AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation Science
PlastidsGenome, PlastidChloroplastsRhodophytaDNA, ChloroplastChloroplast ProteinsCryptophytaDNA, PlantArabidopsisPhylogenyPlant ProteinsGenome, ChloroplastDinoflagellidaGenes, PlantPhotosynthesisOenotheraTobaccoCuscutaArabidopsis ProteinsChlorophytaAlgal ProteinsPlantsMolecular Sequence DataSymbiosisPlants, Genetically ModifiedPlant LeavesGene Expression Regulation, PlantEukaryotaCercozoaDiatomsPlants, ToxicGenes, ChloroplastChlorophyllRNA, PlantEvolution, MolecularTetrapyrrolesGenome, PlantDNA, AlgalAngiospermsAlveolataProtochlorophyllideApicomplexaCyanophoraBase SequenceEuglenidaHepatophytaThylakoidsGene Transfer, HorizontalLightOrganellesStarchRibulose-Bisphosphate CarboxylaseRNA, ChloroplastAmino Acid SequenceOrchidaceaeHordeumRNA EditingGeraniaceaeFucusPeasHaptophytaGalactolipidsCell NucleusPlant CellsProtein TransportSequence Analysis, DNA
Plastids
Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. PLASTID GENOMES are used in phylogenetic studies.
Genome, Plastid
The genetic complement of PLASTIDS as represented in their DNA.
Chloroplasts
Plant cell inclusion bodies that contain the photosynthetic pigment CHLOROPHYLL, which is associated with the membrane of THYLAKOIDS. Chloroplasts occur in cells of leaves and young stems of plants. They are also found in some forms of PHYTOPLANKTON such as HAPTOPHYTA; DINOFLAGELLATES; DIATOMS; and CRYPTOPHYTA.
Rhodophyta
Plants of the division Rhodophyta, commonly known as red algae, in which the red pigment (PHYCOERYTHRIN) predominates. However, if this pigment is destroyed, the algae can appear purple, brown, green, or yellow. Two important substances found in the cell walls of red algae are AGAR and CARRAGEENAN. Some rhodophyta are notable SEAWEED (macroalgae).
DNA, Chloroplast
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of CHLOROPLASTS.
Chloroplast Proteins
Proteins encoded by the CHLOROPLAST GENOME or proteins encoded by the nuclear genome that are imported to and resident in the CHOROPLASTS.
Cryptophyta
A class of EUKARYOTA (traditionally algae), characterized by biflagellated cells and found in both freshwater and marine environments. Pigmentation varies but only one CHLOROPLAST is present. Unique structures include a nucleomorph and ejectosomes.
DNA, Plant
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of plants.
Arabidopsis
A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.
Phylogeny
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
Plant Proteins
Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.
Genome, Chloroplast
The genetic complement of CHLOROPLASTS as represented in their DNA.
Dinoflagellida
Flagellate EUKARYOTES, found mainly in the oceans. They are characterized by the presence of transverse and longitudinal flagella which propel the organisms in a rotating manner through the water. Dinoflagellida were formerly members of the class Phytomastigophorea under the old five kingdom paradigm.
Genes, Plant
The functional hereditary units of PLANTS.
Photosynthesis
The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds. Photosynthesis comprises two separate processes: the light reactions and the dark reactions. In higher plants; GREEN ALGAE; and CYANOBACTERIA; NADPH and ATP formed by the light reactions drive the dark reactions which result in the fixation of carbon dioxide. (from Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2001)
Oenothera
A plant genus of the family ONAGRACEAE. Members contain oenotheins.
Tobacco
A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE. Members contain NICOTINE and other biologically active chemicals; its dried leaves are used for SMOKING.
Cuscuta
A plant genus of the family Cuscutaceae. It is a threadlike climbing parasitic plant that is used in DRUGS, CHINESE HERBAL.
Arabidopsis Proteins
Proteins that originate from plants species belonging to the genus ARABIDOPSIS. The most intensely studied species of Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis thaliana, is commonly used in laboratory experiments.
Chlorophyta
A phylum of photosynthetic EUKARYOTA bearing double membrane-bound plastids containing chlorophyll a and b. They comprise the classical green algae, and represent over 7000 species that live in a variety of primarily aquatic habitats. Only about ten percent are marine species, most live in freshwater.
Algal Proteins
Proteins found in any species of algae.
Plants
Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Symbiosis
The relationship between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other or a relationship between different species where both of the organisms in question benefit from the presence of the other.
Plants, Genetically Modified
PLANTS, or their progeny, whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING.
Plant Leaves
Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in plants.
Eukaryota
One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and ARCHAEA), also called Eukarya. These are organisms whose cells are enclosed in membranes and possess a nucleus. They comprise almost all multicellular and many unicellular organisms, and are traditionally divided into groups (sometimes called kingdoms) including ANIMALS; PLANTS; FUNGI; and various algae and other taxa that were previously part of the old kingdom Protista.
Cercozoa
A group of amoeboid and flagellate EUKARYOTES in the supergroup RHIZARIA. They feed by means of threadlike pseudopods.
Diatoms
The common name for the phylum of microscopic unicellular STRAMENOPILES. Most are aquatic, being found in fresh, brackish, and salt water. Diatoms are noted for the symmetry and sculpturing of their siliceous cell walls. They account for 40% of PHYTOPLANKTON, but not all diatoms are planktonic.
Plants, Toxic
Plants or plant parts which are harmful to man or other animals.
Genes, Chloroplast
Those nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity which are located within the CHLOROPLAST DNA.
Chlorophyll
Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.
RNA, Plant
Ribonucleic acid in plants having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
Evolution, Molecular
The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.
Tetrapyrroles
Four PYRROLES joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one to position 5 of the next. The conjugated bond system results in PIGMENTATION.
Genome, Plant
The genetic complement of a plant (PLANTS) as represented in its DNA.
DNA, Algal
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of algae.
Angiosperms
Members of the group of vascular plants which bear flowers. They are differentiated from GYMNOSPERMS by their production of seeds within a closed chamber (OVARY, PLANT). The Angiosperms division is composed of two classes, the monocotyledons (Liliopsida) and dicotyledons (Magnoliopsida). Angiosperms represent approximately 80% of all known living plants.
Alveolata
A group of three related eukaryotic phyla whose members possess an alveolar membrane system, consisting of flattened membrane-bound sacs lying beneath the outer cell membrane.
Protochlorophyllide
A photo-active pigment localized in prolamellar bodies occurring within the proplastids of dark-grown bean leaves. In the process of photoconversion, the highly fluorescent protochlorophyllide is converted to chlorophyll.
Apicomplexa
A phylum of unicellular parasitic EUKARYOTES characterized by the presence of complex apical organelles generally consisting of a conoid that aids in penetrating host cells, rhoptries that possibly secrete a proteolytic enzyme, and subpellicular microtubules that may be related to motility.
Cyanophora
A genus of primitive plants in the family Cyanophoraceae, class GLAUCOPHYTA. They contain pigmented ORGANELLES (or PLASTIDS) called cyanelles, which have characteristics of both CYANOBACTERIA and CHLOROPLASTS.
Base Sequence
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Euglenida
A phylum of unicellular flagellates of ancient eukaryotic lineage with unclear taxonomy. They lack a CELL WALL but are covered by a proteinaceous flexible coat, the pellicle, that allows the cell to change shape. Historically some authorities considered them to be an order of protozoa and others classed them as ALGAE (some members have CHLOROPLASTS and some don't).
Hepatophyta
A plant division. They are simple plants that lack vascular tissue and possess rudimentary rootlike organs (rhizoids). Like MOSSES, liverworts have alternation of generations between haploid gamete-bearing forms (gametophytes) and diploid spore-bearing forms (sporophytes).
Thylakoids
Membranous cisternae of the CHLOROPLAST containing photosynthetic pigments, reaction centers, and the electron-transport chain. Each thylakoid consists of a flattened sac of membrane enclosing a narrow intra-thylakoid space (Lackie and Dow, Dictionary of Cell Biology, 2nd ed). Individual thylakoids are interconnected and tend to stack to form aggregates called grana. They are found in cyanobacteria and all plants.
Gene Transfer, Horizontal
The naturally occurring transmission of genetic information between organisms, related or unrelated, circumventing parent-to-offspring transmission. Horizontal gene transfer may occur via a variety of naturally occurring processes such as GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; and TRANSFECTION. It may result in a change of the recipient organism's genetic composition (TRANSFORMATION, GENETIC).
Light
That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.
Organelles
Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the MITOCHONDRIA; the GOLGI APPARATUS; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; LYSOSOMES; PLASTIDS; and VACUOLES.
Starch
Any of a group of polysaccharides of the general formula (C6-H10-O5)n, composed of a long-chain polymer of glucose in the form of amylose and amylopectin. It is the chief storage form of energy reserve (carbohydrates) in plants.
Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase
A carboxy-lyase that plays a key role in photosynthetic carbon assimilation in the CALVIN-BENSON CYCLE by catalyzing the formation of 3-phosphoglycerate from ribulose 1,5-biphosphate and CARBON DIOXIDE. It can also utilize OXYGEN as a substrate to catalyze the synthesis of 2-phosphoglycolate and 3-phosphoglycerate in a process referred to as photorespiration.
RNA, Chloroplast
Ribonucleic acid in chloroplasts having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
Amino Acid Sequence
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Orchidaceae
A plant family of the order Orchidales, subclass Liliidae, class Liliopsida (monocotyledons). All orchids have the same bilaterally symmetrical flower structure, with three sepals, but the flowers vary greatly in color and shape.
Hordeum
A plant genus of the family POACEAE. The EDIBLE GRAIN, barley, is widely used as food.
RNA Editing
A process that changes the nucleotide sequence of mRNA from that of the DNA template encoding it. Some major classes of RNA editing are as follows: 1, the conversion of cytosine to uracil in mRNA; 2, the addition of variable number of guanines at pre-determined sites; and 3, the addition and deletion of uracils, templated by guide-RNAs (RNA, GUIDE).
Geraniaceae
A plant family of the order Geraniales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida.
Fucus
A genus of BROWN ALGAE in the family Fucaceae. It is found in temperate, marine intertidal areas along rocky coasts and is a source of ALGINATES. Some species of Fucus are referred to as KELP.
Peas
A variable annual leguminous vine (Pisum sativum) that is cultivated for its rounded smooth or wrinkled edible protein-rich seeds, the seed of the pea, and the immature pods with their included seeds. (From Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, 1973)
Haptophyta
A group (or phylum) of unicellular EUKARYOTA (or algae) possessing CHLOROPLASTS and FLAGELLA.
Galactolipids
A group of GLYCOLIPIDS in which the sugar group is GALACTOSE. They are distinguished from GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS in lacking nitrogen. They constitute the majority of MEMBRANE LIPIDS in PLANTS.
Cell Nucleus
Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Plant Cells
Basic functional unit of plants.
Protein Transport
The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.
Sequence Analysis, DNA
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

The Arabidopsis photomorphogenic mutant hy1 is deficient in phytochrome chromophore biosynthesis as a result of a mutation in a plastid heme oxygenase. (1/1280)

The HY1 locus of Arabidopsis is necessary for phytochrome chromophore biosynthesis and is defined by mutants that show a long hypocotyl phenotype when grown in the light. We describe here the molecular cloning of the HY1 gene by using chromosome walking and mutant complementation. The product of the HY1 gene shows significant similarity to animal heme oxygenases and contains a possible transit peptide for transport to plastids. Heme oxygenase activity was detected in the HY1 protein expressed in Escherichia coli. Heme oxygenase catalyzes the oxygenation of heme to biliverdin, an activity that is necessary for phytochrome chromophore biosynthesis. The predicted transit peptide is sufficient to transport the green fluorescent protein into chloroplasts. The accumulation of the HY1 protein in plastids was detected by using immunoblot analysis with an anti-HY1 antiserum. These results indicate that the Arabidopsis HY1 gene encodes a plastid heme oxygenase necessary for phytochrome chromophore biosynthesis.  (+info)

Plastidic pathway of serine biosynthesis. Molecular cloning and expression of 3-phosphoserine phosphatase from Arabidopsis thaliana. (2/1280)

In plants, Ser is biosynthesized by two different pathways: a photorespiratory pathway via Gly and a plastidic pathway via the phosphorylated metabolites from 3-phosphoglycerate. In contrast to the better characterization of the photorespiratory pathway at a molecular level, the molecular regulation and significance of the plastidic pathway are not yet well understood. An Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA encoding 3-phosphoserine phosphatase, the enzyme that is responsible for the conversion of 3-phosphoserine to Ser in the final step of the plastidic pathway of Ser biosynthesis, was cloned by functional complementation of an Escherichia coli serB- mutant. The 1.1-kilobase pair full-length cDNA, encoding 295 amino acids in its open reading frame, contains a putative organelle targeting presequence. Chloroplastic targeting has been demonstrated by particle gun bombardment using an N-terminal 60-amino acid green fluorescence protein fusion protein. Southern hybridization suggested the existence of a single-copy gene that mapped to chromosome 1. 3-Phosphoserine phosphatase enzyme activity was detected in vitro in the overexpressed protein in E. coli. Northern analysis revealed preferential gene expression in leaf and root tissues of light-grown plants with an approximately 1.5-fold abundance in the root compared with the leaf tissues. This indicates the possible role of the plastidic pathway in supplying Ser to non-photosynthetic tissues, in contrast to the function of the photorespiratory pathway in photosynthetic tissues. This work completes the molecular cloning and characterization of the three genes involved in the plastidic pathway of Ser biosynthesis in higher plants.  (+info)

Plastid sedimentation kinetics in roots of wild-type and starch-deficient mutants of Arabidopsis. (3/1280)

Sedimentation and movement of plastids in columella cells of the root cap were measured in seedlings of wild-type, a reduced starch mutant, and a starchless mutant of Arabidopsis. To assay for sedimentation, we used both linear measurements and the change of angle from the cell center as indices in vertical and reoriented plants with the aid of computer-assisted image analysis. Seedlings were fixed at short periods after reorientation, and plastid sedimentation correlated with starch content in the three strains of Arabidopsis. Amyloplasts of wild-type seedlings showed the greatest sedimentation, whereas plastids of the starchless mutant showed no significant sedimentation in the vertically grown and reoriented seedlings. Because previous research has shown that a full complement of starch is needed for full gravitropic sensitivity, this study correlates increased sensitivity with plastid sedimentation. However, although plastid sedimentation contributed to gravisensitivity, it was not required, because the gravitropic starchless mutant had plastids that did not sediment. This is the first study, to our knowledge, to measure plastid sedimentation in Arabidopsis roots after reorientation of seedlings. Taken together, the results of this study are consistent with the classic plastid-based and protoplast-based models of graviperception and suggest that multiple systems of perception exist in plant cells.  (+info)

Homeologous plastid DNA transformation in tobacco is mediated by multiple recombination events. (4/1280)

Efficient plastid transformation has been achieved in Nicotiana tabacum using cloned plastid DNA of Solanum nigrum carrying mutations conferring spectinomycin and streptomycin resistance. The use of the incompletely homologous (homeologous) Solanum plastid DNA as donor resulted in a Nicotiana plastid transformation frequency comparable with that of other experiments where completely homologous plastid DNA was introduced. Physical mapping and nucleotide sequence analysis of the targeted plastid DNA region in the transformants demonstrated efficient site-specific integration of the 7.8-kb Solanum plastid DNA and the exclusion of the vector DNA. The integration of the cloned Solanum plastid DNA into the Nicotiana plastid genome involved multiple recombination events as revealed by the presence of discontinuous tracts of Solanum-specific sequences that were interspersed between Nicotiana-specific markers. Marked position effects resulted in very frequent cointegration of the nonselected peripheral donor markers located adjacent to the vector DNA. Data presented here on the efficiency and features of homeologous plastid DNA recombination are consistent with the existence of an active RecA-mediated, but a diminished mismatch, recombination/repair system in higher-plant plastids.  (+info)

A plastidial lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase from oilseed rape. (5/1280)

The biosynthesis of phosphatidic acid, a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of lipids, is controlled by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA, or 1-acyl-glycerol-3-P) acyltransferase (LPAAT, EC 2.3.1.51). We have isolated a cDNA encoding a novel LPAAT by functional complementation of the Escherichia coli mutant plsC with an immature embryo cDNA library of oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Transformation of the acyltransferase-deficient E. coli strain JC201 with the cDNA sequence BAT2 alleviated the temperature-sensitive phenotype of the plsC mutant and conferred a palmitoyl-coenzyme A-preferring acyltransferase activity to membrane fractions. The BAT2 cDNA encoded a protein of 351 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 38 kD and an isoelectric point of 9.7. Chloroplast-import experiments showed processing of a BAT2 precursor protein to a mature protein of approximately 32 kD, which was localized in the membrane fraction. BAT2 is encoded by a minimum of two genes that may be expressed ubiquitously. These data are consistent with the identity of BAT2 as the plastidial enzyme of the prokaryotic glycerol-3-P pathway that uses a palmitoyl-ACP to produce phosphatidic acid with a prokaryotic-type acyl composition. The homologies between the deduced protein sequence of BAT2 with prokaryotic and eukaryotic microsomal LAP acytransferases suggest that seed microsomal forms may have evolved from the plastidial enzyme.  (+info)

Molecular phylogenetic analysis among bryophytes and tracheophytes based on combined data of plastid coded genes and the 18S rRNA gene. (6/1280)

The basal relationship of bryophytes and tracheophytes is problematic in land plant phylogeny. In addition to cladistic analyses of morphological data, molecular phylogenetic analyses of the nuclear small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene and the plastic gene rbcL have been performed, but no confident conclusions have been reached. Using the maximum-likelihood (ML) method, we analyzed 4,563 bp of aligned sequences from plastid protein-coding genes and 1,680 bp from the nuclear 18S rRNA gene. In the ML tree of deduced amino acid sequences of the plastid genes, hornworts were basal among the land plants, while mosses and liverworts each formed a clade and were sister to each other. Total-evidence evaluation of rRNA data and plastid protein-coding genes by TOTALML had an almost identical result.  (+info)

Comparative analysis of splicing of the complete set of chloroplast group II introns in three higher plant mutants. (7/1280)

The barley mutant albostrians and the maize mutants crs1 and crs2 are defective in the splicing of various plastid group II introns. By analysing tRNA precursors and several mRNAs not previously examined, the investigation of in vivo splicing defects in these mutants has been completed. The albostrians mutation causes the loss of plastid ribosomes resulting secondarily in a disruption of splicing of all subgroup IIA introns in the chloroplast. Thus MatK, the only putative chloroplast intron-specific maturase of higher plants, might have evolved to function in splicing of multiple introns. We show that in the case of tRNA-Ala(UGC)the first step of splicing is affected, as suggested by the absence of lariat molecules. Thus the plastid-encoded splicing factor lacking in albostrians must participate in the formation of the catalytically active structure. In contrast, a mutation in the nuclear gene crs1 prevents splicing of only one intron but causes specific additional effects as precursor transcripts for tRNA-Ile(GAU), tRNA-Ala(UGC), tRNA-Lys(UUU)and tRNA-Val(UAC), but not tRNA-Gly(UCC), have significantly enhanced steady-state levels in this mutant. Our data provide evidence for a variety of splicing factors and pathways in the chloroplast, some encoded by nuclear and some by chloroplast genes, and possibly for a dual function of some of these factors.  (+info)

The phosphoenolpyruvate/phosphate translocator is required for phenolic metabolism, palisade cell development, and plastid-dependent nuclear gene expression. (8/1280)

The Arabidopsis chlorophyll a/b binding protein (CAB) gene underexpressed 1 (cue1) mutant underexpresses light-regulated nuclear genes encoding chloroplast-localized proteins. cue1 also exhibits mesophyll-specific chloroplast and cellular defects, resulting in reticulate leaves. Both the gene underexpression and the leaf cell morphology phenotypes are dependent on light intensity. In this study, we determine that CUE1 encodes the plastid inner envelope phosphoenolpyruvate/phosphate translocator (PPT) and define amino acid residues that are critical for translocator function. The biosynthesis of aromatics is compromised in cue1, and the reticulate phenotype can be rescued by feeding aromatic amino acids. Determining that CUE1 encodes PPT indicates the in vivo role of the translocator in metabolic partitioning and reveals a mesophyll cell-specific requirement for the translocator in Arabidopsis leaves. The nuclear gene expression defects in cue1 suggest that a light intensity-dependent interorganellar signal is modulated through metabolites dependent on a plastid supply of phosphoenolpyruvate.  (+info)

Plastid Biology - Cambridge University PressPlastid Biology - Cambridge University Press
Plastids reside in all plant cells, and take on different forms in relation to their cellular function, biochemistry and storage capacity. The modern era of molecular biology and molecular genetics has enabled much to be learnt about how plastids function, and how they relate to their evolutionary past. In this accessible text, Kevin Pyke expertly describes how the plastids are highly complex organelles at the very core of plant cellular function, providing final year undergraduate and graduate students with an overview of plastid biology and recent developments in the field. Topics covered include: a consideration of different plastid types and how they relate to cell function; plastid genomes and how proteins are imported into plastids; photosynthesis and core aspects of plastid biochemistry; plastid signalling and functionality within a cellular context; and plastid genetic manipulation. Supplementary colour images are available online at www.cambridge.org/9780521885010.. • Highly ...
http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521711975
The Structure and Function of Plastids - Google BooksThe Structure and Function of Plastids - Google Books
This volume provides a comprehensive look at the biology of plastids, the multifunctional biosynthetic factories that are unique to plants and algae. Fifty-six international experts have contributed 28 chapters that cover all aspects of this large and diverse family of plant and algal organelles. The book is divided into five sections: (I): Plastid Origin and Development; (II): The Plastid Genome and Its Interaction with the Nuclear Genome; (III): Photosynthetic Metabolism in Plastids; (IV): Non-Photosynthetic Metabolism in Plastids; (V): Plastid Differentiation and Response to Environmental Factors. Each chapter includes an integrated view of plant biology from the standpoint of the plastid. The book is intended for a wide audience, but is specifically designed for advanced undergraduate and graduate students and scientists in the fields of photosynthesis, biochemistry, molecular biology, physiology, and plant biology.
https://books.google.ca/books?id=FKeCVPbJ3asC&hl=en
Proteome Dynamics during Plastid Differentiation in Rice | Plant PhysiologyProteome Dynamics during Plastid Differentiation in Rice | Plant Physiology
Plastids perform essential biosynthetic and metabolic functions in plants, including photosynthetic carbon fixation and synthesis of amino acids, fatty acids, starch, and secondary metabolites (Neuhaus and Emes, 2000; Lopez-Juez and Pyke, 2005). In response to tissue-specific and environmental signals, they differentiate into specialized plastid types that can be distinguished by their structure, pigment composition (color), and function. Examples of such different plastid types are elaioplasts in seed endosperm, chromoplasts in fruits and petals, amyloplasts in roots, etioplasts in dark-grown leaves, and chloroplasts in photosynthetically active leaf tissues (Neuhaus and Emes, 2000; Lopez-Juez and Pyke, 2005). Depending on their specific biosynthetic activity and energy metabolism, plastids are broadly classified as photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic plant organelles. Photosynthetic chloroplasts synthesize sugar phosphates that are catabolized by oxidative metabolism to produce NADPH and ATP. ...
http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/143/2/912?ijkey=f18454429b061fe1599362d3ee6ff83984aa8276&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Share it: Plastidäre Vorläuferproteine im Cytosol : Import vs. DegradationShare it: Plastidäre Vorläuferproteine im Cytosol : Import vs. Degradation
The majority of Arabidopsis thaliana plastid proteins is nuclear encoded and has to be synthesized in the cytosol as preproteins. Plastid preproteins are modified in the cytosol and subject to quality control prior to their organellar translocation. We show here that the second amino acid of plastid preproteins determines N-terminal modifications and influences import efficiency or stability in transiently transformed protoplasts. Further inhibition of the 26S proteasome leads to accumulation of preproteins, supporting a connection between the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and preprotein degradation. The mutation of the regulatory proteasome subunit Rpn8A in the plastid protein import mutant 2 (ppi2) background leads to partial rescue of the ppi2 plastid phenotype. A proteome-wide comparison of ppi2 with the rpn8a ppi2 double mutant showed among other things increased abundance of photosynthetic proteins. These results refer to regulatory effects of the proteasome on the plastid biogenesis. ...
https://opendata.uni-halle.de/handle/123456789/1/simple-search?query=&sort_by=score&order=desc&rpp=10&filter_field_1=subject&filter_type_1=equals&filter_value_1=572&filter_field_2=subject&filter_type_2=equals&filter_value_2=Ackerschmalwand&etal=0&filtername=author&filterquery=gnd%2F1184404968&filtertype=authority
Plastids undifferentiated, a nuclear mutation that disrupts plastid differentiation in Zea mays L. - Oxford Neuroscience
Photosynthetic development in any plant requires the intracellular co-ordination of chloroplast and nuclear gene expression programs. In this report, we investigate the role of a nuclear gene in photosynthetic development by examining C4 photosynthetic differentiation in a yellow mutant of maize (Zea mays L.). The plastids undifferentiated (pun) mutation disrupts plastid biogenesis in both bundle sheath and mesophyll cells, at an early developmental stage and in a light-independent manner. Chloroplast thylakoids are disrupted in the mutant and both membrane-associated and soluble chloroplast-encoded proteins accumulate at much reduced levels. The observed plastid morphology is consistent with a general defect in chloroplast biogenesis that is most likely exerted at the post-translational level. Despite aberrant chloroplast development, nuclear photosynthetic genes are expressed normally in pun mutants. Thus, neither functional chloroplasts nor the Pun gene product are required to establish nuclear
https://www.neuroscience.ox.ac.uk/publications/31948
Molecular Physiological Analysis of the Two Plastidic ATP/ADP Transporters from Arabidopsis | Plant PhysiologyMolecular Physiological Analysis of the Two Plastidic ATP/ADP Transporters from Arabidopsis | Plant Physiology
We showed in the past that starch accumulation in potato tubers is strongly affected by altering the plastidic ATP/ADP-transporter activity (Tjaden et al., 1998a) leading to a high metabolic-flux control coefficient (Geigenberger et al., 2001). Therefore, we analyzed whether reduced plastidic ATP import capacity governs the end-product accumulation in Arabidopsis embryos to a similar extent as observed in potato. This analysis was further encouraged, since experiments on isolated rapeseed seed-embryo plastids showed that the highest rates of fatty-acid synthesis depend upon the supply with exogenous ATP (Eastmond and Rawsthorne, 1998; Rawsthorne, 2002), whereas a recently developed mathematical carbon-flux model indicated that net ATP import is not required for maximal fatty-acid synthesis in rapeseed embryos (Schwender et al., 2004).. As given in Figure 11, AtNTT1∷T-DNA did not show altered seed weight, lipid, and protein content when compared to wild-type seeds, whereas AtNTT2∷T-DNA seeds ...
http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/136/3/3524.full
Production of transgenic plant-derived vaccines via plastid transformation technology - OpenThesis
Uncorrected OCR) Abstract of thesis entitled PRODUCTION OF TRANSGENIC PLANT-DERIVED VACCINES VIA PLASTID TRANSFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Submitted by Lee Yuk Ting for the degree of Master of Philosophy at The University of Hong Kong in July 2004 With the advent of genetic engineering in higher plants, the need for very large quantities of therapeutic protein at low cost, and the desire to have heat-stable edible vaccines directed at human and animal diseases, transgenic plant-derived vaccines offer a new strategy for the development of safe, inexpensive vaccines against infectious diseases. The first success of plastid transformation in tobacco in 1990 has opened up the opportunities for genetically modifying plastids in higher plants for high level expression of biopharmaceuticals, such as antibodies and vaccines for oral administration. Since each plant cell contains up to 10,000 copies of identical plastid genome, plastid engineering should result in very high levels of transgene expression. In ...
http://www.openthesis.org/documents/Production-transgenic-plant-derived-vaccines-512042.html
Regulation of expression of nuclear genes for plastid signals | Kwartalnik PBKRegulation of expression of nuclear genes for plastid signals | Kwartalnik PBK
In recent years there has been extensive experimental evidence indicating that the nuclear expression of certain genes , in particular those that encode chloroplast proteins is subject to regulation by signals of retrograde plastid origin . This can be done both at the level of transcription and translation of mRNA . Certain plastid origin signals could be identified - these include metabolic precursor of chlorophyll plastochinonu redox state , thioredoxin and glutathione and phosphoenolpyruvate translocator located in the chloroplast inner envelope membrane . Identity plastid other signals , e.g., regulating cell differentiation and morphogenesis leaf remains unexplained . Signaling plastids - nucleus signaling and dependent on the light remain in a fairly complicated relationships , in some cases, are used for different transduction pathways , in others some of the same . Retrograde signaling is likely to be an important part of global regulatory networks that control metabolism and growth of ...
https://pbkom.eu/en/content/regulation-expression-nuclear-genes-plastid-signals
The role of sigma factors in plastid transcriptionThe role of sigma factors in plastid transcription
Expression of plastid genes is controlled at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in response to developmental and environmental signals. In many cases this regulation is mediated by nuclear-encoded proteins acting in concert with the endogenous plastid gene expression machinery. Tra …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10946105/?dopt=Abstract
Plastid - WikipediaPlastid - Wikipedia
Depending on their morphology and function, plastids have the ability to differentiate, or redifferentiate, between these and other forms. Each plastid creates multiple copies of a circular 10-250 kilobase plastome [6][7]. The number of genome copies per plastid is variable, ranging from more than 1000 in rapidly dividing cells, which, in general, contain few plastids, to 100 or fewer in mature cells, where plastid divisions have given rise to a large number of plastids. The plastome contains about 100 genes encoding ribosomal and transfer ribonucleic acids (rRNAs and tRNAs) as well as proteins involved in photosynthesis and plastid gene transcription and translation. However, these proteins only represent a small fraction of the total protein set-up necessary to build and maintain the structure and function of a particular type of plastid. Plant nuclear genes encode the vast majority of plastid proteins, and the expression of plastid genes and nuclear genes is tightly co-regulated to coordinate ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid
Frontiers | The early days of plastid retrograde signaling with respect to replication and transcription | Plant ScienceFrontiers | The early days of plastid retrograde signaling with respect to replication and transcription | Plant Science
The plastid signal was originally defined as a pathway that informs the nucleus of the chloroplast status and results in the modulation of expression of nuclear-encoded plastid protein genes. However, the transfer of chloroplast genes into the nuclear genome is a prerequisite in this scheme, although it should not have been established during the very early phase of chloroplast evolution. We recently demonstrated in a primitive red alga that the plastid-derived Mg-protoporphyrin IX (Mg-ProtoIX) activates nuclear DNA replication through the stabilization of a G1 cyclin, which coordinates the timing of organelle and nuclear DNA replication. This mechanism apparently does not involve any transcriptional regulation in the nucleus, and could have been established prior to gene transfer events. However, a retrograde signal mediating light-responsive gene expression may have been established alongside gene transfer, because essential light sensing and regulatory systems were originally incorporated into plant
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2012.00301/full
CYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES CONCERNING THE OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF RNA IN PLASTIDS OF ZEA MAYS | JCBCYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES CONCERNING THE OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF RNA IN PLASTIDS OF ZEA MAYS | JCB
The occurrence of RNA in plastids from etiolated and green maize leaves was demonstrated cytochemically, with both the light and the electron microscope. Etiolated leaves were allowed to incorporate tritiated cytidine for several hours and were subsequently fixed in formalin. Radioautographs of leaf sections 2 µ thick showed silver grains over the regions of the cytoplasm containing plastids. Plastids in these sections appeared intensely basophilic when stained with azure B. Both the basophilia and radioactivity were removable with ribonuclease, clearly demonstrating the occurrence of RNA in these organelles. Examination under the electron microscope of similar plastids which had been fixed in formalin revealed a particulate component in the plastid measuring approximately 170 A in diameter. This particulate component was completely removable with ribonuclease. Thus,it was concluded that RNA occurs in a particulate form in plastids from etiolated leaves. Mature plastids, when stained with azure ...
http://jcb.rupress.org/content/17/3/557
Plastid Engineering - Biology Fortified Inc.Plastid Engineering - Biology Fortified Inc.
A very small percentage of the remaining tissue will contain transformed plastids at this point. Worse yet, a surviving cell with a transformed plastid will still overwhelmingly contain untransformed plastids. The next steps are the lengthiest and most tedious part of the process, for now the bombarded tissue must be coaxed into regenerating into a wholly new plant while at the same time eliminating any untransformed plastids it may still harbor. Stringent antibiotic regimens are applied to emerging plantlets, and visual inspection of GFP expression reveals areas of transformed plastids. Those areas are then sliced away and grown on their own regenerative media. This process is repeated for about 20 cell divisions before a state of exclusively transformed plastids (homoplasmy) is achieved. Once reached, the plantlets are allowed to grow in the absence of antibiotic selection and set seed at maturity. If the progeny are shown to be homoplasmic, then the line is considered stably transformed ...
https://biofortified.org/2009/11/plastid-engineering/
Plus itPlus it
Plastids are plant cell organelles that each form an enclosed compartment containing ∼3000 different protein species, depending on the developmental stage and tissue-specific differentiation (Sun et al., 2004; Leister, 2016). While a small fraction of plastid proteins are encoded on the plastid genome, most are encoded on the nuclear genome as preproteins with an N-terminal transit peptide and imported posttranslationally through the translocons at the outer (TOC) and inner (TIC) chloroplast envelope membranes (Jarvis, 2008; Li and Chiu, 2010; Shi and Theg, 2013; Demarsy et al., 2014; Paila et al., 2015). Plastid targeting specificity is conferred by the Toc34 and Toc159 families of TOC receptors in the outer plastid membrane, which can specifically interact with the transit peptides of preproteins. Each preprotein is then threaded through adjacent TOC and TIC channels in the outer and inner envelope membranes. The transit peptide is cleaved off by the stromal processing peptidase when the ...
http://www.plantcell.org/content/29/7/1726
Plastid proteins that are encoded from the nuclear genome and synthesized - A new family of covalent inhibitors block...Plastid proteins that are encoded from the nuclear genome and synthesized - A new family of covalent inhibitors block...
Plastid proteins that are encoded from the nuclear genome and synthesized in the cytosol undergo posttranslational targeting to plastids. and closely related CI cytosolic in protoplasts led to a reduced amount of OEP7:green fluorescent proteins focusing on to plastids. Predicated on these data we suggest that Hsp17.8 features as an AKR2A cofactor in targeting membrane protein to plastid external membranes under regular physiological circumstances. In living microorganisms high temperatures may damage different cellular processes. Specifically heat stress circumstances can lead to the denaturing of protein that form extremely cytotoxic non-specific aggregates (Sharma et al. 2009 Therefore all organisms possess evolved mechanisms to safeguard the cell under such tensions. One VX-702 well-known response to temperature stress VX-702 may be the creation of a lot of protein (Liberek et al. 2008 Among these is a combined band of protein ranging between 15 and 45 kD. These protein are seen as a an ...
http://bio-aromatica.com/plastid-proteins-that-are-encoded-from-the-nuclear-genome-and-synthesized/
British Library EThOS: Evaluation of a marker gene operon for plastid transformation and cloning of genes encoding cell wall...British Library EThOS: Evaluation of a marker gene operon for plastid transformation and cloning of genes encoding cell wall...
Evaluation of a marker gene operon for plastid transformation and cloning of genes encoding cell wall degrading enzymes in plastid transformation vectors ...
http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.702484
Life | Free Full-Text | Regulation of Expression and Evolution of Genes in Plastids of Rhodophytic BranchLife | Free Full-Text | Regulation of Expression and Evolution of Genes in Plastids of Rhodophytic Branch
A novel algorithm and original software were used to cluster all proteins encoded in plastids of 72 species of the rhodophytic branch. The results are publicly available at http://lab6.iitp.ru/ppc/redline72/ in a database that allows fast identification of clusters (protein families) both by a fragment of an amino acid sequence and by a phylogenetic profile of a protein. No such integral clustering with the corresponding functions can be found in the public domain. The putative regulons of the transcription factors Ycf28 and Ycf29 encoded in the plastids were identified using the clustering and the database. A regulation of translation initiation was proposed for the ycf24 gene in plastids of certain red algae and apicomplexans as well as a regulation of a putative gene in apicoplasts of Babesia spp. and Theileria parva. The conserved regulation of the ycf24 gene expression and specificity alternation of the transcription factor Ycf28 were shown in the plastids. A phylogenetic tree of plastids was
http://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/6/1/7
Cell - Components of Cell | Chloroplasts and other PlastidsCell - Components of Cell | Chloroplasts and other Plastids
What is a plastid Cell | Process of Photosynthesis | Chloroplasts, chromoplast, leucoplasts & Other Plastids. Learn more about [email protected]
https://byjus.com/cbse/components-of-cell/
Frontiers | Plastid genomics in horticultural species: importance and applications for plant population genetics, evolution,...Frontiers | Plastid genomics in horticultural species: importance and applications for plant population genetics, evolution,...
During the evolution of the eukaryotic cell, plastids and mitochondria arose from an endosymbiotic process, which determined the presence of three genetic compartments into the incipient plant cell. After that, these three genetic materials from host and symbiont suffered several rearrangements, bringing on a complex interaction between nuclear and organellar gene products. Nowadays, plastids harbor a small genome with ~130 genes in a 100-220 kb sequence in higher plants. Plastid genes are mostly highly conserved between plant species, being useful for phylogenetic analysis in higher taxa. However, intergenic spacers have a relatively higher mutation rate and are important markers to study genetic diversity and divergence within natural plant populations. The predominant uniparental inheritance of plastids is like a highly desirable feature for phylogeny studies. Moreover, the gene content and genome rearrangements are efficient tools to capture and understand evolutionary events between different plant
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2015.00586/full
Distribution of reducing power in plastid metabolismDistribution of reducing power in plastid metabolism
Ferredoxin-NADP+-oxidoreductase (FNR) is a FAD-containg enzyme found both in the chloroplasts and non-photosynthetic plastids of higher plants. In chloroplasts, FNR has a well-defined role in linear electron flow, and in the root plastids, FNR is needed for nitrogen metabolism. In Arabidopsis thaliana, FNR is encoded by a gene family: At1g30510 and At4g05390 encode the root isozyme of FNR and At5g66190 and At1g20020 encode the leaf/chloroplast isozyme, which share a high degree of homology. Since FNR is a crucial determinant for the acclimation of the photosynthetic machinery, we have recently focused on resolving the specific physiological roles of the two distinct chloroplast-targeted FNR isoforms using the Arabidopsis fnr knock-out mutants (Lintala et al. 2007; 2009; 2012). We have also resolved the binding partner and the physiological significance of FNR shuttling within the chloroplast (Benz et al. 2009; 2010; Lintala et al.2014), and established differential drought stress -induced ...
http://www.utu.fi/fi/yksikot/sci/yksikot/biokemia/tutkimus/kfmb/photosynthesis/Sivut/home.aspx
In vivoanalysis of interactions between GFP-labeled microfilaments and plastid stromules | BMC Plant Biology | Full TextIn vivoanalysis of interactions between GFP-labeled microfilaments and plastid stromules | BMC Plant Biology | Full Text
Plastid stromules are stroma-filled tubules that extend from the surface of plastids in higher plants and allow the exchange of protein molecules between plastids. These structures are highly dynamic; stromules change both their shape and position in the cytoplasm very rapidly. Previous studies with microfilament inhibitors indicated that stromule shape and movement are dependent on the actin cytoskeleton. To learn more about the nature of the interactions of stromules and the cytoskeleton, we imaged fluorescently-labeled microfilaments and plastids. We have used Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing green fluorescent protein fused to the human actin-binding protein talin to observe microfilaments and their relationship to stromules in vivo. Microfilaments were observed in close contact with stromules and plastid bodies of hypocotyl epidermis. Time-lapse confocal microscopy revealed that microfilament rearrangements were associated with changes in plastid and stromule morphology and position. We also
https://bmcplantbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2229-4-2
Questions on Plastids - Biology-OnlineQuestions on Plastids - Biology-Online
Plastids are in plants. The most common form are chloroplasts, which are green, but there are many types of plastids, most of them can pass from one form to another. They originated in procaryotic cells so they have DNA and ribosoms. The plastidial DNA contains many genes that the plant can not do without, like the gene for turning glucose into ...
https://www.biology-online.org/biology-forum/viewtopic.php?t=1340
Targeted disruption of the plastid RNA polymerase genes rpoA, B and C1: molecular biology, biochemistry and ultrastructureTargeted disruption of the plastid RNA polymerase genes rpoA, B and C1: molecular biology, biochemistry and ultrastructure
The plastid encoded RNA polymerase subunit genes rpoA, B and C1 of tobacco were disrupted individually by PEG-mediated plastid transformation. The resulting off-white mutant phenotype is identical for inactivation of the different genes. The mutants pass through a normal ontogenetic cycle including …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10417698/?dopt=Abstract
FZL protein (Arabidopsis thaliana) - STRING network viewFZL protein (Arabidopsis thaliana) - STRING network view
Protein ARC5; Probable GTPase component of both plastid and peroxisme division machinery. Required for the last steps of plastid division specifically in mesophyll-cell, when the narrow isthmus breaks, facilitating the separation of the daughter plastids. Necessary for peroxisome activities. Seems to influence stromule (stroma-filled tubular extensions of the plastid envelope membrane) length and frequency (777 aa ...
https://string-db.org/cgi/network.pl?identifier=3702.AT1G03160.1
David S. Roos | Department of BiologyDavid S. Roos | Department of Biology
Evolutionary Cell Biology. These parasites exhibit a remarkable diversity of subcellular organelles, in a stripped-down package facilitating analysis of both common eukaryotic features and novel attributes of interest as therapeutic targets. The former includes studies on Golgi biogenesis, vesicular trafficking, and cytoskeletal organization, while the latter includes the discovery, biochemical and cell biological characterization of the apicoplast - a nonphotosynthetic plastid acquired when an ancestral parasite ate a eukaryotic alga, and retained the algal plastid (secondary endosymbiosis). The apicoplast is essential for parasite survival, and widely viewed as a promising target for drug development. Current research focuses on the apical complex of specialized organelles that give this phylum its name, including micronemes and rhoptries essential for host cell invasion, modulation of host cell activities, and establishment of the unique intracellular niche in which parasites reside. ...
https://www.bio.upenn.edu/people/david-s-roos
Microbiology Society Journals | On the monophyly of chromalveolates using a six-protein phylogeny of eukaryotesMicrobiology Society Journals | On the monophyly of chromalveolates using a six-protein phylogeny of eukaryotes
A global phylogeny of major eukaryotic lineages is a significant and ongoing challenge to molecular phylogenetics. Currently, there are five hypothesized major lineages or supergroups' of eukaryotes. One of these, the chromalveolates, represents a large fraction of protist and algal diversity. The chromalveolate hypothesis was originally based on similarities between the photosynthetic organelles (plastids) found in many of its members and has been supported by analyses of plastid-related genes. However, since plastids can move between eukaryotic lineages, it is important to provide additional support from data generated from the nuclear-cytosolic host lineage. Genes coding for six different cytosolic proteins from a variety of chromalveolates (yielding 68 new gene sequences) have been characterized so that multiple gene analyses, including all six major lineages of chromalveolates, could be compared and concatenated with data representing all five hypothesized supergroups. Overall support for
http://ijs.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijs.0.63216-0
Signals from Chloroplasts Converge to Regulate Nuclear Gene Expression - NASA/ADSSignals from Chloroplasts Converge to Regulate Nuclear Gene Expression - NASA/ADS
Plastid-to-nucleus retrograde signaling coordinates nuclear gene expression with chloroplast function and is essential for the photoautotrophic life-style of plants. Three retrograde signals have been described, but little is known of their signaling pathways. We show here that GUN1, a chloroplast-localized pentatricopeptide-repeat protein, and ABI4, an Apetala 2 (AP2)-type transcription factor, are common to all three pathways. ABI4 binds the promoter of a retrograde-regulated gene through a conserved motif found in close proximity to a light-regulatory element. We propose a model in which multiple indicators of aberrant plastid function in Arabidopsis are integrated upstream of GUN1 within plastids, which leads to ABI4-mediated repression of nuclear-encoded genes. |P /|
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Sci...316..715K/abstract
Transplastomic Nicotiana benthamiana plants expressing multiple defence genes encoding protease inhibitors and chitinase...Transplastomic Nicotiana benthamiana plants expressing multiple defence genes encoding protease inhibitors and chitinase...
Plastid transformation technology has been well established and widely utilized in plant transgenic research. In comparison with conventional nuclear gene transformation techniques, plastid engineering offers several potential advantages such as (i) more than 10-100 times greater expression levels than the conventional nuclear transformation system, (ii) a more convenient methodology for transferring multiple genes into plants via gene stacking methods, (iii) elimination of position effects in chloroplasts, which thereby reduces the chances for transgene silencing, (iv) minimal chance for transgene flow by pollen contamination due to maternal inheritance (Verma and Daniell, 2007).. One of the key aspects for the plastid transformation system is to employ a plastidic sequence to exchange exogenous genes into the chloroplast genome via homologous recombination. The usage of genetic markers, which enable the selective enrichment of ptDNA copies, is also a critical component for plastid ...
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pbi.12157/full
The monoplastidic bottleneck in algae and plant evolution | Journal of Cell ScienceThe monoplastidic bottleneck in algae and plant evolution | Journal of Cell Science
Plastids in plants and algae evolved from the endosymbiotic integration of a cyanobacterium by a heterotrophic eukaryote. New plastids can only emerge through fission; thus, the synchronization of bacterial division with the cell cycle of the eukaryotic host was vital to the origin of phototrophic eukaryotes. Most of the sampled algae house a single plastid per cell and basal-branching relatives of polyplastidic lineages are all monoplastidic, as are some non-vascular plants during certain stages of their life cycle. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the molecular components necessary for plastid division, including those of the peptidoglycan wall (of which remnants were recently identified in moss), in a wide range of phototrophic eukaryotes. Our comparison of the phenotype of 131 species harbouring plastids of either primary or secondary origin uncovers that one prerequisite for an algae or plant to house multiple plastids per nucleus appears to be the loss of ...
http://jcs.biologists.org/content/131/2/jcs203414
A briefly argued case that mitochondria and plastids are descendants of endosymbionts, but that the nuclear compartment is not ...A briefly argued case that mitochondria and plastids are descendants of endosymbionts, but that the nuclear compartment is not ...
Recent findings are summarized in support of the view that mitochondria (including hydrogenosomes) and plastids (including complex ones) descend from symbiotic associations of once free-living organisms. The reasoning behind endosymbiotic hypotheses stems from a comparison of biochemistry and physiology in organelles with that in free-living cells; their strength is shown to lie in the specific testable predictions they generate about expected similarity patterns among genes. Although disdained for many decades, endosymbiotic hypotheses have gradually become very popular. In the wake of that popularity, endosymbiotic hypotheses have been formulated to explain the origins of eukaryotic cell compartments and structures that have no biochemical similarity to free-living cells. In particular, it has become fashionable in recent years to entertain the century-old notion that the nucleus might also descend from an endosymbiotic bacterium. A critique of that hypothesis is formulated and a simple ...
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/266/1426/1387
Single-strand annealing mechanism for plastid DNA repli | Open-iSingle-strand annealing mechanism for plastid DNA repli | Open-i
Single-strand annealing mechanism for plastid DNA replication. This single-strand annealing (SSA), recombination-dependent replication model for ptDNA is based
https://openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult.php?img=PMC4624840_fpls-06-00883-g0003&req=4
Plastidic Phosphoenolpyruvate: Investigations on its role in plant growth and development - Kölner...Plastidic Phosphoenolpyruvate: Investigations on its role in plant growth and development - Kölner...
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) plays an essential role in plant metabolism. In catabolic direction, it delivers ATP and pyruvate by the action of pyruvate kinase, which can be fed into mitochondrial respiration. PEP and pyruvate also represent essential precursors for anabolism i.e. PEP is the precursor for the synthesis of aromatic amino acids, secondary plant products and pyruvate is important for the production of fatty acids, branched-chain amino acids or isoprenoids via the mevalonate-independent way. These pathways are exclusively localized to the plastid stroma. PEP may be imported into the plastids via a PEP/phosphate translocator (PPT) of the inner envelope membrane or it may also be generated inside the stroma by complete plastid glycolysis starting from hexose phosphates. Glycolysis as the main route for PEP production involves the enzymatic sequence of 3-phosphoglycerate to PEP conversion catalyzed by phosphoglyceromutase (PGyM) and enolase (ENO). However, biochemical studies indicate ...
http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/3036/
Inter Research » AME » v43 » n1 » p79-93Inter Research » AME » v43 » n1 » p79-93
ABSTRACT: Marine photosynthetic picoeukaryotes (PPEs), representing organisms ,3 µm in size, are major contributors to global carbon cycling. However, the key members of the PPE community and hence the major routes of carbon fixation, particularly in the open ocean environment, are poorly described. Here, we have accessed PPE community structure using the plastid encoded 16S rRNA gene. Plastid 16S rRNA genes were sequenced from 65 algal cultures, about half being PPEs, representing 14 algal classes. These included sequences from 5 classes where previously no such sequences from cultured representatives had been available (Bolidophyceae, Dictyochophyceae, Eustigmatophyceae, Pelagophyceae and Pinguiophyceae). Sequences were also obtained for 6 of the 7 (according to 18S rRNA gene sequence) prasinophyte clades. Phylogenetic analysis revealed plastids from the same class as clustering together. Using all the obtained sequences, as well as plastid sequences currently in public databases, a ...
https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/ame/v43/n1/p79-93/
Team:Valencia UPV/Modeling/fba - 2014.igem.org
Palmitic acid (16:0) is the most common fatty acid (saturated) found in animals, plants and microorganisms. Coenzyme A (CoA) also presents in living organisms, is bound to Palmitic acid for synthesis and oxidates several fatty acids. These 2 elements reacts to form the first metabolite of our pathway 16:CoA, which is generated by the endoplastic reticulum (plastid membrane). AraGEM model is compounded by 1737 metabolites and 1601 reactions. These elements are organized in the stoichiometric matrix S[1737x1601] to use them in the FBA optimization take into account some constraints. Our efforts were aimed at the optimization of Palmitic Acid or Hexadecanoic32 Acid_acc (16:0), which is the precursor of our pathway. 16:0 is located in the cytosol and the reaction takes place using one influx V1 and two effluxes V2, V3. The efflux V2 was incorporated as an exchange reaction in order to generate branch in the original pathway of 16:0 metabolism. As our metabolic pathway is linear starting from 16:0, ...
http://2014.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Valencia_UPV/Modeling/fba&oldid=270730
Difference between revisions of Eisen - OpenWetWareDifference between revisions of Eisen - OpenWetWare
The genomics and evolution of carbon fixation. We use the evolution of carbon fixation as a model for studying the origin and evolution and processes and pathways. Our work includes genomic studies of the reverse TCA cycle (e.g., [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/104/28/11784 here], [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/99/14/9509 here] and [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9595663?ordinalpos=4&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum here]), methylotrophy ([http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020303 here]), Carboxydotrophs (e.g., [http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.0010065 here]), plastid evolution and/or the Calvin cycle (e.g., [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/102/20/7315 here], [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v419/n6906/abs/nature01097.html here], [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v415/n6872/abs/415630a.html here], ...
https://openwetware.org/wiki/?title=Eisen&diff=593972&oldid=523639
Stable plastid transformation in eggplantStable plastid transformation in eggplant
Technology Networks is an internationally recognised publisher that provides access to the latest scientific news, products, research, videos and posters.
https://www.technologynetworks.com/genomics/news/stable-plastid-transformation-in-eggplant-210001
Plant regulatory networks | UiTPlant regulatory networks | UiT
Plastids have a tremendous importance in plants as they are the photosynthetic organelles. But their importance extends way beyond this physiological role, as they are also part of the regulatory network that controls the life cycle of the entire plant. Our research is focussed on the integration of the cell organelles (plastids as well as mitochondria) into cellular response regulation of plants with a particular focus on dually targeted proteins.
https://uit.no/prosjekter/prosjekt?p_document_id=383731
Biofyzikální ústav AV ČRBiofyzikální ústav AV ČR
We analysed the size, relative age and chromosomal localization of nuclear sequences of plastid and mitochondrial origin (NUPTs-nuclear plastid DNA and NUMTs-nuclear mitochondrial DNA) in six completely sequenced plant species. We found that the largest insertions showed lower divergence from organelle DNA than shorter insertions in all species, indicating their recent origin. The largest NUPT and NUMT insertions were localized in the vicinity of the centromeres in the small genomes of Arabidopsis and rice. They were also present in other chromosomal regions in the large genomes of soybean and maize. Localization of NUPTs and NUMTs correlated positively with distribution of transposable elements (TEs) in Arabidopsis and sorghum, negatively in grapevine and soybean, and did not correlate in rice or maize. We propose a model where new plastid and mitochondrial DNA sequences are inserted close to centromeres and are later fragmented by TE insertions and reshuffled away from the centromere or ...
http://iupabcz.ibp.cz/cs/oddeleni/vyvojova-genetika-rostlin/publication-4631/
plastid - definition and meaningplastid - definition and meaning
plastid: Any of several pigmented cytoplasmic organelles found in plant cells and other organisms, having various physiological functions, such as the synthesis and storage of food.
https://www.wordnik.com/words/plastid
The Structure and Function of Plastids | Springer for Research & DevelopmentThe Structure and Function of Plastids | Springer for Research & Development
This volume provides a comprehensive look at the biology of plastids, the multifunctional biosynthetic factories that are unique to plants and algae. Fifty-six international experts have contributed 2
https://rd.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-4061-0?error=cookies_not_supported&code=478c4f0b-6bd0-4843-bc95-ebb902570cf6
AID 504832 - Primary qHTS for delayed death inhibitors of the malarial parasite plastid, 48 hour incubation - PubChemAID 504832 - Primary qHTS for delayed death inhibitors of the malarial parasite plastid, 48 hour incubation - PubChem
BioAssay record AID 504832 submitted by National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS): Primary qHTS for delayed death inhibitors of the malarial parasite plastid, 48 hour incubation.
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/504832
artemisinin resistance | MalariaWorldartemisinin resistance | MalariaWorld
The malaria parasite (Plasmodium sp.) contains a plastid-derived organelle called the apicoplast, which is essential for the growth of the parasite. In this organelle, a redox system comprising plant-type ferredoxin (Fd) and Fd:NADP(H) oxidoreductase (FNR) supplies reducing power for the crucial metabolic pathways. Electron transfer between P. falciparum Fd (PfFd) and FNR (PfFNR) is performed with higher affinity and specificity than those of plant Fd and FNR. We investigated the structural basis for such superior protein-protein interaction by focusing on the Plasumodium-specific regions of PfFd. ...
https://malariaworld.org/category/calais-document-category/calais-document-category-280?page=1
EndosymbiontEndosymbiont
Jim Cummins wrote: , , In article ,53t6kq$h9j at bignews.shef.ac.uk,, T.S.Bibby at shef.ac.uk (T S , Bibby) wrote: , , , Hello, am doing a project entitled Chloroplasts and Gastarbeiter in , , eukaryotic cells. What is foregin about them and to what extent have , , they become integrated. Anything (references etc) envolving this , , subject would be useful. , , Check out Margulis and Sagan 1986 Origins of Sex Yale University Press Actually, there has been lots of molecular work done on this since the Margulis book. Look to the primary literature for authors such as: Mike Gray, Mike Reith, Richard Hallick. There are tons other references you can find by looking in the references of papers by these authors. Gray wrote a huge review paper in 1992 (Int. Rev. Cytol.) on mitochondria and chloroplasts. When you talk about integrated, I imagine you are thinking of things like transfer of plastid genes of the nucleus. Much plastid DNA has been transferred to the nucleus (one could safely say that ...
http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/mol-evol/1996-October/004957.html
KAKEN - Research Projects | MECHANISM OF AMYLOPLAST PROLIFERATION AND FORMATION OF PLASTID INITIALS, THE PRESUMED PRECURSORS OF...KAKEN - Research Projects | MECHANISM OF AMYLOPLAST PROLIFERATION AND FORMATION OF PLASTID INITIALS, THE PRESUMED PRECURSORS OF...
Principal Investigator：SAGISAKA Shonosuke, Project Period (FY)：1990 - 1992, Research Category：Grant-in-Aid for General Scientific Research (B), Research Field：応用生物化学・栄養化学
https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/en/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-02453122/
CiteSeerX - gene clusterCiteSeerX - gene cluster
CiteSeerX - Document Details (Isaac Councill, Lee Giles, Pradeep Teregowda): The rice plastid genes psaA and psaB encoding the two apoproteins ofP700 chlorophyll a protein complex of photosystem I reac-tion center, and the putative rpsl4 gene for ribosomal protein Sl4, are organized into a transcription u it. Northern blot analyses revealed that the polycistronic mRNA is transcribed in leaves of illuminated and dark-grown rice seedlings. However Western im-munoblot analysis detected the accumulation f P700 chlorophyll a protein complex only at 3 h after illuminating the dark-grown seedlings. These observations suggest the expression fpsaA and psaB gene products during rice plastid evelopment is light-regulated primarily at translational or post-translational level. Sl-nuclease mapping and primer extension located the 5 end of the transcript predominantly at 175 bp upstream ofpsaA, and the 3 end at 116 bp downstream from rpsl4. The transcript is calculated tobe 5230 nucleotides long. A heterologous
http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.497.3148&rank=5
Lesson summaryLesson summary
This short slide set describes how many characteristics of mitochondria and plastids are explained by their endosymbiotic origins. Save the slide set to your computer to view the explanation and notes that go along with each slide.. Author/Source: ...
https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/search/lessonsummary.php?topic_id=&keywords=&type_id=&sort_by=resource_title&Submit=Search&thisaudience=9-12&resource_id=76&thisaudience=13-16&resource_id=500
GRIN-Global Web v 1.9.9.2
Sánchez-Ken, J. G. & L. G. Clark 2010. Phylogeny and a new tribal classification of the Panicoideae sl (Poaceae) based on plastid and nuclear sequence data and structural data. Amer. J. Bot. 97:1732-1748 ...
https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?id=1470
Plastids are sites for carotenoid deposition and biosynthesis, but detailed detailsPlastids are sites for carotenoid deposition and biosynthesis, but detailed details
Plastids are sites for carotenoid deposition and biosynthesis, but detailed details on fruits plastid development and its relation to carotenoid accumulation remains largely unclear. or a different mechanisms remains to be resolved. Furthermore, some important details concerning the conversion of chloroplasts Topotecan HCl to chromoplasts, such as the changes in number and size, are lacking. Loquat (tomato mutant fruit [22]. Besides the above-described differences in the size of plastids between stages, differences were also observed between cell types and cultivars. Chromoplasts from LYQ peel cells are bigger by about one-fold in terms of Topotecan HCl area than those from flesh cells, and plastids from LYQ peel cells are bigger than those from BS, with the average area for a single plastid around 10 m2 and 6 m2, respectively (Physique 4D). 2.3. Plastid Differentiation and the Relationship between Carotenoid Accumulation and Plastid Development during Loquat Fruit Ripening Plastids are the main ...
http://www.thetechnoant.info/2019/06/04/plastids-are-sites-for-carotenoid-deposition-and-biosynthesis-but-detailed-details/
A Model for Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum Deduced from Comparative Whole Genome AnalysisA Model for Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum Deduced from Comparative Whole Genome Analysis
BackgroundDiatoms are unicellular algae responsible for approximately 20% of global carbon fixation. Their evolution by secondary endocytobiosis resulted in a complex cellular structure and metabolism compared to algae with primary plastids.Methodology/Principal FindingsThe whole genome sequence of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum has recently been completed. We identified and annotated genes for enzymes involved in carbohydrate pathways based on extensive EST support and comparison to the whole genome sequence of a second diatom, Thalassiosira pseudonana. Protein localization to mitochondria was predicted based on identified similarities to mitochondrial localization motifs in other eukaryotes, whereas protein localization to plastids was based on the presence of signal peptide motifs in combination with plastid localization motifs previously shown to be required in diatoms. We identified genes potentially involved in a C4-like photosynthesis in P. tricornutum and, on the basis of sequence-based
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0001426
cDNA Cloning of a Wounding-Inducible Gene Encoding a Plastid ω-3 Fatty Acid Desaturase from Tobacco : Plant and Cell Physiology...
A cDNA encoding the plastid ω-3 fatty acid desaturase was isolated from a tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. SR1) leaf cDNA library. The amino terminal extension of the deduced amino acid sequence of this clone had a characteristic feature of the transit peptides of plastid-destined proteins. Northern analysis indicated that the mRNA corresponding to this cDNA was present in leaves, but was not detected in roots. Responses to wounding of the plastid and microsome ω-3 desaturase genes were investigated in tobacco leaves. The mRNA level of the plastid ω-3 desaturase gene increased to about 2-fold that of unwounded controls at 12 h after a wounding treatment. On the other hand, the mRNA level of the microsome ω-3 desaturase gene remained constant in the wounded leaves. Linolenic acid contents of major leaf polar lipids increased by wounding. These results indicate that wounding enhances the accumulation of the plastid ω-3 desaturase mRNA, and increases the conversion of linoleic acid to linolenic ...
http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a028988
The Toxoplasma Blog: Genetic evidence that an endosymbiont-derived ERAD system functions in import of apicoplast proteinsThe Toxoplasma Blog: Genetic evidence that an endosymbiont-derived ERAD system functions in import of apicoplast proteins
Most apicomplexan parasites harbor a relict chloroplast, the apicoplast, that is critical for their survival. While the apicoplast maintains a small genome, the bulk of its proteins are nuclear-encoded and imported into the organelle. Several models have been proposed to explain how proteins might cross the four membranes that surround the apicoplast, however experimental data discriminating these models is largely missing. Here we present genetic evidence that apicoplast protein import depends on elements derived from the ER associated protein degradation (ERAD) system of the endosymbiont. We identify two sets of ERAD components in Toxoplasma gondii, one associated with the ER and cytoplasm and one localized to the membranes of the apicoplast. We engineer a conditional null mutant in apicoplast Der1, the putative pore of the apicoplast ERAD complex, and find that loss of Der1Ap results in loss of apicoplast protein import and subsequent death of the parasite ...
http://toxoplasmaparasite.blogspot.com/2009/10/genetic-evidence-that-endosymbiont.html
DNA sequencing unlocks relationships among flowering plantsDNA sequencing unlocks relationships among flowering plants
The new study at UFs Florida Museum of Natural History analyzed 86 complete plastid genome sequences from a wide range of plant species. Plastids are the plant cell component responsible for photosynthesis.. Previous genetic analyses of Pentapetalae failed to untangle the relationships among living species, suggesting that the plants diverged rapidly over 5 million years. Researchers selected genomes to sequence based on their best guess of genetic relationships from the previous sequencing work.. Genome sequencing is more time-consuming for plants than animals because plastid DNA is about 10 times larger than the mitochondrial DNA used in studying animal genomes. But continual improvements in DNA sequencing technology are now allowing researchers to analyze those larger amounts of data more quickly.. The study provides an important framework for further investigating evolutionary relationships by providing a much clearer picture of the deep divergence that led to the split within flowering ...
http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/life-sciences/dna-sequencing-unlocks-relationships-flowering-149249.html
plastid facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about plastid
Get information, facts, and pictures about plastid at Encyclopedia.com. Make research projects and school reports about plastid easy with credible articles from our FREE, online encyclopedia and dictionary.
https://www.encyclopedia.com/plants-and-animals/botany/botany-general/plastid
Eukaryotic-type plastid nucleoid protein pTAC3 is essential for transcription by the bacterial-type plastid RNA polymerase |...Eukaryotic-type plastid nucleoid protein pTAC3 is essential for transcription by the bacterial-type plastid RNA polymerase |...
This study reveals light-dependent associations of PEP and pTAC3 with chloroplast DNA in vivo using cpChIP assays. ChIP assays have been widely used to detect specific binding sites for transcription factors (29), distribution patterns of several modified histones (30), and trafficking of RNAP and its associated proteins on genomic DNA (31). In chloroplasts, a few studies have shown the association of endogenous (Whirly1) and recombinant (LacI) transcription factors with chloroplast promoters in vivo by using ChIP assays (32, 33). However, in vivo dynamics of chloroplast RNA polymerases and/or their associated proteins have not been directly characterized experimentally. Unlike cyanobacteria, the chloroplasts of higher plants have two types of RNA polymerase, PEP and NEP. Transcriptome analyses of PEP- or NEP-deficient mutants and in vitro transcription analyses using isolated PEP and NEP have shown that PEP and NEP preferentially initiate transcription from bacterial-type and phage-type ...
https://www.pnas.org/content/109/19/7541
EndosymbiosisEndosymbiosis
The origin of energy-conserving organelles, the mitochondria of all aerobic eukaryotes and the plastids of plants and algae, is commonly thought to be the result of endosymbiosis, where a primitive eukaryote engulfed a respiring α-proteobacterium or a phototrophic cyanobacterium, respectively. While present-day heterotrophic protists can serve as a model for the host in plastid endosymbiosis, the situation is more difficult with regard to (the preceding) mitochondrial origin: Two chapters describe these processes and theories and inherent controversies. However, the emphasis is placed on the evolution of phototrophic eukaryotes: Here, intermediate stages can be studied and the enormous diversity of algal species can be explained by multiple secondary and tertiary (eukaryote-eukaryote) endosymbioses superimposed to the single primary endosymbiotic event. Steps crucial for the establishment of a stable, mutualistic relationship between host and endosymbiont, as metabolic symbiosis, recruitment of ...
https://book.pdfchm.net/endosymbiosis/9783709113028/
Molecular evolution accompanying functional divergence of duplicated genes along the plant starch biosynthesis pathwayMolecular evolution accompanying functional divergence of duplicated genes along the plant starch biosynthesis pathway
Abstract Background Starch is the main source of carbon storage in the Archaeplastida. The starch biosynthesis pathway (sbp) emerged from cytosolic glycogen metabolism shortly after plastid endosymbiosis and was redirected to the plastid stroma during the green lineage divergence. The SBP is a complex network of genes, most of which are members of large multigene families. While some gene duplications occurred in the Archaeplastida ancestor, most were generated during the sbp redirection process, and the remaining few paralogs were generated through compartmentalization or tissue specialization during the evolution of the land plants. In the present study, we tested models of duplicated gene evolution in order to understand the evolutionary forces that have led to the development of SBP in angiosperms. We combined phylogenetic analyses and tests on the rates of evolution along branches emerging from major duplication events in six gene families encoding sbp enzymes. Results We found evidence of ...
https://athenaeum.libs.uga.edu/handle/10724/30247
Dynamic Plastid Redox Signals Integrate Gene Expression and Metabolism to Induce Distinct Metabolic States in Photosynthetic...
Plants possess acclimation responses in which structural reconfigurations adapt the photosynthetic apparatus to fluctuating illumination. Long-term acclimation involves changes in plastid and nuclear gene expression and is controlled by redox signals from photosynthesis. The kinetics of these signals and the adjustments of energetic and metabolic demands to the changes in the photosynthetic apparatus are currently poorly understood. Using a redox signaling system that preferentially excites either photosystem I or II, we measured the time-dependent impact of redox signals on the transcriptome and metabolome of Arabidopsis thaliana. We observed rapid and dynamic changes in nuclear transcript accumulation resulting in differential and specific expression patterns for genes associated with photosynthesis and metabolism. Metabolite pools also exhibited dynamic changes and indicate readjustments between distinct metabolic states depending on the respective illumination. These states reflect ...
https://pub.uni-bielefeld.de/publication/1589853
Journal: Biochimica et biophysica acta / Source: 2019 v.1860 no.1 / Subject: Bacillariophyceae - PubAg Search ResultsJournal: Biochimica et biophysica acta / Source: 2019 v.1860 no.1 / Subject: Bacillariophyceae - PubAg Search Results
Diatoms show a special organisation of their plastid membranes, such that their thylakoids span the entire plastid in bands of three. While in higher plants the interaction of the light harvesting complex II and photosystem II with divalent cations (especially Mg2+) was found to take part in the interplay of electrostatic attraction and repulsion in grana membrane appression, for diatoms the key p ...
https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/?f%5Bjournal_name%5D%5B%5D=Biochimica+et+biophysica+acta&f%5Bsource%5D%5B%5D=2019+v.1860+no.1&f%5Bsubject_term%5D%5B%5D=Bacillariophyceae&per_page=100
Photosynthesis - uni-plovdiv.net
Investigation of the chlorophyll synthesis in plastid membranes:. The initial enzyme to start the synthesis of chlorophyll in light is NADPH-protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (EC 1.3.1.33, POR). The group has studied the aggregation state of the POR, its localization in the lipid phase of the membranes and the enzyme conformational changes after irradiation, by energy transfer from tryptophan residues of membrane proteins to the fluorescence probes 1-aniline-8-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) and pyrene. The membranes investigated were those accumulated in dark-grown wheat leaves - prolamellar bodies (PLBs) and prothylakoids (PTs). Changes in protein - probe interactions of the PLBs after irradiation has shown that POR is localized close to the membrane surface, most probably on the level of lipid polar heads. This supports the idea that the enzyme is not an integral membrane protein and is most probably localized on the membrane surface.. Photodynamic effect of pigment precursor in plants:. Some ...
http://www.plantgene.eu/de/photosynthesis
Evolutionary tinkering: birth of a novel chloroplast proteinEvolutionary tinkering: birth of a novel chloroplast protein
The term evolutionary tinkering refers to evolutionary innovation by recombination of functional units, and includes the creation of novel proteins from pre-existing modules. A novel instance of evolutionary tinkering was recently discovered in the flowering plant genus Nicotiana: the conversion of a nuclear transcription factor into the plastid-resident protein WIN4 (wound-induced clone 4) involved in environmental stress responses. In this issue of the Biochemical Journal, Kodama and Sano now show that two steps are necessary for the establishment of the novel plastid protein: the acquisition of an internal translation initiation site and the use of multiple transcription starts to produce short mRNA variants that encode the plastid-targeted protein form. ...
https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14725/index.html
Sudden Debt: Greens, Shoots And LeavesSudden Debt: Greens, Shoots And Leaves
Chloroplasts contain 3000-4000 different proteins but only a small subset of them is encoded in the plastid genome while the majority is encoded in the nucleus. Expression of these genes therefore requires a high degree of co-ordination between nucleus and chloroplast. This is achieved by a bilateral information exchange between both compartments including nucleus-to-plastid (anterograde) and plastid-to-nucleus (retrograde) signals. The latter represent a functional feedback control which couples the expression of nuclear encoded plastid proteins to the actual functional state of the organelle. The efficiency of photosynthesis is a very important parameter in this context since it is influenced by many environmental conditions and therefore represents a sensor for the residing environment. Components of the photosynthetic electron transport chain exhibit significant changes in their reduction/oxidation (redox) state depending on the photosynthetic electron flow and therefore serve as signalling ...
http://suddendebt.blogspot.com/2009/04/greens-shoots-and-leaves.html?showComment=1240710660000
Sudden Debt: Greens, Shoots And LeavesSudden Debt: Greens, Shoots And Leaves
Chloroplasts contain 3000-4000 different proteins but only a small subset of them is encoded in the plastid genome while the majority is encoded in the nucleus. Expression of these genes therefore requires a high degree of co-ordination between nucleus and chloroplast. This is achieved by a bilateral information exchange between both compartments including nucleus-to-plastid (anterograde) and plastid-to-nucleus (retrograde) signals. The latter represent a functional feedback control which couples the expression of nuclear encoded plastid proteins to the actual functional state of the organelle. The efficiency of photosynthesis is a very important parameter in this context since it is influenced by many environmental conditions and therefore represents a sensor for the residing environment. Components of the photosynthetic electron transport chain exhibit significant changes in their reduction/oxidation (redox) state depending on the photosynthetic electron flow and therefore serve as signalling ...
http://suddendebt.blogspot.com/2009/04/greens-shoots-and-leaves.html?showComment=1240688820000
A Mutant Impaired in the Production of Plastome-Encoded Proteins Uncovers a Mechanism for the Homeostasis of Isoprenoid...A Mutant Impaired in the Production of Plastome-Encoded Proteins Uncovers a Mechanism for the Homeostasis of Isoprenoid...
The results we have shown here and in a previous report (Sauret-Güeto et al., 2006) confirm a strong and specific influence of plastid cues in the regulation of the MEP pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis. Evidence provided in this work unveils a mechanism for such regulation involving the participation of the plastidic Clp protease complex. Impaired expression of the plastid genome in rif1, rif10, and CAP-treated Col seedlings unexpectedly resulted in increased levels of the plastome-encoded ClpP1 subunit of the catalytic ClpPR core of the complex (Figure 7). It is possible that ClpP1 levels are modulated not only by their biosynthetic rate but also by a regulatory feedback mechanism at the posttranslational level. As a result, a defective production of ClpP1 in the first stages of plastid development might result in an altered proportion of subunits within the ClpPR core and an insufficient Clp protease activity, which in turn might lead to the observed upregulation of ClpP1 levels as a ...
http://www.plantcell.org/content/20/5/1303.long
MB 451 : ChromalveolatesMB 451 : Chromalveolates
Most heterokonts are biflagellated at some stage of their life cycles, usually at least as gametes. The two flagella are structurally distinct, the leading-end flagella (tinsel) being branched, the lateral or subapical flagellum is smooth and shorter or even rudimentary. Their plastid envelops consist of 4 membrane layers. The innermost 2 layers are derived from the original cyanobacterial endosymbiont. The next layer is the relic of the cell membrane of the red alga from which the stramenopilie acquired the plastid by seconadry endosymbiosis. The outermost layer is actually the host endoplasmic reticulum, inside of which the plastids reside.. Diatoms are the most familiar members of this group, and are perhaps the most abundant and diverse as well. By some estimates, they may be responsible for up to half of marine primary production. Most are unicellular. Gametes are flagellated, but diploids are non-motile or motile by gliding, and are encased in a intricate 2-part silica (glass) shells. ...
http://www.ncacadsci.org/MB451/lectureModules/Eukarya/chromalveolates/chromalveolates.html
Pathways of intracellular communication: tetrapyrroles and plastid-to-nucleus signaling. Checkpoint signaling: epigenetic...Pathways of intracellular communication: tetrapyrroles and plastid-to-nucleus signaling. Checkpoint signaling: epigenetic...
Pathways of intracellular communication: tetrapyrroles and plastid-to-nucleus signaling. Checkpoint signaling: epigenetic events sound the DNA strand-breaks alarm to the ATM proein kinase
http://www.readabstracts.com/Biological-sciences/Pathways-of-intracellular-communication-tetrapyrroles-and-plastid-to-nucleus-signaling.html
PA1682 MFS metabolite transporter [Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1] - Gene - NCBIPA1682 MFS metabolite transporter [Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1] - Gene - NCBI
The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain. This section includes genomic Reference Sequences (RefSeqs) from all assemblies on which this gene is annotated, such as RefSeqs for chromosomes and scaffolds (contigs) from both reference and alternate assemblies. Model RNAs and proteins are also reported here.. ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/?term=PA1682
The sources of carbon and reducing power for fatty acid synthesis in the heterotrophic plastids of developing sunflower ...The sources of carbon and reducing power for fatty acid synthesis in the heterotrophic plastids of developing sunflower ...
The sources of carbon and reducing power for fatty acid synthesis in the heterotrophic plastids of developing sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) embryos ...
https://www.jic.ac.uk/research-impact/publications/the-sources-of-carbon-and-reducing-power-for-fatty-acid-synthesis-in-the-heterotrophic-plastids-of-developing-sunflower-helianthus-annuus-l-embryos/
Publications - Yeh LabPublications - Yeh Lab
Walczak M, Ganesan SM, Niles JC, Yeh E. (2017) ATG8 is essential specifically for an autophagy-independent function in apicoplast biogenesis in blood-stage malaria parasites. mBio (In press). Gisselberg JE, Herrera Z, Altenhofen L, Llinas M, Yeh E. (2017) Specific inhibition of the bifunctional farnesyl/geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase in malaria parasites via a new small molecule binding site. Cell Chemical Biology (In press) (Preprint) Amberg-Johnson K, Hari SB, Ganesan SM, Lorenzi HA, Sauer RT, Niles JC, Yeh E. (2017) Small molecule inhibition of apicomplexan FtsH1 disrupts plastid biogenesis in human pathogens. eLife. doi: 10.7554/eLife.29865 (PubMed) (PDF). Gisselberg JE, Zhang L, Elias JE, and Yeh E. The prenylated proteome of Plasmodium reveals pathogen-specific prenylation. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2016 Dec. doi: 10.1074/mcp.M116.064550. (PubMed) (PDF). Wu W, Herrera Z, Ebert D, Baska K, DeRisi JL, Yeh E (2014) A chemical rescue screen identifies a Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast ...
https://yehlab.stanford.edu/publications
Nuclear DNA - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaNuclear DNA - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Nuclear DNA is the DNA inside the cell nucleus of eukaryotic cells. This DNA is a double helix, with two strands wound around each other. This double helix structure was first described by Francis Crick and James D. Watson in 1953.[1]. This DNA is different from the DNA in bacteria, mitochondria and plastids such as chloroplasts. Nuclear DNA is very long, and is bound up in chromosomes which, apart from the DNA, are protein structures. The second difference is that each eukaryote cell has two sets of DNA, one set from each parent: it is diploid. Mitochondrial and plastid DNA is relatively short, is in a circle, and there is only one set (haploid), not two.[2] It is supposed that these organelles were once independent bacteria (see endosymbiosis). The consequence of nuclear DNA being double is highly important. The genes in mitochondria and plastids only change when a mutation happens. Nuclear DNA gets shuffled by the cell division known as meiosis, part of sexual reproduction. This leads to a ...
https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_DNA
May 31, 2018
Related Articles Strategies for complete plastid genome sequencing. Mol Ecol Resour. 2017 Sep;17(5):858-868 Authors: Twyford AD, Ness RW Abstract Plastid sequencing is an essential tool in the study of plant evolution. This high-copy organelle is […]. ...
https://www.medical-genetics.com/2018/05/
中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园机构知识库(XTBG OpenIR): Phylogeny of Ruppia (Ruppiaceae) Revisited: Molecular and Morphological Evidence for a New...
The aquatic plant genus Ruppia (Ruppiaceae) comprises eight species mainly in coastal brackish areas of the world. While the known taxa of Ruppia thus far generally had either four- or eight-carpelled flowers, our recent Ruppia collection from Western Cape, South Africa showed flowers with only two carpels. This characteristic morphological evidence, together with elongated coiled peduncles, implied either: i) extensive morphological variation of the cosmopolitan R. cirrhosa; or ii) the occurrence of a new species in the genus. We tested these alternative hypotheses of the bicarpellate Ruppia taxon in a phylogenetic framework. Sequence data from four plastid DNA regions and nuclear phyB were analyzed using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference. We obtained moderately to highly resolved phytogenies with both data sets. The collection from Western Cape showed unique DNA sequences which were, in both plastid and nuclear phylogenetic trees, placed as sister to the rest of the ...
http://ir.xtbg.org.cn/handle/353005/10146
Biology-Online • View topic - Structure of a chromoplast?Biology-Online • View topic - Structure of a chromoplast?
Im trying to find out how to describe the structure of a chromoplast for a biochemistry lab. Ive found plenty of information on chloroplasts, and I would assume their structure would be similar to that of a chromoplast, just with different pigments. However, I havent been able to find any information to back that up. Most pages simply describe the function of a chromoplast, and though Ive asked a few tutors, none of them seem to know how a chromoplast is structured ...
http://www.biology-online.org/biology-forum/about9829.html?p=74962&hilit=Grana
Plantae | The Lipase Link: Abscisic Acid Induces PLASTID LIPASES, Which Produce Jasmonic Acid Precursors | PlantaePlantae | The Lipase Link: Abscisic Acid Induces PLASTID LIPASES, Which Produce Jasmonic Acid Precursors | Plantae
Crosstalk, crosstalk- its a word that keeps coming up. Indeed, and perhaps not surprisingly, plant hormone signaling pathways all seem to affect each other to…
https://plantae.org/the-lipase-link-abscisic-acid-induces-plastid-lipases-which-produce-jasmonic-acid-precursors/
IAS-Research Seminar by Guglielmo Militello: Motility Control of Symbionts and Organelles by the Eukaryotic Cell | IAS-ResearchIAS-Research Seminar by Guglielmo Militello: Motility Control of Symbionts and Organelles by the Eukaryotic Cell | IAS-Research
Motility Control of Symbionts and Organelles by the Eukaryotic Cell. Guglielmo Militello. Tuesday 29 at 11:30 (Centro Carlos Santamaria B14). Motility occupies a decisive role in an organisms ability to autonomously interact with its environment. However, collective biological organizations exhibit individual parts, which have temporally or definitively lost their motor capacities, but still able to autonomously interact with their host. Indeed, although the flagella of bacterial symbionts of eukaryotic cells are usually inhibited or lost, they autonomously modify the environment provided by their host. Furthermore, the eukaryotic organelles of endosymbiotic origin (i.e., mitochondria and plastids) are no longer able to move autonomously; nonetheless, they make a cytoskeletal-driven motion that allows them to communicate with other eukaryotic cells and to perform a considerable number of physiological functions. The purpose of this article is twofold: first, to investigate how changes in the ...
https://www.ias-research.net/blog/2019/10/21/ias-seminar-by-guglielmo-militello-motility-control-of-symbionts-and-organelles-by-the-eukaryotic-cell/?lang=eu?shared=email&msg=fail
Peter Charles Boyce - WikispeciesPeter Charles Boyce - Wikispecies
Wong, S.Y., Boyce, P.C., Sofiman Othman, A. & Leaw, C. 2010: Molecular phylogeny of tribe Schismatoglottideae (Araceae) based on two plastid markers and recognition of a new tribe, Philonotieae, from the neotropics. Taxon 59(1): 117-124. doi: 10.1002/tax.614005 JSTOR ResearchGate Reference page ...
https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/P.C.Boyce
Template:Wong et al., 2010 - WikispeciesTemplate:Wong et al., 2010 - Wikispecies
Wong, S.Y., Boyce, P.C., Sofiman Othman, A. & Leaw, C. 2010: Molecular phylogeny of tribe Schismatoglottideae (Araceae) based on two plastid markers and recognition of a new tribe, Philonotieae, from the neotropics. Taxon 59(1): 117-124. DOI: 10.1002/tax.614005 JSTOR ResearchGate ...
https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:Wong_et_al.,_2010
Difference Between Mitochondria and Plastids | KnowsWhy.comDifference Between Mitochondria and Plastids | KnowsWhy.com
Mitochondria The Mitochondrion (singular form of mitochondria) is often described as the powerhouse of the cell. Mitochondria are organelles that are essential
https://www.knowswhy.com/difference-between-mitochondria-and-plastids/
Recent Articles | Plastids, Immunology And Evolution | The Scientist Magazine®Recent Articles | Plastids, Immunology And Evolution | The Scientist Magazine®
T-cell therapies are not just for cancer. Researchers are also advancing immunotherapy methods to protect bone marrow transplant patients from viral infections. 0 Comments. ...
https://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.list/categoryNo/2625/category/The-Scientist/tagNo/3293,12,8/tags/plastids,immunology,evolution/
Recent Articles | Plastids And Immunology | The Scientist Magazine®| Page 7Recent Articles | Plastids And Immunology | The Scientist Magazine®| Page 7
The cells of the mammalian immune system do more than just fight off pathogens; they are also important players in stem cell function and are thus crucial for maintaining homeostasis and recovering from injury.. 0 Comments. ...
https://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.list/tagNo/3293,12/tags/plastids,immunology/pageNo/7/
Plastic plastids (pdf) | PaperityPlastic plastids (pdf) | Paperity
Paperity: the 1st multidisciplinary aggregator of Open Access journals & papers. Free fulltext PDF articles from hundreds of disciplines, all in one place
http://paperity.org/p/58955391/plastic-plastids
Non-selective | Beneficial Effects of RAF Inhibitor iNon-selective | Beneficial Effects of RAF Inhibitor i
Pro)renin receptor ((P)RR) is a multi-functional molecule thats related to both renin-angiotensin program (RAS) and vacuolar H+-ATPase (v-ATPase), an ATP-dependent multi-subunit proton pump. hypothesize that hypoxia and following oxidative stress, in the brain perhaps, may be among the elements that elevate plasma s(P)RR amounts in OSAS. gene leads to loss-of-function of v-ATPase, impaired cell and […]. ...
http://biodiversityhotspot.org/category/non-selective/
Complex RNA metabolism in the chloroplast: an update on thepsbBoperon | SpringerLinkComplex RNA metabolism in the chloroplast: an update on thepsbBoperon | SpringerLink
Expression of most plastid genes involves multiple post-transcriptional processing events, such as splicing, editing, and intercistronic processing. The latter involves the formation of mono-, di-, an
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00425-012-1782-z
Publications of the Group | Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology
Krech, K.; Fu, H.-Y.; Thiele, W.; Ruf, S.; Schöttler, M. A.; Bock, R.: Reverse genetics in complex multigene operons by co-transformation of the plastid genome and its application to the open reading frame previously designated psbN. The Plant Journal 75 (6), pp. 1062 - 1074 (2013 ...
https://www.mpimp-golm.mpg.de/publication-search/1357612?person=%2Fpersons%2Fresource%2Fpersons97253
Publikationen von Dirk Hincha | Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie
Osorio, S.; Vallarino, J. G.; Szecowka, M.; Ufaz, S.; Tzin, V.; Angelovici, R.; Galili, G.; Fernie, A. R.: Alteration of the interconversion of pyruvate and malate in the plastid or cytosol of ripening tomato fruit invokes diverse consequences on sugar but similar effects on cellular organic Acid, metabolism, and transitory starch accumulation. Plant Physiology 161 (2), S. 628 - 643 (2013 ...
https://www.mpimp-golm.mpg.de/publication-search/1749981?person=%2Fpersons%2Fresource%2Fpersons97434
10.3.2 Genome interactions | Plants in Action
(figure) Table 10.3 Plants are unique in having genomes in three cellular com-partments: the nucleus, plastids and mitochondria. Most DNA and hence most of the genes, an estimated 30 000 in higher plants, reside in the nucleus.
http://plantsinaction.science.uq.edu.au/edition1/?q=content/10-3-2-genome-interactions
GO:0006996: organelle organization details
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:mah]. ...
https://conekt.sbs.ntu.edu.sg/go/view/5575
GO:0070925: organelle assembly details
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an organelle. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:mah]. ...
https://conekt.sbs.ntu.edu.sg/go/view/32636
CiNii 論文 - The discovery of the division apparatus of plastids and mitochondria ...
AYYUB Muhammad , ANWAR Masood , ALI Waqar , QAZI B. M. International journal of hematology 80(2), 197-198, 2004-08-15 医中誌Web 参考文献6件 ...
http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10008817180
PlastidPlastid
... contain few plastids, to 100 or fewer in mature cells, where plastid divisions have given rise to a large number of plastids. ... whereas many gymnosperms inherit plastids from the male pollen. Algae also inherit plastids from only one parent. The plastid ... The plastid (Greek: πλαστός; plastós: formed, molded - plural plastids) is a membrane-bound organelle found in the cells of ... Each plastid creates multiple copies of a circular 10-250 kilobase plastome. The number of genome copies per plastid is ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid
Plastid evolutionPlastid evolution
Tertiary plastids are believed to have been derived from a red algae replacing secondary plastids. Consistent with our previous ... There are many types of plastids in plants alone, but all plastids can be separated based on the number of times they have ... A plastid is a membrane-bound organelle found in plants, algae and other eukaryotic organisms that contribute to the production ... However, most plastids rarely exceed 200 protein coding genes. A recent study sequenced the genome of a cyanobacterium that was ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid_evolution
Plastid terminal oxidasePlastid terminal oxidase
The lack of plastid terminal oxidase indirectly causes photodamage during plastid development because protective carotenoids ... Plastid terminal oxidase or plastoquinol terminal oxidase (PTOX) is an enzyme that resides on the thylakoid membranes of plant ... Plastid terminal oxidase is an integral membrane protein, or more specifically, an integral monotopic protein and is bound to ... Plastid terminal oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of the plastoquinone pool, which exerts a variety of effects on the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid_terminal_oxidase
Bacterial, archaeal and plant plastid codeBacterial, archaeal and plant plastid code
The bacterial, archaeal and plant plastid code (translation table 11) is the DNA code used by bacteria, archaea, prokaryotic ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial,_archaeal_and_plant_plastid_code
ElaioplastElaioplast
Plastid Chloroplast and etioplast Chromoplast Leucoplast Amyloplast Proteinoplast Wise RR (2007). "The Diversity of Plastid ... van Wijk KJ, Kessler F (April 2017). "Plastoglobuli: Plastid Microcompartments with Integrated Functions in Metabolism, Plastid ... plastid genome) with all other plastids and are predominately inherited maternally in angiosperms. As its name implies, ... Like most plastids, elaioplasts reproduce through binary fission independent from the division of the parent cell, a feature ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaioplast
BotanyBotany
Other plastids contain storage products such as starch (amyloplasts) or lipids (elaioplasts). Uniquely, streptophyte cells and ... Kim, E.; Archibald, J.M. (2009). "Diversity and Evolution of Plastids and Their Genomes". In Sandelius, Anna Stina; Aronsson, ... "The Origin of Plastids". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 363 (1504): 2675-2685. doi: ... larger vacuoles than in animal cells and the presence of plastids with unique photosynthetic and biosynthetic functions as in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany
CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria
Douglas SE (1998). "Plastid evolution: origins, diversity, trends". Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 8 (6): 655-61. doi:10.1016/S0959- ... Reyes-Prieto A, Weber AP, Bhattacharya D (2007). "The origin and establishment of the plastid in algae and plants". Annu. Rev. ... Howe CJ, Barbrook AC, Nisbet RE, Lockhart PJ, Larkum AW (August 2008). "The origin of plastids". Philosophical Transactions of ... Archibald JM (August 2015). "Genomic perspectives on the birth and spread of plastids". Proceedings of the National Academy of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria
BacteriastrumBacteriastrum
The plastids are discoid. At least one species, B. solitarium, exists as single cells. Bacteriastrum biconicum Bacteriastrum ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriastrum
AmyloplastAmyloplast
Wise RR, Hoober JK (2006-01-01). "The Diversity of Plastid Form and Function". The structure and function of plastids. Vol. 23 ... Amyloplasts are a type of plastid, double-enveloped organelles in plant cells that are involved in various biological pathways ... Starch synthesis and storage also takes place in chloroplasts, a type of pigmented plastid involved in photosynthesis. ... Neuhaus HE, Emes MJ (June 2000). "Nonphotosynthetic Metabolism in Plastids". Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyloplast
ChloroplastChloroplast
Next, the two plastid-dividing rings, or PD rings form. The inner plastid-dividing ring is located in the inner side of the ... These chloroplasts, which can be traced back directly to a cyanobacterial ancestor, are known as primary plastids ("plastid" in ... The plastid is the site of diverse and complex lipid synthesis in plants. The carbon used to form the majority of the lipid is ... Their plastids have four membranes, lack chlorophyll c and use the type II form of RuBisCO obtained from a horizontal transfer ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast
N-end ruleN-end rule
Bouchnak I, van Wijk KJ (October 2019). "N-Degron Pathways in Plastids". Trends in Plant Science. 24 (10): 917-926. doi:10.1016 ... Additionally, a 2013 study in Arabidopsis thaliana revealed the protein ClpS1, a possible plastid homolog of the bacterial ClpS ... November 2017). "PfClpC Is an Essential Clp Chaperone Required for Plastid Integrity and Clp Protease Stability in Plasmodium ... An apicoplast is a derived non-photosynthetic plastid found in most Apicomplexa, including Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-end_rule
Chloroplast DNAChloroplast DNA
... and 4 subunits of the plastid-encoded RNA polymerase complex that are involved in plastid gene expression. The large Rubisco ... Tillich M, Krause K (July 2010). "The ins and outs of editing and splicing of plastid RNAs: lessons from parasitic plants". New ... Moustafa A, Beszteri B, Maier UG, Bowler C, Valentin K, Bhattacharya D (June 2009). "Genomic footprints of a cryptic plastid ... Chloroplasts, like other types of plastid, contain a genome separate from that in the cell nucleus. The existence of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast_DNA
Plant secondary metabolismPlant secondary metabolism
Carotenoids involved in photosynthesis are formed in chloroplasts; Others are formed in plastids. Carotenoids formed in fungi ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_secondary_metabolism
SymbiogenesisSymbiogenesis
... is also encoded in the plastid genome and is required for translation initiation in both plastids and mitochondria. A plastid ... Having only one plastid severely limits gene transfer as the lysis of the single plastid would likely result in cell death. ... The plastid is responsible for haem biosynthesis, which requires plastid encoded tRNA-Glu (from the gene trnE) as a precursor ... Consistent with this hypothesis, organisms with multiple plastids show an 80-fold increase in plastid-to-nucleus gene transfer ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiogenesis
ApicoplastApicoplast
The small plastid, only 0.15-1.5 μm in diameter, is surrounded by four membranes. The two inner membranes are derived from the ... The plastid, at least in the Plasmodium species, also contains "tubular whorls" of membrane that bear a striking resemblance to ... Maréchal E, Cesbron-Delauw MF (May 2001). "The apicoplast: a new member of the plastid family". Trends in Plant Science. 6 (5 ... During the reorganization of the plastid the apicoplast lost its ability to photosynthesize. These losses of function are ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apicoplast
Topogenic sequenceTopogenic sequence
As an example, the vast majority of all known complex plastid preproteins (an 'unactivated' protein) encoded in the nucleus ... Gould, Sven; Waller, R; McFadden, G (June 2008). "Plastid Evolution". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 59: 491-517. doi:10.1146/ ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topogenic_sequence
Red algaeRed algae
This proposal was made on the basis of the analysis of the plastid genomes. Over 7,000 species are currently described for the ... They also have the most gene-rich plastid genomes known. Red algae do not have flagella and centrioles during their entire life ... Gould, S.B.; Waller, R.F.; McFadden, G.I. (2008). "Plastid Evolution". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 59: 491-517. doi:10.1146 ... McFadden, G.I. (2001). "Primary and Secondary Endosymbiosis and the Evolution of Plastids". Journal of Phycology. 37 (6): 951- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_algae
ThylakoidThylakoid
... and a Plastid Proteome Database". Plant Cell. 16 (2): 478-99. doi:10.1105/tpc.017814. PMC 341918. PMID 14729914.- The Plastid ... Plastid Protein Database Peltier J, Friso G, Kalume D, Roepstorff P, Nilsson F, Adamska I, van Wijk K (2000). "Proteomics of ... Benning C, Xu C, Awai K (2006). "Non-vesicular and vesicular lipid trafficking involving plastids". Curr Opin Plant Biol. 9 (3 ... These data have been summarized in several plastid protein databases that are available online. According to these studies, the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thylakoid
Plant holobiontPlant holobiont
However, large-scale gene loss from plastids has occurred during the course of evolution, and higher plant chloroplasts now ... Gould, Sven B.; Waller, Ross F.; McFadden, Geoffrey I. (2008). "Plastid Evolution". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 59: 491-517 ... Keeling, Patrick J. (2010). "The endosymbiotic origin, diversification and fate of plastids". Philosophical Transactions of the ... and chloroplast genomes reveals plastid phylogeny and thousands of cyanobacterial genes in the nucleus". Proceedings of the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_holobiont
Gloeomargarita lithophoraGloeomargarita lithophora
The origin of plastids by endosymbiosis signifies the beginning of photosynthesis in eukaryotes, and as such their evolutionary ... Gloeomargarita lithophora is a cyanobacterium, and is the proposed sister of the endosymbiotic plastids in the eukaryote group ... Gould, Sven B.; Waller, Ross F.; McFadden, Geoffrey I. (2008). "Plastid Evolution". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 59 (1): 491 ... "A molecular timescale for eukaryote evolution with implications for the origin of red algal-derived plastids". Nature. 12 (1): ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloeomargarita_lithophora
SacoglossaSacoglossa
de Vries, Jan; Christa, Gregor; Gould, Sven B. (2014). "Plastid survival in the cytosol of animal cells". Trends in Plant ... Sacoglossans have been known to survive for months living solely on the photosynthetic products of their acquired plastids. ... plastids. This earns them the title of the "solar-powered sea slugs", and makes them unique among metazoan organisms, for ... The Structure and Function of Plastids. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. Vol. 23. pp. 451-473. doi:10.1007/978-1- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacoglossa
EtioplastEtioplast
"The Diversity of Plastid Form and Function". The Structure and Function of Plastids. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ... Etioplasts are an intermediate type of plastid that develop from proplastids that have not been exposed to light, and convert ... doi:10.1038/s41477-021-00896-z. Heebak Choi, Taegyu Yi, Sun-Hwa Ha (June 17, 2021). "Diversity of Plastid Types and Their ... Plastid Chloroplast Chromoplast Leucoplast Amyloplast Elaioplast Proteinoplast Gerontoplast Wise, Robert (2007). " ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etioplast
GerontoplastGerontoplast
The envelope of the plastid, however, remains intact. Wise, Robert (13 September 2007). The Structure and Function of Plastids ... The term gerontoplast was first introduced in 1977 to define the unique features of the plastid formed during leaf senescence. ... A gerontoplast is a plastid that develops from a chloroplast during the senescing of plant foliage. Gerontoplast development is ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerontoplast
Vitamin EVitamin E
Biosynthesis takes place in the plastids. As to why plants synthesize tocochromanols, the major reason appears to be for ... Vitamin E biosynthesis occurs in the plastid and goes through two different pathways: the Shikimate pathway and the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_E
Arthur Meyer (botanist)Arthur Meyer (botanist)
The Structure and Function of Plastids. Dordrecht, NL: Springer. (Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration Series: Volume 23 ... and other plastids. He was the first to name and describe the chlorophyll-containing structures in chloroplasts known as grana ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Meyer_(botanist)
EukaryoteEukaryote
Although plastids probably had a single origin, not all plastid-containing groups are closely related. Instead, some eukaryotes ... Plants and various groups of algae also have plastids. Plastids also have their own DNA and are developed from endosymbionts, ... Sato N (2006). "Origin and Evolution of Plastids: Genomic View on the Unification and Diversity of Plastids". In Wise RR, ... Plastids, especially chloroplasts, organelles that contain chlorophyll, the pigment that gives plants their green color and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote
Erwin BaurErwin Baur
Baur stated that plastids are carriers of hereditary factors which are able to mutate. in variegated plants, random sorting out ... the genetic results indicate a biparental inheritance of plastids by egg cells and sperm cells in pelargonium. Since the 1930s ... He discovered the inheritance of plastids. In 1908 Baur demonstrated a lethal gene in the Antirrhinum plant. In 1909 working on ... Erwin Baur or Carl Correns: who really created the theory of plastid inheritance? Archived 2005-03-16 at the Wayback Machine. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Baur
Orders of magnitude (length)Orders of magnitude (length)
The Structure and Function of Plastids. Springer. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-4020-6570-5. Zak, J. Allen (April 1994). Drop Size ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length)
MyzozoaMyzozoa
"Protalveolata - Wikispecies". Muñoz-Gómez, Sergio A.; Slamovits, Claudio H. (2018). "Plastid Genomes in the Myzozoa". Plastid ... All Myzozoa appears to have evolved from an ancestor that possessed plastids, required through endosymbiosis. The branching ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myzozoa
ArchaeplastidaArchaeplastida
Smith, David R. (2018). "Lost in the Light: Plastid Genome Evolution in Nonphotosynthetic Algae". Plastid Genome Evolution. ... Photosynthetic organisms with plastids of different origin (such as brown algae) do not belong to the Archaeplastida. The ... The exceptional two plastid membranes of the stramenopile alga Chrysoparadoxa are probably the result of secondary reduction. ... All archaeplastidans have plastids (chloroplasts) that carry out photosynthesis and are believed to be derived from ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeplastida
Evolution of Plastid Genomes | UiTEvolution of Plastid Genomes | UiT
Plastid genomes (plastomes) across photosynthetically active species are characterized by a remarkable conservation of ... Plastid genome of a hot sulphur pond inhabitantPlastid genomes of several Cuscuta species have been sequenced in our lab. These ... Evolution of Plastid Genomes Plastid genomes (plastomes) across photosynthetically active species are characterized by a ... We are comparing the plastid genome coding capacity, organization and plastid gene mutation rates of Galdieria to those of ...
https://uit.no/prosjekter/prosjekt?p_document_id=383732
Plastid senescence | HSTalksPlastid senescence | HSTalks
Howard Thomas on Plastid senescence, part of a collection of multimedia lectures. ... Plastid senescence. *Prof. Howard Thomas - The Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, UK ... The senescing chloroplast (gerontoplast) as a phase of plastid differentiation. *New biochemistry and gene expression in the ... Thomas, H. (2007, October 1). Plastid senescence [Video file]. In The Biomedical & Life Sciences Collection, Henry Stewart ...
https://hstalks.com/t/528/plastid-senescence/?biosci
Stromule mediated Plastid-Nucleus-Interactions putting a leash on the nucleus | Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP)Stromule mediated Plastid-Nucleus-Interactions putting a leash on the nucleus | Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP)
Seminars and Events at the Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP) and Vienna Biocenter (VBC).
https://www.imp.ac.at/calendar/event/title-to-be-announced-5/
Towards plastid transformation in rice - Research CollectionTowards plastid transformation in rice - Research Collection
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.atitle=Towards%20plastid%20transformation%20in%20rice&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Yakandawala,%20Y.%20L.%20Nandadeva&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Towards%20plastid%20transformation%20in% ...
https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/144091?show=full
Altmetric - Whole plastid transcriptomes reveal abundant RNA editing sites and differential editing status in Phalaenopsis...Altmetric - Whole plastid transcriptomes reveal abundant RNA editing sites and differential editing status in Phalaenopsis...
However, the RNA editing status of whole-plastid transcripts in leaf and other distinct tissue types in moth orchids has not ... Whole plastid transcriptomes reveal abundant RNA editing sites and differential editing status in Phalaenopsis aphrodite subsp ... Whole plastid transcriptomes reveal abundant RNA editing sites and differential editing status in Phalaenopsis aphrodite subsp ... To sensitively and extensively examine the plastid RNA editing status of moth orchid, RNA-Seq was used to investigate the ...
https://www.altmetric.com/details/25627923
Plastid Phylogenomics of Dendroseris (Cichorieae; Asteraceae): Insights Into Structural Organization and Molecular Evolution of...Plastid Phylogenomics of Dendroseris (Cichorieae; Asteraceae): Insights Into Structural Organization and Molecular Evolution of...
Cho, M. S., Kim, S. H., Yang, J., Crawford, D. J., Stuessy, T. F., López-Sepúlveda, P., & Kim, S. C. (2020). Plastid ... Plastid Phylogenomics of Dendroseris (Cichorieae; Asteraceae): Insights Into Structural Organization and Molecular Evolution of ... Plastid phylogenomic analyses based on both the complete plastome sequences and 81 concatenated coding genes only show ...
https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/handle/1808/30967
A plastid tree can bring order to the chaotic generic taxonomy of Rytidosperma Steud. s.l. (Poaceae) - Zurich Open Repository...A plastid tree can bring order to the chaotic generic taxonomy of Rytidosperma Steud. s.l. (Poaceae) - Zurich Open Repository...
A plastid tree can bring order to the chaotic generic taxonomy of Rytidosperma Steud. s.l. (Poaceae) ... Humphreys, Aelys M; Pirie, M D; Linder, H P (2010). A plastid tree can bring order to the chaotic generic taxonomy of ...
https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/34013/
What Are PlastidsWhat Are Plastids
This plastid divide to form many new plastids. Plastids are absent in sperm. There are three types of plastids Chloroplasts ... Plastids. The membranous bound and pigment containing bodies present in the cell are called plastids. Plastids were Discovered ... Plastids are present only in plant cells and some algae. Plastids are semi-autonomous bodies of cells. They contain their own ... The newly form plastid is called protoplastid. It then changes into etioplast. Etioplast grows to form complete plastids. The ...
https://botanystudies.com/what-are-plastids/
Exceptional reduction of the plastid genome of saguaro cactus (Carnegiea gigantea): Loss of the ndh gene suite and inverted...
... we assembled the plastid genome of saguaro cactus and probed the nuclear genome for transferred plastid genes and functionally ... we assembled the plastid genome of saguaro cactus and probed the nuclear genome for transferred plastid genes and functionally ... we assembled the plastid genome of saguaro cactus and probed the nuclear genome for transferred plastid genes and functionally ... we assembled the plastid genome of saguaro cactus and probed the nuclear genome for transferred plastid genes and functionally ...
https://asu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/exceptional-reduction-of-the-plastid-genome-of-saguaro-cactus-car
Metabolic quirks and the colourful history of the Euglena gracilis secondary plastid. - Oxford Neuroscience
... gracilis plastid proteome. We confidently identified 1345 distinct plastid protein groups and found that at least 100 proteins ... The Euglena plastid, as the product of many genomes, combines novel and conserved features of metabolism and transport. ... Plastid paralogues of trafficking-associated proteins potentially mediating fusion of transport vesicles with the outermost ... but an incompletely characterised proteome precludes accurate understanding of both plastid function and evolutionary history. ...
https://www.neuroscience.ox.ac.uk/publications/1061347
A missense mutation of plastid RPS4 is associated with chlorophyll deficiency in Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp....A missense mutation of plastid RPS4 is associated with chlorophyll deficiency in Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp....
Numerous studies have been conducted for the function of plastid genes in barley and tobacco; however, related information is ... Plastome mutants are ideal resources for elucidating the functions of plastid genes. ... From: A missense mutation of plastid RPS4 is associated with chlorophyll deficiency in Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp ...
https://bmcplantbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12870-018-1353-y/tables/2
PlastidPlastid
Plastids often contain pigments used in photosynthesis, and the types of pigments present can change or determine the cell s ... Plastids are also the site of manufacture and storage of… ... Plastids are major organelles found in plants and algae. ... Plastid. Plastids are major organelle. s found in plants and algae. Plastids often contain pigments used in photosynthesis, and ... inherit plastids from the father. Algae. also inherit plastids from only one parent. The plastid DNA of the other parent is ...
https://en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/105412
Plastid - VikipeediaPlastid - Vikipeedia
Nimetuse kohaselt on plastid soojuse ja rõhu mõjul hõlpsalt vormitavad, kusjuures materjal viiakse plastilisest olekust ... Plastid ehk plastmassid on materjalid, mis koosnevad peamiselt kõrgmolekulaarsetest ühenditest - polümeeridest. Üldkeeles ... Paljud plastid on hapete ja leeliste suhtes keemiliselt püsivad.. *Temperatuur mõjutab tugevalt plastide omadusi. ... Plastid on kerged, tihedus enamasti 900 kuni 1400 kg/m3 (ehk 0,9 kuni 1,4 g/cm3). ...
https://et.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plast
Chloroplasts on the move | Max-Planck-GesellschaftChloroplasts on the move | Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Fluorescent plastids. To differentiate between the genome of nucleus and plastids, fluorescent reporter proteins were ... However, to actually make this possible, the plastids have to shrink and become mobile. These rod-shaped plastids are equal to ... In the plastids, a gene is integrated by transformation that encodes a chloroplast-specific fluorescence protein, which is ... This creates an absolutely specific and stable label for the plastids.. After a short time, the two partners grow together at ...
https://www.mpg.de/16235045/0108-mopf-chloroplasts-on-the-move-149640-x?c=12642841
Plastids types and functions Archives - Takshila LearningPlastids types and functions Archives - Takshila Learning
What are Plastids, types, and functions? Biology Class 11 Plastids, types, and functions: The plastid (Greek: plastós: formed, ... What are Plastids, types, and functions? Biology Class 11. *cbse class 11 ...
https://www.takshilalearning.com/tag/plastids-types-and-functions/
Holdings: The structure and function of plastids /Holdings: The structure and function of plastids /
The structure and function of plastids / ed. by Robert R. Wise .... Saved in: ...
https://julib.fz-juelich.de/vufind/Record/170986/Holdings
plastid (indonesia) - Kamus SABDAplastid (indonesia) - Kamus SABDA
plastid [KAMUS BESAR BAHASA INDONESIA]. plas·tid n Bio bahan atau butiran kecil yg terdapat di dl plasma sel tumbuhan ... Daftar Isi -- plastid. POS KELUARGA KATA KBBI Link, Gadget dan Share Copy kode di bawah ini ke dalam situs anda: Link ,a href=" ...
https://kamus.sabda.org/kamus/plastid
Ketocarotenoid Biosynthesis Outside of Plastids in the Unicellular Green AlgaHaematococcus pluvialis - Wellcome Centre for...
Ketocarotenoid Biosynthesis Outside of Plastids in the Unicellular Green AlgaHaematococcus pluvialis Grünewald K., Hirschberg J ...
https://www.well.ox.ac.uk/publications/104028
Book The Structure And Function Of Plastids 2006
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http://steuerberater-rico-pampel.de/pdf/book-the-structure-and-function-of-plastids-2006/
Symbiogenesis - WikipediaSymbiogenesis - Wikipedia
... is also encoded in the plastid genome and is required for translation initiation in both plastids and mitochondria. A plastid ... Non-photosynthetic plastid genomes[edit]. The majority of the genes in the mitochondria and plastids are related to the ... Having only one plastid severely limits gene transfer[27] as the lysis of the single plastid would likely result in cell death. ... The plastid is responsible for haem biosynthesis, which requires plastid encoded tRNA-Glu (from the gene trnE) as a precursor ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiogenesis
pTAC3 / Anti-PLASTID TRANSCRIPTIONALLY ACTIVE 3 Antibody
Anti-PLASTID TRANSCRIPTIONALLY ACTIVE 3 Antibody Product Information Form: Lyophilized Stability & Storage: Use a manual ... In chloroplasts, transcription of plastid genes is mediated by two types of RNA polymerase: plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP ... Youre reviewing:pTAC3 / Anti-PLASTID TRANSCRIPTIONALLY ACTIVE 3 Antibody. Your Rating. Rating. 1 star 2 stars 3 stars 4 stars ... and nuclearencoded RNA polymerase (NEP). Transcription in plastids is also mediated by a number of nuclear-encoded factors in ...
https://www.phytoab.com/products/primary-antibodies/chloroplast/ptac3%20antibody
S-EPMC7707761 - Characterization of the complete plastid genome of |i|Rauvolfia verticillata|/i| (Apocynaceae), with its...
The first complete plastid genome sequence of the species reported here was 155,856?bp in length, with the large single-copy ( ... The first complete plastid genome sequence of the species reported here was 155,856?bp in length, with the large single-copy ( ... Plastid genome contain 132 genes, 85 protein-coding genes, 39 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis based on 23 ... Characterization of the complete plastid genome of Rauvolfia verticillata (Apocynaceae), with its phylogenetic analysis.. ...
https://www.omicsdi.org/dataset/biostudies/S-EPMC7707761
Tobacco plastid ribosomal protein S18 is essential for cell survival :: MPG.PuReTobacco plastid ribosomal protein S18 is essential for cell survival :: MPG.PuRe
... deficient plastids,br/,gene,br/,DNA,br/,transformation,br/,evolution,br/,sequence,br/,subunit,br/,nucleus; Title: Tobacco ... plastid ribosomal protein S18 is essential for cell survival ... Tobacco plastid ribosomal protein S18 is essential for cell ... Rogalski, M., Ruf, S., & Bock, R. (2006). Tobacco plastid ribosomal protein S18 is essential for cell survival. Nucleic Acids ... Abstract: Plastid genomes contain a conserved set of genes most of which are involved in either photosynthesis or gene ...
https://pure.mpg.de/pubman/faces/ViewItemFullPage.jsp?itemId=item_1816211
Evidence for Evolution - Understanding EvolutionEvidence for Evolution - Understanding Evolution
This short slide set describes how many characteristics of mitochondria and plastids are explained by their endosymbiotic ...
https://evolution.berkeley.edu/topics/04-evidence-for-evolution/
Online Encyclopedia and Dictionary - Eukaryote
Although plastids likely had a single origin, not all plastid-containing groups are closely related. Instead, some eukaryotes ... Mitochondria and plastids. Mitochondria are organelles found in nearly all eukaryotes. They are surrounded by double membranes ... Plants and various groups of algae also have plastids. Again, these have their own DNA and developed from endosymbiotes, in ...
http://www.fact-archive.com/encyclopedia/Eukaryote
PDF] PLAZA: A Comparative Genomics Resource to Study Gene and Genome Evolution in Plants[W] | Semantic ScholarPDF] PLAZA: A Comparative Genomics Resource to Study Gene and Genome Evolution in Plants[W] | Semantic Scholar
The plastid and mitochondrial genomes of Eucalyptus grandis. *Desré Pinard, A. Myburg, E. Mizrachi ... An updated annotation of the E. grandis plastid genome is reported, and predicted editing sites are identified to allow for the ...
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/PLAZA%3A-A-Comparative-Genomics-Resource-to-Study-and-Proost-Bel/63f4c96346eed2fc43dfdc34c6e4f366bca127fe?p2df
Light Regulation to Chlorophyll Synthesis and Plastid Development of the Chlorophyll-Less Golden-Leaf Privet
plastid development were studied. L. vicaryi has a higher level of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), but lower. levels of ... Light Regulation to Chlorophyll Synthesis and Plastid Development of the Chlorophyll-Less Golden-Leaf Privet Ming Yuan1,2†, Mo- ... ALA level and the decreased thylakoid stacking in plastids, L. vicaryi golden leaves contain normal. levels of Lhcb transcripts ... Light Regulation to Chlorophyll Synthesis and Plastid Development of the Chlorophyll-Less Golden-Leaf Privet[J]. J Integr Plant ...
https://www.jipb.net/EN/abstract/abstract21894.shtml
Assembly and annotation of plastid genomes using QIAGEN CLC Genomics - Part 2 - tv.qiagenbioinformatics.comAssembly and annotation of plastid genomes using QIAGEN CLC Genomics - Part 2 - tv.qiagenbioinformatics.com
In this webinar learn from an expert in plant genetics and bioinformatics about denovo assembly and annotation of plastid ... Assembly and annotation of plastid genomes using QIAGEN CLC Genomics - Part 2. ... Assembly and annotation of plastid genomes using QIAGEN CLC Genomics - Part 2 ... Assembly and annotation of plastid genomes using QIAGEN CLC Genomics - Part 2 ...
https://tv.qiagenbioinformatics.com/video/68663117/assembly-and-annotation-of-plastid
Signal peptide-dependent targeting of a rice a-amylase and a passenger protein to plastids and extracellular compartments of...Signal peptide-dependent targeting of a rice a-amylase and a passenger protein to plastids and extracellular compartments of...
Signal peptide-dependent targeting of a rice a-amylase and a passenger protein to plastids and extracellular compartments of ...
https://ir.sinica.edu.tw/handle/201000000A/6771
GenomeChloroplastChloroplastsStructure and function of plastidsGENESType of plastidPigmentsProteinsAmyloplastStarchChlorophyllAlgaeLeucoplastPhotosynthesisPlantProteinCytosolProteomePhylogenomicMitochondriaAbsentCytoplasmAlgaNucleoidsSynthesisAnnotationDifferentiateEtioplastCellsBiologySpeciesPlastomePlantsCentreFunctionBoundEuglenaUnicellularClosely relatedCreatesDistinctNewlyCell
Genome18
  • We are comparing the plastid genome coding capacity, organization and plastid gene mutation rates of Galdieria to those of other red algae in order to find out how the special nice of this alga has influenced plastid genome evolution. (uit.no)
  • METHODS: Using next-generation sequence data, we assembled the plastid genome of saguaro cactus and probed the nuclear genome for transferred plastid genes and functionally related nuclear genes. (elsevier.com)
  • KEY RESULTS: The saguaro plastid genome is the smallest known for an obligately photosynthetic angiosperm (~113 kb), having lost the IR and plastid ndh genes. (elsevier.com)
  • Loss of these genes may be a recurring mechanism for overall plastid genome size reduction, especially in combination with loss of the IR. (elsevier.com)
  • Each plastid creates multiple copies of the circular 75-250 kilo bases plastid genome . (en-academic.com)
  • The number of genome copies per plastid is flexible, ranging from more than 1000 in rapidly dividing cells , which generally contain few plastids, to 100 or fewer in mature cells, where plastid divisions has given rise to a large number of plastids. (en-academic.com)
  • The plastid genome contains about 100 gene s encoding ribosomal and transfer ribonucleic acid s ( rRNA s and tRNA s) as well as protein s involved in photosynthesis and plastid gene transcription and translation . (en-academic.com)
  • To differentiate between the genome of nucleus and plastids, fluorescent reporter proteins were integrated and expressed from both genomes and the researchers used a trick using a specialization of the chloroplasts. (mpg.de)
  • Characterization of the complete plastid genome of Rauvolfia verticillata (Apocynaceae), with its phylogenetic analysis. (omicsdi.org)
  • The first complete plastid genome sequence of the species reported here was 155,856?bp in length, with the large single-copy (LSC) region of 86,085?bp, the small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,299?bp, and two inverted repeats (IRa and IRb) of 25,736?bp. (omicsdi.org)
  • Plastid genome contain 132 genes, 85 protein-coding genes, 39 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. (omicsdi.org)
  • Here we have tested whether the ribosomal protein S18 is required for translation by deleting the rps18 gene from the tobacco plastid genome. (mpg.de)
  • Moreover, we demonstrate the occurrence of flip-flop recombination on short inverted repeat sequences which generates different isoforms of the transformed plastid genome that differ in the orientation a 70 kb segment in the large single-copy region. (mpg.de)
  • An updated annotation of the E. grandis plastid genome is reported, and predicted editing sites are identified to allow for the discrimination of RNA-sequencing reads between nuclear and organellar gene copies, finding that nuclear copies of organellar genes are not expressed in E.grandis. (semanticscholar.org)
  • Chrysopogon zizanioides chloroplast plastid genome polymorphism. (botanyconference.org)
  • This was notably addressed by applying a genome skimming strategy in order to assembly complete plastid genomes (mean size 155'000 bp) and nearly complete nuclear ribosomal DNA (ETS, 18S, ITS1 , 5.8S, ITS2 , and 26S) (mean size 7'000 bp) of 74 taxa encompassing all 18 recognized genera of Oleeae. (cam.ac.uk)
  • We showed the high suitability of the complete plastid genome for constructing a robust and high-resolution phylogeny of the Oleeae tribe and provided new insights into the biogeographic history and the evolution of it breeding system. (cam.ac.uk)
  • In August, 2015, we added sequence and gene model annotations for the tomato plastid genome sequence obtained from GenBank accession NC_007898.3. (bioviz.org)
Chloroplast4
  • In the plastids, a gene is integrated by transformation that encodes a chloroplast-specific fluorescence protein, which is produced exclusively in plastids and cannot leave them. (mpg.de)
  • Nuclear and plastid data were analyzed separately due to a few hard incongruences that most likely reflect chloroplast capture. (datadryad.org)
  • Plastid-to-nucleus (retrograde) signalling provides critical information to the nucleus on the developmental state of the chloroplast (plastid) during chloroplast biogenesis. (southampton.ac.uk)
  • Chloroplast are green coloured plastids containing thylakoids and photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll. (eleanorrigby-movie.com)
Chloroplasts7
  • In green species the plastid ultrastructure resembles that of chloroplasts of non-parasitic higher plants, whereas plastids of achlorophyllous species have an amoeboid proplastid shape and are filled with vesicular structures. (uit.no)
  • There are three types of plastids Chloroplasts chromoplast and leucoplast. (botanystudies.com)
  • During the development of proplastids to chloroplasts, and when plastids convert from one type to another, nucleoids change in morphology, size and location within the organelle. (en-academic.com)
  • [2] The theory holds that mitochondria , plastids such as chloroplasts , and possibly other organelles of eukaryotic cells are descended from formerly free-living prokaryotes (more closely related to the Bacteria than to the Archaea ) taken one inside the other in endosymbiosis . (wikipedia.org)
  • In chloroplasts, transcription of plastid genes is mediated by two types of RNA polymerase: plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) and nuclearencoded RNA polymerase (NEP). (phytoab.com)
  • Solution : Chloroplasts perform photosynthesis while leucoplasts are storage plastids. (eleanorrigby-movie.com)
  • Unlike chromoplasts and chloroplasts, leucoplasts are non-pigmented plastids. (eleanorrigby-movie.com)
Structure and function of plastids4
  • campaigns are domain-specific and have well intended by papers or including, but may create a invalid internal book the structure and function of plastids comparison. (steuerberater-rico-pampel.de)
  • The book the structure and function of plastids of Director for the advanced and experimental looking arises required powered between 603K and 683K. (steuerberater-rico-pampel.de)
  • theoretical book the structure and function of plastids conditions, including Investigations, propositions, and conventional applications, engage completely meant, and the sense-data's hunting properties can be determined on a symmetric FTP file, back with prudential restricted test. (steuerberater-rico-pampel.de)
  • Thirty years later, that interest culminated in the 2006 publication of a 575-page volume titled " The Structure and Function of Plastids ", co-edited by myself and Dr. Ken Hoober (Univesity of Arizona). (uwosh.edu)
GENES5
  • Plastid phylogenomic analyses based on both the complete plastome sequences and 81 concatenated coding genes only show Dendroseris nested within Sonchus sensu lato, and also that inter-subgeneric relationships are fully resolved. (ku.edu)
  • Nuclear genes encode the vast majority of plastid proteins, and the expression of plastid genes and nuclear genes is tightly co-regulated to allow proper development of plastids in relation to cell differentiation . (en-academic.com)
  • Plastid genomes contain a conserved set of genes most of which are involved in either photosynthesis or gene expression. (mpg.de)
  • Among the ribosomal protein genes present in higher plant plastid genomes, rps18 is special in that it is absent from the plastid genomes of several non-green unicellular organisms, including Euglena longa and Toxoplasma gondii. (mpg.de)
  • Beszteri, B., John, U. & Medlin, L. K. 2007: An assessment of cryptic genetic diversity within the Cyclotella meneghiniana species complex (Bacillariophyta) based on nuclear and plastid genes, and amplified fragment length polymorphism. (gbif.de)
Type of plastid2
  • However, these proteins only represent a small fraction of the total protein set-up necessary to build and maintain the structure and function of a particular type of plastid. (en-academic.com)
  • Leucoplast is a type of plastid that performs a storage function inside the plant cell. (eleanorrigby-movie.com)
Pigments3
  • The plastids containing colored pigments other than chlorophyll are called chromoplast. (botanystudies.com)
  • Plastids often contain pigments used in photosynthesis, and the types of pigments present can change or determine the cell 's color. (en-academic.com)
  • Plastids containing carotenoid pigments. (bvsalud.org)
Proteins3
  • We confidently identified 1345 distinct plastid protein groups and found that at least 100 proteins represent horizontal acquisitions from organisms other than green algae or prokaryotes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Plastid paralogues of trafficking-associated proteins potentially mediating fusion of transport vesicles with the outermost plastid membrane were identified, together with derlin-related proteins, potential translocases across the middle membrane, and an extremely simplified TIC complex. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Which plastids store proteins? (eleanorrigby-movie.com)
Amyloplast1
Starch5
  • Plastids are responsible for photosynthesis , storage of products like starch and for the synthesis of many classes of molecules such as fatty acids and terpenes which are needed as cellular building blocks and/or for the function of the plant. (en-academic.com)
  • Which plastids contain starch? (eleanorrigby-movie.com)
  • Which of the given plastids contains starch? (eleanorrigby-movie.com)
  • Leucoplasts (Fig. 1.9C) are a group of plastids that include many differentiated colorless organelles with very different functions (e.g., the amyloplasts), which act as a store for starch in non-green tissues such as roots, tubers, or seeds (Chapter 9). (eleanorrigby-movie.com)
  • Similar to BAM1, maltose release from granular starch by purified recombinant BAM3 (At4g17090), another plastid-localized b-amylase isoform, increased 2- to 3-fold if the granules were simultaneously phosphorylated by GWD. (unimas.my)
Chlorophyll3
  • A missense mutation of plastid RPS4 is associated with chlorophyll deficiency in Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Its putative mechanism, light responses, chlorophyll synthesis and plastid development were studied. (jipb.net)
  • Yuan M, Xu MY, Yuan S, Chen YE, Du JB, Xu F, Zhang ZW, Guo ZC, Zhao ZY, Lin HH (2010) Light regulation to chlorophyll synthesis and plastid development of the chlorophyll-less golden-leaf privet. (jipb.net)
Algae4
  • Plastids are present only in plant cells and some algae. (botanystudies.com)
  • Plastids are major organelle s found in plants and algae. (en-academic.com)
  • In algae , the term leucoplast (leukoplast) is used for all unpigmented plastids. (en-academic.com)
  • Plants and various groups of algae also have plastids . (fact-archive.com)
Leucoplast1
  • The colourless plastid or leucoplast gets differentiated to form alueroplast or proteinoplast. (eleanorrigby-movie.com)
Photosynthesis2
  • Many plastids, particularly those responsible for photosynthesis, possess numerous internal membrane layers. (en-academic.com)
  • The Plastids book is volume 23 in the Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration series, edited by Govindjee . (uwosh.edu)
Plant11
  • PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Land-plant plastid genomes have only rarely undergone signifi cant changes in gene content and order. (elsevier.com)
  • All plastids are derived from proplastid s (formerly "eoplasts", "eo"-: dawn, early), which are present in the meristematic regions of the plant. (en-academic.com)
  • In plant s, plastids may differentiate into several forms, depending upon which function they need to play in the cell. (en-academic.com)
  • In plant cell s long thin protuberances called stromule s sometimes form and extend from the main plastid body into the cytosol and interconnect several plastids. (en-academic.com)
  • Algal plastids may also differ from plant plastids in that they contain pyrenoid s. (en-academic.com)
  • Our data demonstrate that S18 is indispensable for plastid ribosome function in tobacco and support an essential role for plastid translation in plant development. (mpg.de)
  • Leucoplasts are colourless plastids and they are found in the non-photosynthetic parts of the plant such as roots, seeds, bulbs, etc. (eleanorrigby-movie.com)
  • B. Enteropathogenic bacteria in migrating plant plastids (6). (cdc.gov)
  • This energy parasite gene is present only in rickettsiae, chlamydiae, and plant plastids ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)
  • 99.67%) because it uses a target gene found only in rickettsiae , chlamydiae, and plant plastids, and uses a specific DNA probe. (cdc.gov)
  • Members of the Leeaceae family (Leea species) do not form tendrils and include erect herbs, shrubs, and trees, but they share characteristics such as raphides, minute droplets of plant sap known as pearl glands, phloem plastids, common corolla-stamen primordia, and similar wood and testa anatomy to the Vitaceae family. (nusaplant.com)
Protein3
  • formosana was determined, and 44 RNA editing sites were identified from 24 plastid protein-coding transcripts of leaf tissue via RT-PCR and then conventional Sanger sequencing. (altmetric.com)
  • The semi-dominate allele, atftsZ1-1(G267R) , exhibits the most severe plastid division phenotype, harboring a lesion in the predicted T7-loop, but no mutant protein is detected in rings or filaments. (botanyconference.org)
  • Protein storing plastids are called Aleuroplast. (eleanorrigby-movie.com)
Cytosol1
  • Using a redox-sensitive GFP, it was also shown that menadione causes redox perturbation, not just in the mitochondrion, but also in the cytosol and plastids of roots. (ox.ac.uk)
Proteome2
  • Euglena gracilis harbours secondary green plastids, but an incompletely characterised proteome precludes accurate understanding of both plastid function and evolutionary history. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Using subcellular fractionation, an improved sequence database and MS we determined the composition, evolutionary relationships and hence predicted functions of the E. gracilis plastid proteome. (ox.ac.uk)
Phylogenomic1
  • Plastid and nuclear phylogenomic incongruences and biogeographic implications of Magnolia s.l. (jse.ac.cn)
Mitochondria1
  • and that some mitochondria and plastids contain single circular DNA molecules similar to the circular chromosomes of bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
Absent1
Cytoplasm2
  • The plastids are transferred to next generation through cytoplasm of egg. (botanystudies.com)
  • Flavonoids are located in the cytoplasm and plastids. (usda.gov)
Alga1
  • This alga lacks the presence of plastids, and is therefore, achlorophyllous. (cdc.gov)
Nucleoids1
  • The developing plastid has many nucleoids, localized at the periphery of the plastid, bound to the inner envelope membrane. (en-academic.com)
Synthesis1
Annotation1
  • Learn ways to accelerate your agrigenomics research and analyses in this 3-part webinar series that will take you through de novo assembly and annotation in non-model organisms, plastid assembly and long read host-pathogen analysis in plants. (qiagenbioinformatics.com)
Differentiate1
  • Depending on their morphology and function, plastids have the ability to differentiate , or redifferentiate, between these and other forms. (en-academic.com)
Etioplast1
Cells1
Biology1
  • This multi-author book is the first comprehensive treatment of plastid biology since J.T.O. Kirk and R.A.E Tilney-Bassett published their seminal volume in 1967 (with a revised edition in 1978). (uwosh.edu)
Species1
  • Plastid genomes (plastomes) across photosynthetically active species are characterized by a remarkable conservation of structure, coding capacity, gene order and intron content. (uit.no)
Plastome1
  • Huang D, Hefer C, Kolosova N, Douglas C, Cronk QC (2014) Whole plastome sequencing reveals deep plastid divergence and cytonuclear discordance between closely related balsam poplars, Populus balsamifera and P. trichocarpa (Salicaceae). (wikidot.com)
Plants3
  • Most plants inherit the plastids from only one parent. (en-academic.com)
  • They occur in all green plants and are localized in plastids. (usda.gov)
  • Our study also highlights the importance of using data from both nuclear and plastid genomes to reconstruct deep and shallow phylogenies of plants. (jse.ac.cn)
Centre1
  • The proplastid contains a single nucleoid located in the centre of the plastid. (en-academic.com)
Function1
  • CONCLUSIONS: The existence of an alternative pathway redundant with the function of the plastid NADH dehydrogenase-like complex (NDH) complex may permit loss of the plastid ndh gene suite in photoautotrophs like saguaro. (elsevier.com)
Bound1
  • The membranous bound and pigment containing bodies present in the cell are called plastids. (botanystudies.com)
Euglena2
  • Metabolic quirks and the colourful history of the Euglena gracilis secondary plastid. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The Euglena plastid, as the product of many genomes, combines novel and conserved features of metabolism and transport. (ox.ac.uk)
Unicellular1
  • These are unicellular creatures that have golden-brown plastids, which give them their golden colour. (risingacademy.org)
Closely related1
  • Although plastids likely had a single origin, not all plastid-containing groups are closely related. (fact-archive.com)
Creates1
  • This creates an absolutely specific and stable label for the plastids. (mpg.de)
Distinct1
  • However, the RNA editing status of whole-plastid transcripts in leaf and other distinct tissue types in moth orchids has not been addressed. (altmetric.com)
Newly2
  • In total, 137 edits with 126 C-to-U and 11 U-to-C conversions, including 93 newly discovered edits, were identified in plastid transcripts, representing an average of 0.09% of the nucleotides examined in moth orchid. (altmetric.com)
  • The newly form plastid is called protoplastid . (botanystudies.com)
Cell1
  • Plastids are also the site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds used by the cell. (en-academic.com)
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PDF] PLAZA: A Comparative Genomics Resource to Study Gene and Genome Evolution in Plants[W] | Semantic Scholar
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Botany - Wikipedia
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Evidence for Evolution - Understanding Evolution
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Publikationen von Dirk Hincha | Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie
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