Plasmids. Medical search

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

A parasexual process in BACTERIA; ALGAE; FUNGI; and ciliate EUKARYOTA for achieving exchange of chromosome material during fusion of two cells. In bacteria, this is a uni-directional transfer of genetic material; in protozoa it is a bi-directional exchange. In algae and fungi, it is a form of sexual reproduction, with the union of male and female gametes.

A class of plasmids that transfer antibiotic resistance from one bacterium to another by conjugation.

Plasmids encoding bacterial exotoxins (BACTERIOCINS).

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

Vertical transmission of hereditary characters by DNA from cytoplasmic organelles such as MITOCHONDRIA; CHLOROPLASTS; and PLASTIDS, or from PLASMIDS or viral episomal DNA.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

The heritable modification of the properties of a competent bacterium by naked DNA from another source. The uptake of naked DNA is a naturally occuring phenomenon in some bacteria. It is often used as a GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUE.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.

Any DNA sequence capable of independent replication or a molecule that possesses a REPLICATION ORIGIN and which is therefore potentially capable of being replicated in a suitable cell. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Biologically active DNA which has been formed by the in vitro joining of segments of DNA from different sources. It includes the recombination joint or edge of a heteroduplex region where two recombining DNA molecules are connected.

A plasmid whose presence in the cell, either extrachromosomal or integrated into the BACTERIAL CHROMOSOME, determines the "sex" of the bacterium, host chromosome mobilization, transfer via conjugation (CONJUGATION, GENETIC) of genetic material, and the formation of SEX PILI.

Structures within the nucleus of bacterial cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.

The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated.

Change brought about to an organisms genetic composition by unidirectional transfer (TRANSFECTION; TRANSDUCTION, GENETIC; CONJUGATION, GENETIC, etc.) and incorporation of foreign DNA into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells by recombination of part or all of that DNA into the cell's genome.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

Plasmids coding for proteins which induce PLANT TUMORS. The most notable example of a plant tumor inducing plasmid is the Ti plasmid found associated with AGROBACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS.

Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.

Any of the covalently closed DNA molecules found in bacteria, many viruses, mitochondria, plastids, and plasmids. Small, polydisperse circular DNA's have also been observed in a number of eukaryotic organisms and are suggested to have homology with chromosomal DNA and the capacity to be inserted into, and excised from, chromosomal DNA. It is a fragment of DNA formed by a process of looping out and deletion, containing a constant region of the mu heavy chain and the 3'-part of the mu switch region. Circular DNA is a normal product of rearrangement among gene segments encoding the variable regions of immunoglobulin light and heavy chains, as well as the T-cell receptor. (Riger et al., Glossary of Genetics, 5th ed & Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

The naturally occurring transmission of genetic information between organisms, related or unrelated, circumventing parent-to-offspring transmission. Horizontal gene transfer may occur via a variety of naturally occurring processes such as GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; and TRANSFECTION. It may result in a change of the recipient organism's genetic composition (TRANSFORMATION, GENETIC).

A unique DNA sequence of a replicon at which DNA REPLICATION is initiated and proceeds bidirectionally or unidirectionally. It contains the sites where the first separation of the complementary strands occurs, a primer RNA is synthesized, and the switch from primer RNA to DNA synthesis takes place. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

Electrophoresis in which agar or agarose gel is used as the diffusion medium.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

Enzymes found in many bacteria which catalyze the hydrolysis of the amide bond in the beta-lactam ring. Well known antibiotics destroyed by these enzymes are penicillins and cephalosporins.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

In bacteria, a group of metabolically related genes, with a common promoter, whose transcription into a single polycistronic MESSENGER RNA is under the control of an OPERATOR REGION.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Circular duplex DNA isolated from viruses, bacteria and mitochondria in supercoiled or supertwisted form. This superhelical DNA is endowed with free energy. During transcription, the magnitude of RNA initiation is proportional to the DNA superhelicity.

A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that activate PLANT ROOT NODULATION in leguminous plants. Members of this genus are nitrogen-fixing and common soil inhabitants.

Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.

A family of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that do not form endospores. Its organisms are distributed worldwide with some being saprophytes and others being plant and animal parasites. Many species are of considerable economic importance due to their pathogenic effects on agriculture and livestock.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

Bacteriocins elaborated by strains of Escherichia coli and related species. They are proteins or protein-lipopolysaccharide complexes lethal to other strains of the same species.

Nonsusceptibility of bacteria to the action of TETRACYCLINE which inhibits aminoacyl-tRNA binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit during protein synthesis.

A localized proliferation of plant tissue forming a swelling or outgrowth, commonly with a characteristic shape and unlike any organ of the normal plant. Plant tumors or galls usually form in response to the action of a pathogen or a pest. (Holliday, P., A Dictionary of Plant Pathology, 1989, p330)

The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Recombinant DNA vectors encoding antigens administered for the prevention or treatment of disease. The host cells take up the DNA, express the antigen, and present it to the immune system in a manner similar to that which would occur during natural infection. This induces humoral and cellular immune responses against the encoded antigens. The vector is called naked DNA because there is no need for complex formulations or delivery agents; the plasmid is injected in saline or other buffers.

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

A technique in which electric pulses of intensity in kilovolts per centimeter and of microsecond-to-millisecond duration cause a temporary loss of the semipermeability of CELL MEMBRANES, thus leading to ion leakage, escape of metabolites, and increased uptake by cells of drugs, molecular probes, and DNA.

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. It is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation. Organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility.

A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants.

An antibiotic produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis.

Gram-negative, non-motile, capsulated, gas-producing rods found widely in nature and associated with urinary and respiratory infections in humans.

A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).

Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Sequences of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies. There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES are copies of transposable elements (DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS or RETROELEMENTS) dispersed throughout the genome. TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES flank both ends of another sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on RETROVIRUSES. Variations may be direct repeats, those occurring in the same direction, or inverted repeats, those opposite to each other in direction. TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES are copies which lie adjacent to each other, direct or inverted (INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES).

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

A beta-lactamase preferentially cleaving penicillins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 3.5.2.-.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

The genetic complement of a BACTERIA as represented in its DNA.

The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to several structurally and functionally distinct drugs simultaneously. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

An antibiotic first isolated from cultures of Streptomyces venequelae in 1947 but now produced synthetically. It has a relatively simple structure and was the first broad-spectrum antibiotic to be discovered. It acts by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and is mainly bacteriostatic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p106)

Plasmids which determine the ability of a bacterium to ferment lactose.

Gel electrophoresis in which the direction of the electric field is changed periodically. This technique is similar to other electrophoretic methods normally used to separate double-stranded DNA molecules ranging in size up to tens of thousands of base-pairs. However, by alternating the electric field direction one is able to separate DNA molecules up to several million base-pairs in length.

A serotype of Salmonella enterica that is a frequent agent of Salmonella gastroenteritis in humans. It also causes PARATYPHOID FEVER.

The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.

Genes which regulate or circumscribe the activity of other genes; specifically, genes which code for PROTEINS or RNAs which have GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION functions.

The transfer of bacterial DNA by phages from an infected bacterium to another bacterium. This also refers to the transfer of genes into eukaryotic cells by viruses. This naturally occurring process is routinely employed as a GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUE.

Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).

Nonsusceptibility of bacteria to the action of CHLORAMPHENICOL, a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis in the 50S ribosomal subunit where amino acids are added to nascent bacterial polypeptides.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of fungi.

The sequential location of genes on a chromosome.

An enzyme that catalyzes the acetylation of chloramphenicol to yield chloramphenicol 3-acetate. Since chloramphenicol 3-acetate does not bind to bacterial ribosomes and is not an inhibitor of peptidyltransferase, the enzyme is responsible for the naturally occurring chloramphenicol resistance in bacteria. The enzyme, for which variants are known, is found in both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. EC 2.3.1.28.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens and the human intestinal tract. Most strains are nonhemolytic.

A complex of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Nonsusceptibility of bacteria to the antibiotic KANAMYCIN, which can bind to their 70S ribosomes and cause misreading of messenger RNA.

Viruses whose hosts are bacterial cells.

Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.

Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.

One of the Type II site-specific deoxyribonucleases (EC 3.1.21.4). It recognizes and cleaves the sequence G/AATTC at the slash. EcoRI is from E coliRY13. Several isoschizomers have been identified. EC 3.1.21.-.

A genus of bacteria that form a nonfragmented aerial mycelium. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. This genus is responsible for producing a majority of the ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS of practical value.

Enzyme systems containing a single subunit and requiring only magnesium for endonucleolytic activity. The corresponding modification methylases are separate enzymes. The systems recognize specific short DNA sequences and cleave either within, or at a short specific distance from, the recognition sequence to give specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. Enzymes from different microorganisms with the same specificity are called isoschizomers. EC 3.1.21.4.

Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc.

A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.

Substances elaborated by specific strains of bacteria that are lethal against other strains of the same or related species. They are protein or lipopolysaccharide-protein complexes used in taxonomy studies of bacteria.

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.

A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.

Nonsusceptibility of bacteria to the action of TRIMETHOPRIM.

DNA elements that include the component genes and insertion site for a site-specific recombination system that enables them to capture mobile gene cassettes.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

Genes whose expression is easily detectable and therefore used to study promoter activity at many positions in a target genome. In recombinant DNA technology, these genes may be attached to a promoter region of interest.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

The type species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus SPIROPLASMA, family SPIROPLASMATACEAE, causing citrus stubborn disease.

A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria isolated from soil and the stems, leafs, and roots of plants. Some biotypes are pathogenic and cause the formation of PLANT TUMORS in a wide variety of higher plants. The species is a major research tool in biotechnology.

Proteins that catalyze the unwinding of duplex DNA during replication by binding cooperatively to single-stranded regions of DNA or to short regions of duplex DNA that are undergoing transient opening. In addition DNA helicases are DNA-dependent ATPases that harness the free energy of ATP hydrolysis to translocate DNA strands.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

The introduction of functional (usually cloned) GENES into cells. A variety of techniques and naturally occurring processes are used for the gene transfer such as cell hybridization, LIPOSOMES or microcell-mediated gene transfer, ELECTROPORATION, chromosome-mediated gene transfer, TRANSFECTION, and GENETIC TRANSDUCTION. Gene transfer may result in genetically transformed cells and individual organisms.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

A species of RHODOCOCCUS found in soil, herbivore dung, and in the intestinal tract of cows, horses, sheep, and pigs. It causes bronchopneumonia in foals and can be responsible for infection in humans compromised by immunosuppressive drug therapy, lymphoma, or AIDS.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

Tellurium. An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.

Mutagenesis where the mutation is caused by the introduction of foreign DNA sequences into a gene or extragenic sequence. This may occur spontaneously in vivo or be experimentally induced in vivo or in vitro. Proviral DNA insertions into or adjacent to a cellular proto-oncogene can interrupt GENETIC TRANSLATION of the coding sequences or interfere with recognition of regulatory elements and cause unregulated expression of the proto-oncogene resulting in tumor formation.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-galactosides. Deficiency of beta-Galactosidase A1 may cause GANGLIOSIDOSIS, GM1.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

A species of gram-positive bacteria that is a common soil and water saprophyte.

Viruses whose host is Escherichia coli.

Nonsusceptibility of an organism to the action of penicillins.

A non-pathogenic species of LACTOCOCCUS found in DAIRY PRODUCTS and responsible for the souring of MILK and the production of LACTIC ACID.

A species of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens (wound, burn, and urinary tract infections). It is also found widely distributed in soil and water. P. aeruginosa is a major agent of nosocomial infection.

Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.

A lactose-fermenting bacterium causing dysentery.

A temperate inducible phage and type species of the genus lambda-like viruses, in the family SIPHOVIRIDAE. Its natural host is E. coli K12. Its VIRION contains linear double-stranded DNA with single-stranded 12-base 5' sticky ends. The DNA circularizes on infection.

A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.

Copies of transposable elements interspersed throughout the genome, some of which are still active and often referred to as "jumping genes". There are two classes of interspersed repetitive elements. Class I elements (or RETROELEMENTS - such as retrotransposons, retroviruses, LONG INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS and SHORT INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS) transpose via reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate. Class II elements (or DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS - such as transposons, Tn elements, insertion sequence elements and mobile gene cassettes of bacterial integrons) transpose directly from one site in the DNA to another.

Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.

One of the Type II site-specific deoxyribonucleases (EC 3.1.21.4). It recognizes and cleaves the sequence A/AGCTT at the slash. HindIII is from Haemophilus influenzae R(d). Numerous isoschizomers have been identified. EC 3.1.21.-.

Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications.

One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.

Toxic substances formed in or elaborated by bacteria; they are usually proteins with high molecular weight and antigenicity; some are used as antibiotics and some to skin test for the presence of or susceptibility to certain diseases.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

A methylsulfonyl analog of CHLORAMPHENICOL. It is an antibiotic and immunosuppressive agent.

Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.

Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.

Plasmids controlling the synthesis of hemolysin by bacteria.

Bacteriophages whose genetic material is RNA, which is single-stranded in all except the Pseudomonas phage phi 6 (BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6). All RNA phages infect their host bacteria via the host's surface pili. Some frequently encountered RNA phages are: BF23, F2, R17, fr, PhiCb5, PhiCb12r, PhiCb8r, PhiCb23r, 7s, PP7, Q beta phage, MS2 phage, and BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6.

The most common etiologic agent of GAS GANGRENE. It is differentiable into several distinct types based on the distribution of twelve different toxins.

The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.

Nonsusceptibility of a microbe to the action of ampicillin, a penicillin derivative that interferes with cell wall synthesis.

Those components of an organism that determine its capacity to cause disease but are not required for its viability per se. Two classes have been characterized: TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL and surface adhesion molecules that effect the ability of the microorganism to invade and colonize a host. (From Davis et al., Microbiology, 4th ed. p486)

The genetic unit consisting of three structural genes, an operator and a regulatory gene. The regulatory gene controls the synthesis of the three structural genes: BETA-GALACTOSIDASE and beta-galactoside permease (involved with the metabolism of lactose), and beta-thiogalactoside acetyltransferase.

A species of gram-negative bacteria causing URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS and SEPTICEMIA.

Nonsusceptibility of bacteria to the action of the beta-lactam antibiotics. Mechanisms responsible for beta-lactam resistance may be degradation of antibiotics by BETA-LACTAMASES, failure of antibiotics to penetrate, or low-affinity binding of antibiotics to targets.

The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.

Process of determining and distinguishing species of bacteria or viruses based on antigens they share.

Stabilization of poly-L-lysine/DNA polyplexes for in vivo gene delivery to the liver. (1/43669)

We are developing a self-assembling non-viral in vivo gene delivery vehicle based on poly-l-lysine and plasmid DNA. We have characterized poly-l-lysines of different chain lengths for DNA condensation and strength of DNA binding. Poly-l-lysine chains >20 residues bound DNA efficiently in physiological saline, while shorter chains did not. Attachment of asialoorosomucoid to PLL increased the PLL chain length required for efficient DNA binding in saline and for efficient DNA condensation. By electron microscopy, poly-l-lysine/DNA polyplexes appeared as toroids 25-50 nm in diameter or rods 40-80 nm long; conjugation of asialoorosomucoid to the polylysine component increased the size of resulting polyplexes to 50-90 nm. In water, poly-l-lysine and asialoorosomucoid-PLL polyplexes have effective diameters of 46 and 87.6 nm, respectively. Polyplexes containing only poly-l-lysine and DNA aggregated in physiological saline at all charge ratios and aggregated at neutral charge ratios in water. Attachment of asialoorosomucoid lessened, but did not eliminate, the aggregation of PLL polyplexes, and did not result in efficient delivery of polyplexes to hepatocytes. Conjugation of polyethylene glycol to poly-l-lysine sterically stabilized resulting polyplexes at neutral charge ratios by shielding the surfaces. For efficient in vivo gene delivery, polyplexes will need to be sterically stabilized to prevent aggregation and interaction with serum components. (+info)

Cloning and characterisation of a novel ompB operon from Vibrio cholerae 569B. (2/43669)

The ompB operon of Vibrio cholerae 569B has been cloned and fully sequenced. The operon encodes two proteins, OmpR and EnvZ, which share sequence identity with the OmpR and EnvZ proteins of a variety of other bacteria. Although the order of the ompR and envZ genes of V. cholerae is similar to that of the ompB operon of E. coli, S. typhimurium and X. nematophilus, the Vibrio operon exhibits a number of novel features. The structural organisation and features of the V. cholerae ompB operon are described. (+info)

Co-expression of glutathione S-transferase with methionine aminopeptidase: a system of producing enriched N-terminal processed proteins in Escherichia coli. (3/43669)

We describe here an Escherichia coli expression system that produces recombinant proteins enriched in the N-terminal processed form, by using glutathione S-transferase cGSTM1-1 and rGSTT1-1 as models, where c and r refer to chick and rat respectively. Approximately 90% of the cGSTM1-1 or rGSTT1-1 overexpressed in E. coli under the control of a phoA promoter retained the initiator methionine residue that was absent from the mature isoenzymes isolated from tissues. The amount of initiator methionine was decreased to 40% of the expressed cGSTM1-1 when the isoenzyme was co-expressed with an exogenous methionine aminopeptidase gene under the control of a separate phoA promoter. The recombinant proteins expressed were mainly methionine aminopeptidase. The yield of cGSTM1-1 was decreased to 10% of that expressed in the absence of the exogenous methionine aminopeptidase gene. By replacing the phoA with its natural promoter, the expression of methionine aminopeptidase decreased drastically. The yield of the co-expressed cGSTM1-1 was approx. 60% of that in the absence of the exogenous methionine aminopeptidase gene; approx. 65% of the initiator methionine residues were removed from the enzyme. Under similar conditions, N-terminal processing was observed in approx. 70% of the recombinant rGSTT1-1 expressed. By increasing the concentration of phosphate in the growth medium, the amount of initiator methionine on cGSTM1-1 was decreased to 14% of the overexpressed isoenzymes, whereas no further improvement could be observed for rGSTT1-1. The initiator methionine residue does not affect the enzymic activities of either cGSTM1-1 or rGSTT1-1. However, the epoxidase activity and the 4-nitrobenzyl chloride-conjugating activity of the purified recombinant rGSTT1-1 are markedly higher that those reported recently for the same isoenzyme isolated from rat livers. (+info)

Expression of the plague plasminogen activator in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Escherichia coli. (4/43669)

Enteropathogenic yersiniae (Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia enterocolitica) typically cause chronic disease as opposed to the closely related Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of bubonic plague. It is established that this difference reflects, in part, carriage by Y. pestis of a unique 9.6-kb pesticin or Pst plasmid (pPCP) encoding plasminogen activator (Pla) rather than distinctions between shared approximately 70-kb low-calcium-response, or Lcr, plasmids (pCD in Y. pestis and pYV in enteropathogenic yersiniae) encoding cytotoxic Yops and anti-inflammatory V antigen. Pla is known to exist as a combination of 32.6-kDa (alpha-Pla) and slightly smaller (beta-Pla) outer membrane proteins, of which at least one promotes bacterial dissemination in vivo and degradation of Yops in vitro. We show here that only alpha-Pla accumulates in Escherichia coli LE392/pPCP1 cultivated in enriched medium and that either autolysis or extraction of this isolate with 1.0 M NaCl results in release of soluble alpha and beta forms possessing biological activity. This process also converted cell-bound alpha-Pla to beta-Pla and smaller forms in Y. pestis KIM/pPCP1 and Y. pseudotuberculosis PB1/+/pPCP1 but did not promote solubilization. Pla-mediated posttranslational hydrolysis of pulse-labeled Yops in Y. pseudotuberculosis PB1/+/pPCP1 occurred more slowly than that in Y. pestis but was otherwise similar except for accumulation of stable degradation products of YadA, a pYV-mediated fibrillar adhesin not encoded in frame by pCD. Carriage of pPCP by Y. pseudotuberculosis did not significantly influence virulence in mice. (+info)

The virulence plasmid-encoded impCAB operon enhances survival and induced mutagenesis in Shigella flexneri after exposure to UV radiation. (5/43669)

Upon exposure to UV radiation, Shigella flexneri SA100 displayed survival and mutation frequencies comparable to those of Escherichia coli AB1157, which contains a functional UmuDC error-prone DNA repair system. Survival of SA100 after UV irradiation was associated with the presence of the 220-kb virulence plasmid, pVP. This plasmid encodes homologues of ImpA and ImpB, which comprise an error-prone DNA repair system encoded on plasmid TP110 that was initially identified in Salmonella typhimurium, and ImpC, encoded upstream of ImpA and ImpB. Although the impB gene was present in representatives of all four species of Shigella, not all isolates tested contained the gene. Shigella isolates that lacked impB were more sensitive to UV radiation than isolates that contained impB. The nucleotide sequence of a 2.4-kb DNA fragment containing the imp operon from S. flexneri SA100 pVP was 96% identical to the imp operon from the plasmid TP110. An SA100 derivative with a mutation in the impB gene had reduced survival following UV irradiation and less UV-induced mutagenesis relative to the parental strain. We also found that S. flexneri contained a chromosomally encoded umuDC operon; however, the umuDC promoter was not induced by exposure to UV radiation. This suggests that the imp operon but not the umuDC operon contributes to survival and induced mutagenesis in S. flexneri following exposure to UV radiation. (+info)

Molecular and evolutionary analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi 297 circular plasmid-encoded lipoproteins with OspE- and OspF-like leader peptides. (6/43669)

We previously described two OspE and three OspF homologs in Borrelia burgdorferi 297 (D. R. Akins, S. F. Porcella, T. G. Popova, D. Shevchenko, S. I. Baker, M. Li, M. V. Norgard, and J. D. Radolf, Mol. Microbiol. 18:507-520, 1995; D. R. Akins, K. W. Bourell, M. J. Caimano, M. V. Norgard, and J. D. Radolf, J. Clin. Investig. 101:2240-2250, 1998). In this study, we characterized four additional lipoproteins with OspE/F-like leader peptides (Elps) and demonstrated that all are encoded on plasmids homologous to cp32 and cp18 from the B31 and N40 strains, respectively. Statistical analysis of sequence similarities using the binary comparison algorithm revealed that the nine lipoproteins from strain 297, as well as the OspE, OspF, and Erp proteins from the N40 and B31 strains, fall into three distinct families. Based upon the observation that these lipoproteins all contain highly conserved leader peptides, we now propose that the ancestors of each of the three families arose from gene fusion events which joined a common N terminus to unrelated proteins. Additionally, further sequence analysis of the strain 297 circular plasmids revealed that rearrangements appear to have played an important role in generating sequence diversity among the members of these three families and that recombinational events in the downstream flanking regions appear to have occurred independently of those within the lipoprotein-encoding genes. The association of hypervariable regions with genes which are differentially expressed and/or subject to immunological pressures suggests that the Lyme disease spirochete has exploited recombinatorial processes to foster its parasitic strategy and enhance its immunoevasiveness. (+info)

Reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction for detecting p40 RNA of Borna disease virus, without risk of plasmid contamination. (7/43669)

Several methods for the detection of Borna disease virus (BDV) RNA have been reported, one being the reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nested PCR) method. However, due to the possibility of contamination of the cloned DNA in a reaction tube, false-positive results might be obtained by RT-nested PCR. To detect only BDV RNA without anxiety of contamination, we developed an RT-nested PCR system using "mRNA selective PCR kit". Using this system, cDNA of BDV p40 in the plasmid (up to 5 x 10(7) molecules) was not amplified. BDV specific sequence was amplified from total RNA (more than 50 pg) of MDCK/BDV cells, which were persistently infected with BDV. These results indicate that this mRNA selective RT-nested PCR system can specifically amplify target RNA as distinguished from plasmid contaminated. (+info)

Diversity of rhizobia associated with Amorpha fruticosa isolated from Chinese soils and description of Mesorhizobium amorphae sp. nov. (8/43669)

Fifty-five Chinese isolates from nodules of Amorpha fruticosa were characterized and compared with the type strains of the species and genera of bacteria which form nitrogen-fixing symbioses with leguminous host plants. A polyphasic approach, which included RFLP of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE), DNA-DNA hybridization, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, electrophoretic plasmid profiles, cross-nodulation and a phenotypic study, was used in the comparative analysis. The isolates originated from several different sites in China and they varied in their phenotypic and genetic characteristics. The majority of the isolates had moderate to slow growth rates, produced acid on YMA and harboured a 930 kb symbiotic plasmid (pSym). Five different RFLP patterns were identified among the 16S rRNA genes of all the isolates. Isolates grouped by PCR-RFLP of the 16S rRNA genes were also separated into groups by variation in MLEE profiles and by DNA-DNA hybridization. A representative isolate from each of these DNA homology groups had a separate position in a phylogenetic tree as determined from sequencing analysis of the 16S rRNA genes. A new species, Mesorhizobium amorphae, is proposed for the majority of the isolates, which belonged to a moderately slow- to slow-growing, acid-producing group based upon their distinct phylogenetic position, their unique electrophoretic type, their low DNA homology with reference strains representing the species within the genus Mesorhizobium and their distinct phenotypic features. Strain ACCC 19665 was chosen as the type strain for M. amorphae sp. nov. (+info)

Plasmids can be broadly classified into conjugative plasmids and non-conjugative plasmids. Conjugative plasmids contain a set ... Many plasmids have been created over the years and researchers have given out plasmids to plasmid databases such as the non- ... Virulence plasmids, which turn the bacterium into a pathogen. e.g. Ti plasmid in Agrobacterium tumefaciens Plasmids can belong ... Plasmids are generally circular, but examples of linear plasmids are also known. These linear plasmids require specialized ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid

The IncP-1 plasmid group (IncP plasmids in Escherichia coli) of which RK2 is a part has been described as "highly potent, self- ... The RK2 Plasmid is a broad-host-range plasmid belonging to the incP incompatibility group It is notable for its ability to ... Minimal plasmids such as PFF1 are useful for studying the basic mechanisms of plasmid replication and copy number regulation, ... Plasmid, 2010 Nov;64(3):119-34 U Kües and U Stahl: "Replication of plasmids in gram-negative bacteria", Microbiol Rev. 1989 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RK2_plasmid

... is a non-coding RNA found in bacterial plasmids including pIP501. RNAIII acts by transcriptional attenuation of ... Page for Plasmid RNAIII at Rfam v t e (Non-coding RNA, All stub articles, Molecular and cellular biology stubs). ... importance of a U-turn loop structure in the target RNA of plasmid pIP501 for efficient inhibition by the antisense RNA". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid_RNAIII

... is a plasmid that contains an inserted piece of foreign DNA. "Everything Bio : Hybrid plasmid". Everythingbio. ... v t e (Articles needing additional references from November 2013, All articles needing additional references, Plasmids, All ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_plasmid

A typical plasmid DNA yield of a miniprep is 5 to 50 µg depending on the cell strain. Miniprep of a large number of plasmids ... Minipreparation of plasmid DNA is a rapid, small-scale isolation of plasmid DNA from bacteria. It is based on the alkaline ... A plasmid preparation is a method of DNA extraction and purification for plasmid DNA. Many methods have been developed to ... The plasmid DNA yield will vary depending on the plasmid copy number, type and size, the bacterial strain, the growth ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid_preparation

The R1 Plasmid is a plasmid that was first isolated from Salmonella paratyphi bacteria in 1963. It is a short plasmid, composed ... The R1 plasmid partitioning is a mechanism needed for the inheritance of the R1 plasmid. The par system is composed of the ParR ... The R1 plasmid imparts multi-drug antibiotic resistance to its host bacteria. It's known as a "low copy" plasmid, meaning that ... Cell division takes place, resulting in the partitioned plasmids in two daughter cells. Some genes on the R1 plasmid are: ParM ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R1_plasmid

The Ti plasmid is a member of the RepABC plasmid family found in Alphaproteobacteria. These plasmids are often relatively large ... the Ti plasmid is part of a family of plasmids carried by many species of Alphaproteobacteria. Members of this plasmid family ... Some notable early milestones in the studies of Ti plasmids include the mapping of a Ti plasmid in 1978 and the studying of ... virF is a host specificity factor found in some but not all types of Ti plasmids; for example, octopine-type Ti plasmids ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti_plasmid

... is the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes which are carried on plasmids. The plasmids can be ... Other smaller plasmids (usually < 10 kb in size) can be mobilized by a conjugative plasmid (usually > 30 kb) in order to be ... Study investigating physiological effect of pHK01 plasmid in host E.coli J53 found that the plasmid reduced bacterial motility ... are common for resistance plasmids in Enterobacteriaceae. Often multiple beta-lactamase genes are found on the same plasmid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid-mediated_resistance

Each plasmid has its independent replication system which controls the number of copies of the plasmid in a cell. The higher ... pSK1 is a plasmid from Staphylococcus aureus. This plasmid has a partition system determined by a single gene, par, previously ... For instance, if there are 2 copies of a plasmid in a cell, there is a 50% chance of having one plasmid-less daughter cell. ... A plasmid partition system is a mechanism that ensures the stable inheritance of plasmids during bacterial cell division. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid_partition_system

When the plasmid concentration is high, RepA plasmids bound to iterons form dimers in between two plasmids, "handcuffing" them ... Low copy number plasmids, also called stringent plasmids, require tighter control of replication. In ColE1 derived plasmids, ... of the plasmid). This is particularly likely with low copy number plasmids. Plasmids can also be incompatible due to shared ... In R1 plasmids RepA can be transcribed from two different promoters. It is made from the first promoter until the plasmid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid_copy_number

The Bacillus-plasmid RNA motif is a predicted conserved RNA structure usually located in plasmids. It is known in species under ... The fact that the RNA structure is typically found in plasmids suggests that it might be involved in the regulation plasmid ... However, the Bacillus-plasmid RNA motif does not appear to be homologous to any such known RNA. Weinberg Z, Wang JX, Bogue J, ... Page for Bacillus-plasmid RNA at Rfam v t e (Orphaned articles from December 2021, All orphaned articles, Non-coding RNA, All ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus-plasmid_RNA_motif

However, many of the plasmids that carry lactis-plasmid RNAs also carry ctRNA-pND324 RNAs, which are involved in plasmid copy ... Therefore lactis-plasmid RNAs might have a different function. R1162-like plasmid antisense RNA Weinberg Z, Wang JX, Bogue J, ... They typically lie near to repB genes, and are almost found in plasmids. This data suggested that lactis-plasmid RNAs ... The lactis-plasmid RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure identified by bioinformatics. The RNAs are restricted to lactic acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactis-plasmid_RNA_motif

... of cardiomyocytes is being examined as a potential treatment for coronary artery disease (a major ... Transfection with HGF plasmids in damaged cardiac tissue also promotes angiogenesis (increased capillary density compared to ... Animal research has demonstrated that administration of HGF cDNA plasmids into ischemic cardiac tissue can increase cardiac ... "Enhanced cardioprotective effects by coexpression of two isoforms of hepatocyte growth factor from naked plasmid DNA in a rat ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_HGF_plasmid_DNA_therapy

... is a 75-base RNA molecule which negatively regulates the RepI region of the plasmid. The ... "Copy number of the broad host-range plasmid R1162 is determined by the amounts of essential plasmid-encoded proteins". Journal ... Kim K, Meyer RJ (October 1986). "Copy-number of broad host-range plasmid R1162 is regulated by a small RNA". Nucleic Acids ... Page for R1162-like plasmid antisense RNA at Rfam v t e (Antisense RNA, All stub articles, Molecular and cellular biology stubs ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R1162-like_plasmid_antisense_RNA

Smaller independent pieces of DNA, called plasmids, are also found in archaea. Plasmids may be transferred between cells by ... Sota M, Top EM (2008). "Horizontal Gene Transfer Mediated by Plasmids". Plasmids: Current Research and Future Trends. Caister ... ISBN 978-1-904455-27-1. Lipps G (2008). "Archaeal Plasmids". Plasmids: Current Research and Future Trends. Caister Academic ... Schleper C, Holz I, Janekovic D, Murphy J, Zillig W (August 1995). "A multicopy plasmid of the extremely thermophilic archaeon ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea

Plasmids containing the Factor IX gene, along with plasmids with a gene that codes for resistance to methotrexate, were ... The recombinant plasmids were inserted into Escherichia coli bacteria, which were "induced to produce 100,000 molecules of ... The gene that was inserted into the plasmid was created by reverse transcription of the mRNA found in pituitary glands to ... The artificial genes were "then inserted... into plasmids... among a group of genes that" are activated by lactose. Thus, the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology_in_pharmaceutical_manufacturing

"ABOUT THE WRITER". GENTLE PLASMIDS. JY Yang. 12 January 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2018. Yarian, Karekin (October 11, 2017). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-binary_writers

It is used to increase the transfection efficiency of RNA (including mRNA and siRNA) or plasmid DNA into in vitro cell cultures ... DNA plasmids. Lipofectamine consists of a 3:1 mixture of DOSPA (2,3‐dioleoyloxy‐N‐ [2(sperminecarboxamido)ethyl]‐N,N‐dimethyl‐1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipofectamine

Cells harboring the plasmid will survive when exposed to the antibiotic, while those that have failed to take up plasmid ... "plasmid / plasmids , Learn Science at Scitable". www.nature.com. Retrieved 2017-12-06. Shizuya H, Birren B, Kim UJ, Mancino V, ... and a plasmid cloning vector. E. coli and plasmid vectors are in common use because they are technically sophisticated, ... That is, these plasmids could serve as cloning vectors to carry genes. Virtually any DNA sequence can be cloned and amplified, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_cloning

Fertility plasmids, or f plasmids, allow for conjugation to occur whereas resistance plasmids, or r plasmids, contain genes ... Circular bacterial plasmids are classified according to the special functions that the genes encoded on the plasmid provide. ... Circular bacterial plasmids are also the basis for the production of DNA vaccines. Plasmid DNA vaccines are genetically ... The linear plasmids with a covalently attached protein may assist with bacterial conjugation and integration of the plasmids ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrachromosomal_DNA

Plasmids in Bacteria. Boston, MA: Springer US. ISBN 1-4613-2447-5. {{cite book}}: ,first1= has generic name (help) Roberts, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptomyces_fimbriatus

The G+C base content of the DNA is 46.6%. T. petrophila is also known to contain one of the smallest plasmids. Thermotoga ... "Mobility of plasmids". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 74 (3): 434-452. doi:10.1128/MMBR.00020-10. PMC 2937521. ... petrophila RKU1 plasmid (pRKU1) is negatively supercoiled, contains 846 base pairs, and carries only the rep gene. Due to T. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermotoga_petrophila

As of 2014 Addgene's repository comprised 30,000 plasmids, deposited by 1,700 labs. Its plasmid collection contains plasmids ... Plasmid Cloning Guides Molecular Cloning Guides-References to help scientists design plasmid cloning experiments, including ... The plasmids are available to both academic and industry labs. Noteworthy depositors include:[citation needed] 12 Nobel Prize ... Addgene accepts plasmids from researchers for distribution and archival. Addgene obtains revenues and licensing fees using the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addgene

Plasmids in Bacteria. Boston, MA: Springer US. ISBN 978-1-4613-2447-8. {{cite book}}: ,first1= has generic name (help) I.W. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptomyces_cacaoi

Kandavelou K, Chandrasegaran S (2008). "Plasmids for Gene Therapy". In Lipps, Georg (ed.). Plasmids: Current Research and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinant_AAV_mediated_genome_engineering

Kandavelou K, Chandrasegaran S (2008). "Plasmids for Gene Therapy". Plasmids: Current Research and Future Trends. Norfolk: ... Since ZFN-encoding plasmids could be used to transiently express ZFNs to target a DSB to a specific gene locus in human cells, ... The ZFN-encoding plasmid-based approach has the potential to circumvent all the problems associated with the viral delivery of ... The construction of plasmid vectors is simple and straightforward. Custom-designed ZFNs that combine the non-specific cleavage ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_finger_nuclease

The two plasmids are pTiC58, responsible for the processes involved in virulence, and pAtC58, once dubbed the "cryptic" plasmid ... To be virulent, the bacterium contains tumour-inducing plasmid (Ti plasmid or pTi), of 200 kbp, which contains the T-DNA and ... PMID 32915125.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) "At plasmid" when talking about related plasmids Smith ... Agrobacterium tumefaciens infects the plant through its Ti plasmid. The Ti plasmid integrates a segment of its DNA, known as T- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrobacterium_tumefaciens

"Geraldine Seydoux Lab Plasmids". Addgene. (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Articles with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Seydoux

Maia M.; Sanchez J. M.; Vela G. R. (1988). "Plasmids of Azotobacter vinelandii". Journal of Bacteriology. 170 (4): 1984-1985. ... In addition to chromosomal DNA, Azotobacter can contain plasmids. Azotobacter species are ubiquitous in neutral and weakly ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azotobacter

The P4 genome can also exist on its own within the host cell and can replicate as a free plasmid. Pruss, G; Goldstein, RN; ... Briani, Federica; Dehò, Gianni; Forti, Francesca; Ghisotti, Daniela (2002). "The Plasmid Status of Satellite Bacteriophage P4 ... ". Plasmid. 45 (1): 1-17. doi:10.1006/plas.2000.1497. PMID 11319927. Claverie JM, Abergel C (2009). "Mimivirus and its ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterobacteria_phage_P4

... kiviraum/plasmid/plasmid.html , , ( plasp102.zip (239k). ) , , , Authors , , Plasmid Processor program was created during a ... Plasmid Processor is freeware, so you can use and distribute it freely. , , You can download full executable version of Plasmid ... Plasmid Processor is a simple tool for plasmid presentation for scientific and , educational purposes. It features both ... For further information please contact the authors by e-mail, plasmid at uku.fi. , Any comment on program is greatly ...

http://bio.net/hypermail/BIO-SOFTWARE/1996-October/015230.html

TetM-containing plasmids may transfer both itself and beta-lactamase plasmids to Neisseria and related species (7). This ... Plasmid-Mediated Antimicrobial Resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae -- United States, 1988 and 1989 Because the prevalence of ... An MIC of greater than or equal to 16.0 ug tetracycline/mL identified presumptively an isolate as having plasmid-mediated, high ... Plasmid-mediated resistance to ceftriaxone or spectinomycin has not been observed in N. gonorrhoeae. ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001614.htm

NEB offers a vast selection DNA plasmids for use in cloning, protein expression, gene expression, and cellular analysis. ... Home Reagents and Molecular Biology Products DNA Plasmid & Substrates Products DNA Plasmids & Substrates. NEB offers a ... DNA Plasmids & Substrates. Close Lambda DNA Close Lambda DNA (dam-) Close M13mp18 RF I DNA Close M13mp18 Single-stranded DNA ... selection of common and specialized DNA plasmids for use in cloning experiments and applications such as protein expression, ...

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Redasoft Plasmid allows you to draw plasmids, vector maps and constructs quickly and easily. Circular and linear maps can be ... Need to draw plasmids? vectors? constructs?. Danny Reda reda at globalserve.net Fri Mar 26 16:27:37 EST 1999 *Previous message ... Plasmid has many useful and time-saving features. Learn more about it at http://www.redasoft.com. *Previous message: ...

http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/methods/1999-March/074532.html

Pluripotency via plasmids. Researchers are one step closer to reprogramming stem cells that are safe for use in the clinic with ... but his approach involved laborious and repeated insertions with plasmid vectors, and it was only shown to work in mouse cells ... stemcells.wisc.edu/faculty/thomson.html of the University of Wisconsin-Madison has extended the plasmid technique to reprogram ...

https://www.the-scientist.com/the-nutshell/pluripotency-via-plasmids-44269

... and gigaprep sizes for small to large scale purification of plasmid DNA for molecular cloning, transformation, and recombinant ... Plasmid DNA purification kits offered in miniprep, midiprep, maxiprep, ... GenElute™ HP plasmid prep kits. GenElute™ HP plasmid purification kits yield high quality plasmid DNA in less than 30 minutes ... GenElute™ plasmid miniprep kits offer simple, rapid, and cost-effective methods for isolating plasmid DNA from E. coli cultures ...

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ORF of cylicin, basic protein of sperm head cytoskeleton 2 (CYLC2) in pENTER vector with CMV promoter and C-terminal FLAG and His tags.

https://www.amsbio.com/orf-plasmid-penter-cmv-cylc2-ch802967

Explore the breadth of our plasmid prep offerings to discover the right solution for your needs. ... We offer a range of kits to extract plasmid DNA at several scales and by multiple processing methods, including completely ... Plasmid Purification Compare Plasmid Purification Kits. We offer a range of kits to extract plasmid DNA at several scales and ... PureYield™ Plasmid Miniprep System. 600ul to 3ml. 10 minutes. Fully automated purification of transfection-grade plasmid, with ...

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Human ORAI1 cDNA Clone BC013386 pENTR223.1 or pUC Plasmid from Cusabio. Cat Number: CSB-CL846601HU2. USA, UK & Europe ... Cusabio Customized Plasmid Human ORAI1 cDNA Clone BC013386 pENTR223.1 or pUC Plasmid. (No reviews yet) Write a Review Write a ... 10 μg plasmid + 200μl Glycerol. Gene:. ORAI1. Gene ID:. 84876. Accession #:. BC013386. Plasmid:. Vector will be determined ... Cusabio Customized Plasmid. Human ORAI1 cDNA Clone BC013386 pENTR223.1 or pUC Plasmid. ...

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For purification of up to 10 mg transfection-grade plasmid or cosmid DNA ... Plasmid Mini Kit. Plasmid Midi Kit. Plasmid Maxi Kit. Plasmid Mega Kit. Plasmid Giga Kit. ... Plasmid DNA. QIAGEN Plasmid Kits. QIAGEN Plasmid Kits. For purification of up to 10 mg transfection-grade plasmid or cosmid DNA ... Average endotoxin level in plasmid DNA purified with QIAGEN Plasmid kits, QIAfilter Plasmid kits and HiSpeed Plasmid ...

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Plasmids containing this gene, or a homologous gene.. ID. Plasmid. Gene/Insert. PI. ... Addgene is a nonprofit plasmid repository.. We store and distribute high-quality plasmids from your colleagues.. ... You may not be able to create an account or request plasmids through this website until you upgrade your browser. Learn more ... How can I be notified when a plasmid from a specific lab or paper is available? ...

https://www.addgene.org/browse/gene/239606/

Beckman Coulter Life Sciences offers EMnetik Plasmid Purification Kit, a revolutionary bead-based DNA cleanup kit using the ... Benefits of the EMnetik Plasmid Prep System:. *Plasmid recovery of 4-7 µg shown for a high copy plasmid ... EMnetik Plasmid Purification Kit, C68445. Product No:C68445. DNA Cleanup for Genetic Engineering. The EMnetik Plasmid ... a user can complete a plasmid prep without having to handle columns. ...

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Other sequences of Citrobacter freundii ...

http://tools.neb.com/genomes/view.php?view_id=59641&list=1

Therefore, Platon analyzes the natural distribution biases of certain protein coding genes between chromosomes and plasmids. ... Platon detects plasmid contigs within bacterial draft genomes from WGS short-read assemblies. ... Platon - identification and characterization of bacterial plasmid contigs. Platon detects plasmid contigs within bacterial ... Platon - identification and characterization of bacterial plasmid contigs Platon detects plasmid contigs within bacterial draft ...

https://www.uni-giessen.de/de/fbz/fb08/Inst/bioinformatik/software/platon/platon

... which is constituted by pairs of plasmids, generically indicated as pSiMPl,sup,x,/sup,_N and pSiMPl,sup,x,/sup,_C, which can be ... We recently developed the SiMPl plasmid toolbox, which is constituted by pairs of plasmids, generically indicated as pSiMPlx_N ... whereby each enzyme fragment is expressed from one of the plasmids in the pair. pSiMPl plasmids are currently available for use ... Expanding the SiMPl Plasmid Toolbox for Use with Spectinomycin/Streptomycin ACS Omega. 2021 May 21;6(22):14148-14153. doi: ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34124437/

Eukaryotic Plasmids (1 Lecture) The yeast plasmid: a highly persistent selfish DNA element The yeast plasmid: a highly ... Introduction and General Properties of Plasmids (2 Lectures) Introduction to plasmid biology Introduction to plasmid biology ... Evolution of plasmids and their role in bacterial diversity… Evolution of plasmids and their role in bacterial diversity and ... Plasmids, integrons and the spread of antibiotic resistance Plasmids, integrons and the spread of antibiotic resistance ...

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Analytical PCR experiments ideally use inside probes for monitoring the amplification response and particular detection of the amplicon. Such inside probes must be designed in shut context with the amplification primers, and will require further issues for the detection of genetic variations. Right here we describe Edesign, a brand new on-line and stand-alone software for […]. Continue Reading ...

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Add 0.1 volume of 3 M sodium acetate and 3 volume of ethanol into the plasmid solution. Spin at 14,000 rpm for 5 min at 4 C. ... 1. Shake E. coli harboring plasmid for 16-24 hr at 37 C in 3.3 ml of TB containing appropriate antibiotics. (when using ... Extract the plasmid solution with chloroform to remove PEG. Take aquaous phase. Extract the aquaous phase with phenol. Take ... This improves the yield of plasmids.). 2. Collect the bacterial cells in a microfugte tube by spinning for 1 min at 10,000 rpm ...

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Shehabi, A.A., Mahafzah, A.M. & Al Khalili, K.Z. (‎2004)‎. Antimicrobial resistance and plasmid profiles of urinary Escherichia ... Antimicrobial resistance and plasmid profiles of urinary Escherichia coli isolates from Jordanian patients. ... We investigated antimicrobial resistance patterns and plasmid profiles of uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates from ... transferable R-plasmid of 28 kb was found in most E. coli isolates [‎67%]‎ that were resistant to at least ampicillin, ...

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R391: a conjugative integrating mosaic comprised of phage, plasmid, and transposon elements. ...

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Our platform approach to GMP Plasmid DNA production minimizes the time needed from project set-up up to Drug Substance or Drug ... Plasmid QC Test Package Example. The QC tests for plasmids include e.g. the following:. Plasmid QA Documentation Package ... Production of AAV plasmids. Three separate E. coli processes are needed to produce the necessary AAV plasmids for transfection ... Then the AAV plasmids are purified with chromatographic methods. Finally, the plasmids will be analyzed e.g. for their identity ...

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Plasmid Kits collection, the ZymoPURE™ Plasmid Miniprep Kit features a spin column-based method for the purification of up to ... 100 µg of ultra-pure endotoxin-free plasmid DNA in less than 15 minutes. The unique spin-column design also provides zero ... Part of the ZymoPURE™ Plasmid Kits collection, the ZymoPURE™ Plasmid Miniprep Kit features a spin column-based method for the ... Q7: Is there a protocol for low-copy number plasmid DNA? Yes, the low-copy protocol can be found in the Appendix of the kit ...

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Zhong Z, Caspi R, Mincer T, Helinski D, Knauf V, Boardman K, Wilkinson JE, Shea T, DeLoughery C, Toukdarian A. A 50-kb plasmid ... A 50,709-bp cryptic plasmid isolated from a marine Micrococcus has been sequenced and found to contain a number of putative ... A 50-kb plasmid rich in mobile gene sequences isolated from a marine micrococcus. ... The coding regions for 11 putative transposases comprise approximately 17% of the total plasmid sequence. The majority of these ...

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NEB offers a selection of common and specialized DNA plasmids for use in cloning experiments and applications such as protein expression, gene expression, and cellular analysis. (neb.com)
Receive email alerts when new plasmids with this gene become available. (addgene.org)
Plasmids containing this gene, or a homologous gene. (addgene.org)
In addition, plasmids have been very much involved as important tools in basic research in molecular biology (cloning, sequencing and genetic manipulation) as well as the biotechnology associated with genetic engineering and gene therapy. (hstalks.com)
Plasmids can be searched by gene name, symbol or ID on our gRNA Database. (genscript.com)
One of our main focus areas is viral vector manufacturing for those gene therapies, where plasmid DNA constructs serve as key raw material. (biovian.com)
Our GMP plasmid DNA may also be used to develop novel DNA or mRNA vaccines and non-viral gene therapy applications. (biovian.com)
A 50-kb plasmid rich in mobile gene sequences isolated from a marine micrococcus. (sri.com)
marine sediment bacterium Micrococcus plasmid DNA sequence analysis transposase gene cluster. (sri.com)
Cytovance Biologics , a biopharmaceutical contract development and manufacturing organization (CDMO) of mammalian, microbial biologics and gene therapy plasmid DNA (pDNA), has announced a licensing opportunity for pDNA manufacturing. (contractpharma.com)
The companies have signed an agreement for the production of two plasmids needed for the manufacture of CG01, a gene therapy for the treatment of drug-resistant focal epilepsy. (pharmtech.com)
Cobra Biologics, a contract development and manufacturing organization (CDMO), announced on Sept. 10, 2020 that it has signed an agreement with CombiGene, a gene therapy company located in Sweden, for the good manufacturing practice (GMP) production of two plasmids needed for the manufacture of CG01, a gene therapy for the treatment of drug-resistant focal epilepsy. (pharmtech.com)
The replication of plasmid and phage DNA's could be controlled independently by a mutation in the host bacterium and mutations in T₇ gene 5 (DNA polymerase), respectively. (ubc.ca)
A portion of this plasmid was derived from a plasmid made by eGFP gene was synthetically produced. (addgene.org)
The sequence was a 93,629- bp plasmid encoding a single antimicrobial drug resistance gene, bla CTX-M-14. (cdc.gov)
Bacterial plasmids are key vectors of horizontal gene transfer, mediating the mobilization of genetic material from 1 bacterium to another. (cdc.gov)
Genetic environments of the qnrS2 gene in plasmid p37 from Aeromonas punctata 37 and comparison with related plasmid structures. (cdc.gov)
Hata M , Suzuki M , Matsumoto M , Takahashi M , Sato K , Ibe S , Cloning of a novel gene for quinolone resistance from a transferable plasmid in Shigella flexneri 2b. (cdc.gov)
Jacoby GA , Walsh KE , Mills DM , Walker VJ , Oh H , Robicsek A , qnrB , another plasmid-mediated gene for quinolone resistance. (cdc.gov)
High-efficiency in vivo gene transfer using intraarterial plasmid DNA injection following in vivo electroporation. (nature.com)
The carriers were complexed with episomal plasmid DNA or minicircles using secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) gene as a marker gene. (helsinki.fi)
According to the results, PBuA-PDMAEMA-polymers and DOTAP/DOPE/PS-liposomes complexed with episomal plasmid or minicircles are potential gene delivery agents for further studies in AMD. (helsinki.fi)
The mcr-1 gene exists on a plasmid, a small piece of DNA that is capable of moving from one bacterium to another, potentially spreading antibiotic resistance to other bacterial species. (cdc.gov)
In November 2015, a report from China first described plasmid-mediated colistin-resistance caused by the mcr-1 gene. (cdc.gov)
The presence of the mcr-1 gene on a plasmid means that colistin resistance can be shared with other more resistant bacteria such as CRE, raising the possibility that untreatable bacteria could develop. (cdc.gov)
20 kb) plasmids containing cloned gene clusters. (cdc.gov)
The bla NDM-1 gene was encoded on plasmids that were easily transferable. (who.int)

Editorial Note: Although national gonorrhea rates changed little from 1988 (302 per 100,000 persons) to 1989 (298 per 100,000), important increases occurred in the percentage of isolates with plasmid-mediated resistance. (cdc.gov)
We investigated antimicrobial resistance patterns and plasmid profiles of uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates from inpatients and outpatients at Jordan University Hospital in 2000 and 2001. (who.int)
The plasmid content of ESBL producing isolates and their participation in drug resistance were investigated. (scirp.org)
From this information, PCRs identifying novel features of pCT were designed and applied to isolates from several countries, showing that the plasmid has disseminated worldwide in bacteria from humans and animals. (cdc.gov)
The plasmid spread to unrelated E. coli isolates within an index cattle farm and persisted within the environment. (cdc.gov)
In this study, we report the full sequence and analysis of pCT and demonstrate the spread of pCT-like plasmids in animal and human E. coli isolates from the United Kingdom, Europe, Australia, and Asia. (cdc.gov)
Cattoir V , Poirel L , Rotimi V , Soussy CJ , Nordmann P . Multiplex PCR for detection of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance qnr genes in ESBL-producing enterobacterial isolates. (cdc.gov)
We studied the characteristics of virulence plasmid using serological, biochemical and bioassay tests in Y. enterocolitica isolates of chicken using plasmid curing. (who.int)
Total Plasmid Chromosomal CLINIC Isolates Resistance No. % Resistance No. (cdc.gov)
The outbreak isolates were characterized by antimicrobial drug resistance and plasmid and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles. (cdc.gov)
Plasmid analyses were performed on beta-lactamase-producing isolates. (bvsalud.org)

Part of the ZymoPURE™ Plasmid Kits collection, the ZymoPURE™ Plasmid Miniprep Kit features a spin column-based method for the purification of up to 100 µg of ultra-pure endotoxin-free plasmid DNA in less than 15 minutes. (zymoresearch.com)
The ZymoPURE - Express Plasmid Midiprep Kit utilizes a patented alkaline lysis method for purifying up to 1.2 mg of high-quality endotoxin-free plasmid DNA directly from the culture without pelleting and resuspension steps. (thomassci.com)

We recently developed the SiMPl plasmid toolbox, which is constituted by pairs of plasmids, generically indicated as pSiMPl x _N and pSiMPl x _C, which can be stably maintained in Escherichia coli with a single antibiotic x. (nih.gov)
Escherichia coli plasmid pB15 contains genes for resistance to several antibiotics, including tetracycline. (datadryad.org)
Two of the seven plasmid-bearing strains were resistant to chloramphenicol (Cm) and tetracycline (Tc) and they transferred Cm and Tc resistance traits to Escherichia coli K12 at frequencies from 1.6 X 10 7 to 1.9 x 10 6 . (monash.edu)
This paper studies the potential usefulness of nonlinear regression methods for predicting, from in situ near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) spectra acquired in high-throughput mode, biomass and plasmid concentrations in Escherichia coli DH5-α cultures producing the plasmid model pVAX-LacZ. (it.pt)
Interaction of the plasmid-encoded quinolone resistance protein Qnr with Escherichia coli DNA gyrase. (cdc.gov)

Our plasmid kits provide reliable isolation of high quality plasmid DNA. (sigmaaldrich.com)
GenElute™ HP plasmid purification kits yield high quality plasmid DNA in less than 30 minutes for Mini, Midi, and Maxiprep kits, or 1.5 hours for Mega and Gigaprep kits. (sigmaaldrich.com)
GenElute™ five-minute miniprep kits feature a streamlined protocol yielding up to 5 mg high-quality plasmid DNA in about five minutes. (sigmaaldrich.com)
ZymoPURE II Plasmid Isolation kits provide the fastest and simplest method available to efficiently isolate transfection quality plasmid DNA from E. coli. (thomassci.com)
We have a well-established plasmid production platform and in-house expertise in quality control that will ensure the delivery of GMP quality plasmid. (pharmtech.com)

Conjugal transfer of plasmid-borne multiple antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus faecalis var. (wikidata.org)

This situation causes plasmids and bacteria to sometimes experience differing selection pressures. (datadryad.org)
Complete DNA sequences can be used as a platform to develop rapid epidemiologic tools to identify and trace the spread of plasmids in clinically relevant pathogens, thus facilitating a better understanding of their distribution and ability to transfer between bacteria of humans and animals. (cdc.gov)
The ability and frequency with which antimicrobial resistance genes disseminate between bacteria in humans, the environment, and animals is still debated, and the role of plasmids in this movement between ecosystems, including the food chain, is also still contested, despite mounting evidence that it occurs ( 8,9 ). (cdc.gov)
Bacteria occasionally carry DNA in smaller rings known as plasmids. (si.edu)

Last year, Kyoto University's linkurl:Shinya Yamanaka;http://www.med.kyoto-u.ac.jp/E/grad_school/introduction/1517/ devised the linkurl:first virus-free route;http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/322/5903/949 to obtaining iPS cells, but his approach involved laborious and repeated insertions with plasmid vectors, and it was only shown to work in mouse cells. (the-scientist.com)

By characterizing commensal E. coli from Shigella-infected and healthy children, we identified an extensive array of AMR genes and plasmids, including an identical MDR plasmid isolated from both S. sonnei and E. coli in the gut of a single child. (cam.ac.uk)
In addition to pathogens, the gut microbiome can house a wide variety of AR genes and plasmids. (cdc.gov)

Here, we consider that the plasmid-borne origin-of-transfer substrates encode specific DNA structural properties that can facilitate finding these regions in large datasets, and develop a DNA structure-based alignment procedure for typing the transfer substrates that outperforms mere sequence-based approaches. (biorxiv.org)
In this study, approximately 2% of C. perfringens strains, representing the principal biotypes, were found to harbor the urease structural genes, ureABC, and these were localized on large plasmids that often encode, in addition, the lethal epsilon or iota toxins or the enterotoxin. (pasteur.fr)
I have a plasmid i want to make and inster in yeast but there are genes to encode for multiple protiens. (sciencemadness.org)

Hereby, Platon tries to circularize the contig sequences, searches for rRNA, replication, mobilization and conjugation genes, oriT sequences, incompatibility group DNA probes and finally performs a BLAST+ search against the NCBI plasmid database. (uni-giessen.de)
Antimicrobial resistance poses a great danger to humanity, in part due to the widespread horizontal transfer of plasmids via conjugation. (biorxiv.org)
Preliminary sequence analyses suggested that divergence in plasmid conjugation was due to altered configurations of a shufflon region (a site-specific recombination system), where genetic rearrangements affect conjugative ability. (datadryad.org)
Often a single plasmid is transmitted from one bacterium to another in a sex-like interaction called conjugation. (si.edu)

IMSEAR at SEARO: Drug resistant plasmids of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. (who.int)
Pai SR, Joshi L. Drug resistant plasmids of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. (who.int)

As an added convenience, the ZymoPURE™ Plasmid Miniprep Kit contains colored buffers that permit error-free visualization and identification of complete bacterial cell lysis and neutralization. (zymoresearch.com)
The Zyppy Plasmid Miniprep Kit features a pellet-free modified alkaline lysis method that bypasses bacterial culture centrifugation and resuspension steps common to classical plasmid preparation procedures. (thomassci.com)

Up to 10 mg (giga), 2.5 mg (mega), 500 µg (maxi), 100 µg (midi), and 20 µg (mini) high-copy plasmid DNA is purified from culture (culture volumes depend on plasmid copy number, size of insert, host strain, and culture medium). (qiagen.com)

Q9: Can the ZymoPURE kits be used to isolate large plasmid constructs (BAC/PAC)? (zymoresearch.com)
Seven (6.1%) of 115 strains of Salmonella typhi isolated from Malaysian patients harbored a single large plasmid of 71 to 166 mD. (monash.edu)

CMV-luciferase was used as a reporter plasmid. (cdc.gov)
In an attempt to understand the molecular basis of carcinogenesis induced by these particles, we investigated the potential activation of activator protein-1 (AP-1) by crocidolite and freshly fractured or aged crystalline silica in a JB6 P + cell line stably transfected with AP-1-luciferase reporter plasmid (in vitro) and in AP-1-luciferase reporter transgenic mice (in vivo). (cdc.gov)

therefore, dissemination has been attributed to conjugative plasmids rather than to clonal expansion of a bacterial host strain ( 13 ). (cdc.gov)

Effects of ingested (i) pediocin PA-1 producing Lactobacillus plantarum DDEN 11007, (ii) the plasmid cured pediocin negative L. plantarum DDEN 12305, or (iii) supernatants of either of these two strains on the composition of the intestinal microbiota of Human Microbiota Associated (HMA) rats were examined by selective cultivation and molecular methods. (dtu.dk)

Objective: To isolate ESBLs producing uropathogens and the plasmid underlying their resistance to antibiotics. (scirp.org)
described an ESBL-producing isolate from calves with diarrhea that carried bla CTX-M-14 on an IncK plasmid, denoted pCT ( 15 , 16 ). (cdc.gov)
plasmids pGNB2 and pMG308 are from a wastewater treatment plant from Germany (unknown bacterial reservoir) ( 24 ) and from a non-Typhi Salmonella clinical isolate from the United States ( 25 ), respectively. (cdc.gov)

Exact values for these thresholds have been computed based on Monte Carlo simulations of artifical replicon fragments created from complete RefSeq chromosome and plasmid sequences. (uni-giessen.de)
GenScript maintains a collection of more than 20,000 lentiCRISPRv2 plasmids containing guide RNA (gRNA) sequences pre-validated by the Broad Institute. (genscript.com)

Roche Genopure™ midi and maxi prep kits use anion exchange chromatography for plasmid purification. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The lysate can be filtered rather than centrifuged prior to anion exchange, resulting in shorter plasmid prep times and complete removal of SDS from the purified product. (sigmaaldrich.com)
QIAGEN Plasmid Kits provide gravity-flow, anion-exchange tips for purification of transfection-grade plasmid DNA. (qiagen.com)
The QIAGEN Plasmid Kits uses gravity-flow QIAGEN anion-exchange tips for efficient purification of plasmid DNA. (qiagen.com)

Cattoir V , Poirel L , Mazel D , Soussy CJ , Nordmann P . Vibrio splendidus as the source of plasmid-mediated QnrS-like quinolone resistance determinants. (cdc.gov)
The widespread presence of a family of fish virulence plasmids in Vibrio vulnificus stresses its relevance as a zoonotic pathogen linked to fish farms. (bvsalud.org)

Martinez-Martinez L , Pascual A , Jacoby GA . Quinolone resistance from a transferable plasmid. (cdc.gov)

Plasmid purification kits are available based on size of the bacterial culture and corresponding plasmid yield (miniprep, midiprep, maxiprep, megaprep, and gigaprep). (sigmaaldrich.com)

The P2 plasmid from the Zika virus was converted into cDNA and injected into mouse models. (unl.edu)

ZymoPURE™ technology uses a modified alkaline lysis method and features novel binding chemistry that yields highly concentrated plasmid DNA (up to 3 µg/µl). (zymoresearch.com)

Hi, does anyone know the maximum capacity for a plasmid that yeast could recive. (sciencemadness.org)
10 kbp plasmids are fine for yeast (just make sure you have all the proper elements, like a yeast origin of replication and a selectable marker). (sciencemadness.org)
In fact, yeast can have plasmids much larger than this. (sciencemadness.org)
A plasmid that is maintained needs to have a yeast (and probably a bacterial) origin of replication. (sciencemadness.org)

Further, we associate these clades, most of them previously but incompletely described, with the acquisition of a family of fish virulence plasmids containing genes essential for resistance to the immune system of certain teleosts of interest in aquaculture . (bvsalud.org)
Pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica harbour plasmid that is essential for virulence. (who.int)

Unexpected Occurrence of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Determinants in Environmental Aeromonas spp. (cdc.gov)
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and sequencing was used to determine the presence of β-lactamase encoding genes (bla) including bla NDM-1 and plasmid-mediated quinolone and aminoglycoside resistance determinants. (who.int)

Redasoft Plasmid allows you to draw plasmids, vector maps and constructs quickly and easily. (bio.net)

CsCI isolation is a widely used method for isolating highly pure circular plasmid DNA in relatively high yield from bacterial cells. (abnova.com)
Alkaline lysis is one of the most generally useful methods for isolating circular plasmid DNA from bacterial cells. (abnova.com)

Plasmid purification is commonly used for molecular cloning, transformation, and recombinant protein expression. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Recombinant plasmid pAS37 has been obtained from our study. (cdc.gov)

These scores express the empirically measured frequency biases of protein sequence distributions between plasmids and chromosomes pre-computed on complete NCBI RefSeq replicons. (uni-giessen.de)
These plasmids contain a 17bp-1.8kb expressible linker in lieu of a customized sgRNA sequence, which can be modified by your laboratory. (genscript.com)
The coding regions for 11 putative transposases comprise approximately 17% of the total plasmid sequence. (sri.com)
Also, in plasmids I have seen premade, they seem to have random dna inbetween each sequence. (sciencemadness.org)
Plasmid sequence and annotations. (addgene.org)
Use text editor or plasmid mapping software to view sequence. (addgene.org)

In 2004, an ESBL- carrying IncK plasmid (pCT) was isolated from cattle in the United Kingdom. (cdc.gov)

Our offerings include the latest CRISPR plasmids and databases developed by the CRISPR pioneering Feng Zhang laboratory. (genscript.com)
Broad Institute-validated plasmids are a well-tested platform for expressing CRISPR/Cas9, and avoid instability issues in RNA-based platforms. (genscript.com)
A variety of plasmids and pooled guide RNA libraries for CRISPR-mediated genome manipulation generated by IGI member labs and others can be acquired through Addgene . (innovativegenomics.org)

Martinez-Martinez L , Pascual A , Garcia I , Tran J , Jacoby GA . Interaction of plasmid and host quinolone resistance. (cdc.gov)
The worldwide emergence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance. (cdc.gov)
Poirel L , Rodriguez-Martinez JM , Mammeri H , Liard A , Nordmann P . Origin of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinant QnrA. (cdc.gov)

Therefore, Platon analyzes the natural distribution biases of certain protein coding genes between chromosomes and plasmids. (uni-giessen.de)
Instead, their DNA can be found in the cytoplasm in a region called the nucleoid or in circular chromosomes called plasmids. (visiblebody.com)

A 50,709-bp cryptic plasmid isolated from a marine Micrococcus has been sequenced and found to contain a number of putative mobile genetic elements. (sri.com)
Marker rescue between a plasmid carrying T₇⁺ DNA and a mutant bacteriophage was used to study the role of replication in genetic recombination. (ubc.ca)

Results indicated that when only one molecule, i.e. plasmid or phage, could replicate, recombination was decreased slightly. (ubc.ca)
Density transfer experiments examined recombination between 3 a heavy labeled phage and a H-labeled plasmid molecule. (ubc.ca)
A model for early events during plasmid-phage recombination is presented. (ubc.ca)

Megaprep plasmid DNA extraction kit is used when the starting E. coli culture volume is 500 ml~2.5 L of LB broth and the expected DNA yield is 1.5~2.5 mg. (abnova.com)

This represents the first report of a plasmid-encoded urease in a gram-positive bacterium. (pasteur.fr)

We identify thousands of yet undiscovered DNA transfer substrates, showing that actual plasmid mobility can in fact be 2-fold higher and span almost 2-fold more host species than is currently known. (biorxiv.org)

Plasmid DNA purified with QIAGEN Plasmid Kits is highly suitable for use in applications such as transfection (see figure " Transfection efficiency versus plasmid purification method. Different pRSVcat DNA preparations using the methods indicated were introduced into the indicated cell lines by liposome-mediated transfection, and the efficiencies determined by measuring CAT expression levels after 40 h. Each bar represents the mean of 4 independent transfections (2 transfections with each of 2 independent plasmid preparations). The highest transfection efficiency was achieved with QIAGEN Plasmid Kits. "> Transfection efficiency versus plasmid purification method "), cloning, and in vitro transcription. (qiagen.com)
GFP and pRL-TK plasmids had been utilized to monitor transfection efficiency. (woofahs.com)

The ZR Plasmid Miniprep-Classic is designed for efficient isolation of plasmid DNA from E. coli using a traditional 3-buffer (P1, P2, P3) procedure that is simple, rapid, user-friendly, and reliable. (thomassci.com)

This improves the yield of plasmids. (kyoto-u.ac.jp)
For high copy plasmids using more culture can cause overloading and subsequent clogging of columns, which can result in poor DNA yield and/or quality. (zymoresearch.com)
Our platform is uniquely designed to process plasmids with low shear lysis and purification steps to produce high-quality, high-yield pDNA. (contractpharma.com)
Midiprep plasmid DNA extraction kit is used when the starting E. coli culture volume is 15-25 ml of LB broth and the expected DNA yield is 100-350 μg. (abnova.com)

When plasmid-bearing cells were experimentally evolved in the laboratory, changes in resistance level in the unselected tetracycline marker coincided with changes in plasmid rates of vertical versus horizontal transmission. (datadryad.org)
Furthermore, we proposed that correlated resistance and transmission in pB15 derivatives were caused by a tetracycline-resistance transposon inserted into a transfer operon, allowing transcription from its promoter to simultaneously affect both plasmid resistance and transmission. (datadryad.org)

Addgene is a nonprofit plasmid repository. (addgene.org)
Please acknowledge the Principal Investigator, cite the article in which the plasmids were described, and include Addgene in the Materials and Methods of your future publications. (addgene.org)

Other extraction and purification plasmid DNA Kits are available from varying manufacturers, named by size of bacterial culture, includes gigaprep, midiprep, and miniprep. (abnova.com)

In addition, the wash regimen has been optimized to ensure the plasmid DNA is free of endotoxins, salt, protein, and RNA. (zymoresearch.com)

We identified several independent acquisitions of XDR /MDR-inducing plasmids, likely facilitated by horizontal transfer from commensals in the human gut. (cam.ac.uk)

Because of their relatively small size, plasmids have also served as easily studied models for DNA replication and maintenance while at the same time illustrating great mechanistic diversity. (hstalks.com)
Integration plasmids don't need a end host origin of replication, as they have either one or two regions that facilitate cross-over. (sciencemadness.org)

I am new to plasmid design and I wanted to know if i needed to put in start and stops for each protein if i want them to come out separately as different protiens. (sciencemadness.org)
Our previous study showed that the chlamydial plasmid-encoded protein pGP3 forms a stable complex with LL-37 to neutralize its pro-inflammatory activity. (medscimonit.com)

QIAGEN Plasmid Kits are intended for molecular biology applications. (qiagen.com)
The aim of these presentations is to describe some of the key properties of plasmids that have made them such important elements in our understanding and exploitation of many aspects of molecular genetics and evolution. (hstalks.com)
Engineering of DNA vaccines using molecular adjuvant plasmids. (elsevier.com)
Dive into the research topics of 'Engineering of DNA vaccines using molecular adjuvant plasmids. (elsevier.com)

Anatomy2

Organisms25

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs41

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment19

Phenomena and Processes69

Information Science4

Stabilization of poly-L-lysine/DNA polyplexes for in vivo gene delivery to the liver. (1/43669)

Cloning and characterisation of a novel ompB operon from Vibrio cholerae 569B. (2/43669)

Co-expression of glutathione S-transferase with methionine aminopeptidase: a system of producing enriched N-terminal processed proteins in Escherichia coli. (3/43669)

Expression of the plague plasminogen activator in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Escherichia coli. (4/43669)

The virulence plasmid-encoded impCAB operon enhances survival and induced mutagenesis in Shigella flexneri after exposure to UV radiation. (5/43669)

Molecular and evolutionary analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi 297 circular plasmid-encoded lipoproteins with OspE- and OspF-like leader peptides. (6/43669)

Reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction for detecting p40 RNA of Borna disease virus, without risk of plasmid contamination. (7/43669)

Diversity of rhizobia associated with Amorpha fruticosa isolated from Chinese soils and description of Mesorhizobium amorphae sp. nov. (8/43669)

Plasmids

Conjugation, Genetic

R Factors

Bacteriocin Plasmids

DNA, Bacterial

Escherichia coli

Base Sequence

Genes, Bacterial

Extrachromosomal Inheritance

Molecular Sequence Data

DNA Restriction Enzymes

Transformation, Bacterial

Cloning, Molecular

DNA Transposable Elements

Replicon

DNA, Recombinant

F Factor

Chromosomes, Bacterial

Drug Resistance, Microbial

DNA Replication

Transformation, Genetic

Bacterial Proteins

Restriction Mapping

Nucleic Acid Hybridization

Genetic Vectors

Sequence Analysis, DNA

Plant Tumor-Inducing Plasmids

Recombination, Genetic

DNA, Circular

Gene Transfer, Horizontal

Replication Origin

Electrophoresis, Agar Gel

Mutation

Tetracycline

Genes

beta-Lactamases

Transfection

Operon

Amino Acid Sequence

Anti-Bacterial Agents

Promoter Regions, Genetic

Transcription, Genetic

DNA, Superhelical

Blotting, Southern

Genetic Complementation Test

Rhizobium

Escherichia coli Proteins

Enterobacteriaceae

Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid

Colicins

Tetracycline Resistance

Plant Tumors

Virulence

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Vaccines, DNA

Chromosome Mapping

Electroporation

Salmonella

Pseudomonas

Streptomycin

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Open Reading Frames

Kanamycin

DNA

Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid

Cell Line

Species Specificity

Penicillinase

Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial

DNA, Viral

Drug Resistance, Bacterial

Genome, Bacterial

Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial

Chloramphenicol

Lactose Factors

Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field

Salmonella typhimurium

Nucleic Acid Conformation

Genes, Regulator

Transduction, Genetic