HIV-1 protease with drug-resistant mutations L24I, I50V, and ... The end point of the study was death or development of opportunistic infections.[13] ... They started a laboratory dedicated to AIDS research in West Point, Pennsylvania and placed Emilio Emini in charge of the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indinavir
CateninCatenin
At this point, β-catenin becomes a coactivator for TCF and LEF to activate Wnt genes by displacing Groucho and HDAC ... Mutations in genes encoding these proteins can lead to inactivation of cadherin cell adhesions and elimination of contact ... Mutations in catenin genes can cause loss of contact inhibition that can promote cancer development and tumor formation. ... Mutations associated with aberrant epithelial cell layer growth due to lack of adhesions and contact inhibition Down-regulated ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catenin
Quantitative trait locusQuantitative trait locus
A mutation resulting in a disease state is often recessive, so both alleles must be mutant in order for the disease to be ... He also was able to demonstrate this point by selectively breeding laboratory populations of rats to obtain a hooded phenotype ... Instead Darwin used the emergence of such features in breeding populations as evidence that mutation can occur at random within ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygenic_inheritance
Elastina - Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livreElastina - Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre
2004). «A novel elastin gene mutation resulting in an autosomal dominant form of cutis laxa». Arch Dermatol. 140 (9): 1135-9. ... Obtida de "https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elastina&oldid=49317787" ... 2010). «Identification and characterization of seven novel mutations of elastin gene in a cohort of patients affected by ...
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastina
MallardMallard
Due to the variability of the mallard's genetic code, which gives it its vast interbreeding capability, mutations in the genes ... at which point the males take turns copulating with the female.[86] Lebret (1961) calls this behaviour "Attempted Rape Flight ... but have not yet reached the point where they are fully genetically incompatible.[12] Mallards and their domesticated ... even to the point of visiting water features in human courtyards.[124] ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallard
Chloroplast DNAChloroplast DNA
The inverted repeat regions are highly conserved among land plants, and accumulate few mutations.[8][11] Similar inverted ... had a green algal derived chloroplast at some point, which was subsequently replaced by the red chloroplast.[31] ... Over time, base changes in the DNA sequence can arise from deamination mutations. When adenine is deaminated, it becomes ... The highly oxidative environment inside chloroplasts increases the rate of mutation so post-transcription repairs are needed to ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast_DNA
OctopusOctopus
Like other cephalopods, the octopus is bilaterally symmetric with two eyes and a beak, with its mouth at the centre point of ... Both the structures and editing sites are conserved in the coleoid genome and the mutation rates for the sites are severely ... the siphon points towards the head and the arms trail behind, with the animal presenting a fusiform appearance. In an ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopoda
Category:DNA - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaCategory:DNA - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Point mutation. *Promoter (genetics). *Pseudogene. R. *Reassortment. *Restriction enzyme. S. *Satellite DNA ...
https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:DNA
PAX8PAX8
"RAS point mutations and PAX8-PPAR gamma rearrangement in thyroid tumors: evidence for distinct molecular pathways in thyroid ... A mutation in the PAX8 gene could prevent or disrupt normal development. These mutations can affect different functions of the ... It has been observed that PAX8/PPAR y-positive tumors rarely express RAS mutations in combination. This suggests that ... Mutations in this gene have been associated with thyroid dysgenesis, thyroid follicular carcinomas and atypical follicular ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAX8
Evolution of biological complexityEvolution of biological complexity
Mutations causing loss of a complex trait occur more often than mutations causing gain of a complex trait. ... doi:10.1016/j.pt.2005.08.016. PMID 16126458.. *^ Heylighen, F. (1999a) "The Growth of Structural and Functional Complexity ... 84 (26 Pt 1): 6130-3. arXiv:nlin/0009008. Bibcode:2000PhRvL..84.6130F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.6130. PMID 10991141.. CS1 ... Loss of this trait need not necessarily confer a selective advantage, but may be lost due to the accumulation of mutations if ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_complexity
AndrogenAndrogen
Makieva S, Saunders PT, Norman JE (2014). "Androgens in pregnancy: roles in parturition". Hum. Reprod. Update. 20 (4): 542-59. ... To examine neurogenesis, wild-type male rats were compared with male rats that had testicular feminization mutation (TMF), a ... what we've learned from the testicular feminization mutation". Hormones and Behavior. 53 (5): 613-26. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen
AntiandrogenAntiandrogen
... and AR NTD antagonists are immune to gain-of-function mutations in the AR LBD that convert AR antagonists into AR agonists and ... 7 (1 Pt 2): 476-500. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01625.x. PMID 20092449.. ... 7 (1 Pt 2): 476-500. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01625.x. PMID 20092449.. ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiandrogen
Inferno (Marvel Comics)Inferno (Marvel Comics)
Due to the nature of his mutation, he is deaf, blind and mute. Bionic cranio-facial plate allows him to control his blasts. ... She even corrupts one of his arms to reinforce her point. In the fifth anniversary/fifth rescue attempt, Colossus leads a team ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferno_
Alpha-1 antitrypsinAlpha-1 antitrypsin
Mutations in these areas can lead to non-functional proteins that can polymerise and accumulate in the liver (infantile hepatic ... where the protein migrates in a gel according to its isoelectric point or charge in a pH gradient. Normal A1AT is termed M, as ... North-Western Europeans are most at risk for carrying one of the most common mutant forms of A1AT, the Z mutation (Glu342Lys on ... Since the number of identified mutations has exceeded the number of letters in the alphabet, subscripts have been added to most ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-1_antitrypsin
InbreedingInbreeding
An essay on the close relationship between speciation, inbreeding and recessive mutations". Biology Direct. 6: 62. doi:10.1186/ ... until a small colony was discovered in the Point Sur region in the 1930s.[38] Since then, the population has grown and spread ... These carriers do not display any signs of the mutation and may be unaware that they carry the mutated gene. Since relatives ... Bernstein H, Byerly HC, Hopf FA, Michod RE (September 1985). "Genetic damage, mutation, and the evolution of sex". Science. 229 ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_breeding
PleiotropyPleiotropy
... a point mutation[32] in the HBB gene. The HBB gene encodes information to make the beta-globin subunit of hemoglobin, which is ... the mutation of the TYR gene, also termed tyrosinase. This mutation causes the most common form of albinism. The mutation ... Marfan syndrome (MFS) is an autosomal dominant disorder which affects 1 in 5-10,000 people.[36] MFS arises from a mutation in ... "Mutations and Disease , Understanding Genetics". genetics.thetech.org. Retrieved 2016-11-11.. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiotropic
Yellow feverYellow fever
Although no new urban cycle has yet been established, scientists believe this could happen again at any point. An outbreak in ... The estimated rate of mutation for both genotypes was about 5 × 10−4 substitutions/site/year, similar to that of other RNA ... Newer vaccines, based on vero cells, are in development and should replace 17D at some point.[4] ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_fever
Benzo(a)pyreneBenzo(a)pyrene
This disrupts the normal process of copying DNA and causes mutations, which explains the occurrence of cancer after exposure. ... Melting point 179[2] °C (354 °F; 452 K) Boiling point 495 °C (923 °F; 768 K) ... Its diol epoxide metabolites (more commonly known as BPDE) react and bind to DNA, resulting in mutations and eventually cancer ... DNA damage and p53 mutations in smoking-associated cancers. Oncogene. 2002 October 21;21(48):7435-51. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(a)pyrene
Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndromeHyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome
65 (5 Pt 2): 32R-37R. doi:10.1203/PDR.0b013e31819dc8c5. ISSN 0031-3998. PMC 2919366. PMID 19190525.. ... "STAT3 Mutations in the Hyper-IgE Syndrome". The New England Journal of Medicine. 357 (16): 1608-19. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa073687. ... The disease was linked to mutations in the STAT3 gene after cytokine profiles indicated alterations in the STAT3 pathway.[8] ... "Combined immunodeficiency associated with DOCK8 mutations". N. Engl. J. Med. 361 (21): 2046-55. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0905506. PMC ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperimmunoglobulin_E_syndrome
PicornavirusPicornavirus
Mutations within the CRE-RNA structure prevent VPg uridylylation, and mutations within the VPg sequence can severely diminish ... J Gen Virol 85(Pt 5):1145-1151 Mingxiao M, Ming L, Jian C, Song Y, Shude W, Pengfei L (2011) Molecular and biological ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picornavirus
Cav1.2Cav1.2
... a mutation update". Human Mutation. 30 (9): 1256-66. doi:10.1002/humu.21066. PMID 19606473.. ... 272 (3 Pt 2): H1372-81. PMID 9087614.. *. Yu W, Andersson B, Worley KC, Muzny DM, Ding Y, Liu W, Ricafrente JY, Wentland MA, ... Mutation in the CACNA1C gene, the single-nucleotide polymorphism located in the third intron of the Cav1.2 gene,[18] are ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cav1.2
ArchaeaArchaea
32 (Pt 2): 204-8. doi:10.1042/BST0320204. PMID 15046572.. *^ Pietilä MK; Roine E; Paulin L; Kalkkinen N; Bamford DH (March 2009 ... Because this function is so central to life, organisms with mutations of their 16s rRNA are unlikely to survive, leading to ... Nonetheless, they are a useful starting point for classification.. Halophiles, including the genus Halobacterium, live in ... The chromosomes replicate from multiple starting-points (origins of replication) using DNA polymerases that resemble the ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea
AveragenessAverageness
These faces, as well as the component faces, were rated for attractiveness by 300 judges on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = very ... These individuals are the least likely to carry harmful mutations. This form of mate choice is known as koinophilia, which ... because extreme and uncommon features are likely to indicate disadvantageous mutations. The effect was first described in 1878 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averageness
HistoneHistone
Supek F, Lehner B (July 2017). "Clustered Mutation Signatures Reveal that Error-Prone DNA Repair Targets Mutations to Active ... 117 (Pt 12): 2491-501. doi:10.1242/jcs.01238. PMID 15128874.. *^ Bernstein BE, Mikkelsen TS, Xie X, Kamal M, Huebert DJ, Cuff J ... 1628 (Pt A): 157-73. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2014.11.005. PMC 4427550. PMID 25446457.. ... Helix-dipoles form alpha-helixes in H2B, H3, and H4 cause a net positive charge to accumulate at the point of interaction with ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_modification
Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryCold Spring Harbor Laboratory
In 2007, Wigler and Sebat discover that spontaneous or de novo mutations are found in people with autism;[40] ... marking starting points for replication of the entire genome.[50] ... "Optimization of crop productivity in tomato using induced mutations in the florigen pathway". Nature Genetics. 46: 1337-1342. ... the small subset of protein-coding genes within the much larger genome-now a mainstay of identifying genetic mutations in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory
Codon degeneracyCodon degeneracy
These properties of the genetic code make it more fault-tolerant for point mutations. For example, in theory, fourfold ... Since transition mutations (purine to purine or pyrimidine to pyrimidine mutations) are more likely than transversion (purine ... twofold degenerate codons can tolerate one out of the three possible point mutations at the third position. ... A position of a codon is said to be a non-degenerate site if any mutation at this position results in amino acid substitution. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codon_degeneracy
HADHBHADHB
Mutations in this gene, along with mutations in HADHA, result in trifunctional protein deficiency.[5] Mutations in either gene ... 383 (Pt 2): 237-48. doi:10.1042/BJ20040647. PMC 1134064. PMID 15242332.. ... or beta-subunit mutations exhibits similar phenotypes because mutations in either subunit alter TFP complex expression and ... or beta-subunit mutations exhibits similar phenotypes because mutations in either subunit alter TFP complex expression and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HADHB
mutation: Point Mutations | FactMonstermutation: Point Mutations | FactMonster
In a frameshift mutation, a nucleotide is added or ... mutation: Point Mutations mutation: Point Mutations. Enter your ... Occasionally a mutation can be offset by either another mutation on the same gene or on another gene that suppresses the effect ... For example, the inherited sickle cell disease is the result of a mutation that results in the substitution of the amino acid ... A single gene mutation may have many effects if the enzyme it controls is involved in several metabolic processes. ...
https://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/science/biology/genetics/mutation/point-mutations
Point MutationPoint Mutation
A point mutation is when a single base pair is altered. Point mutations can have one of three effects. First, the base ... Point mutations are a large category of mutations that describe a change in single nucleotide of DNA, such that that nucleotide ... Amino Acids Base Pair Codon Missense Mutation Nonsense Mutation Protein Stop Codon Mutation ... Second, the base substitution can be a missense mutation where the altered codon corresponds to a different amino acid. Or ...
https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Point-Mutation
Point mutation News, Research - Page 4Point mutation News, Research - Page 4
Tyrosine kinase inhibitor sensitivity may be predicted by the frequency of a point mutation in the epidermal growth factor ... Researchers show that iPS cells can be used to edit genetic mutations that cause DMD Researchers at the Center for iPS Cell ... Rare and classic EGFR mutations have different impacts on NSCLC outcome Certain rare epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ... Study reveals how BTK mutation triggers drug resistance in CLL patients A multi-institutional team of researchers has ...
https://www.news-medical.net/?tag=/Point-mutation&page=4
Tissue P Systems with Point Mutation Rules | SpringerLinkTissue P Systems with Point Mutation Rules | SpringerLink
Alhazov A., Freund R., Ivanov S., Verlan S. (2019) Tissue P Systems with Point Mutation Rules. In: Hinze T., Rozenberg G., ...
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-030-12797-8_4
Point Mutation | Journal of Clinical MicrobiologyPoint Mutation | Journal of Clinical Microbiology
Catalase-Negative Staphylococcus aureus Strain with Point Mutations in the katA Gene C. Piau, J. Jehan, R. Leclercq, C. Daurel ... Rapid Detection of Point Mutations Conferring Resistance to Fluoroquinolone in gyrA of Helicobacter pylori by Allele-Specific ... Peptide Nucleic Acid Array for Detection of Point Mutations in Hepatitis B Virus Associated with Antiviral Resistance Hyunjung ... Single-Point Mutations Causing More than 100-Fold Underestimation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Load with the ...
https://jcm.asm.org/keyword/point-mutation
Familial Parkinsons point mutation abolishes multiple system atrophy prion replication | PNASFamilial Parkinson's point mutation abolishes multiple system atrophy prion replication | PNAS
Familial Parkinsons point mutation abolishes multiple system atrophy prion replication. Amanda L. Woerman, Sabeen A. Kazmi, ... Familial Parkinsons point mutation abolishes multiple system atrophy prion replication Message Subject (Your Name) has sent ... To investigate this hypothesis, we infected cell lines expressing PD-causing point mutations in α-synuclein with MSA patient ... This alteration is consistent with the inability of the A53T mutation to rescue the effects of the E46K mutation in vitro. ...
http://www.pnas.org/content/115/2/409.full
Point mutation - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaPoint mutation - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A nonsense mutation is a point mutation in a DNA sequence that leads to an early stop codon.[4] This appears as a nonsense ... A point mutation is a single base substitution.[1] It is the smallest type of mutation possible. ... "Glossary: point mutation". Rosalind. Retrieved January 23, 2017.. *↑ "How DNA changes affect phenotype". National Center for ... In a point mutation, either: *a single base nucleotide is changed for another nucleotide of the genetic material (normally DNA ...
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsense_mutation
The point mutation which made humanityThe point mutation which made humanity
There was no point where mutation made humanity. But there was one where long mixed hybridization between Neaderthals and near ... The point mutation which made humanity. By Razib Khan , August 16, 2011 1:30 am ... Steve Hsu points me to a piece in The New Yorker on the science and personality of Svante Pääbo. The personality part includes ... Razib, fantastic points. and I agree with you about the bisexuality line. It seemed gratuitous, especially since the article ...
http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/gnxp/2011/08/the-point-mutation-which-made-humanity/
Gene mutation analysis may point to imprinting in newborn lung diseaseGene mutation analysis may point to imprinting in newborn lung disease
Sen concentrates on mutations in the gene and Stankiewicz on deletions. He acknowledges that their work is indebted to the ... For an unknown number of parents each year, a mutation or "misprint" or a deletion in a gene called FOXF1 results in an infant ... Tests of DNA from three infants who died of the disorder showed that they had the same mutation in FOXF1 as did their mother. ... It appeared, said Sen, that the mutation was a new one (called de novo) that occurred on the chromosome the mother inherited ...
https://www.bcm.edu/news/gene-mutation-newborn-lung-disease
MAESTRO--multi agent stability prediction upon point mutations. - PubMed - NCBIMAESTRO--multi agent stability prediction upon point mutations. - PubMed - NCBI
Data are given for the three main single point mutation sets (SP1, SP3, SP4) as well as the multi-point mutation set (MP). The ... iii) It provides high throughput scanning for multi-point mutations where sites and types of mutation can be comprehensively ... MAESTRO--multi agent stability prediction upon point mutations.. Laimer J1,2, Hofer H3, Fritz M4, Wegenkittl S5, Lackner P6. ... Point mutations can have a strong impact on protein stability. A change in stability may subsequently lead to dysfunction and ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25885774
Structural Consequences of Point Mutations in Nine Human HPRT Variants | SpringerLinkStructural Consequences of Point Mutations in Nine Human HPRT Variants | SpringerLink
Davidson B.L., Palella T.D., Fujimori S., Kelley W.N. (1989) Structural Consequences of Point Mutations in Nine Human HPRT ... Genetic evidence for identical mutations in two partially deficient subjects. J. Clin. Invest. In Press (1988).Google Scholar ...
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4684-5673-8_22
Multipyrene Tandem Probes for Point Mutations Detection in DNAMultipyrene Tandem Probes for Point Mutations Detection in DNA
... Svetlana A. Kholodar, Darya S. Novopashina, Mariya I. ... N. N. Dioubankova, A. D. Malakhov, D. A. Stetsenko, and V. A. Korshun, "Detection of point mutations using pyrene-labeled DNA ...
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jna/2013/860457/ref/
Calmodulin Point Mutations Affect Drosophila Development and Behavior | GeneticsCalmodulin Point Mutations Affect Drosophila Development and Behavior | Genetics
Calmodulin Point Mutations Affect Drosophila Development and Behavior. Heidi B. Nelson, Robert G. Heiman, Clare Bolduc, Gae E. ... Calmodulin Point Mutations Affect Drosophila Development and Behavior. Heidi B. Nelson, Robert G. Heiman, Clare Bolduc, Gae E. ... Calmodulin Point Mutations Affect Drosophila Development and Behavior. Heidi B. Nelson, Robert G. Heiman, Clare Bolduc, Gae E. ... Calmodulin Point Mutations Affect Drosophila Development and Behavior Message Subject (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you ...
https://www.genetics.org/content/147/4/1783?ijkey=c69f062fcdbe83ce733490b7fef3f2bd1eeae01f&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Point Mutation | Journal of VirologyPoint Mutation | Journal of Virology
A Point Mutation in the N-Terminal Amphipathic Helix α0 in NS3 Promotes Hepatitis C Virus Assembly by Altering Core ... A Point Mutation Leading to Hepatitis C Virus Escape from Neutralization by a Monoclonal Antibody to a Conserved Conformational ... A Point Mutation in the Rhesus Rotavirus VP4 Protein Generated through a Rotavirus Reverse Genetics System Attenuates Biliary ... A Single Point Mutation in Nonstructural Protein NS2 of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Results in Temperature-Sensitive ...
https://jvi.asm.org/keyword/point-mutation
A point mutation in KINDLIN3 ablates activation of three integrin subfamilies in humans. - PubMed - NCBIA point mutation in KINDLIN3 ablates activation of three integrin subfamilies in humans. - PubMed - NCBI
A point mutation in KINDLIN3 ablates activation of three integrin subfamilies in humans.. Malinin NL1, Zhang L, Choi J, Ciocea ... Subjects have a point mutation in KINDLIN3. (a) Western blot for KINDLIN-3 in subjects and control lymphocytes. The positions ... Arrow indicates the point mutation. (c) KINDLIN3 expression rescues adhesion and spreading defects in subject 1s cells. Cells ... The genetic basis for this disease was traced to a point mutation in the coding region of the KINDLIN3 (official gene symbol ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19234460?dopt=Abstract
Dynamic Harmony Search with Polynomial Mutation Algorithm for Valve-Point Economic Load DispatchDynamic Harmony Search with Polynomial Mutation Algorithm for Valve-Point Economic Load Dispatch
... M. Karthikeyan1 and T. Sree ... M. Karthikeyan and T. Sree Ranga Raja, "Dynamic harmony search with polynomial mutation algorithm for valve-point economic load ...
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2015/147678/citations/
Statistical Methods for Identifying Sequence Motifs Affecting Point Mutations | GeneticsStatistical Methods for Identifying Sequence Motifs Affecting Point Mutations | Genetics
Statistical Methods for Identifying Sequence Motifs Affecting Point Mutations. Yicheng Zhu, Teresa Neeman, View ORCID Profile ... Statistical Methods for Identifying Sequence Motifs Affecting Point Mutations. Yicheng Zhu, Teresa Neeman, View ORCID Profile ... Statistical Methods for Identifying Sequence Motifs Affecting Point Mutations. Yicheng Zhu, Teresa Neeman, View ORCID Profile ... Statistical Methods for Identifying Sequence Motifs Affecting Point Mutations Message Subject (Your Name) has forwarded a page ...
https://www.genetics.org/content/205/2/843.article-info
Factor V Leiden Mutation and PT 20210 Mutation: The TestFactor V Leiden Mutation and PT 20210 Mutation: The Test
... when Factor V Leiden mutation and PT 20210 mutation tests are ordered, and what the results of Factor V Leiden mutation and PT ... Describes how Factor V Leiden mutation and PT 20210 mutation tests are used, ... Factor V Leiden (FVL) mutation and prothrombin 20210 (PT 20210) mutation tests are two tests often used together to help ... Factor V Leiden mutation and PT 20210 tests are ordered when it is suspected that a person has an inherited risk factor for ...
https://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/factor-v-and-pt20210/tab/test
Fig. 1: Timing clonal copy number gains using allele frequencies of point mutations. | NatureFig. 1: Timing clonal copy number gains using allele frequencies of point mutations. | Nature
b, Annotated point mutations in one sample based on VAF (top), copy number (CN) state and structural variants (middle), and ... The number of sequencing reads reporting point mutations can be used to discriminate variants as early or late clonal (green or ... 1: Timing clonal copy number gains using allele frequencies of point mutations.. From: The evolutionary history of 2,658 ... 1: Timing clonal copy number gains using allele frequencies of point mutations. , Nature ...
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1907-7/figures/1?error=cookies_not_supported&code=ec26492c-6547-4e38-b2bc-56aa32a1b5bd
A point mutation of mitochondrial ATPase 6 gene in Leigh syndromeA point mutation of mitochondrial ATPase 6 gene in Leigh syndrome
The T9176G mutation changes a highly conserved leucine residue to an arginine in subunit … ... A point mutation of mitochondrial ATPase 6 gene in Leigh syndrome Neuromuscul Disord. 2002 Jan;12(1):53-5. doi: 10.1016/s0960- ... Another mutation in the same codon (T9176C) has been previously reported in Leigh syndrome. This gives strong support to the ... The T9176G mutation changes a highly conserved leucine residue to an arginine in subunit 6 of ATPase and is maternally ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11731285/
The spectra of point mutations in vertebrate genomesThe spectra of point mutations in vertebrate genomes
In spite of the importance of point mutations for evolution and human diseases, their natural spectrum of incidence in ... The spectra of point mutations in vertebrate genomes Bioessays. 2009 Jan;31(1):98-106. doi: 10.1002/bies.080081. ... The article presents the analysis of more than 51,000 such point mutations identified by this approach in the genomes of human ... In spite of the importance of point mutations for evolution and human diseases, their natural spectrum of incidence in ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19154008/?dopt=Abstract
Single Point Mutation In Listeria Monocytogenes Identified | Science 2.0Single Point Mutation In Listeria Monocytogenes Identified | Science 2.0
The authors say that this mutation represents "a double edged sword;" "from a food safety perspective, a single point mutation ... The researchers have identified a single point mutation (out of a total of 3 million or so nucleotides that constitute the ... The paper, "A single point mutation in the listerial betL σA-dependent promoter leads to improved osmo- and chill-tolerance and ... However, from a synthetic biology point of view, such a boosted-stress resistance gene represents a useful BioBrick (or ...
https://www.science20.com/news_articles/single_point_mutation_listeria_monocytogenes_identified-106224
A point mutation in the HIV-1 Tat responsive element is associated with postintegration latency | PNASA point mutation in the HIV-1 Tat responsive element is associated with postintegration latency | PNAS
... identified a point mutation (C37 -, T) in TAR. This mutation impaired Tat responsiveness of the LTR in transient transfection ... A point mutation in the HIV-1 Tat responsive element is associated with postintegration latency. S Emiliani, C Van Lint, W ... A point mutation in the HIV-1 Tat responsive element is associated with postintegration latency ... A point mutation in the HIV-1 Tat responsive element is associated with postintegration latency ...
https://www.pnas.org/content/93/13/6377?ijkey=70158613d518b928e0d0d6a5286b495aebf73c51&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
RCSB PDB - 1E75: NMR SOLUTION STRUCTURE OF ALPHA-CONOTOXIN IM1 POINT MUTATION VARIANT R7LRCSB PDB - 1E75: NMR SOLUTION STRUCTURE OF ALPHA-CONOTOXIN IM1 POINT MUTATION VARIANT R7L
NMR SOLUTION STRUCTURE OF ALPHA-CONOTOXIN IM1 POINT MUTATION VARIANT R7L. *DOI: 10.2210/pdb1E75/pdb ... with variations observed in backbone and side-chain dihedral angles as well as surface electrostatic potentials upon mutation. ...
https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1E75
TNO Repository search for: subject:point mutationTNO Repository search for: subject:'point mutation'
Missense mutation · Mutational analysis · Netherlands · Nonsense mutation · Onset age · Point mutation · Polymerase chain ... and six missense mutations. Six of the mutations have been previously reported, while ten are novel mutations. These results ... A large number of genetic aberrations (n = 978), including point mutations (n = 833), deletions (n = 126) and insertions (n = ... Point Mutation · Receptors, LDL · Triglycerides To investigate the relative roles of the LDL receptor- and non-LDL receptor- ...
https://repository.tudelft.nl/search/tno/?q=subject%3A%22point%20mutation%22
Near point-of-care, point-mutation test to detect drug resis... : AIDSNear point-of-care, point-mutation test to detect drug resis... : AIDS
Near point-of-care, point-mutation test to detect drug resistance in HIV-1. a validation study in a Mexican cohort. Panpradist ... Near point-of-care, point-mutation test to detect drug resistance in HIV-1: a validation study in a Mexican cohort ... near point-of-care assay that provides ready-to-use lyophilized reagents and reports HIVDR mutations as colored lines on ...
https://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Abstract/publishahead/Near_point_of_care,_point_mutation_test_to_detect.96710.aspx
Point mutation - WikipediaPoint mutation - Wikipedia
Point mutations may arise from spontaneous mutations that occur during DNA replication. The rate of mutation may be increased ... Point mutations in multiple tumor suppressor proteins cause cancer. For instance, point mutations in Adenomatous Polyposis Coli ... a mutation called a frameshift mutation). Point mutations that occur in non-coding sequences are most often without ... A point mutation or substitution is a genetic mutation where a single nucleotide base is changed, inserted or deleted from a ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_mutation
DNA From Cystic Fibrosis Patients With And Without Chronic Infections Points To Unsuspected MutationDNA From Cystic Fibrosis Patients With And Without Chronic Infections Points To Unsuspected Mutation
"DNA From Cystic Fibrosis Patients With And Without Chronic Infections Points To Unsuspected Mutation." Medical News Today. ... 2012, July 10). "DNA From Cystic Fibrosis Patients With And Without Chronic Infections Points To Unsuspected Mutation." Medical ... DNA From Cystic Fibrosis Patients With And Without Chronic Infections Points To Unsuspected Mutation. ...
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/247579.php
Multiple point mutations - Molecular BiologyMultiple point mutations - Molecular Biology
Multiple point mutations - (Sep/19/2006 ). Hi All,. Was wondering whether anyone has a protocol for doing multiple point ... I tried doing two at once, and I only got one mutation to take. ... mutations in a single PCR reaction doing an inverse PCR ...
http://www.protocol-online.org/biology-forums/posts/20309.html
Point accepted mutation - WikipediaPoint accepted mutation - Wikipedia
... point accepted mutation matrices (PAM matrices) and the PAMn matrix. The term point accepted mutation refers to the mutation ... In particular, silent mutations are not point accepted mutations, nor are mutations which are lethal or which are rejected by ... One of the possible mutations that occurs is the replacement of a single nucleotide, known as a point mutation. If a point ... The term accepted point mutation was initially used to describe the mutation phenomenon. However, the acronym PAM was preferred ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_accepted_mutation
GenesCodonVariantsEpidermal growth fIdentify mutationsProteinsTypes of point mutationsExonSequenceGene mutationGenetic mutations that causeDetection of Point MutationsSubstitutionProteinResistanceShow that both mutationsConsequencesStrainsOncogeneMissense mutationsFrameshift mutationsSpecific mutationsHeterozygous or homozygousAssaysSingleMitochondrialAllelesDeletionOccurNovo mutationsNonsenseResearchersKRASMutantCodonsTumorPhenotypeDiseaseSubunitVitroOrganismEndogenousFrequencyLethalFindingsPatientsMolecularNucleotide baseInhibitorsAmino acidsSecretionChromosome 16StrainStudy
Genes16
  • Certain genes are responsible for producing enzymes that can repair some mutations. (factmonster.com)
  • While this process is not fully understood, it is believed that if these genes themselves mutate, the result can be a higher mutation rate of all genes in an organism. (factmonster.com)
  • People who have a mutation in one of the genes that code for these factors have an increased risk of blood clots. (labtestsonline.org)
  • The T9176G mutation changes a highly conserved leucine residue to an arginine in subunit 6 of ATPase and is maternally inherited like mutations in the other mitochondrial genes. (nih.gov)
  • Within a cell, these riboregulators activate when they encounter a target RNA sequence, that is an RNA sequence containing a point mutation, which typically corresponds to a point mutation in one of the cell's genes. (genengnews.com)
  • No mutations were observed in the 3 pro-apoptotic effector genes BAX, BAK1 and BOK. (bloodjournal.org)
  • Similarly, in the BH3-only genes, mutations were rare with no mutations in BCL2L11 (BIM), BAD, BID, HRK and BMF and only single mutations in BBC3 (PUMA) and PMAIP1 (NOXA). (bloodjournal.org)
  • In the anti-apoptotic BCL2 genes, mutations were also rare with no mutations in BCL2, BCL2L1 (BCLX) and BCL2L10 (BCLB). (bloodjournal.org)
  • Tumor antigens are encoded by genes that are either normal but aberrantly expressed or overexpressed ( 1 )( 2 ), or altered as the result of cancer-specific somatic mutations ( 3 )( 4 )( 5 ). (rupress.org)
  • Three avirulence genes, AvrLm1, AvrLm6 , and AvrLm4-7 , were recently identified in Leptosphaeria maculans and found to be localized as solo genes within large noncoding, heterochromatin-like regions mainly composed of retrotransposons, truncated and degenerated by repeat-induced point mutation (RIP). (apsnet.org)
  • These findings indicated not only that mutations in these two genes were the most common gene abnormalities in pancreatic cancer, but that the malignant progression of pancreatic cancer was accompanied by the progressive accumulation of multiple genetic abnormalities. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Mutations in genes encoding the ATP-regulated potassium (K(ATP)) channels of the pancreatic beta-cell (SUR1 and Kir6.2) are the major known cause of persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (PHHI). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • BCR/ABL kinase-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cells display genomic instability leading to point mutations in various genes including bcr/abl and p53 , eventually causing resistance to imatinib and malignant progression of the disease. (aacrjournals.org)
  • The accumulation of mutations in oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes is an important aspect of tumor formation. (thermofisher.com)
  • Low-level Cip r (MIC = 4 μg/ml) in non-CC17 strains is not attributable to point mutations in any subunit of the topoisomerase genes, and the mechanism of resistance remains unclear. (asm.org)
  • This allows focus on clinically relevant point mutations in genes of interest, with reference to personalised medicine. (selectscience.net)
Codon16
  • First, the base substitution can be a silent mutation where the altered codon corresponds to the same amino acid. (genome.gov)
  • Or third, the base substitution can be a nonsense mutation where the altered codon corresponds to a stop signal. (genome.gov)
  • Stop-gain is a mutation that results in a premature termination codon (a stop was gained), which signals the end of translation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Stop-loss is a mutation in the original termination codon (a stop was lost), resulting in abnormal extension of a protein's carboxyl terminus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Start-loss is a point mutation in a transcript's AUG start codon, resulting in the reduction or elimination of protein production. (wikipedia.org)
  • A missense mutation changes a codon so that a different protein is created, a non-synonymous change. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, sickle-cell disease is caused by a single point mutation (a missense mutation) in the beta-hemoglobin gene that converts a GAG codon into GUG, which encodes the amino acid valine rather than glutamic acid. (wikipedia.org)
  • A nonsense mutation is a point mutation in a DNA sequence that leads to an early stop codon . (wikipedia.org)
  • If a point mutation occurs within an expressed region of a gene, an exon, then this will change the codon specifying a particular amino acid in the protein produced by that gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • Another mutation in the same codon (T9176C) has been previously reported in Leigh syndrome. (nih.gov)
  • There were three point mutations accompanied by replacements of amino acids in hepatoma tissue with other amino acids or a stop codon. (aacrjournals.org)
  • It is known that Ki- ras PM was relatively easily detected because it is generally limited to one codon, but the detection of p53 tumor suppressor gene mutations is more difficult because of its multiple sites of mutations. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Approximately one-half of the tumors had G to A point mutations at codon 12 of the cellular H- ras proto-oncogene on mouse chromosome 7. (aacrjournals.org)
  • None had codon 11, 13, or 61 mutations. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Illustration of three types of point mutations to a codon. (bioscience.ws)
  • Heterozygous point mutation in which T was replaced by C was detected at position 1274 (TTG to TCG) corresponding to a leucine to serine substitution at codon 330. (eurekamag.com)
Variants9
  • Davidson B.L., Palella T.D., Fujimori S., Kelley W.N. (1989) Structural Consequences of Point Mutations in Nine Human HPRT Variants. (springer.com)
  • The number of sequencing reads reporting point mutations can be used to discriminate variants as early or late clonal (green or purple, respectively) in cases of specific copy number gains, as well as clonal (blue) or subclonal (red) in cases without. (nature.com)
  • b , Annotated point mutations in one sample based on VAF (top), copy number (CN) state and structural variants (middle), and resulting timing estimates (bottom). (nature.com)
  • 2020) Point mutation bias in SARS-CoV-2 variants results in increased ability to stimulate inflammatory responses. (news-medical.net)
  • NEW YORK - Up to 14 percent of cerebral palsy cases could be attributed to damaging de novo mutations or recessive variants, according to a new study published in Nature Genetics on Monday . (genomeweb.com)
  • We show that ABE7 variants introduce point mutations much more efficiently and cleanly than a current Cas9 nuclease-mediated [homology-directed repair] method, induce less off-target genome modification than Cas9 nuclease, and can be used both to correct disease-associated SNPs, and to introduce disease-suppressing SNPs in cultured human cells. (genomeweb.com)
  • Mutations can also produce disease variants that are resistant to conventional treatment. (genengnews.com)
  • The antigens are ribosomal proteins altered by somatic tumor-specific point mutations, and the progressor (PRO) variants lack the corresponding normal alleles. (rupress.org)
  • By combining these mutations, five enzyme variants are created. (diva-portal.org)
Epidermal growth f4
  • Certain rare epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations are associated with tobacco smoking, worse prognosis and poor response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy compared to the more common "classical" EGFR mutations. (news-medical.net)
  • Tyrosine kinase inhibitor sensitivity may be predicted by the frequency of a point mutation in the epidermal growth factor receptor gene, suggests a study of Japanese patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma. (news-medical.net)
  • Researchers have identified additional resistance mechanisms that could be targeted to improve the efficacy of irreversible epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer harbouring both EGFR and T790M mutations. (news-medical.net)
  • Disease progression-free survival is similar for patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and epidermal growth factor receptor mutations whether they receive erlotinib or gefitinib, show the results of a South Korean study. (news-medical.net)
Identify mutations3
  • Finally, we sequenced the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDR) of parC and gyrA to identify mutations involved in ciprofloxacin resistance. (asm.org)
  • Because of the presence of the pseudogene, it is often difficult to identify mutations in the gene using traditional mutation detection techniques. (michaeljfox.org)
  • and virulence studies to identify mutations that regulate the ability of the virus to cause disease in a natural infection. (ufl.edu)
Proteins8
  • Because proteins called enzymes control most cell activities, a mutation affecting an enzyme can result in alteration of other cell components. (factmonster.com)
  • Most proteins can withstand one or two point mutations before their function changes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The calculation of these matrices were based on 1572 observed mutations in the phylogenetic trees of 71 families of closely related proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • We aim to contribute a novel method for predicting changes in stability upon point mutation in proteins called MAESTRO. (nih.gov)
  • Our theoretical method seems to be a valid approximation for screening the effects of mutations in the mechanical and thermal stabilities of proteins," Cieplak said. (sciencecodex.com)
  • These proteins carried point mutations in or near the recently identified HAMP linker, previously implicated in signal transduction between the periplasm and cytoplasm. (asm.org)
  • A subset of mutations in the Ψ synthase domain impairs association of the altered Cbf5p proteins with selected box H/ACA snoRNAs, suggesting that the functional catalytic domain is essential for that interaction. (asm.org)
  • These mutations also blocked the interaction between these proteins in vitro. (asm.org)
Types of point mutations2
  • In 1959 Ernst Freese coined the terms "transitions" or "transversions" to categorize different types of point mutations. (wikipedia.org)
  • Illustration of three types of point mutations. (wikipedia.org)
Exon6
  • Direct solid-phase sequencing of the corresponding exon-specific PCR products revealed the nature of the mutations: three nonsense, four splicing, two frameshift, one silent, and six missense mutations. (tudelft.nl)
  • This dual mechanism of action showed tumor regression and growth inhibition in multiple xenograft tumor models harboring MET amplification or MET exon 14 skipping mutations. (businesswire.com)
  • Sequence analysis revealed a novel point mutation in exon 4 of SUR1, predicting a valine to aspartic acid change at amino acid 187 (V187D). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • LEUVEN, Belgium A higher, investigational starting dose of imatinib (Gleevec) significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS) in high-risk patients with advanced KIT-positive gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) expressing the exon 9 mutation, according to a new analysis of an EORTC phase III trial. (cancernetwork.com)
  • 0001), compared with KIT exon 11 mutations. (cancernetwork.com)
  • In patients with the exon 9 mutation, the higher dose resulted in superior PFS (P = .0013), with a relative risk reduction of 61% (Eur J Cancer 42:1093-1103, 2006). (cancernetwork.com)
Sequence11
  • In a frameshift mutation, a nucleotide is added or deleted to the sequence and the decoding of the entire gene sequence will be radically altered and the amino acid sequence of the protein produced will also be very different. (factmonster.com)
  • Point mutations are a large category of mutations that describe a change in single nucleotide of DNA, such that that nucleotide is switched for another nucleotide, or that nucleotide is deleted, or a single nucleotide is inserted into the DNA that causes that DNA to be different from the normal or wild type gene sequence. (genome.gov)
  • A point mutation or substitution is a genetic mutation where a single nucleotide base is changed, inserted or deleted from a DNA or RNA sequence of an organism's genome. (wikipedia.org)
  • A single point mutation can change the whole DNA sequence. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, the published method has two main limitations: It does not present a means to establish that genome editing is the cause of the detected mutation, since it just displays a sequence modification without identification of the modification process. (epsoweb.org)
  • The sequencing of virulent alleles in 24 isolates revealed a few cases of point mutations that had created stop codons in the sequence. (apsnet.org)
  • The complementary DNA for mouse dystrophin has been cloned, and the sequence has been used in the polymerase chain reaction to amplify normal and mdx dystrophin transcripts in the area of the mdx mutation. (sciencemag.org)
  • not a sequence of mutations, one for each node inserted or removed. (w3.org)
  • Herein, we developed a sensitive PCR-free electrokinetic-based sensor combined with a customized bis-peptide nucleic acid (bis-PNA) and gamma-PNA (γ-PNA) probes immobilized on beads, for the detection of mtDNA point mutations and sequence-specific supercoiled plasmid DNA at the picomolar range. (springer.com)
  • Using the following DNA sequence, come up with your own corresponding sequence after a 1) point mutation and 2) frarneshift mutation. (coursehero.com)
  • Previously, we identified a point mutation in an infertile male resulting in the substitution of histidine for proline at position 398 of the protein sequence (PLC zeta(H398P)), leading to abnormal PLC zeta function and infertility. (ugent.be)
Gene mutation3
  • A single gene mutation may have many effects if the enzyme it controls is involved in several metabolic processes. (factmonster.com)
  • These tests may be ordered when a first-degree family member, such as parent or sibling, has a Factor V Leiden or PT 20210 gene mutation. (labtestsonline.org)
  • WEDNESDAY, Dec. 26 (HealthDay News) -- The gene mutation BRCA1, which is known to increase the risk of breast cancer, is prevalent among Hispanics and young black women with breast cancer, researchers report. (bio-medicine.org)
Genetic mutations that cause2
  • Researchers at the Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, show that induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells can be used to correct genetic mutations that cause Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). (news-medical.net)
  • Mayo Clinic researchers are using precision genomics to search for undiscovered, inheritable genetic mutations that cause accelerated aging. (laboratoryequipment.com)
Detection of Point Mutations1
  • To simplify the detection of point mutations, the ASU team, led by Alexander A. Green, PhD, assistant professor, Biodesign Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, based their SNIPR system on prokaryotic translational riboregulators. (genengnews.com)
Substitution7
  • For example, the inherited sickle cell disease is the result of a mutation that results in the substitution of the amino acid valine for glutamic acid in hemoglobin . (factmonster.com)
  • There can also be replication errors that lead to substitution, insertion, or deletion mutations. (wikipedia.org)
  • A point mutation is a single base substitution . (wikipedia.org)
  • Four dicarboximide-resistant isolates of B. cinerea (Bc-19, Bc-45, Bc-682, and Bc-RKR) contained a single base pair mutation in their BcOS1 gene that resulted in an amino acid substitution in the predicted protein. (apsnet.org)
  • The first mutation is a knockout allele (W180*) and the second mutation leads to an amino acid substitution (P192L). (wur.nl)
  • Point mutations leading to arginine to cysteine substitution are interesting since they occur at either X or Y position and cause two different diseases termed Stickler syndrome and congenital spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia (SEDC) in association with osteoarthritis. (uni-koeln.de)
  • Substitution of arginine to cysteine in the X or Y position towards the C-terminus of the triple helix caused pronounced instability of the triple helix with a deleterious effect on the cells, while R704C and more N-terminal mutations did not cause any significant changes irrespective of being in the X or the Y position. (uni-koeln.de)
Protein32
  • Point mutations have a variety of effects on the downstream protein product-consequences that are moderately predictable based upon the specifics of the mutation. (wikipedia.org)
  • These consequences can range from no effect (e.g. synonymous mutations) to deleterious effects (e.g. frameshift mutations), with regard to protein production, composition, and function. (wikipedia.org)
  • Frame-shift mutations are also possible in start-gain mutations, but typically do not affect translation of the original protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • A silent mutation does not affect the functioning of the protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • A point accepted mutation - also known as a PAM - is the replacement of a single amino acid in the primary structure of a protein with another single amino acid, which is accepted by the processes of natural selection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Despite the redundancy in the genetic code, there is a possibility that this mutation will then change the amino acid that is produced during translation, and as a consequence the structure of the protein will be changed. (wikipedia.org)
  • Changing a single amino acid in a protein may reduce its ability to carry out this function, or the mutation may even change the function that the protein carries out. (wikipedia.org)
  • Point mutations can have a strong impact on protein stability. (nih.gov)
  • In order to support basic research and protein design tasks, several computational tools for predicting the change in stability upon mutations have been developed. (nih.gov)
  • We have generated and studied mutations to the endogenous Cam gene of Drosophila melanogaster that change single amino acids within the protein coding region. (genetics.org)
  • These findings suggest that formation of a truncated and stabilized ODC protein due to point mutation is one reason why ODC activity is high in human hepatoma tissue. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Of the 10 mutations detected, 1 was in the N-terminal region (G32R) and 4 were in the PEST domain in the N-terminal half of MCL1 that is associated with regulating protein stability (V140I, P142S, E149Q and E173K). (bloodjournal.org)
  • In the first tumor, 6132A-PRO, the antigen is encoded by a point-mutated L9 ribosomal protein gene. (rupress.org)
  • As an example of the latter, in a murine tumor designated 6132A, a somatic point mutation in the ribosomal protein L9 gives rise to an immunodominant CD4 + T cell-recognized tumor-specific antigen ( 3 ). (rupress.org)
  • In other cases, such a mutation has not been linked to the malignant phenotype but appears to affect a protein essential for basic cellular functions. (rupress.org)
  • The F350C mutation results in abnormal localization of the Sema4A protein, leading to impaired endosomal sorting of molecules indispensable for photoreceptor survival. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Dejerine-Sottas syndrome associated with point mutation in the peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) gene. (biomedsearch.com)
  • One interesting result is that the mutations have a non-obvious impact on the internal structure of the protein and thus on the stabilities," said Mateusz Chwastyk, also one of the publication's authors and Cieplak's former student. (sciencecodex.com)
  • Studying Buchnera gene expression in pea aphids, we identified a recurring mutation (a single-base deletion) in the transcriptional promoter of the small heat-shock protein, ibpA . (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
  • Crizotinib is a molecule that inhibits the ALK protein when it is switched on by some ALK gene mutations, and it has a stronger anticancer effect against some ALK mutations than in others. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
  • We show that the point mutation prevents the formation of the mature form of PCSK9 by hindering folding, reducing the rate of autoproteolysis, and destabilizing the heterodimeric form of the protein. (broadinstitute.org)
  • Two ABCB4 point mutations of strategic NBD-motifs do not prevent protein targeting to the plasma membrane but promote MDR3 dysfunction. (uniprot.org)
  • Several forms of hepatobiliary diseases have been associated with ABCB4 mutations, but the detrimental effects of most mutations on the encoded protein needs to be clarified. (uniprot.org)
  • My research project focuses on determining the effect of specific point mutations in the capsid protein of murine norovirus (MNV) on infectivity and virulence of the virus. (ufl.edu)
  • Interestingly, such CD4I99N mutant protein can be expressed on the surface of human cells, and the mRNA stability could be also affected by this point mutation, suggesting that absence of CD4 T cells in mice rooted in the deficiency in function and expression of CD4. (ovid.com)
  • When one of these codons is changed by a point mutation, the corresponding amino acid of the protein is changed. (bioscience.ws)
  • The impact of these mutations on protein trafficking, secretion and cell survival was also analyzed. (uni-koeln.de)
  • Due to the altered structure, R789C protein was more susceptible to MMP cleavage in the vicinity of the mutation causing the truncation of the protein. (uni-koeln.de)
  • Biochemische Untersuchungen ergaben keinerlei wesentliche Unterschiede zwischen den Mutanten R75C, R134C und R704C im Vergleich mit dem Wildtyp Protein mit Ausnahme der elektronenmikroskopischen Aufnahmen, in denen die Mutation R75C zu charakteristischen Knicken in der Struktur des Collagens führte. (uni-koeln.de)
  • Using gel-shift assays, we show that this mutation abrogates the ability of the H37Ra PhoP protein to bind to a 40-bp segment of its own promoter. (epfl.ch)
  • The majority of inactivating mutations of p53 reside in the central core DNA binding domain of the protein. (semanticscholar.org)
  • In this computational study, we investigated the structural effects of a novel p53 mutation (G389E), identified in a patient with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, which is located within the extreme C-terminal domain (CTD) of p53, an unstructured, flexible region (residues 367-393) of major importance for the regulation of the protein. (semanticscholar.org)
Resistance13
  • However, from a synthetic biology point of view, such a boosted-stress resistance gene represents a useful BioBrick (or building block) for the design of more physiologically robust probiotics or, indeed, plants that are more resistant to cold arid conditions. (science20.com)
  • The ability to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) is at the core of human health genetics but detection of SNPs is also very important in pharmacology, and agriculture, and is a driving force in evolutionary change such as mutations conferring resistance to antibiotics. (eurekalert.org)
  • By exploiting the programmable SNIPR design, we implement an automated design algorithm to develop riboregulators for a range of mutations associated with cancer, drug resistance, and genetic disorders. (genengnews.com)
  • SAN DIEGO--( BUSINESS WIRE )--Turning Point Therapeutics, Inc., a clinical-stage precision oncology company designing and developing novel drugs to address treatment resistance, presented data from four studies at AACR 2019, highlighting potent activity of its kinase inhibitors, including repotrectinib against targeted oncogene drivers and many of their resistance mutations, and TPX-0022, a novel MET/CSF1R/SRC inhibitor. (businesswire.com)
  • Two studies highlighted the higher potency of repotrectinib as compared to other proxy investigational and the currently approved ROS1 and TRK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), Xalkori and Vitrakvi, against fusion ROS1s, wildtype TRK, and many resistance mutations, including solvent front, gatekeeper, and compound mutations. (businesswire.com)
  • Ouabain-resistance test detecting mutations in the Na + /K + ATPase was used to investigate the effect of BCR/ABL kinase-mediated inhibition of MMR on mutagenesis. (aacrjournals.org)
  • overall, point mutations in the kinase domain of BCR/ABL have been detected in 50% to 90% of patients with acquired resistance to imatinib, including ∼23% of the imatinib-naive patients ( 3 ). (aacrjournals.org)
  • The mutation of Botrytis field resistant isolates was located on the second unit of tandem amino acid repeats of BcOS1p, whereas the point mutations of the fifth repeat of OS1p confer resistance to both dicarboximides and phenylpyrroles and also osmotic sensitivity in Neurospora crassa . (apsnet.org)
  • High-level Cip r (MIC ≥ 64 μg/ml) due to point mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region was unique to a distinct hospital-adapted genetic complex in E. faecium , previously designated CC17. (asm.org)
  • Acquisition of mutations in parC and gyrA , leading to high-level Cip r , is, in addition to ampicillin resistance and the presence of a putative pathogenicity island, another cumulative step in hospital adaptation of CC17. (asm.org)
  • In the present study, we report a Thai female with a de novo mutation in thyroid hormone receptor-beta (TRbeta) gene causing resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH). (eurekamag.com)
  • Background - Point mutations in the BCR-ABL kinase domain are associated with resistance to TKI therapy. (linkos.cz)
  • Assessing in how many CML patients with failure and warning mutations can be identified, especially now that more sensitive NGS-based mutation screening methods are available, would advance our knowledge of the biology of TKI resistance as well as contribute useful data to revise the ELN recommendations as to when and how BCR-ABL mutation analysis should be performed. (linkos.cz)
Show that both mutations1
  • Voets, together with his colleague Joris Vriens (KU Leuven) and their team at the Laboratory for Ion Channel Research, could show that both mutations affect TRPM3 channel gating. (vib.be)
Consequences4
  • Comparisons with other Drosophila mutant phenotypes suggests potential CAM targets that may mediate these developmental and behavioral effects, and analysis of the CAM crystal structure suggests the structural consequences of the individual mutations. (genetics.org)
  • This study indicates that mutations in obligate symbionts can have major consequences for host fitness and geographic distributions. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
  • Since the functional consequences of the mutations remained elusive, we set out to understand how disturbances of this particular ion channel can cause intellectual disability and epileptic seizures. (vib.be)
  • We here investigated, in vitro and in silico, the biophysical consequences of clinically-observed Wilson disease mutations, G85V in MBD1 and G591D in MBD6, incorporated in domain 4. (diva-portal.org)
Strains3
  • E. coli strain PPA305, which has a wild-type PTS system, and PPA316, which utilizes a proton-galactose symport system for glucose uptake, were used as host strains to harbor a phenylalanine overprodn. (epfl.ch)
  • 2. Several recombinants were picked from matings between a single F − p + strain and Hfr strains carrying mutations L8 and L29. (portlandpress.com)
  • 5. The same diploid strains were used in experiments to show whether mutations L8 and L29 alleviate the severe catabolite repression caused by growth in glucose plus gluconate. (portlandpress.com)
Oncogene1
  • Overall survival in patients with metastatic lung cancer does not correlate with Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homologue mutation subtypes, US researchers report. (news-medical.net)
Missense mutations2
  • Missense mutations code for a different amino acid. (wikipedia.org)
  • 4 5 Four ancient missense mutations were identified on chromosomes of familial Mediterranean fever carriers in multiple ethnic groups. (bmj.com)
Frameshift mutations1
  • Genetic disorders are commonly caused by nonsense or frameshift mutations that introduce premature translation stop codons (PTCs). (bloodjournal.org)
Specific mutations2
  • Understanding the specific mutations that trigger signals in cell receptors to stimulate cell growth will help us identify biomarkers for specific subtypes of neuroblastoma," said study co-leader Mark A. Lemmon, PhD, professor and chair of Biochemistry and Biophysics at Penn. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
  • Furthermore, specific mutations that occur as a result of a recombination between the gene and the pseudogene are often missed by the traditional genetic methods. (michaeljfox.org)
Heterozygous or homozygous3
  • Testing for Factor V Leiden and PT 20120 mutations is used to help determine if an individual has inherited a disorder associated with blot clots and can determine whether the person has one copy or two copies of the mutation ( heterozygous or homozygous . (labtestsonline.org)
  • Someone with a PT 20210 mutation may be heterozygous or homozygous, although it is very rare to find individuals who are homozygous. (labtestsonline.org)
  • Of the total cases, 15 affected individuals harbored this mutation in heterozygous or homozygous form, and all of these had severe hyperinsulinemia that responded poorly to medical treatment and required subtotal pancreatectomy. (diabetesjournals.org)
Assays6
  • This mutation impaired Tat responsiveness of the LTR in transient transfection assays, and the measured defect was complemented in cells that had been treated with tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate or tumor necrosis factor type alpha (TNF-alpha). (pnas.org)
  • Together with TaqMan ® SNP Genotyping Assays , the resulting QuantStudio™ 3D rare mutation analysis solution helps achieve the high levels of performance required to detect and absolutely quantify mutations present at a very low frequency. (thermofisher.com)
  • Dr. Iain Russell, Sr. Product Manager for TaqMan ® Assays , spoke of the most recent QuantStudio™ 3D enhancements to benefit rare mutation analysis in an interview at the American Society for Human Genetics (ASHG) 2014 annual meeting. (thermofisher.com)
  • Specifically, Dr. Russell described the QuantStudio™ 3D rare mutation analysis solution's subset of 38 wet lab-validated TaqMan ® SNP Genotyping Assays for use in detecting and quantifying rare somatic mutations, e.g. (thermofisher.com)
  • Functional studies, including chondrogenesis assays with primary mesenchymal cells, luciferase reporter gene assays and Surface Plasmon Resonance analysis, of the GDF5 W-414R variant in comparison to other GDF5 mutations associated with isolated BDA1 (p.R399C) or SYNS2 (p.E491K) revealed a dual pathomechanism characterized by a gain-and loss-of-function at the same time. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • Neither mutation was detected utilizing custom-made single-nucleotide polymorphism assays in 100 fertile males and females, or 8 infertile males with characterized oocyte activation deficiency. (ugent.be)
Single24
  • A point mutation is when a single base pair is altered. (genome.gov)
  • One of the possible mutations that occurs is the replacement of a single nucleotide, known as a point mutation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The predictive power of MAESTRO for single point mutations and stabilizing disulfide bonds is comparable to similar methods. (nih.gov)
  • Regression results for MAESTRO on the single mutation data sets SP1 (left) and SP3 (right). (nih.gov)
  • The prediction error is defined as the absolute difference between the experimental determined Δ Δ G and the predicted Δ Δ G. Data are given for the three main single point mutation sets (SP1, SP3, SP4) as well as the multi-point mutation set (MP). (nih.gov)
  • The researchers have identified a single point mutation (out of a total of 3 million or so nucleotides that constitute the entire listerial genome), which dramatically improves the growth of the pathogen in the refrigerator. (science20.com)
  • from a food safety perspective, a single point mutation with the potential to induce such dramatic shifts in cell growth and survival at low temperatures-making an already dangerous pathogen even more formidable-raises significant food-safety concerns which need to be addressed. (science20.com)
  • The paper, "A single point mutation in the listerial betL σA-dependent promoter leads to improved osmo- and chill-tolerance and a morphological shift at elevated osmolarity," will be published in the November/December 2013 issue of Bioengineered but is available open access now . (science20.com)
  • Hi All, Was wondering whether anyone has a protocol for doing multiple point mutations in a single PCR reaction doing an inverse PCR technique such as Quikchange. (protocol-online.org)
  • Now just two years later, she has expanded on its application to develop CRISPR-SNP-Chip, which enables detection of single point mutations without amplification in Sickle Cell Disease and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). (eurekalert.org)
  • Liu's work, published in Nature , uses a guide RNA and catalytically impaired CRISPR-Cas9 to convert A-T base pairs to G-C base pairs in the genome, enabling the editing of single point mutations without the induction of double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs). (genomeweb.com)
  • Yet point mutations, which are genomic errors involving a single base in a length of DNA or RNA, are of intense interest everywhere. (genengnews.com)
  • So, what is the difference between a 'single nucleotide variant' (SNV) and a point mutation? (biology-online.org)
  • A single sample had a mutation in BCL2A1 (A1) while 2 samples had mutations in BCL2L2 (BCLW). (bloodjournal.org)
  • Thus, RIP is described for the first time as an efficient mechanism leading to virulence and the multiple patterns of mutation observed suggest that multiple RIP events could occur independently in a single field population during 1 year. (apsnet.org)
  • A single-point mutation, V328A, turn the (S)-selective omega-transaminase into an (R)-selective enzyme. (diva-portal.org)
  • A computational method was developed to identify which point mutations, single amino acid replacements, would lead to stronger mechanical stability as well as higher thermodynamic stability. (sciencecodex.com)
  • This mutation arose and was fixed twice in sublines derived from a single female aphid in the lab and kept at constant 20 °C. Experiments using aphid lines that differed only in the presence of this Buchnera mutation revealed that it eliminates the ibpA transcriptional response to heat shock and affects ibpA expression at low temperatures. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
  • Here, we report on a family with an autosomal dominant inherited combination of SYNS2 and additional brachydactyly type A1 (BDA1) caused by a single point mutation in GDF5 (p.W414R). (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • Growth kinetics of 296 amino acid mutant viruses in RAW cells Figure 2 Growth kinetics of 296 amino acid mutant viruses in RAW cells Single point mutations G101D, A125V, H170Y, R204H, Q371D, Q374F, A393V, A445T and D512G cause mutant viruses to lose replicative capacities and infectivity in vitro. (ufl.edu)
  • Bisulfite mutagenesis at a Bg/I restriction site in the src gene yielded three mutations which contained the same single base change, a guanine-to-adenine transition. (asm.org)
  • 6 Pras has reported on a single patient with amyloidosis who was homozygous for the V726A mutation. (bmj.com)
  • Our single-channel data, together with modelling using a kinetic scheme to describe channel activations, support our hypothesis that the S670G point mutation reduces the dwell time of glutamate in its binding site. (eurekamag.com)
  • Linkage between I172N mutation, a marker of 21-hydroxylase deficiency, and a single nucleotide polymorphism in Int6 of CYP21B gene: a genetic study of Sardinian family. (semanticscholar.org)
Mitochondrial10
  • Mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have been an essential cause of numerous diseases, making their identification critically important. (springer.com)
  • Mitochondrial DNA mutations in human disease. (springer.com)
  • Meierhofer D, Mayr JA, Ebner S, Sperl W, Kofler B. Rapid screening of the entire mitochondrial DNA for low-level heteroplasmic mutations. (springer.com)
  • Wong L-JC, Chen T-J, Tan D-J. Detection of mitochondrial DNA mutations using temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis. (springer.com)
  • A new method for analysis of mitochondrial DNA point mutations and assess levels of heteroplasmy. (springer.com)
  • The human MitoChip: a high-throughput sequencing microarray for mitochondrial mutation detection. (springer.com)
  • Sun L, Hu N, Peng J, Chen L, Weng J. Ultrasensitive detection of mitochondrial DNA mutation by graphene oxide/DNA hydrogel electrode. (springer.com)
  • Chang C-M, Chiu L-F, Wei Y-H, Shieh D-B, Lee G-B. Integrated three-dimensional system-on-chip for direct quantitative detection of mitochondrial DNA mutation in affected cells. (springer.com)
  • The mitochondrial DNA point mutation 3243, which is responsible for maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (MIDD) is found in 1-2% of the diabetic population and is associated with a macular dystrophy. (arvojournals.org)
  • A complete history and ophthalmic exam including fundus photos and autofluorescence was performed in ten probands confirmed to have the mitochondrial DNA nucleotide A3243G point mutation. (arvojournals.org)
Alleles2
  • In the second tumor, 6139B-PRO, both alleles of the L26 gene have point mutations, and each encodes a different tumor-specific CD4 + T cell-recognized antigen. (rupress.org)
  • These findings suggest that Dejerine-Sottas syndrome can result from dominant point mutation alleles of PMP22. (biomedsearch.com)
Deletion2
  • For an unknown number of parents each year, a mutation or "misprint" or a deletion in a gene called FOXF1 results in an infant born with a dangerous and uniformly fatal lung disease called alveolar capillary dysplasia with misaligned pulmonary veins (ACD/MPV). (bcm.edu)
  • Lack of allelic deletion and point mutation as mechanisms of p53 activation in human malignant melanoma. (harvard.edu)
Occur6
  • Point mutations may arise from spontaneous mutations that occur during DNA replication. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are multiple ways for point mutations to occur. (wikipedia.org)
  • The 'PAMn matrix' is the PAM matrix corresponding to a time frame long enough for n {\displaystyle n} mutation events to occur per 100 amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition to point mutations, in vitro analysis can detect minor differences in binding energy when epigenetic changes like methylation occur. (genengnews.com)
  • Mismatch repair (MMR) is responsible for detecting misincorporated nucleotides, resulting in excision repair before point mutations occur and/or induction of apoptosis to avoid propagation of cells carrying excessive DNA lesions. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Thus, loss of heterozygosity of the ras gene appears to occur without multiple carcinogen-induced mutations, i.e. , as a result of a cascade of events induced by an earlier ras mutation. (aacrjournals.org)
Novo mutations1
  • However, the spontaneous deamination of cytosine and 5-methylcytosine in DNA is a major source of de novo mutations, and about half of known pathogenic SNPs are C-G to T-A transitions, Liu and his coauthors at the Broad and Harvard University wrote in their paper. (genomeweb.com)
Nonsense1
  • Nonsense mutations include stop-gain and start-loss. (wikipedia.org)
Researchers11
  • An international group of researchers led by those at Baylor College of Medicine has analyzed the 42 mutations in FOXF1 in DNA from infants with the disorder and in a report that appears in the journal Human Mutation recommends that genetic testing be considered in infants with persistent pulmonary arterial hypertension with no known cause. (bcm.edu)
  • NEW YORK (GenomeWeb) - Broad Institute researchers David Liu and Feng Zhang have both developed new CRISPR-based systems, one for editing point mutations in the genome and the other for editing RNA, they revealed today in separate studies. (genomeweb.com)
  • The mutation is known to heighten the risk for Ashkenazi Jews, so the new ethnic findings are something of a surprise, the California researchers noted. (bio-medicine.org)
  • The researchers found that Ashkenazi women with breast cancer had the highest rate of the BRCA1 mutation, at 8.3 percent. (bio-medicine.org)
  • The researchers speculate that Sephardic Jews, who settled in Spain, could have shared the mutation with Ashkenazi Jews, who settled in central and Eastern Europe. (bio-medicine.org)
  • Using all-atom computations, the researchers identified the mutations by systematically replacing all amino acids with either alanine or phenylalanine. (sciencecodex.com)
  • Researchers have now elucidated how both independent mutations affect the channel's function: by making it overly active and highly sensitive to stimulation. (vib.be)
  • Researchers are now able to detect low-frequency mutations by combining TaqMan™ fluorogenic 5' nuclease chemistry with dPCR methodology using the QuantStudio™ 3D Digital PCR System . (thermofisher.com)
  • Researchers analyzed pretreatment GIST samples for mutations from 377 patients in the trial. (cancernetwork.com)
  • Oncology researchers studying gene mutations in the childhood cancer neuroblastoma are refining their diagnostic tools to predict which patients are more likely to respond to drugs called ALK inhibitors that target such mutations. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
  • The researchers also investigated which ALK mutations were more sensitive to crizotinib in cell cultures. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
KRAS1
  • This is an example of dPCR quantification of a rare KRAS allele in which a KRAS G12V mutation was detected. (thermofisher.com)
Mutant4
  • Access to time- and tissue-restricted point mutant models. (genoway.com)
  • 10 As a result of this mutation, about 20% of the mutant pre-mRNAs are processed at the normal splice site, whereas the remaining 80% are spliced at cryptic sites. (bloodjournal.org)
  • In vitro, t he mutant and parental viruses have similar growth pattern at MOI 5, but K296E mutation has negative impact of viral spread in RAW cells at MOI 0.05. (ufl.edu)
  • point mutation in Pmp22) mutant mice were analyzed at two developmental stages: (i) at postnatal day (P)4, when normal myelination has just started and primary causative defects of the mutations are expected to be apparent, and (ii) at P60, with the goal of obtaining information on secondary disease effects. (uzh.ch)
Codons2
  • The influence of p53 status on the efficiency of the principal steps of this repair pathway was investigated after UV-C irradiation in the human ovarian carcinoma cell line IGROV-1 (expressing wild-type p53) and in the derived clone IGROV-1/Pt1 (with p53 mutations at codons 270 and 282). (tudelft.nl)
  • The most frequent mutation events, however, were RIP, leading to the modification of 4 to 9% of the bases compared with the avirulent allele and generating 2 to 4 stop codons. (apsnet.org)
Tumor3
  • In the ongoing TRIDENT-1 clinical trial repotrectinib was active against the solvent front mutation ETV6-TRKC G623E in an entrectinib-resistant patient with a salivary gland tumor (-82%, confirmed partial response, RECIST v1.1). (businesswire.com)
  • In some instances, a somatic mutation encoding a tumor-specific antigen is believed to contribute to the development of cancer ( 4 )( 6 )( 7 )( 8 ). (rupress.org)
  • On the other hand, it is also known that the p53 tumor suppressor gene plays an important role in restriction of abnormal cell proliferation and that loss of this safeguard function induced by its mutation may be a key factor in carcinogenesis. (aacrjournals.org)
Phenotype4
  • One of these mutations produces a striking pupal lethal phenotype involving failure of head eversion. (genetics.org)
  • BCR/ABL-positive cells surviving the treatment with MNNG displayed ∼15-fold higher mutation frequency than parental counterparts and predominantly G:C→A:T and A:T→G:C mutator phenotype typical for MNNG-induced unrepaired lesions. (aacrjournals.org)
  • These two mutations also provide the first genetic evidence that link TRPM3 to a pain phenotype in humans," adds Vriens. (vib.be)
  • Mutations T1031A and T1040C in one of the WD40 repeats of Eed, which account for the hypomorphic and lethal phenotype of eed in mouse development, blocked binding of Ezh2 to Eed in a two-hybrid interaction in yeast and in mammalian cells. (asm.org)
Disease22
  • To compare the biological activity of α-synuclein prions in MSA and Parkinson's disease (PD), we developed nine α-synuclein−YFP cell lines expressing point mutations responsible for inherited PD. (pnas.org)
  • The genetic basis for this disease was traced to a point mutation in the coding region of the KINDLIN3 (official gene symbol FERMT3) gene. (nih.gov)
  • However, a panel assembled by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to evaluate practical genomics recommended in 2011 that if the goal is to decide on treatment with anticoagulant medication , adults without VTE symptoms do not need to be tested even if their family members have the PT 20210 or the Factor V Leiden mutation. (labtestsonline.org)
  • DGGE screening of 32 apparently unrelated heterozygous FH patients revealed 16 unique different aberrant DGGE patterns in 27 patients, while in a group of 32 normal subjects none of these DGGE patterns could be observed, suggesting that the aberrant patterns represent disease-causing mutations. (tudelft.nl)
  • In this article, the utility of SNP-Chip was validated for testing SNP mutation in samples obtained from patients with Sickle Cell Disease and ALS. (eurekalert.org)
  • Point mutations can result in mild abnormalities, such as color blindness, as well as serious diseases, such as neurofibromatosis, sickle-cell anemia, certain forms of cancer, and Tay-Sachs disease. (genengnews.com)
  • However, this finding could explain why when young black women get breast cancer it tends to be an aggressive form of the disease, which is consistent with cancers that involve BRCA1 mutations. (bio-medicine.org)
  • Clinical symptoms are similar but more severe than Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1 (CMT1), of which the major subtype, CMT1A, results either from duplication of a 1.5-megabase DNA region in chromosome 17p11.2-p12 containing the myelin gene PMP22, or from PMP22 point mutation. (biomedsearch.com)
  • The NGFB mutation in its heterozygous form results in a milder disease than in homozygots with a variable clinical picture, ranging from asymptomatic cases to those with Charcot arthropathy appearing in adult age. (bmj.com)
  • In both mouse and man the mutations lie within the dystrophin gene, but the phenotypic differences of the disease in the two species confer much interest on the molecular basis of the mdx mutation. (sciencemag.org)
  • This unique SUR1 mutation explains the majority of PHHI cases in Finland and is strongly associated with a severe form of the disease. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • These results provide evidence that a point mutation of a cytokine receptor has the potential to induce autoimmune disease. (rupress.org)
  • Two mutations identified in individuals with developmental and epileptic brain disease can be traced back to the same ion channel. (vib.be)
  • Not to destroy, but to zero in on genetic mutations that may be linked with short telomere and other inherited bone marrow failure syndromes, providing unique insights into their disease biology. (laboratoryequipment.com)
  • Mutations in the GBA gene are the most common genetic cause of Parkinson s disease. (michaeljfox.org)
  • This will allow easier diagnosis of patients with Parkinson s disease due to mutations in this gene. (michaeljfox.org)
  • Recently the gene (MEFV) causing this disease was cloned and more than 18 mutations have been identified. (bmj.com)
  • In these studies it was suggested that some of the phenotypic variations of the disease may be caused by different mutations-for example, M694V and V726A. (bmj.com)
  • The reason for multiple MBDs is proposed to be indirect modulation of enzymatic activity and it is thus intriguing that point mutations in MBDs can promote Wilson disease. (diva-portal.org)
  • Our findings imply that reduced stability and enhanced dynamics of MBD1 or MBD6 is the origin of ATP7B dysfunction in Wilson disease patients with the G85V or G591D mutation. (diva-portal.org)
  • Due to the complexity of the biosynthesis, assembly and secretion, collagen II is highly susceptible to mutations leading to disease states which are broadly classified as chondrodysplasias. (uni-koeln.de)
  • In particular, non-optimal achievement of the key molecular response milestones (10%, 1%, 0.1%) on 1st-line therapy was mostly not associated with BCR-ABL mutations, indicating that other mechanisms of molecular disease persistence have to be investigated in an attempt to optimize therapeutic outcomes. (linkos.cz)
Subunit1
  • Using gene-targeting technology, we generated mice harboring a subtle point mutation (N265M) in the second transmembrane region of the beta3 subunit of the GABA(A) receptor. (uzh.ch)
Vitro3
  • Coexpression of the A53T and E46K mutations was unable to rescue MSA prion infection in vitro, establishing that MSA α-synuclein prions are conformationally distinct from the misfolded α-synuclein in PD patients. (pnas.org)
  • A male infertility-linked human PLCζ (phospholipase Cζ) mutation introduced into mouse PLCζ completely abolishes both in vitro PIP 2 (phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate) hydrolysis activity and the ability to trigger in vivo Ca 2+ oscillations in mouse eggs. (portlandpress.com)
  • In vitro, K296E mutation has negative impact of viral infectivity in M12 cells at MOI 5. (ufl.edu)
Organism1
  • This definition does not include all point mutations in the DNA of an organism. (wikipedia.org)
Endogenous2
  • The FLEx mutation is expressed from the endogenous locus and can therefore be regulated physiologically. (genoway.com)
  • Our recent findings indicated that BCR/ABL-positive leukemia cells accumulate more DNA lesions due to enhanced levels of endogenous reactive oxygen species, resulting in point mutations ( 5 , 6 ). (aacrjournals.org)
Frequency3
  • Using the MMRF CoMMpass (NCT0145429) study (IA13), we determined the frequency of nonsynonymous coding mutations in the BCL2 family. (bloodjournal.org)
  • Interestingly MCL1 was mutated in 10 baseline samples (1.02%) and the frequency of the mutations in these samples was high (median 0.391, range 0.066-0.531). (bloodjournal.org)
  • Aims - We aimed to determine the frequency of BCR-ABL mutations as assessed by NGS vs conventional Sanger sequencing (SS) in CML pts with failure and warning to 1st- or 2nd-line TKI therapy as per the latest, 2013 ELN definitions. (linkos.cz)
Lethal3
  • In particular, silent mutations are not point accepted mutations, nor are mutations which are lethal or which are rejected by natural selection in other ways. (wikipedia.org)
  • The FLEx model bypasses potentially lethal phenotypes associated with the expression of the mutation. (genoway.com)
  • For those mutations that were not lethal to the virus, I generated virus stocks and performed virus growth curves to analyze replication efficiency. (ufl.edu)
Findings3
  • Our findings suggest that the point mutations we detected in SARS-CoV-2 viruses were caused by RNA editing as part of the human defense reaction against the infection. (news-medical.net)
  • BRCA1 Mutation Prevalent Among Hispanic, Younger B... ( New ethnic findings point out that al. (bio-medicine.org)
  • We recently described a family with neurological findings similar to HSAN (Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy) type V having a point mutation in the Nerve growth factor beta (NGFB) gene. (bmj.com)
Patients12
  • In the exhaustive study of 42 new FOXF1 mutations in patients with this disorder, most were sporadic and not inherited from parents. (bcm.edu)
  • These results indicate that DGGE provides a reliable method for the detection of the presence of point mutations in the LDLR gene of FH patients, thereby facilitating the introduction of rapid DNA diagnosis for this common and genetically heterogeneous disorder. (tudelft.nl)
  • Analysis of baseline samples from 982 patients revealed that mutations in the BCL2 family are relatively rare events. (bloodjournal.org)
  • Mutational analysis of the PMP22 coding region in two unrelated Dejerine-Sottas patients identified individual missense point mutations present in the heterozygous state. (biomedsearch.com)
  • 26 patients heterozygous for the NGFB-mutation (12 men, mean age 50 (13-90) years) were examined clinically and answered a health status questionnaire, including the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI). (bmj.com)
  • However, only about 40 percent of patients with short telomeres have one of these known mutations. (laboratoryequipment.com)
  • The team discovered ALK mutations in 8% of the tumors, with a higher rate among tumors from older patients and those with high-risk neuroblastoma. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
  • It can be a useful tool for other research groups, and could be especially important for recruitment of patients with GBA mutations to clinical trials, because this method, unlike other methods, will be able to identify all forms of GBA mutations. (michaeljfox.org)
  • METHODS 23 patients with FMF and ESRD were analysed for their MEFV mutations and correlated with their corresponding rectal and renal biopsies. (bmj.com)
  • RESULTS All the patients with ESRD induced by amyloidosis were homozygous for the M694V or M694I mutations. (bmj.com)
  • Furthermore, the international consortium suggested that the milder V726A mutation may be protective against amyloidosis, whereas the patients homozygous for M694V would be prone to amyloidosis. (bmj.com)
  • BCR-ABL Mutations in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) Patients (pts) with Failure and Warning to First- and Second-Line Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI) Therapy: What Is the Advantage of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) over Conventional Sequencing? (linkos.cz)
Molecular3
  • Consequently, our study assembles another part of the molecular puzzle of how loss and gain of function mutations in GDF5 affect bone development in hands and feet resulting in specific types of brachydactyly and SYNS2. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • Molecular dynamic simulations demonstrated that the mutations increased backbone fluctuations that extended throughout the domain. (diva-portal.org)
  • Point mutation in the pribnow box, the molecular basis of beta-lactamase overproduction in Klebsiella oxytoca. (asm.org)
Nucleotide base1
  • They specifically looked for 'point mutations', in which a nucleotide base within the virus's RNA is switched to another base. (news-medical.net)
Inhibitors2
  • Repotrectinib was found to have 10-fold or higher increased potency when compared to proxy investigational and the currently approved TRK inhibitors against wildtype (WT) TRK fusions and solvent-front mutations. (businesswire.com)
  • However, we began to functionally characterize these mutations by taking advantage of an anomaly in the development of inhibitors of human MCL1. (bloodjournal.org)
Amino acids3
  • Each entry in a PAM matrix indicates the likelihood of the amino acid of that row being replaced with the amino acid of that column through a series of one or more point accepted mutations during a specified evolutionary interval, rather than these two amino acids being aligned due to chance. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because the value n {\displaystyle n} in the PAMn matrix represents the number of mutations per 100 amino acids, which can be likened to a percentage of mutations, the term percentage accepted mutation is sometimes used. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, 'PAM matrix' refers to one of a family of matrices which contain scores representing the likelihood of two amino acids being aligned due to a series of mutation events, rather than due to random chance. (wikipedia.org)
Secretion1
  • Instead, both mutations caused a reduction of phosphatidylcholine secretion compared with the wild-type transfected cell lines. (uniprot.org)
Chromosome 161
  • The healthy surviving sibling had a wild type gene (normal with no mutation) on chromosome 16. (bcm.edu)
Strain8
  • The non-PTS strain (PPA316/pSY130-14) produced much less phenylalanine, ranging from 0 to 67% of that produced by the PTS strain (PPA305/pSY130-14), depending on cultivation conditions used. (epfl.ch)
  • The non-PTS strain PPA316/pSY130-14 had an intracellular PEP concn. (epfl.ch)
  • only one-sixth that of the PTS strain, PPA305/pSY130-14. (epfl.ch)
  • The non-PTS strain consumed oxygen at a higher rate, attained lower biomass concn. (epfl.ch)
  • The non-PTS strain had a higher flux through pyruvate kinase (PYK) and TCA cycle which, in agreement with the obsd. (epfl.ch)
  • Site-directed mutagenesis techniques were used to construct defined point mutations within the src gene of the Prague A strain of Rous sarcoma virus. (asm.org)
  • 3. A diploid strain was constructed in which more than 90% of the thiogalactoside transacetylase is synthesized from the episome with a wild-type lac promoter, whereas 100% of the β-galactosidase is synthesized from the chromosome with a promoter carrying mutation L8. (portlandpress.com)
  • 4. Exactly similar results were obtained with a diploid strain in which the chromosomal promoter carried mutation L29. (portlandpress.com)
Study13
  • The scientists then wanted to study the effects of the mutations on macrophages: a type of white blood cell that forms part of the body's first line of defense, or its innate immunity. (news-medical.net)
  • In a press conference call about the study, Liu said this kind of editing enables the efficient and permanent conversion of C-G base pairs to T-A base pairs, and addresses point mutations found in roughly 15 percent of genetic diseases. (genomeweb.com)
  • We found that the Hispanic women had a higher prevalence of the harmful BRCA1 mutation than white women, and the highest prevalence was among young African-American women," said study author Esther John, a research scientist at the Northern California Cancer Center in Fremont and a consulting associate professor of health research and policy at Stanford University. (bio-medicine.org)
  • In the study, which appears in the Dec. 26 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association , John's team looked for the prevalence of the BRCA1 mutation among 3,181 women with breast cancer. (bio-medicine.org)
  • Among the surprises in the study was that Hispanic women were more likely to have a particular mutation that is also common in Ashkenazi Jews, John said. (bio-medicine.org)
  • However, Weitzel noted that this latest study does not take BRCA2 mutations into account, which also increase the risk for breast cancer. (bio-medicine.org)
  • Turning Point Therapeutics plans to initiate a registrational Phase 2 portion of the TRIDENT-1 Study in the second half of 2019. (businesswire.com)
  • The aim of this study was to clarify features of Ki- ras point mutation (PM) and p53 expression in Chinese pancreatic cancer and to compare those with that in other countries. (aacrjournals.org)
  • The current study concentrates on various mutations in ALK, the anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
  • A previous study found that higher doses of crizotinib would be necessary for children with one mutation compared to another mutation. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
  • This study was aimed at analyzing the functional relevance of these two ABCB4 mutations: MDR3 expression and lipid content in the culture supernatant were evaluated in cell lines stably transfected with the ABCB4 wild-type clone and corresponding mutants. (uniprot.org)
  • In this study, point mutations were introduced into the ATGs of ORFs present in the 1.5 kb fragment of LAT. (unl.edu)
  • One hundred and fifty-eight cases had no clinical data available, or were not in CP, or were receiving ≥3rd-line TKI therapy, or had confirmed/ suspected nonadherence, or had experienced dose reductions for toxicity - leaving 140 pts who could be included in this study. (linkos.cz)
No Evidence for Association of Autism with Rare Heterozygous Point Mutations in Contactin-Associated Protein-Like 2 (CNTNAP2),...
No Evidence for Association of Autism with Rare Heterozygous Point Mutations in Contactin-Associated Protein-Like 2 (CNTNAP2),... (journals.plos.org)
Improved Adsorption of an Enterococcus faecalis Bacteriophage ΦEF24C with a Spontaneous Point Mutation
Improved Adsorption of an Enterococcus faecalis Bacteriophage ΦEF24C with a Spontaneous Point Mutation (journals.plos.org)
A Point Mutation in cycA Partially Contributes to the D-cycloserine Resistance Trait of Mycobacterium bovis BCG Vaccine Strains
A Point Mutation in cycA Partially Contributes to the D-cycloserine Resistance Trait of Mycobacterium bovis BCG Vaccine Strains (journals.plos.org)
The future of HOPE: what can and cannot be predicted about the molecular effects of a disease causing point mutation in a...
The future of HOPE: what can and cannot be predicted about the molecular effects of a disease causing point mutation in a... (journal.embnet.org)
Adenine base editing in an adult mouse model of tyrosinaemia | Nature Biomedical Engineering
Adenine base editing in an adult mouse model of tyrosinaemia | Nature Biomedical Engineering (nature.com)
Α subunits in GABA A receptors are dispensable for GABA and diazepam action | Scientific Reports
Α subunits in GABA A receptors are dispensable for GABA and diazepam action | Scientific Reports (nature.com)
A mechanism for exon skipping caused by nonsense or missense mutations in BRCA1 and other genes | Nature Genetics
A mechanism for exon skipping caused by nonsense or missense mutations in BRCA1 and other genes | Nature Genetics (nature.com)
Point mutation - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Point mutation - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (simple.wikipedia.org)
Point mutation News, Research - Page 4
Point mutation News, Research - Page 4 (news-medical.net)
In This Issue | The Journal of Immunology
In This Issue | The Journal of Immunology (jimmunol.org)
Tissue P Systems with Point Mutation Rules | SpringerLink
Tissue P Systems with Point Mutation Rules | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
How do Cells Read Genes?
How do Cells Read Genes? (learn.genetics.utah.edu)
Familial Parkinson's point mutation abolishes multiple system atrophy prion replication | PNAS
Familial Parkinson's point mutation abolishes multiple system atrophy prion replication | PNAS (pnas.org)
JCI - Volume 91, Issue 4
JCI - Volume 91, Issue 4 (jci.org)
A mutation operator guided by preferred regions for set-based many-objective evolutionary optimization | SpringerLink
A mutation operator guided by preferred regions for set-based many-objective evolutionary optimization | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
The point mutation which made humanity
The point mutation which made humanity (blogs.discovermagazine.com)
Frontiers | Commentary: Programmable base editing of A·T to G·C in genomic DNA without DNA cleavage | Genetics
Frontiers | Commentary: Programmable base editing of A·T to G·C in genomic DNA without DNA cleavage | Genetics (frontiersin.org)
Multicore OCaml GC - Speaker Deck
Multicore OCaml GC - Speaker Deck (speakerdeck.com)
Is Sustained Macroevolutinary Progres Possible? by Brig Klyce
Is Sustained Macroevolutinary Progres Possible? by Brig Klyce (panspermia.org)
Topic List | News Center | Stanford Medicine
Topic List | News Center | Stanford Medicine (med.stanford.edu)
Tyk2 - Model 13762 | Mouse Models | GEM Collection | Taconic Biosciences
Tyk2 - Model 13762 | Mouse Models | GEM Collection | Taconic Biosciences (taconic.com)
Frontiers | CodY Regulates Thiol Peroxidase Expression as Part of the Pneumococcal Defense Mechanism against H2O2 Stress |...
Frontiers | CodY Regulates Thiol Peroxidase Expression as Part of the Pneumococcal Defense Mechanism against H2O2 Stress |... (frontiersin.org)
ARNT PAS-B has a fragile native state structure with an alternative β-sheet register nearby in sequence space | PNAS
ARNT PAS-B has a fragile native state structure with an alternative β-sheet register nearby in sequence space | PNAS (pnas.org)
Replication Errors Made During Oogenesis Lead to Detectable De Novo mtDNA Mutations in Zebrafish Oocytes with a Low mtDNA Copy...
Replication Errors Made During Oogenesis Lead to Detectable De Novo mtDNA Mutations in Zebrafish Oocytes with a Low mtDNA Copy... (genetics.org)
RCSB PDB - 1E75: NMR SOLUTION STRUCTURE OF ALPHA-CONOTOXIN IM1 POINT MUTATION VARIANT R7L
RCSB PDB - 1E75: NMR SOLUTION STRUCTURE OF ALPHA-CONOTOXIN IM1 POINT MUTATION VARIANT R7L (rcsb.org)