Plants, Medicinal: Plants whose roots, leaves, seeds, bark, or other constituent parts possess therapeutic, tonic, purgative, curative or other pharmacologic attributes, when administered to man or animals.Plants, Genetically Modified: PLANTS, or their progeny, whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING.Plant Leaves: Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)Plant Extracts: Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.Plant Proteins: Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.Plant Roots: The usually underground portions of a plant that serve as support, store food, and through which water and mineral nutrients enter the plant. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982; Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)Genes, Plant: The functional hereditary units of PLANTS.Medicine, Traditional: Systems of medicine based on cultural beliefs and practices handed down from generation to generation. The concept includes mystical and magical rituals (SPIRITUAL THERAPIES); PHYTOTHERAPY; and other treatments which may not be explained by modern medicine.Ethnobotany: The study of plant lore and agricultural customs of a people. In the fields of ETHNOMEDICINE and ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY, the emphasis is on traditional medicine and the existence and medicinal uses of PLANTS and PLANT EXTRACTS and their constituents, both historically and in modern times.Plant Shoots: New immature growth of a plant including stem, leaves, tips of branches, and SEEDLINGS.Phytotherapy: Use of plants or herbs to treat diseases or to alleviate pain.DNA, Plant: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of plants.Plant Development: Processes orchestrated or driven by a plethora of genes, plant hormones, and inherent biological timing mechanisms facilitated by secondary molecules, which result in the systematic transformation of plants and plant parts, from one stage of maturity to another.Plant Structures: The parts of plants, including SEEDS.Plants, Toxic: Plants or plant parts which are harmful to man or other animals.Plant Stems: Parts of plants that usually grow vertically upwards towards the light and support the leaves, buds, and reproductive structures. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)Plant Cells: Basic functional unit of plants.Plant Preparations: Material prepared from plants.Medicine, African Traditional: A system of traditional medicine which is based on the beliefs and practices of the African peoples. It includes treatment by medicinal plants and other materia medica as well as by the ministrations of diviners, medicine men, witch doctors, and sorcerers.Ethnopharmacology: The study of the actions and properties of medicinal agents, often derived from PLANTS, indigenous to populations or ETHNIC GROUPS.Plants, Edible: An organism of the vegetable kingdom suitable by nature for use as a food, especially by human beings. Not all parts of any given plant are edible but all parts of edible plants have been known to figure as raw or cooked food: leaves, roots, tubers, stems, seeds, buds, fruits, and flowers. The most commonly edible parts of plants are FRUIT, usually sweet, fleshy, and succulent. Most edible plants are commonly cultivated for their nutritional value and are referred to as VEGETABLES.Genome, Plant: The genetic complement of a plant (PLANTS) as represented in its DNA.Arabidopsis: A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.Angiosperms: Members of the group of vascular plants which bear flowers. They are differentiated from GYMNOSPERMS by their production of seeds within a closed chamber (OVARY, PLANT). The Angiosperms division is composed of two classes, the monocotyledons (Liliopsida) and dicotyledons (Magnoliopsida). Angiosperms represent approximately 80% of all known living plants.Plant Growth Regulators: Any of the hormones produced naturally in plants and active in controlling growth and other functions. There are three primary classes: auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins.Medicine, Ayurvedic: The traditional Hindu system of medicine which is based on customs, beliefs, and practices of the Hindu culture. Ayurveda means "the science of Life": veda - science, ayur - life.Hirudo medicinalis: A species of European freshwater LEECHES used for BLOODLETTING in ancient times and also for LEECHING in modern times.Arabidopsis Proteins: Proteins that originate from plants species belonging to the genus ARABIDOPSIS. The most intensely studied species of Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis thaliana, is commonly used in laboratory experiments.Drugs, Chinese Herbal: Chinese herbal or plant extracts which are used as drugs to treat diseases or promote general well-being. The concept does not include synthesized compounds manufactured in China.Plant Immunity: The inherent or induced capacity of plants to withstand or ward off biological attack by pathogens.Tobacco: A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE. Members contain NICOTINE and other biologically active chemicals; its dried leaves are used for SMOKING.Plant Components, Aerial: The above-ground plant without the roots.Herbal Medicine: The study of medicines derived from botanical sources.Plant Bark: The outer layer of the woody parts of plants.Plant Epidermis: A thin layer of cells forming the outer integument of seed plants and ferns. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)Leeches: Annelids of the class Hirudinea. Some species, the bloodsuckers, may become temporarily parasitic upon animals, including man. Medicinal leeches (HIRUDO MEDICINALIS) have been used therapeutically for drawing blood since ancient times.Asteraceae: A large plant family of the order Asterales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida. The family is also known as Compositae. Flower petals are joined near the base and stamens alternate with the corolla lobes. The common name of "daisy" refers to several genera of this family including Aster; CHRYSANTHEMUM; RUDBECKIA; TANACETUM.Seeds: The encapsulated embryos of flowering plants. They are used as is or for animal feed because of the high content of concentrated nutrients like starches, proteins, and fats. Rapeseed, cottonseed, and sunflower seed are also produced for the oils (fats) they yield.Plant Stomata: Closable openings in the epidermis of plants on the underside of leaves. They allow the exchange of gases between the internal tissues of the plant and the outside atmosphere.Lamiaceae: The mint plant family. They are characteristically aromatic, and many of them are cultivated for their oils. Most have square stems, opposite leaves, and two-lipped, open-mouthed, tubular corollas (united petals), with five-lobed, bell-like calyxes (united sepals).Flowers: The reproductive organs of plants.Organotherapy: Historically, the treatment of disease by the administration of animal organs or their extracts (after Brown-Sequard). At present synthetic preparations substitute for the extracts of a gland. (From Stedman, 26th ed)Phylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.Plant Poisoning: Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.Medicine, Chinese Traditional: A system of traditional medicine which is based on the beliefs and practices of the Chinese culture.Fabaceae: The large family of plants characterized by pods. Some are edible and some cause LATHYRISM or FAVISM and other forms of poisoning. Other species yield useful materials like gums from ACACIA and various LECTINS like PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS from PHASEOLUS. Many of them harbor NITROGEN FIXATION bacteria on their roots. Many but not all species of "beans" belong to this family.Euphorbiaceae: The spurge family of flowering plants, in the order Euphorbiales, contains some 7,500 species in 275 genera. The family consists of annual and perennial herbs and woody shrubs or trees.Plant Transpiration: The loss of water vapor by plants to the atmosphere. It occurs mainly from the leaves through pores (stomata) whose primary function is gas exchange. The water is replaced by a continuous column of water moving upwards from the roots within the xylem vessels. (Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)Lycopersicon esculentum: A plant species of the family SOLANACEAE, native of South America, widely cultivated for their edible, fleshy, usually red fruit.Plant Tumors: A localized proliferation of plant tissue forming a swelling or outgrowth, commonly with a characteristic shape and unlike any organ of the normal plant. Plant tumors or galls usually form in response to the action of a pathogen or a pest. (Holliday, P., A Dictionary of Plant Pathology, 1989, p330)Chromosomes, Plant: Complex nucleoprotein structures which contain the genomic DNA and are part of the CELL NUCLEUS of PLANTS.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.OcimumMedicine, East Asian Traditional: Medical practice or discipline that is based on the knowledge, cultures, and beliefs of the people in EAST ASIA.Biomass: Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop.Acanthaceae: A plant family of the order Lamiales. It is characterized by simple leaves in opposite pairs, cystoliths (enlarged cells containing crystals of calcium carbonate), and bilaterally symmetrical and bisexual flowers that are usually crowded together. The common name for Ruellia of wild petunia is easily confused with PETUNIA.Endophytes: An endosymbiont that is either a bacterium or fungus living part of its life in a plant. Endophytes can benefit host plants by preventing pathogenic organisms from colonizing them.TriterpenesLiliaceae: A monocot family within the order Liliales. This family is divided by some botanists into other families such as Convallariaceae, Hyacinthaceae and Amaryllidaceae. Amaryllidaceae, which have inferior ovaries, includes CRINUM; GALANTHUS; LYCORIS; and NARCISSUS and are known for AMARYLLIDACEAE ALKALOIDS.Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.Zea mays: A plant species of the family POACEAE. It is a tall grass grown for its EDIBLE GRAIN, corn, used as food and animal FODDER.Seedling: Very young plant after GERMINATION of SEEDS.Herbivory: The act of feeding on plants by animals.Power Plants: Units that convert some other form of energy into electrical energy.Ecosystem: A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Materia Medica: Materials or substances used in the composition of traditional medical remedies. The use of this term in MeSH was formerly restricted to historical articles or those concerned with traditional medicine, but it can also refer to homeopathic remedies. Nosodes are specific types of homeopathic remedies prepared from causal agents or disease products.Symbiosis: The relationship between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other or a relationship between different species where both of the organisms in question benefit from the presence of the other.Rubiaceae: The Madder plant family of the order Rubiales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida includes important medicinal plants that provide QUININE; IPECAC; and COFFEE. They have opposite leaves and interpetiolar stipules.Phyllanthus: A plant genus of the family EUPHORBIACEAE. Bahupatra (MEDICINE, AYURVEDIC) is prepared from this.Plant Nectar: Sugar-rich liquid produced in plant glands called nectaries. It is either produced in flowers or other plant structures, providing a source of attraction for pollinating insects and animals, as well as being a nutrient source to animal mutualists which provide protection of plants against herbivores.Apiaceae: A large plant family in the order Apiales, also known as Umbelliferae. Most are aromatic herbs with alternate, feather-divided leaves that are sheathed at the base. The flowers often form a conspicuous flat-topped umbel. Each small individual flower is usually bisexual, with five sepals, five petals, and an enlarged disk at the base of the style. The fruits are ridged and are composed of two parts that split open at maturity.Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.Population Groups: Individuals classified according to their sex, racial origin, religion, common place of living, financial or social status, or some other cultural or behavioral attribute. (UMLS, 2003)Oxylipins: Eighteen-carbon cyclopentyl polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from ALPHA-LINOLENIC ACID via an oxidative pathway analogous to the EICOSANOIDS in animals. Biosynthesis is inhibited by SALICYLATES. A key member, jasmonic acid of PLANTS, plays a similar role to ARACHIDONIC ACID in animals.Reishi: A mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, of the POLYPORALES order of basidiomycetous fungi. It has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine in various forms.Plant Oils: Oils derived from plants or plant products.Leeching: The application of LEECHES to the body to draw blood for therapeutic purposes. Such medicinal leeching, an ancient medical practice, is still being used in microsurgery and the treatment of venous congestion or occlusion.Species Specificity: The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.Apocynaceae: The dogbane family of the order Gentianales. Members of the family have milky, often poisonous juice, smooth-margined leaves, and flowers in clusters. Asclepiadacea (formerly the milkweed family) has been included since 1999 and before 1810.Soil: The unconsolidated mineral or organic matter on the surface of the earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants.Ipomoea: A plant genus in the family CONVOLVULACEAE best known for morning glories (a common name also used with CONVOLVULUS) and sweet potato.Rhizome: Root-like underground horizontal stem of plants that produces shoots above and roots below. Distinguished from true roots which don't have buds and nodes. Similar to true roots in being underground and thickened by storage deposits.Photosynthesis: The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds. Photosynthesis comprises two separate processes: the light reactions and the dark reactions. In higher plants; GREEN ALGAE; and CYANOBACTERIA; NADPH and ATP formed by the light reactions drive the dark reactions which result in the fixation of carbon dioxide. (from Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2001)Plant Physiological Processes: Physiological functions characteristic of plants.Indoleacetic Acids: Acetic acid derivatives of the heterocyclic compound indole. (Merck Index, 11th ed)Ferns: Seedless nonflowering plants of the class Filicinae. They reproduce by spores that appear as dots on the underside of feathery fronds. In earlier classifications the Pteridophyta included the club mosses, horsetails, ferns, and various fossil groups. In more recent classifications, pteridophytes and spermatophytes (seed-bearing plants) are classified in the Subkingdom Tracheobionta (also known as Tracheophyta).Solanum tuberosum: A plant species of the genus SOLANUM, family SOLANACEAE. The starchy roots are used as food. SOLANINE is found in green parts.Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches.Chemistry, Pharmaceutical: Chemistry dealing with the composition and preparation of agents having PHARMACOLOGIC ACTIONS or diagnostic use.Dendrobium: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that contains dihydroayapin (COUMARINS) and phenanthraquinones.Plantago: A plant genus of the family Plantaginaceae. The small plants usually have a dense tuft of basal leaves and long, leafless stalks bearing a terminal spike of small flowers. The seeds, known as PSYLLIUM, swell in water and are used as laxatives. The leaves have been used medicinally.Medicine, Tibetan Traditional: A system of traditional medicine which is based on the beliefs and practices of the Tibetan culture.Euphorbia: A large plant genus of the family EUPHORBIACEAE, order Euphorbiales, subclass Rosidae. They have a milky sap and a female flower consisting of a single pistil, surrounded by numerous male flowers of one stamen each. Euphorbia hirta is rarely called milkweed but that name is normally used for ASCLEPIAS.Spices: The dried seeds, bark, root, stems, buds, leaves, or fruit of aromatic plants used to season food.Centella: A plant of the family APIACEAE which is the source of asiatic acid and asiaticoside. Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. = Hydrocotyle asiatica L. is known for effect on peripheral circulation.Phenols: Benzene derivatives that include one or more hydroxyl groups attached to the ring structure.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Plant Exudates: Substances released by PLANTS such as PLANT GUMS and PLANT RESINS.Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.Salicylic Acid: A compound obtained from the bark of the white willow and wintergreen leaves. It has bacteriostatic, fungicidal, and keratolytic actions.PicratesRoot Nodules, Plant: Knobbed structures formed from and attached to plant roots, especially of LEGUMES, which result from symbiotic infection by nitrogen fixing bacteria such as RHIZOBIUM or FRANKIA. Root nodules are structures related to MYCORRHIZAE formed by symbiotic associations with fungi.Ceremonial Behavior: A series of actions, sometimes symbolic actions which may be associated with a behavior pattern, and are often indispensable to its performance.Malvaceae: The mallow family of the order Malvales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. Members include GOSSYPIUM, okra (ABELMOSCHUS), HIBISCUS, and CACAO. The common names of hollyhock and mallow are used for several genera of Malvaceae.Plant Lectins: Protein or glycoprotein substances of plant origin that bind to sugar moieties in cell walls or membranes. Some carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (ENZYMES) from PLANTS also bind to carbohydrates, however they are not considered lectins. Many plant lectins change the physiology of the membrane of BLOOD CELLS to cause agglutination, mitosis, or other biochemical changes. They may play a role in plant defense mechanisms.Germ Cells, Plant: The reproductive cells of plants.Biological Products: Complex pharmaceutical substances, preparations, or matter derived from organisms usually obtained by biological methods or assay.Oils, Volatile: Oils which evaporate readily. The volatile oils occur in aromatic plants, to which they give odor and other characteristics. Most volatile oils consist of a mixture of two or more TERPENES or of a mixture of an eleoptene (the more volatile constituent of a volatile oil) with a stearopten (the more solid constituent). The synonym essential oils refers to the essence of a plant, as its perfume or scent, and not to its indispensability.Mycorrhizae: Symbiotic combination (dual organism) of the MYCELIUM of FUNGI with the roots of plants (PLANT ROOTS). The roots of almost all higher plants exhibit this mutually beneficial relationship, whereby the fungus supplies water and mineral salts to the plant, and the plant supplies CARBOHYDRATES to the fungus. There are two major types of mycorrhizae: ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae.Meliaceae: The mahogany plant family of the order Sapindales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida.Withania: A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE. Members contain withanolides. Withania somnifera is the source of ashwagandha and aswal.Polygonum: A plant genus of the family POLYGONACEAE that is an ingredient of Shou-Wu-Pian, a Chinese herbal preparation (DRUGS, CHINESE HERBAL). The common name of black bindweed also refers to TAMUS or Fallopia (use POLYGONACEAE).Agaricales: An extensive order of basidiomycetous fungi whose fruiting bodies are commonly called mushrooms.Flavonoids: A group of phenyl benzopyrans named for having structures like FLAVONES.Artemisia: A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE with strong-smelling foliage. It is a source of SANTONIN and other cytotoxic TERPENES.Poaceae: A large family of narrow-leaved herbaceous grasses of the order Cyperales, subclass Commelinidae, class Liliopsida (monocotyledons). Food grains (EDIBLE GRAIN) come from members of this family. RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, SEASONAL can be induced by POLLEN of many of the grasses.Sequence Alignment: The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.Rutaceae: A plant family in the order Sapindales that grows in warmer regions and has conspicuous flowers.Conservation of Natural Resources: The protection, preservation, restoration, and rational use of all resources in the total environment.Chloroplasts: Plant cell inclusion bodies that contain the photosynthetic pigment CHLOROPHYLL, which is associated with the membrane of THYLAKOIDS. Chloroplasts occur in cells of leaves and young stems of plants. They are also found in some forms of PHYTOPLANKTON such as HAPTOPHYTA; DINOFLAGELLATES; DIATOMS; and CRYPTOPHYTA.Plant Infertility: The failure of PLANTS to complete fertilization and obtain seed (SEEDS) as a result of defective POLLEN or ovules, or other aberrations. (Dict. of Plant Genet. and Mol. Biol., 1998)Pollen: The fertilizing element of plants that contains the male GAMETOPHYTES.Brassica: A plant genus of the family Cruciferae. It contains many species and cultivars used as food including cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, Brussel sprouts, kale, collard greens, MUSTARD PLANT; (B. alba, B. junica, and B. nigra), turnips (BRASSICA NAPUS) and rapeseed (BRASSICA RAPA).Biodiversity: The variety of all native living organisms and their various forms and interrelationships.Ruta: A plant genus of the family RUTACEAE. Members contain quinoline alkaloids.Germination: The initial stages of the growth of SEEDS into a SEEDLINGS. The embryonic shoot (plumule) and embryonic PLANT ROOTS (radicle) emerge and grow upwards and downwards respectively. Food reserves for germination come from endosperm tissue within the seed and/or from the seed leaves (COTYLEDON). (Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)Fruiting Bodies, Fungal: The fruiting 'heads' or 'caps' of FUNGI, which as a food item are familiarly known as MUSHROOMS, that contain the FUNGAL SPORES.Saponins: A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycone moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose.Glycosides: Any compound that contains a constituent sugar, in which the hydroxyl group attached to the first carbon is substituted by an alcoholic, phenolic, or other group. They are named specifically for the sugar contained, such as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose), etc. Upon hydrolysis, a sugar and nonsugar component (aglycone) are formed. (From Dorland, 28th ed; From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed)Croton: A plant genus of the family EUPHORBIACEAE. The common name of dragon's blood is also used for DRACAENA and Daemonorops (ARECACEAE). Croton tiglium is the source of CROTON OIL.Loranthaceae: The showy mistletoe plant family of the order Santalales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida. This includes parasitic tropical plants with haustoria connecting to the hosts. The leaves are opposite and thick. The flowers (4-7) have both calyx and corolla. The fruit is a berry with one seed.Droughts: Prolonged dry periods in natural climate cycle. They are slow-onset phenomena caused by rainfall deficit combined with other predisposing factors.Botany: The study of the origin, structure, development, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of plants.Fruit: The fleshy or dry ripened ovary of a plant, enclosing the seed or seeds.Maytenus: A plant genus of the family CELASTRACEAE.Peas: A variable annual leguminous vine (Pisum sativum) that is cultivated for its rounded smooth or wrinkled edible protein-rich seeds, the seed of the pea, and the immature pods with their included seeds. (From Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, 1973)Asparagus Plant: A plant genus in the family LILIACEAE (sometimes placed in Asparagaceae) that contains ECDYSTEROIDS and is an ingredient of Siotone. The shoots are used as a vegetable and the roots are used in FOLK MEDICINE.Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.Achillea: A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE that has long been used in folk medicine for treating wounds.Senna Plant: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. SENNA EXTRACT is obtained from members of this genus. Members contain ANTHRAQUINONES and have been an ingredient in laxatives (CATHARTICS). Many species of the CASSIA genus have been reclassified into this genus. This bush should not be confused with the Cassia tree (CINNAMOMUM).Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.Azadirachta: A plant genus of the family MELIACEAE. Members contain azadirachtin A (a limonoid commonly referred to as azadirachtin) and other TRITERPENES. They have been used in PESTICIDES. The old name of Melia azadirachta is very similar to a related plant, MELIA AZEDARACH.Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as STEROLS or STEROIDS derived from plants.Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.Hordeum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE. The EDIBLE GRAIN, barley, is widely used as food.Terminalia: A plant genus of the family COMBRETACEAE. Members contain arjunin, an ellagitannin (TANNINS).Water: A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Antioxidants: Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues.Chrysanthemum: A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. The common names of daisy or marguerite are easily confused with other plants. Some species in this genus have been reclassified to TANACETUM.Pseudomonas syringae: A species of gram-negative, fluorescent, phytopathogenic bacteria in the genus PSEUDOMONAS. It is differentiated into approximately 50 pathovars with different plant pathogenicities and host specificities.Bryopsida: A class of plants within the Bryophyta comprising the mosses, which are found in both damp (including freshwater) and drier situations. Mosses possess erect or prostrate leafless stems, which give rise to leafless stalks bearing capsules. Spores formed in the capsules are released and grow to produce new plants. (Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990). Many small plants bearing the name moss are in fact not mosses. The "moss" found on the north side of trees is actually a green alga (CHLOROPHYTA). Irish moss is really a red alga (RHODOPHYTA). Beard lichen (beard moss), Iceland moss, oak moss, and reindeer moss are actually LICHENS. Spanish moss is a common name for both LICHENS and an air plant (TILLANDSIA usneoides) of the pineapple family. Club moss is an evergreen herb of the family LYCOPODIACEAE.Light: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.Cucurbitaceae: The gourd plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is sometimes placed in its own order, Cucurbitales. 'Melon' generally refers to CUCUMIS; CITRULLUS; or MOMORDICA.Pharmacognosy: The science of drugs prepared from natural-sources including preparations from PLANTS, animals, and other organisms as well as MINERALS and other substances included in MATERIA MEDICA. The therapeutic usage of plants is PHYTOTHERAPY.Disease Resistance: The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals.Bixaceae: A plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. Bixa contains bixin. Cochlospermum contains arjunolic acid and gum kondagogu (POLYSACCHARIDES).Salvia miltiorrhiza: A plant species which is known as an Oriental traditional medicinal plant.Protoplasts: The protoplasm and plasma membrane of plant, fungal, bacterial or archaeon cells without the CELL WALL.Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.Orphan Drug Production: Production of drugs or biologicals which are unlikely to be manufactured by private industry unless special incentives are provided by others.Ganoderma: A genus of fungi in the family Ganodermataceae, order POLYPORALES, containing a dimitic hyphal system. It causes a white rot, and is a wood decomposer. Ganoderma lucidum (REISHI) is used in traditional Chinese medicine (MEDICINE, CHINESE TRADITIONAL).Rosaceae: The rose plant family in the order ROSALES and class Magnoliopsida. They are generally woody plants. A number of the species of this family contain cyanogenic compounds.Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.Evolution, Molecular: The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.Drug Discovery: The process of finding chemicals for potential therapeutic use.Meristem: A group of plant cells that are capable of dividing infinitely and whose main function is the production of new growth at the growing tip of a root or stem. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)Soybeans: An annual legume. The SEEDS of this plant are edible and used to produce a variety of SOY FOODS.Agrobacterium tumefaciens: A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria isolated from soil and the stems, leafs, and roots of plants. Some biotypes are pathogenic and cause the formation of PLANT TUMORS in a wide variety of higher plants. The species is a major research tool in biotechnology.Plastids: Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. PLASTID GENOMES are used in phylogenetic studies.Bacteria: One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.Aphids: A family (Aphididae) of small insects, in the suborder Sternorrhyncha, that suck the juices of plants. Important genera include Schizaphis and Myzus. The latter is known to carry more than 100 virus diseases between plants.Legislation, Drug: Laws concerned with manufacturing, dispensing, and marketing of drugs.SesquiterpenesAntineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic: Agents obtained from higher plants that have demonstrable cytostatic or antineoplastic activity.Viola: A plant genus of the family VIOLACEAE. Some species in this genus are called bouncing bet which is a common name more often used with SAPONARIA OFFICINALIS. Members contain macrocyclic peptides.Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid: Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.Scutellaria baicalensis: A plant species of the genus SCUTELLARIA, family LAMIACEAE, that contains skullcapflavone and is used in CHINESE HERBAL DRUGS.Terpenes: A class of compounds composed of repeating 5-carbon units of HEMITERPENES.Rhizobium: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that activate PLANT ROOT NODULATION in leguminous plants. Members of this genus are nitrogen-fixing and common soil inhabitants.Amaranthaceae: A family of flowering plants in the order Caryophyllales, with about 60 genera and more than 800 species of plants, with a few shrubs, trees, and vines. The leaves usually have nonindented edges.Coleus: A plant genus of the family Lamiaceae. The species of Coleus should be distinguished from PLECTRANTHUS BARBATUS - which is also known as Coleus forskohlii.Secologanin Tryptamine Alkaloids: Compounds formed by condensation of secologanin with tryptamine resulting in a tetrahydro-beta-carboline which is processed further to a number of bioactive compounds. These are especially found in plants of the APOCYNACEAE; LOGANIACEAE; and RUBIACEAE families.Allium: A genus of the plant family Liliaceae (sometimes classified as Alliaceae) in the order Liliales. Many produce pungent, often bacteriostatic and physiologically active compounds and are used as VEGETABLES; CONDIMENTS; and medicament, the latter in traditional medicine.Transformation, Genetic: Change brought about to an organisms genetic composition by unidirectional transfer (TRANSFECTION; TRANSDUCTION, GENETIC; CONJUGATION, GENETIC, etc.) and incorporation of foreign DNA into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells by recombination of part or all of that DNA into the cell's genome.Agriculture: The science, art or practice of cultivating soil, producing crops, and raising livestock.Volatile Organic Compounds: Organic compounds that have a relatively high VAPOR PRESSURE at room temperature.Cucumis sativus: A creeping annual plant species of the CUCURBITACEAE family. It has a rough succulent, trailing stem and hairy leaves with three to five pointed lobes.Phyllanthus emblica: A plant species of the family EUPHORBIACEAE.Cytokinins: Plant hormones that promote the separation of daughter cells after mitotic division of a parent cell. Frequently they are purine derivatives.Hydroponics: A technique for growing plants in culture solutions rather than in soil. The roots are immersed in an aerated solution containing the correct proportions of essential mineral salts. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)Mustard Plant: Any of several BRASSICA species that are commonly called mustard. Brassica alba is white mustard, B. juncea is brown or Chinese mustard, and B. nigra is black, brown, or red mustard. The plant is grown both for mustard seed from which oil is extracted or used as SPICES, and for its greens used as VEGETABLES or ANIMAL FEED. There is no relationship to MUSTARD COMPOUNDS.Tripterygium: A plant genus of the family CELASTRACEAE that is a source of triterpenoids and diterpene epoxides such as triptolide.Stress, Physiological: The unfavorable effect of environmental factors (stressors) on the physiological functions of an organism. Prolonged unresolved physiological stress can affect HOMEOSTASIS of the organism, and may lead to damaging or pathological conditions.Drug Evaluation, Preclinical: Preclinical testing of drugs in experimental animals or in vitro for their biological and toxic effects and potential clinical applications.Epimedium: A plant genus of the family BERBERIDACEAE which is used in DRUGS, CHINESE HERBAL. Members contain flavonol glycosides including epimedins, icariin and noricariin.
Helicobacter pylori infection, garlic intake and precancerous lesions in a Chinese population at low risk of gastric cancer. (1/4069)
BACKGROUND: Cangshan County of Shandong Province has one of the lowest rates of gastric cancer (GC) in China. While intestinal metaplasia (IM) and dysplasia (DYS) are less common in Cangshan than in areas of Shandong at high risk of GC, these precursor lesions nevertheless affect about 20% of adults age > or = 55. SUBJECTS AND SETTING: In order to evaluate determinants of IM and DYS in Cangshan County, a low risk area of GC a survey was conducted among 214 adults who participated in a gastroscopic screening survey in Cangshan County in 1994. METHOD: A dietary interview and measurement of serum Helicobacter pylori antibodies were performed. RESULTS: The prevalence of H. pylori was lowest (19%) among those with normal gastric mucosa, rising steadily to 35% for superficial gastritis (SG), 56% for chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG), 80% for IM, and 100% for DYS. The prevalence odds of precancerous lesions were compared with the odds of normal histology or SG. The odds ratio (OR) or CAG associated with H. pylori positivity was 4.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] : 1.7-10.0), while the OR of IM/DYS associated with H. pylori positivity was 31.5 (95% CI: 5.2-187). After adjusting for H. pylori infection, drinking alcohol was a risk factor for CAG (OR = 3.2, 95% CI: 1.1-9.2) and IM/DYS (OR = 7.8, 95% CI: 1.3-47.7). On the other hand, consumption of garlic showed non-significant protective effects and an inverse association with H. pylori infection. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that infection with H. pylori is a risk factor and garlic may be protective, in the development and progression of advanced precancerous gastric lesions in an area of China at relatively low risk of GC. (+info)Regulation of 2-carboxy-D-arabinitol 1-phosphate phosphatase: activation by glutathione and interaction with thiol reagents. (2/4069)
2-Carboxy-D-arabinitol 1-phosphate (CA1P) phosphatase de- grades CA1P, an inhibitor associated with the regulation of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase in numerous plant species. CA1P phosphatase purified from Phaseolus vulgaris was partially inactivated by oxidizing conditions during dialysis in air-equilibrated buffer. Phosphatase activity could then be stimulated 1.3-fold by dithiothreitol and also by addition of reduced thioredoxin from Escherichia coli. These effects were enhanced synergistically by the positive effector, fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate (FBP). Most notably, CA1P phosphatase activity was stimulated up to 35-fold by glutathione, and was sensitive to the ratio of reduced (GSH) to oxidized (GSSG) forms. At concentrations of glutathione approximating measured levels in chloroplasts of P. vulgaris (5 mM total S), CA1P phosphatase exhibited >20-fold stimulation by a change in the redox status of glutathione from 60 to 100% GSH. This stimulation was augmented further by reduced E. coli thioredoxin. In contrast, FBP, which activates CA1P phosphatase under reducing conditions, was strongly inhibitory in the presence of GSSG. We propose that glutathione may have an appreciable role in the light/dark regulation of CA1P phosphatase in vivo. A model for the reversible activation of CA1P phosphatase by GSH was derived based upon the various responses of the enzyme's activity to a range of thiol reagents including N-ethylmaleimide, 5, 5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) and arsenite. These data indicate that the bean enzyme contains two physically distinct sets of thiol groups that are critical to its redox regulation. (+info)Allyl-containing sulfides in garlic increase uncoupling protein content in brown adipose tissue, and noradrenaline and adrenaline secretion in rats. (3/4069)
The effects of garlic supplementation on triglyceride metabolism were investigated by measurements of the degree of thermogenesis in interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT), and noradrenaline and adrenaline secretion in rats fed two types of dietary fat. In Experiment 1, rats were given isoenergetic high-fat diets containing either shortening or lard with or without garlic powder supplementation (8 g/kg of diet). After 28 d feeding, body weight, plasma triglyceride levels and the weights of perirenal adipose tissue and epididymal fat pad were significantly lower in rats fed diets supplemented with garlic powder than in those fed diets without garlic powder. The content of mitochondrial protein and uncoupling protein (UCP) in IBAT, and urinary noradrenaline and adrenaline excretion were significantly greater in rats fed a lard diet with garlic powder than in those fed the same diet without garlic. Other than adrenaline secretion, differences due to garlic were significant in rats fed shortening, also. In Experiment 2, the effects of various allyl-containing sulfides present in garlic on noradrenaline and adrenaline secretion were evaluated. Administration of diallyldisulfide, diallyltrisulfide and alliin, organosulfur compounds present in garlic, significantly increased plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations, whereas the administration of disulfides without allyl residues, diallylmonosulfide and S-allyl-L-cysteine did not increase adrenaline secretion. These results suggest that in rats, allyl-containing sulfides in garlic enhance thermogenesis by increasing UCP content in IBAT, and noradrenaline and adrenaline secretion. (+info)The localisation of 2-carboxy-D-arabinitol 1-phosphate and inhibition of Rubisco in leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (4/4069)
A recent controversial report suggests that the nocturnal inhibitor of Rubisco, 2-carboxy-D-arabinitol 1-phosphate (CAIP), does not bind to Rubisco in vivo and therefore that CA1P has no physiological relevance to photosynthetic regulation. It is now proved that a direct rapid assay can be used to distinguish between Rubisco-bound and free CA1P, as postulated in the controversial report. Application of this direct assay demonstrates that CA1P is bound to Rubisco in vivo in dark-adapted leaves. Furthermore, CA1P is shown to be in the chloroplasts of mesophyll cells. Thus, CA1P does play a physiological role in the regulation of Rubisco. (+info)The cleavable carboxyl-terminus of the small coat protein of cowpea mosaic virus is involved in RNA encapsidation. (5/4069)
The site of cleavage of the small coat protein of cowpea mosaic virus has been precisely mapped and the proteolysis has been shown to result in the loss of 24 amino acids from the carboxyl-terminus of the protein. A series of premature termination and deletion mutants was constructed to investigate the role or roles of these carboxyl-terminal amino acids in the viral replication cycle. Mutants containing premature termination codons at or downstream of the cleavage site were viable but reverted to wild-type after a single passage through cowpea plants, indicating that the carboxyl-terminal amino acids are important. Mutants with the equivalent deletions were genetically stable and shown to be debilitated with respect to virus accumulation. The specific infectivity of preparations of a deletion mutant (DM4) lacking all 24 amino acids was 6-fold less than that of a wild-type preparation. This was shown to be a result of DM4 preparations containing a much increased percentage (73%) of empty (RNA-free) particles, a finding that implicates the cleavable carboxyl-terminal residues in the packaging of the virion RNAs. (+info)Screening of Korean forest plants for rat lens aldose reductase inhibition. (6/4069)
Naturally occurring substances which can prevent and treat diabetic complications were sought by examining ethanol extracts prepared from Korean forest plants for their inhibitory effects on rat lens aldose reductase activity in vitro. Among the plants examined, Acer ginnala, Illicium religiosum and Cornus macrophylla exerted the most strong inhibitory activity on aldose reductase. (+info)Hormone-related, muscle-specific changes in protein metabolism and fiber type profile after faba bean intake. (7/4069)
Male growing Wistar rats were fed, over 15 days, isoenergetic (16.72 +/- 0.49 MJ) and isoproteic (11%) diets containing either lactalbumin or raw Vicia faba L. (Vf) as the sole source of protein. Compared with pair-fed controls (PF), soleus muscles of Vf-fed rats showed increased (P < 0.05) synthesis and breakdown rates. In addition, the soleus of Vf-fed rats displayed a decrease (P < 0.05) in type I and an increase (P < 0.01) in type IIc fibers compared with that of PF animals. On the contrary, extensor digitorum longus muscles of both Vf-fed and PF rats showed an increase (P < 0.01) in type I and a reduction (P < 0.05) in type IIb fibers together with a decrease (P < 0.05) in the cross-sectional area of the latter fibers. Vf-fed rats exhibited a significant decrease in serum insulin (P < 0.05) and thyrotropin (P < 0.01) levels, together with an increase in plasma glucagon (P < 0.05) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (P < 0.01) concentrations, compared with the PF group. Both Vf-fed and PF rats experienced an increase in corticosterone concentrations (P < 0.01 vs. control; P < 0.05 vs. PF). The muscle-specific changes in both protein metabolism and fiber type composition may partly depend on the hormonal changes that were observed after Vf intake. (+info)Antagonistic effects of extract from leaves of ginkgo biloba on glutamate neurotoxicity. (8/4069)
AIM: To determine whether the extract of leaves of Ginkgo biloba L (EGb) and several active constituents of EGb have protective effects against glutamate (Glu)-induced neuronal damage. METHODS: Microscopy and image analysis of nucleus areas in the arcuate nuclei (AN) of mice were made. The neuronal viability in primary cultures from mouse cerebral cortex was assessed using MTT [3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] staining and the intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) of single neuron was measured using Fura-2. RESULTS: EGb (2.5 mg.L-1) and its constituent ginkgolide B (Gin B, 2 mg.L-1) protected the neuronal viability against Glu-induced injury, and prevented the Glu-induced elevation in [Ca2+]i. EGb (3-10 mg.kg-1) attenuated the decrease of nucleus areas in arcuate nuclei induced by Glu (1 g.kg-1, s.c.). CONCLUSION: EGb and Gin B prevent neurons from Glu neurotoxicity through reduction of the rise in [Ca2+]i. (+info)
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Extracts2016EdibleIndigenousCompoundsCultivationJournal of Medicinal Plants ResearchImportance of medicinalConstituentsAromatic and medicinal plantsVegetableBrazilian Medicinal PlantsList of Medicinal PlantsAfricaPhytochemistryPopular medicinal plantsSpecies of medicinal plantsInterest in medicinal plantsCollection of medicinal plantsTherapeuticWidelyIndiaMedicines2018UtilizationVariety of medicinalPropertiesExtinctionNativeImportant medicinalAilmentsHerbalistsSearchMateriaTraditionallyAloe veraRemediesHerbScientificWorld Health OrganHerbs and plantsMillenniaPeruSpicesIdentifiesContentBotanicalPharmaceuticalCenturiesTreatSeedsMethodsMetabolicCITESTraditionalPharmacologySustainableResearch
Extracts17
- The annual global export value of 50,000 to 70,000 types of plants with suspected medicinal properties was estimated to be US$2.2 billion in 2012, and in 2017, the potential global market for botanical extracts and medicines was estimated at several hundred billion dollars. (wikipedia.org)
- But when it comes to herbal extracts the council is to be as cautious as possible: essential oils and alcoholic extracts concentrate the active ingredients in medicinal plants, and should be consumed in doses and in the manner recommended by a professional, avoiding DIY treatment. (hubpages.com)
- Plant Extracts -- biosynthesis. (kb.se)
- Plant Extracts -- pharmacology. (kb.se)
- Muregi told the congress that researchers had screened 60 extracts of 11 plants, used for control of malaria by local communities in Kenya's Kisii district, for activity against the malaria parasite. (scidev.net)
- Lavender and other aromatic and medicinal plants along with their extracts have been used throughout history and form part of our common heritage. (avaaz.org)
- The antitrypanosomal activity of 101 crude ethanol extracts derived from 88 medicinal plants from Côte d'Ivoire was determined in vitro using Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. (nih.gov)
- Therefore, plant extracts with antioxidant activity also have potential therapeutic value. (thefreelibrary.com)
- The report has highlighted genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of the selected plant extracts on human leukocytes as well. (medworm.com)
- Extracts from the plant have shown sedative effects on the central nervous system, as well as significant analgesic, anti-inflammatory, vasodepressant and antispasmodic activities. (indianetzone.com)
- discussion of bioactivity of plant extracts. (umassonline.net)
- use of whole plants - Herbalists generally use unpurified whole plant extracts containing several different compounds. (ubc.ca)
- The methanol extracts of nine medicinal plants traditionally used in Chinese medicine were screened for antioxidant activity versus resveratrol, which has been shown to protect cells from oxidative damage [Toxicol. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Most of the plant extracts used in this study inhibited the H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis of Chinese hamster lung fibroblast (V79-4) cells. (unboundmedicine.com)
- The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) were dose-dependently enhanced in V79-4 cells treated with most of the plant extracts. (unboundmedicine.com)
- These results suggest that the plant extracts prevent oxidative damage in normal cells probably because of their antioxidant characteristics. (unboundmedicine.com)
- TY - JOUR T1 - Screening of medicinal plant extracts for antioxidant activity. (unboundmedicine.com)
20165
- Cock I.E., Cheesman M.J. (2016) Oceania: Antidepressant Medicinal Plants. (springer.com)
- Between 2015 and 2016 the country suffered a crippling drought, linked to El Nino, that wiped out crops, wild plants and livestock. (voanews.com)
- Between 2015 and 2016 the country suffered a crippling drought, linked to the El Nino weather phenomenon, that wiped out crops, wild plants and livestock. (voanews.com)
- The global reported trade in plants for medicinal purposes alone(customs code HS1211, a subset of the custom codes analysed in the International Trade Centre study)was valued at over USD 3.4 billion in 2014 (United Nations 2016). (cites.org)
- ANT Khmer Medicinal Plants 2016 is a Khmer Traditional Medical Dictionary. (apple.com)
Edible1
- Feverfew is an edible, medicinal plant popular for its alternative health benefits. (serenataflowers.com)
Indigenous13
- Medicinal plants with unique properties have long been recognised by indigenous Oceania populations, and this lore has been passed from generation to generation. (springer.com)
- How did indigenous knowledge and practice shape European notions of the medicinal plants discovered in the New World? (warwick.ac.uk)
- Unlike the trade in wild animals, which can stir strong negative emotions in some cultures, and the trade in timber, often portrayed in terms of lost forests and threatened indigenous peoples, the "hidden harvest" of medicinal and aromatic plants and other non-timber forest products receives relatively little attention from the public, governments or conservation NGOs. (traffic.org)
- Satere-Mawe indigenous leader Valdiney Satere, 43, collects caferana, a native plant of the Amazon rainforest used as medicinal herb, to treat people showing symptoms of the novel coronavirus. (nypost.com)
- A group of indigenous healers in a Brazilian rainforest state are fighting the coronavirus pandemic with medicinal plants - as the country battles the third-largest outbreak in the world . (nypost.com)
- A Satere-Mawe indigenous child sits beside a man preparing medicinal herbs. (nypost.com)
- Satere-Mawe indigenous people prepare medicinal herbs to treat people with symptoms of COVID-19 in the Wakiru community, in Taruma neighbourhood, a rural area west of Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil. (nypost.com)
- But the unsustainable and indiscriminate removal of indigenous plants, such as Pelargonium , and the export of these plants abroad, is threatening their survival. (scidev.net)
- New laws are needed to protect traditional knowledge and indigenous plants in South Africa - and to allow Africa to harness its biodiversity for Africa. (scidev.net)
- Handbook of African Medicinal Plants provides a comprehensive review of over 1,000 species of plants employed in indigenous African medicine. (ecampus.com)
- Indigenous people started using medicinal plants centuries before Europeans set foot in the Americas, and herbal medicine has many fans today. (gardenguides.com)
- Ethnopharmacological relevance: Homegardens are important habitats for medicinal plants and traditional knowledge, especially among indigenous groups in remote areas. (cabi.org)
- The book opens with an overview of the use of medicinal plants in the traditional practices and indigenous belief systems of people in the Americas, Africa, Asia, and ancient Europe. (indigo.ca)
Compounds17
- Plants synthesise hundreds of chemical compounds for functions including defence against insects , fungi , diseases , and herbivorous mammals . (wikipedia.org)
- Amoebicidal compounds from medicinal plants. (nih.gov)
- The present data grouping of the natural compounds and medicinal plants can be an important source of information for the selection of research plant material by the investigators interested in the discovery of new biologically active compounds as amoebicide. (nih.gov)
- Arranged in the shape of the human body you will find about 230 medicinal plants, along with their names and information on some chemical compounds and their pharmacological importance. (bgbm.org)
- Many of the chapters present cutting-edge findings on the contamination of medicinal plants through horizontal transfer, as well as nanomaterials and the biosynthesis of pharmacologically active compounds. (springer.com)
- Medicinal and aromatic plants constitute an important part of the natural environment and agro-ecosystems, and contain a wealth of chemical compounds known as secondary metabolites and including alkaloids, glycosides, essential oils and other miscellaneous active substances. (springer.com)
- Interest in plant-based medicinal resources has led to discoveries of many novel compounds in various species, and to investigations on their chemodiversity, biodiversity and pharmacotherapy. (worldcat.org)
- Many of the medical compounds in plants do something for the plant chemically, like fight infection, regulate cell apoptosis or growth, etc. (physicsforums.com)
- So in short, plants have developed these compounds completely oblivious to any benefit we humans might reap from them. (physicsforums.com)
- Of zillions compounds produced by millions of plant species only a bunch have medicinal value. (physicsforums.com)
- Lead Compounds from Medicinal Plants for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases is the second volume in the series, Pharmaceutical Leads from Medicinal Plants . (elsevier.com)
- Plant-based medicinal plants still play an important role in healing, and many "new" drugs come from plant compounds. (gardenguides.com)
- This review summarizes the anti-gout potential of Malaysian medicinal plants but the mechanisms, active compounds, pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and safety of the plants still remain to be elucidated. (frontiersin.org)
- The compounds found in plants are of many kinds, but most are in four major biochemical classes: alkaloids, glycosides, polyphenols, and terpenes. (wikipedia.org)
- Studies on plants with acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity are currently underway, with the aim of discovering new active compounds that are less costly and have fewer adverse side effects than synthetic drugs . (thefreelibrary.com)
- They discovered that milkweed plants contain vital compounds that help the larvae to stay healthy. (naturalnews.com)
- Kurkin, V.A. (2002) Modern aspects of chemical classification of biologically active compounds of medicinal plants. (scirp.org)
Cultivation6
- Rezaei said about 500,000 hectares of rangelands and forests are expected to be earmarked for the cultivation of herbal plants, according to the sixth national development plan (2015-20). (iran-daily.com)
- Description, cultivation, constituents, parts of the plant used medicinally and the uses of sweet violet. (serenataflowers.com)
- The course will have expert talks on importance of medicinal,aromatic and spice crops along with tips for their successful cultivation and protection. (indianexpress.com)
- for some plant parts extra-large cultivation areas are required (e.g. (fao.org)
- The guidelines provide a detailed description of the techniques and measures required for the appropriate cultivation and collection of medicinal plants and for the recording and documentation of necessary data and information during their processing. (who.int)
- Our research will give feedback each other by cross cutting way, and human health science from the cultivation to utilization of medicinal plants and vegetables will be important and needed for our healthy and comfortable life in the future. (scirp.org)
Journal of Medicinal Plants Research4
- Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 13(11), 242-251. (academicjournals.org)
- Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 13.11 (2019): 242-251. (academicjournals.org)
- Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 14(9), 445-450. (academicjournals.org)
- Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 14.9 (2020): 445-450. (academicjournals.org)
Importance of medicinal1
- Although numerous conservation organizations cite the importance of medicinal plants as a reason to conserve biodiversity more generally, it has been TRAFFIC, IUCN and WWF who have led efforts to address sustainability and equity issues associated with commercial trade. (traffic.org)
Constituents6
- A series of the natural constituents with amoebicidal activity isolated from several medicinal plants is shown. (nih.gov)
- Non-invasive near infrared spectroscopic techniques for the characterization of medicinal plants and their constituents / C.W. Huck, G.K. Bonn -- What is the future of phytotherapy? (kb.se)
- These include drugs that contain small amounts of isolated plant constituents. (audible.com)
- describes the chemical constituents and biological activities of four plants Couroupita guianensis, Clausena heptaphylla, Clausena suffruticosa and Brunfelsia latifolia growing in Bangladesh. (ozon.ru)
- Many botanists and pharmacologists all over the world have investigated medicinal plant species especially used in traditions and folklore in order to extract the active constituents. (thefreelibrary.com)
- The botanical and common names in English and all major Indian vernacular languages, the distribution, propagation, parts used, chemical constituents and their uses along with their photographs are given for each of the medicinal plant species, making this book a handy reference. (vedicbooks.net)
Aromatic and medicinal plants2
- Catherine J. needs your help with "Help save lavender, aromatic and medicinal plants" . (avaaz.org)
- The Directorate of Extension Education,PAU,is organising a two-day training course on Scope of aromatic and medicinal plants for farmers and farm women from January 27 to 28,in which 25 farmers/farm women will take part. (indianexpress.com)
Vegetable1
- At a time when companies were increasingly compounding new pharmaceuticals in labs, pharmacists wanted to emphasize their ability to understand and manipulate the familiar medicinal plants that yielded reliable "vegetable drugs. (slate.com)
Brazilian Medicinal Plants1
- This volume presents a comprehensive account of the research collated on natural products produced from Brazilian medicinal plants and focuses on various aspects of the field. (routledge.com)
List of Medicinal Plants1
- This list of medicinal plants (and supposedly medicinal plants) aims to analyze medical claims made for herbs and list potential adverse effects they are known to have. (rationalwiki.org)
Africa8
- Lawrence Nyagwande, a plant expert with Environment Africa, an environmental organization based in Zimbabwe, said there was little doubt that droughts linked to strengthening climate change were a big contributor to the loss of Zimbabwe's medicinal plants. (voanews.com)
- Both Asia and Africa are home to many plants that can be used for the treatment of many diseases and their medicinal properties are gaining interest in western societies. (eurekalert.org)
- Medicinal plants from Asia and Africa are used for their healing abilities and also have a symbolic meaning in communities. (eurekalert.org)
- KEMRI scientists are also investigating the antimalarial effects of other Kenyan medicinal plants, either alone or in combination with chloroquine - the drug widely used to treat the disease in Africa. (scidev.net)
- Research at Kew on the evolution of Aloe showed that these plants originated in southern Africa around 16 million years ago. (kew.org)
- The inventory and review is strongly focussed to cover all or most of the medicinal plant raw materials in the international trade that are exported from African countries, with less emphasis on those that are regularly traded on local and regional markets within Africa. (herbs.org)
- More than 5400 plant species are used in traditional medicine in Africa, of which less than 10% have been commercially developed to some extent. (herbs.org)
- The paper was written by a group of prominent botanical experts that included Wendy Applequist, PhD, of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Josef Brinckmann, research fellow in medicinal plants and botanical supply chain at Traditional Medicinals, and other experts from Australia, the Netherlands, South Africa and the UK. (nutraingredients-usa.com)
Phytochemistry3
- This chapter focuses on the plants of the region with known antidepressant uses and/or those plants which have phytochemistry consistent with antidepressant properties. (springer.com)
- detailing the phytochemistry, chemotaxonomy, molecular biology, and phylogeny of selected medicinal plants families and genera, and their relevance to drug efficacy. (worldcat.org)
- Medicinal plants continue to be widely used in many areas of the world, especially in southern Jordan, even with the recent flourishing of the study of plant chemistry (phytochemistry). (thefreelibrary.com)
Popular medicinal plants1
- Consider some of the most popular medicinal plants used in gardens. (wikihow.com)
Species of medicinal plants2
- For centuries, local residents have used hundreds of different species of medicinal plants found in our forests. (lasr.net)
- The book provides detailed information about more than 500 species of medicinal plants in alphabetical list. (vedicbooks.net)
Interest in medicinal plants2
- the interest in medicinal plants, herbs in general began to be described and illustrated in a realistic manner. (britannica.com)
- Scientific interest in medicinal plants has burgeoned due to increased efficiency of new plant-derived drugs, growing interest in natural products and rising concerns about the side effects of conventional medicine. (ubc.ca)
Collection of medicinal plants1
- The help of volunteers of Friends Nature club and ECO- CAMPUS was also taken for conduction of interview and collection of medicinal plants used in different diseases. (selfgrowth.com)
Therapeutic7
- Whilst often not well recorded, there is a wealth of knowledge of the medicinal value of the regions' floral species for all types of therapeutic purposes. (springer.com)
- For example, whilst we discuss the calmative properties of the Australian plant Backhousia citriodora , many other aromatic plants with similar essential oil components and thus similar therapeutic properties exist in the region and are not discussed here for the sake of brevity. (springer.com)
- The principle texts and tantras of Tibetan medicine have codified these medicinal plants, their tastes, therapeutic values and methods to compound herbal pills from them. (exoticindiaart.com)
- There is a need to source new affordable therapeutic agents for management of HSV infections,' said Rukunga, adding that further research on these plants is ongoing. (scidev.net)
- The following flowers and plants provide users with therapeutic properties and promotes in the healing of the body and mind. (serenataflowers.com)
- In this study, an ethnobotanical survey of the main plants used in the northeast region of Brazil was conducted to select medicinal plants that are potential sources of therapeutic agents against AD . (thefreelibrary.com)
- The therapeutic effects of the medicinal plants of Jordan and neighboring countries have been investigated in recent years. (thefreelibrary.com)
Widely7
- However, since a single plant contains widely diverse phytochemicals, the effects of using a whole plant as medicine are uncertain. (wikipedia.org)
- Medicinal plants are widely used in non-industrialized societies, mainly because they are readily available and cheaper than modern medicines. (wikipedia.org)
- Recently, the use of medicinal plants has been more widely accepted as an effective form of treatment. (serenataflowers.com)
- Researchers on Thursday said they have identified the genes that enable an endangered Himalayan plant to produce a chemical vital to making a widely used chemotherapy drug, and inserted them into an easily grown laboratory plant that then produced the same chemical. (voanews.com)
- Indeed, Aloe vera is one of the most widely used plant species in the world today, while Euphorbia peplus (a non-succulent species) was used to develop Picato ®, a drug for treating a precancerous skin condition, marketed by the Danish pharmaceutical company LEO-Pharma. (kew.org)
- Goldenrod is widely known as a medicinal plant used to treat dozens of ailments including inflammation (UTIs, sore throats, eczema), as a diuretic (and for kidney stones) and also to reduce pain and speed the healing of wounds (hence the alternative name woundwort). (plantdelights.com)
- Indravalli is one of the widely used medicinal plants of central India. (indianetzone.com)
India1
- Lastly, Chapter Nine by Anuradha Singh and Anamika Singh elaborates on the biochemical aspects of Tulsi, a medicinal plant worshipped in India as holy. (novapublishers.com)
Medicines15
- The Ebers Papyrus from ancient Egypt , c. 1550 BC, describes over 850 plant medicines. (wikipedia.org)
- Plants, including many now used as culinary herbs and spices , have been used as medicines, not necessarily effectively, from prehistoric times. (wikipedia.org)
- Angiosperms ( flowering plants ) were the original source of most plant medicines. (wikipedia.org)
- The ancient Egyptian Ebers Papyrus lists over 800 plant medicines such as aloe , cannabis , castor bean , garlic , juniper , and mandrake . (wikipedia.org)
- The Chinese pharmacopoeia , the Shennong Ben Cao Jing records plant medicines such as chaulmoogra for leprosy, ephedra , and hemp . (wikipedia.org)
- The plants are disappearing, both fruit and herbal medicines, but we cannot do anything. (voanews.com)
- About 4,000 tons of herbal medicines are harvested every year," he said, adding that 40 million hectares of the country's lands are suitable for growing medicinal herbs. (iran-daily.com)
- Amongst these the ingredients needed to compound medicines - including medicinal plants - are the most important. (exoticindiaart.com)
- However, medicines that have plant material mixed with chemically-active substances are not considered herbal. (audible.com)
- One of the major causes of reported adverse events is directly linked to the poor quality of herbal medicines, including raw medicinal plant materials. (who.int)
- WHO has developed a series of technical guidelines relating to the quality control of herbal medicines of which these WHO guidelines on good agricultural and collection practices (GACP) for medicinal plants are the latest. (who.int)
- While pharmaceutical and other companies are striving to meet the requirements for the quality control of herbal medicines, they cannot force farmers, producers, handlers and processors to follow good agricultural and collection practices for medicinal plants. (who.int)
- The Ebers Papyrus from ancient Egypt describes over 850 plant medicines, while Dioscorides documented over 1000 recipes for medicines using over 600 medicinal plants in De materia medica, forming the basis of pharmacopoeias for some 1500 years. (wikipedia.org)
- Humans were not alone in using herbs as medicines: some animals such as non-human primates, monarch butterflies and sheep ingest medicinal plants when they are ill. (wikipedia.org)
- Literature reported that about 80% of the rural population of Pakistan relies primarily on traditional medicines while 90% of the country's medicinal herbs are imported [ 4 , 5 ]. (omicsonline.org)
20181
- The 7th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants is therefore being organized from November 19-21, 2018 at The Empress Hotel, Chiang Mai, Thailand to provide a forum for the Research Scientists, traditional health practitioners etc. (conferencealerts.com)
Utilization2
- Handbook of African Medicinal Plants is an invaluable, practical desk reference that should be on the bookshelf of every pharmacognosist, ethnobiologist, botanist, ecologist, phytochemist, pharmacologist, and scientist interested in tropical plant utilization as a tool for the conservation of biodiversity and as a source of new drug leads. (ecampus.com)
- This article reviews the current state of medical plant utilization, concerns over safety and perspective on the future development of medical plant markets. (ubc.ca)
Variety of medicinal2
- Information on a variety of medicinal herbs that can be grown at home, including marjoram. (serenataflowers.com)
- The flora of Pakistan due to its highly favorable diverse climatic and soil conditions, many topographical regions and ecological zones offer a great variety of medicinal plants [ 1 ]. (omicsonline.org)
Properties12
- This includes species used for their medicinal and aromatic properties. (traffic.org)
- Like the white-faced capuchins, which only select plants for fur-rubbing with insecticide properties, the macaques selectively choose the right kinds of dirt to sooth their stomachs. (pbs.org)
- Eat bread or preparations containing seeds of this plant) We are working on the possibility of lignan phytoestrogens to be effective in reducing breast cancer for its antioxidant properties, antiestrogenic and antitumor. (botanical-online.com)
- Yarrow ( Achilea millefolium ) Anxiety and nervousness at menopause as well as many other side effects typical of premenstrual syndrome ( headaches , stomach, breasts, abdomen swelling, skin irritation, redness, etc.) can be alleviated with the use of this plant, that also has antispasmodic properties and regulatory hormones. (botanical-online.com)
- Vitis vinifera ) The hemostatic capacity of this plant, that's to say, its properties to stop bleeding, is useful for the treatment of excessive bleeding occurring in endometriosis. (botanical-online.com)
- There are other effective agents that help make up the immense properties of the Japanese Honeysuckle, however, Chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid, and Luteolin are the most abundant and more effective in the plant. (gmu.edu)
- Kenyan plants used in traditional herbal medicine are showing promising medicinal properties in scientific assessments of their ability to treat diseases such as herpes and malaria, according to presentations made at the 25th African Health Science Congress in Nairobi earlier this month (4-8 October). (scidev.net)
- The medicinal properties of these herbs promote physical, emotional and mental well-being. (serenataflowers.com)
- I{m going to complete the blog with more information, with more herbs and their medicinal properties, they're very good and isn't necesary to go to the doctor always, just find good result with some smalls herbs. (studentsoftheworld.info)
- The present study assessed the relationships between these properties in the plants, with the aim of discovering new phytotherapics that can be used in the treatment of AD. (thefreelibrary.com)
- Indravalli is a very popular Indian medicinal plant known for its huge curative properties. (indianetzone.com)
- This beautifully illustrated, elegantly written textbook pairs the best research on the biochemical properties and physiological effects of medicinal plants with a fascinating history of their use throughout human civilization, revealing the influence of nature's pharmacopeia on art, war, conquest, and law. (indigo.ca)
Extinction7
- Many medicinal plant species are threatened with extinction through overharvesting, habitat loss, climate change, and illegal international trade. (cites.org)
- One in five of the world's plant species is estimated to be threatened with extinction in the wild, and unsustainable harvest is a major factor. (traffic.org)
- About 30 percent of Iran's medicinal plants are on the verge of extinction, thanks to overharvesting, said Mohammad Baqer Rezaei, the head of the Association of Iran's Medicinal Plants. (iran-daily.com)
- Rezaei called for stricter supervision over the harvest of medicinal plants, as negligence would drive them into extinction. (iran-daily.com)
- However, environmental damage is increasing the threat of plant extinction and jeopardising access to natural resources. (bgci.org)
- It is well known that many plant species are or soon will be threatened with local or global extinction. (nutraingredients-usa.com)
- Some of the medicinal plants being marked as vulnerable, endangered, endemic, rare, near threatened and those facing extinction, would motivated us to save and preserved these invaluable gifts of nature. (vedicbooks.net)
Native5
- MACA , Native of Peru, Maca has spread worldwide as a medicinal plant, and it is cited in Peruvian herbal medicine to stimulate the immune system. (botanical-online.com)
- At home I ve many native species, I gather plants from everywhere near to the volcano. (studentsoftheworld.info)
- The herbal medicine community has used goldenrod for hundreds of years, learning about its medicinal potential from native americans. (plantdelights.com)
- Goldenrod was also one of the featured ingredients in Liberty Tea, an herbal mix of US native plants used as a local tea substitute after the Boston Tea Party. (plantdelights.com)
- In the US, where goldenrod is native, it is a ubiquitous roadside plant that grows in the toughest conditions. (plantdelights.com)
Important medicinal2
- A few species of seaweeds float in the map's Atlantic Ocean, and the border identifies important medicinal plants from around the world. (slate.com)
- Infection & infestation , Nutritional disorders , and Digestive system disorders were the three most important medicinal use categories for plants in the homegardens, and all three categories were found in most of the studied homegardens. (cabi.org)
Ailments4
- Traditional healers and South African hunter-gatherers have long known that the root of the plant Pelargonium reniforme can cure stomach ailments. (scidev.net)
- More recently, in the early universities, faculties devoted to medical sciences great importance to the knowledge of herbal medicine and simple, or plants that could be used alone as treatment for various ailments. (hubpages.com)
- The plants are sorted into categories based on the injuries/ailments they can help to alleviate. (waterfordpress.com)
- Medicinal plants are considered as key sources of drugs for the treatment of various ailments worldwide. (omicsonline.org)
Herbalists1
- In particular, many people turn to plants to treat high blood pressure, stomachaches and sexually transmitted infections, among others, herbalists said. (voanews.com)
Search1
- The current review was conducted using a complete and organized search of the available literature on the medicinal plant cinnamon from 1982 to 2013. (hindawi.com)
Materia1
- Dioscorides 's 1st century De materia medica , seen here in a c. 1334 copy in Arabic, describes some 1000 drug recipes based on over 600 plants. (wikipedia.org)
Traditionally3
- Evening primrose ( Oenothera biennis ) Evening primrose, primula or primrose plant has been traditionally used to combat the discomfort of menstruation. (botanical-online.com)
- Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the crude extract of A. hispidum DC, one of the plants used traditionally to treat malaria, inhibits the growth of P. falciparum in vitro and could be a potential source of antimalarial drug. (medworm.com)
- This study was conducted to assess the antimalarial activity of a traditionally used medicinal plant, Leonotis ocymifolia, against Plasmodium berghei. (medworm.com)
Aloe vera3
- Plant some aloe vera , especially if you sunburn easily. (wikihow.com)
- How do I take care of an aloe vera plant? (wikihow.com)
- I suggest referring to wikiHow's article on caring for your aloe vera plant for some detailed advice. (wikihow.com)
Remedies4
- For instance, a 60 000-year-old Neanderthal burial site, " Shanidar IV ", in northern Iraq has yielded large amounts of pollen from 8 plant species, 7 of which are used now as herbal remedies. (wikipedia.org)
- For decades now has rediscovered the usefulness of these natural remedies, prepared using each of the plants (or herbs), it is certainly not just a fashion, many cases of diseases cured with alternative methods are there for all, even if the methods of alternative medicine often does not closely resemble the methods of traditional medicine. (hubpages.com)
- Many are now the real science involved in using plants to treat diseases from dall'erboristeria, ancient science of recognition and collection of herbal remedies, the remedies which are often known and used by everyone as such as chamomile tea, which is useful for calming restless children. (hubpages.com)
- The importance of traditional autochthonous plant remedies plays a crucial role in the health of millions of people of these two continents. (eurekalert.org)
Herb6
- herb , parts of various plants cultivated for their aromatic, pungent, or otherwise desirable substances. (britannica.com)
- The term herb garden is usually used now to denote a garden of herbs used for cooking, and the medicinal aspect is rarely considered. (britannica.com)
- Whether you have an expansive outdoor garden or a simple herb garden on your patio, growing a variety of plants can keep it interesting and functional. (wikihow.com)
- Background of the herb known as Navajo tea or greenthread, as well as photographs of the plant. (serenataflowers.com)
- The highest fresh and dry weights of herb (g plant 1 and t ha 1) were recoded with NPK (75%)+biological fertilizers treatment during the second harvest with the values of 721.2, 49.8 and 79.4, 4.4, respectively. (medworm.com)
- A bitter tasting plant that requires a lot of sun, the cardoon has become important as a medicinal herb in recent years following the discovery of cynarin, the biologically active chemical constituent of artichoke. (beforeitsnews.com)
Scientific6
- Further, the phytochemical content and pharmacological actions, if any, of many plants having medicinal potential remain unassessed by rigorous scientific research to define efficacy and safety. (wikipedia.org)
- With the advent of the scientific method many of these knowledge on herbs and medicinal plants have come to us who still use drugs whose active ingredients are of plant origin, although it is now often of synthetic products, using the knowledge of plant world, and modern chemistry has often been able to expand and improve the active ingredients in plants, making them available in large quantities throughout the year. (hubpages.com)
- Botanical identification of plant specimens collected in the wild allowed for cross-linking of common and scientific plant names. (springer.com)
- Discussion on what aloe is used for today, scientific evidence, dosage and safety issues concerning the plant. (serenataflowers.com)
- Intense scientific study, expert knowledge, extreme care and accuracy are applied by the pharmacist to medicinal plants and drugs," the box of text in the map's lower left-hand corner reads, "from the point of origin through the intricate chemical, botanical, and pharmaceutical processes employed in preparing medicine. (slate.com)
- It then connects medicinal plants to the growth of scientific medicine in the West. (indigo.ca)
World Health Organ2
- World Health Organization , WHO Consultation on Selected Medicinal Plants , WHO Consultation on Selected Medicinal Plants (2nd : 1999 : Ravello-Salerno, Italy) , WHO Consultation on Selected Medicinal Plants (3rd : 2001 : Ottawa, Ont. (who.int)
- On the other hand, herbal medicine is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as labelled and final medicinal products containing parts of plants (underground or aerial), plant materials, or combinations of both, as their main active ingredient. (audible.com)
Herbs and plants1
- Go online to find out how people use medicinal herbs and plants. (wikihow.com)
Millennia1
- Of all the medicinal plants used in India's several millennia old tradition of Ayurveda, Ashwagandha, Withania somnifera, is the most highly prized. (medicinehunter.com)
Peru1
- Two years ago I came to Manu, in the Amazon jungle of Peru, to heal with medicinal plants. (livinginperu.com)
Spices1
- Introduction to the growth, culture, and science related to the production and use of herbs, spices, and medicinal plants. (umassonline.net)
Identifies1
- It also identifies the most commonly encountered noxious plants. (waterfordpress.com)
Content1
- Trifolium pratense) It may be useful for the treatment of endometriosis, due to its content in formonotenin, a phytoestrogen plant hormone that regulates the decompensation occurs during menstruation and, especially, in menopause, helping to relieve pains that normally accompany it. (botanical-online.com)
Botanical3
- In the United States over the period 1999 to 2012, despite several hundred applications for new drug status, only two botanical drug candidates had sufficient evidence of medicinal value to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration. (wikipedia.org)
- Herbal medicine is also called botanical medicine or phytomedicine, and is defined as the use whole plants or part of plants to prevent or treat illness. (ubc.ca)
- By chronicling the ways in which humans have cultivated plant species, extracted their active chemical ingredients, and investigated their effects on the body over time, Nature's Pharmacopeia also builds an unparalleled portrait of these special herbs as they transitioned from wild flora and botanical curiosities to commodities and potent drugs. (indigo.ca)
Pharmaceutical3
- An estimated 50,000-70,000 medicinal and aromatic species are harvested from the wild, with the annual global export value of pharmaceutical plants alone being over USD2.2 billion in 2011. (traffic.org)
- David has a particular interest in the integration of medicinal plants into the Jamaican healthcare system, and, as part of his PhD, screened a number of the most commonly used plants for their potential interaction with pharmaceutical drugs, a key aspect of medicinal plant safety. (springer.com)
- There are two main classes of medicinal preparations - herbal and pharmaceutical. (audible.com)
Centuries3
- For centuries plants have been used to assuage or cure a wide variety of human ills. (doverpublications.com)
- Over centuries of experiments and trials, certain plants have been found to have certain attributes that contribute to healing the body. (gmu.edu)
- Flowers and plants have been used for centuries in the treatment of a wide range of medical conditions. (serenataflowers.com)
Treat6
- I used to get a plant known locally as mutsombori to treat various sicknesses at the wetland nearby, but due to the droughts experienced in the past years, the wetland is gone and the plants are gone, too. (voanews.com)
- For example, thunder god plant, used in traditional Chinese medicine, contains triptolide, which has been shown to effectively treat cancer and arthritis in animals. (eurekalert.org)
- Treat and care for your medicinal plants the same way you tend to the rest of your garden. (wikihow.com)
- This guide describes how to use common wild plants to help treat injuries and backcountry maladies with wild plants. (waterfordpress.com)
- I have another Hub on the use of medicinal plants to treat diabetes and cancer. (hubpages.com)
- The juice of the plant is used to treat ear aches and to reduce hardened tumours. (indianetzone.com)
Seeds1
- Purchase plants or seeds. (wikihow.com)
Methods5
- Danilo Hottis Lyra, PhD and Cl udio L cio Fernandes Amaral, PhD explore modern traditional and genomic breeding methods as they apply to medicinal and aromatic plants. (novapublishers.com)
- There are various methods of preparing the plant to be taken orally or topically. (gmu.edu)
- By using these methods in conjunction with the extraction and analysis of plant microfossils, we have found chemical evidence consistent with wood-fire smoke, a range of cooked starchy foods, two plants known today for their medicinal qualities, and bitumen or oil shale entrapped within the dental calculus. (icr.org)
- The methods described, herein, will provide practical information about how to conduct chemical and biological screenings of medicinal plants. (ozon.ru)
- Methods: We inventoried all medicinal species in 195 homegardens from four villages belonging to the four ethnic groups. (cabi.org)
Metabolic3
- This book sheds new light on the role of various environmental factors in regulating the metabolic adaptation of medicinal and aromatic plants. (springer.com)
- In Chapter Six, Mladenka Pestorić, PhD, Bojana Filipčev, PhD, Aleksandra Mi an, PhD, and Olivera imurina, PhD discuss the propensity for medicinal plants to be used in cereal based product production to combat metabolic disorders. (novapublishers.com)
- Succulent plants possess specialised water-storing tissues that give them a unique ability to maintain photosynthesis and other metabolic processes during droughts. (kew.org)
CITES2
- CITES is an international agreement between governments, aimed to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. (cites.org)
- Most of these precious plants resources, however, are harvested in the wild and easily traded across borders outside of CITES regulation. (cites.org)
Traditional12
- Medicinal plants , also called medicinal herbs , have been discovered and used in traditional medicine practices since prehistoric times. (wikipedia.org)
- To this day, people in East Asian countries use medicinal plants for traditional health care treatments. (cites.org)
- These harvested medicinal plants are not only a major source for traditional medicine, but are also used as an important raw material for modern medicine, perfume, cosmetic products, etc. (cites.org)
- Use and trade of these plant-based pharmaceuticals and "botanicals", as medicinal and aromatic plants are sometimes called, underpin both traditional and "modern" healthcare systems. (traffic.org)
- It is important that the objective of any book on medicinal plants should be to recognize herbs and their curative values to the same standards as the traditional source texts. (exoticindiaart.com)
- Medicinal plants of this order provide myriad pharmaceutically active components commonly used worldwide in ethnomedicine and traditional Chinese medicine. (worldcat.org)
- After earning her doctorate, Ina specialized in ethnobotany, the science that investigates how people perceive, use, and manage their plant resources in traditional, culturally-appropriate ways. (springer.com)
- Through interviews with local community members and plant identification, Ina documents the traditional knowledge, beliefs, and practices of these communities, to help preserve their cultural heritage and contribute to plant conservation. (springer.com)
- David is currently a Research Fellow at the Natural Products Institute, UWI, where his research focuses on documenting traditional knowledge and the contemporary use of medicinal plants by Jamaicans. (springer.com)
- Still, there's much less research than there should be, considering the wealth of unexplored plants in African Traditional Medicine. (herbs.org)
- We have also studied the development of a new and friendly product for preparing decoction of Kampo medicine (Japanese traditional medicine) to utilize medicinal plants effectively. (scirp.org)
- In homegardens, medicinal plants and traditional knowledge are well conserved through human management and ease of access. (cabi.org)
Pharmacology1
- She is also the member of the editorial board of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, Phytotherapy Research, Current Medicinal Chemistry, Current Medicinal Chemistry-Central Nervous System Agents, Letters in Drug Design & Discovery, Medicina, Biomedical Research, and many others. (eurekalert.org)
Sustainable6
- The IUCN SSC Medicinal Plant Specialist Group (MPSG) is a global network of specialists contributing within our own institutions and in our own regions, as well as world-wide, to the conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants. (iucn.org)
- The MPSG was founded in 1994 to increase global awareness of conservation threats to medicinal plants, and to promote sustainable use and conservation action. (iucn.org)
- Sustainable harvest and legal trade are thus key to ensure the sustainable use of medicinal plants. (cites.org)
- Although development agencies often pay more attention, their main focus is on strengthening rural livelihood opportunities, not on conservation or sustainable use of the wild plant populations, even when these are contributing to many rural livelihood strategies. (traffic.org)
- In the past, medicinal plants were collected by experts at a proper time, place and sustainable level by using correct techniques," he said, adding that the rise in medicinal plant trade has put the species at risk. (iran-daily.com)
- Good agricultural and collection practices for medicinal plants is only the first step in quality assurance, on which the safety and efficacy of herbal medicinal products directly depend upon, and will also play an important role in the protection of natural resources of medicinal plants for sustainable use. (who.int)
Research11
- Research the plants. (wikihow.com)
- This book highlights the results from over a year of ethnobotanical research in a rural and an urban community in Jamaica, where we interviewed more than 100 people who use medicinal plants for healthcare. (springer.com)
- The goal of this research was to better understand patterns of medicinal plant knowledge, and to find out which plants are used in consensus by local people for a variety of illnesses. (springer.com)
- Ina is the Principal Investigator of the research project "Comparative Exploration of Plants and Local Knowledge in Portland Parish, Jamaica", funded by the National Geographic Society, Committee for Research and Exploration (grant #9339-13). (springer.com)
- Geoffrey Rukunga of the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) said the institute is assessing how two Kenyan medicinal plants work against the herpes simplex virus (HSV). (scidev.net)
- Naturopathy and Medicinal Plants Conference aims to bring together leading academic scientists, researchers and research scholars to exchange and share their experiences and research results on all aspects of Naturopathy and Medicinal Plants Conference. (waset.org)
- A new look at research on African medicinal plants (Journal of Ethnopharmacology, December 2015) takes a long look at the plants garnering the most attention and the deficit of research focused on African plants. (herbs.org)
- More research is needed, they conclude, "…to promote the commercialization of African plants. (herbs.org)
- The photograph on the front cover was kindly provided by Dr. Setsuko Sekita, Director, Tsukuba Medicinal Plant Research Station, National Institute of Health Sciences, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Tsukuba, Japan. (who.int)
- Based on current research and financial investments into medical plants, it seems that they will continue to play important roles in human health. (ubc.ca)
- The German Commission E is conducting some research on safety and effectiveness of medical plant use. (ubc.ca)