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Plants, Genetically ModifiedPlant LeavesPlant ProteinsPlant RootsGenes, PlantPlant ExtractsPlant ShootsPlants, MedicinalDNA, PlantPlant DevelopmentPlants, ToxicPlant CellsPlant StemsGenome, PlantArabidopsisPlants, EdiblePlant StructuresPlant Growth RegulatorsArabidopsis ProteinsPlant ImmunityTobaccoPlant EpidermisPlant StomataAngiospermsSeedsPlant PoisoningPlant TranspirationPhylogenyLycopersicon esculentumFlowersPlant TumorsChromosomes, PlantPlant Components, AerialAmino Acid SequencePlant PreparationsZea maysSeedlingHerbivoryPower PlantsBiomassFabaceaePlant NectarOxylipinsBase SequencePlant BarkSymbiosisPhotosynthesisPlant Physiological ProcessesCyclopentanesIndoleacetic AcidsSolanum tuberosumSoilMedicine, TraditionalPlant ExudatesEcosystemSalicylic AcidRoot Nodules, PlantPlant LectinsGerm Cells, PlantMutationMycorrhizaePhytotherapyPoaceaeChloroplastsPlant InfertilityPollenBrassicaGerminationAsteraceaeSpecies SpecificityPlant OilsSequence AlignmentDroughtsBotanyFungiPeasPhenotypeTriticumAbscisic AcidPhytosterolsNitrogenHordeumPseudomonas syringaeBryopsidaLightDisease ResistanceProtoplastsEvolution, MolecularChlorophyllMeristemSoybeansAgrobacterium tumefaciensPlastidsAphidsRhizobiumTreesTransformation, GeneticVolatile Organic CompoundsCucumis sativusCytokininsHydroponicsMustard PlantStress, PhysiologicalHemipteraWaterEndophytesBiodiversitySolanaceaeAdaptation, PhysiologicalModels, BiologicalMultigene FamilyBryophytaFernsPlant DispersalAscomycotaDNA, ComplementaryXylemGibberellinsMedicago sativaGymnospermsNuclear Power PlantsFruitCell WallPlantagoMedicine, African TraditionalAsparagus PlantCotyledonLamiaceaeEthnopharmacologySoil MicrobiologyGenetic Complementation TestCucurbitaHelianthusHypocotylSignal TransductionAgrobacteriumPhaseolusCaulimovirusBrassica napusMedicago truncatulaHost-Parasite InteractionsHost-Pathogen InteractionsCarbonBotrytisEmbryophytaGlucuronidaseLettuceOomycetesDNA PrimersSitosterolsAcclimatizationDaucus carotaGene Expression ProfilingEuphorbiaceaeAgricultureIntroduced SpeciesReproductionCucurbitaceaeGenetic VariationPhotoreceptors, PlantThymus PlantFusariumAnthocyaninsSorghumHerbicidesCarbohydrate MetabolismBacterial ProteinsConserved SequenceAraceaeNitrogen FixationFragariaRibulose-Bisphosphate CarboxylaseGlucosinolatesLigninBeetlesGametogenesis, PlantMutagenesis, InsertionalResins, PlantBasidiomycotaSalinityDarknessGene SilencingSodium ChloridePectinsDNA, BacterialBacteriaRNA, MessengerVicia fabaMesophyll CellsEnvironmentPhytochromeSelaginellaceaeTranscription FactorsLiliaceaeFertilizersSalt-ToleranceExpressed Sequence TagsRecombinant Fusion ProteinsGenetic EngineeringCitrusInflorescence
Plants, Genetically Modified: PLANTS, or their progeny, whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING.Plant Leaves: Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)Plant Proteins: Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.Plant Roots: The usually underground portions of a plant that serve as support, store food, and through which water and mineral nutrients enter the plant. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982; Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)Genes, Plant: The functional hereditary units of PLANTS.Plant Extracts: Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.Plant Shoots: New immature growth of a plant including stem, leaves, tips of branches, and SEEDLINGS.Plants, Medicinal: Plants whose roots, leaves, seeds, bark, or other constituent parts possess therapeutic, tonic, purgative, curative or other pharmacologic attributes, when administered to man or animals.DNA, Plant: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of plants.Plant Development: Processes orchestrated or driven by a plethora of genes, plant hormones, and inherent biological timing mechanisms facilitated by secondary molecules, which result in the systematic transformation of plants and plant parts, from one stage of maturity to another.Plants, Toxic: Plants or plant parts which are harmful to man or other animals.Plant Cells: Basic functional unit of plants.Plant Stems: Parts of plants that usually grow vertically upwards towards the light and support the leaves, buds, and reproductive structures. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)Genome, Plant: The genetic complement of a plant (PLANTS) as represented in its DNA.Arabidopsis: A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.Plants, Edible: An organism of the vegetable kingdom suitable by nature for use as a food, especially by human beings. Not all parts of any given plant are edible but all parts of edible plants have been known to figure as raw or cooked food: leaves, roots, tubers, stems, seeds, buds, fruits, and flowers. The most commonly edible parts of plants are FRUIT, usually sweet, fleshy, and succulent. Most edible plants are commonly cultivated for their nutritional value and are referred to as VEGETABLES.Plant Structures: The parts of plants, including SEEDS.Plant Growth Regulators: Any of the hormones produced naturally in plants and active in controlling growth and other functions. There are three primary classes: auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins.Arabidopsis Proteins: Proteins that originate from plants species belonging to the genus ARABIDOPSIS. The most intensely studied species of Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis thaliana, is commonly used in laboratory experiments.Plant Immunity: The inherent or induced capacity of plants to withstand or ward off biological attack by pathogens.Tobacco: A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE. Members contain NICOTINE and other biologically active chemicals; its dried leaves are used for SMOKING.Plant Epidermis: A thin layer of cells forming the outer integument of seed plants and ferns. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)Plant Stomata: Closable openings in the epidermis of plants on the underside of leaves. They allow the exchange of gases between the internal tissues of the plant and the outside atmosphere.Angiosperms: Members of the group of vascular plants which bear flowers. They are differentiated from GYMNOSPERMS by their production of seeds within a closed chamber (OVARY, PLANT). The Angiosperms division is composed of two classes, the monocotyledons (Liliopsida) and dicotyledons (Magnoliopsida). Angiosperms represent approximately 80% of all known living plants.Seeds: The encapsulated embryos of flowering plants. They are used as is or for animal feed because of the high content of concentrated nutrients like starches, proteins, and fats. Rapeseed, cottonseed, and sunflower seed are also produced for the oils (fats) they yield.Plant Poisoning: Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.Plant Transpiration: The loss of water vapor by plants to the atmosphere. It occurs mainly from the leaves through pores (stomata) whose primary function is gas exchange. The water is replaced by a continuous column of water moving upwards from the roots within the xylem vessels. (Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)Phylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.Lycopersicon esculentum: A plant species of the family SOLANACEAE, native of South America, widely cultivated for their edible, fleshy, usually red fruit.Flowers: The reproductive organs of plants.Plant Tumors: A localized proliferation of plant tissue forming a swelling or outgrowth, commonly with a characteristic shape and unlike any organ of the normal plant. Plant tumors or galls usually form in response to the action of a pathogen or a pest. (Holliday, P., A Dictionary of Plant Pathology, 1989, p330)Chromosomes, Plant: Complex nucleoprotein structures which contain the genomic DNA and are part of the CELL NUCLEUS of PLANTS.Plant Components, Aerial: The above-ground plant without the roots.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Plant Preparations: Material prepared from plants.Zea mays: A plant species of the family POACEAE. It is a tall grass grown for its EDIBLE GRAIN, corn, used as food and animal FODDER.Seedling: Very young plant after GERMINATION of SEEDS.Herbivory: The act of feeding on plants by animals.Power Plants: Units that convert some other form of energy into electrical energy.Biomass: Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop.Fabaceae: The large family of plants characterized by pods. Some are edible and some cause LATHYRISM or FAVISM and other forms of poisoning. Other species yield useful materials like gums from ACACIA and various LECTINS like PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS from PHASEOLUS. Many of them harbor NITROGEN FIXATION bacteria on their roots. Many but not all species of "beans" belong to this family.Plant Nectar: Sugar-rich liquid produced in plant glands called nectaries. It is either produced in flowers or other plant structures, providing a source of attraction for pollinating insects and animals, as well as being a nutrient source to animal mutualists which provide protection of plants against herbivores.Oxylipins: Eighteen-carbon cyclopentyl polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from ALPHA-LINOLENIC ACID via an oxidative pathway analogous to the EICOSANOIDS in animals. Biosynthesis is inhibited by SALICYLATES. A key member, jasmonic acid of PLANTS, plays a similar role to ARACHIDONIC ACID in animals.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Plant Bark: The outer layer of the woody parts of plants.Symbiosis: The relationship between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other or a relationship between different species where both of the organisms in question benefit from the presence of the other.Photosynthesis: The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds. Photosynthesis comprises two separate processes: the light reactions and the dark reactions. In higher plants; GREEN ALGAE; and CYANOBACTERIA; NADPH and ATP formed by the light reactions drive the dark reactions which result in the fixation of carbon dioxide. (from Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2001)Plant Physiological Processes: Physiological functions characteristic of plants.Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.Indoleacetic Acids: Acetic acid derivatives of the heterocyclic compound indole. (Merck Index, 11th ed)Solanum tuberosum: A plant species of the genus SOLANUM, family SOLANACEAE. The starchy roots are used as food. SOLANINE is found in green parts.Soil: The unconsolidated mineral or organic matter on the surface of the earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants.Medicine, Traditional: Systems of medicine based on cultural beliefs and practices handed down from generation to generation. The concept includes mystical and magical rituals (SPIRITUAL THERAPIES); PHYTOTHERAPY; and other treatments which may not be explained by modern medicine.Plant Exudates: Substances released by PLANTS such as PLANT GUMS and PLANT RESINS.Ecosystem: A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Salicylic Acid: A compound obtained from the bark of the white willow and wintergreen leaves. It has bacteriostatic, fungicidal, and keratolytic actions.Root Nodules, Plant: Knobbed structures formed from and attached to plant roots, especially of LEGUMES, which result from symbiotic infection by nitrogen fixing bacteria such as RHIZOBIUM or FRANKIA. Root nodules are structures related to MYCORRHIZAE formed by symbiotic associations with fungi.Plant Lectins: Protein or glycoprotein substances of plant origin that bind to sugar moieties in cell walls or membranes. Some carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (ENZYMES) from PLANTS also bind to carbohydrates, however they are not considered lectins. Many plant lectins change the physiology of the membrane of BLOOD CELLS to cause agglutination, mitosis, or other biochemical changes. They may play a role in plant defense mechanisms.Germ Cells, Plant: The reproductive cells of plants.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Mycorrhizae: Symbiotic combination (dual organism) of the MYCELIUM of FUNGI with the roots of plants (PLANT ROOTS). The roots of almost all higher plants exhibit this mutually beneficial relationship, whereby the fungus supplies water and mineral salts to the plant, and the plant supplies CARBOHYDRATES to the fungus. There are two major types of mycorrhizae: ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae.Phytotherapy: Use of plants or herbs to treat diseases or to alleviate pain.Poaceae: A large family of narrow-leaved herbaceous grasses of the order Cyperales, subclass Commelinidae, class Liliopsida (monocotyledons). Food grains (EDIBLE GRAIN) come from members of this family. RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, SEASONAL can be induced by POLLEN of many of the grasses.Chloroplasts: Plant cell inclusion bodies that contain the photosynthetic pigment CHLOROPHYLL, which is associated with the membrane of THYLAKOIDS. Chloroplasts occur in cells of leaves and young stems of plants. They are also found in some forms of PHYTOPLANKTON such as HAPTOPHYTA; DINOFLAGELLATES; DIATOMS; and CRYPTOPHYTA.Plant Infertility: The failure of PLANTS to complete fertilization and obtain seed (SEEDS) as a result of defective POLLEN or ovules, or other aberrations. (Dict. of Plant Genet. and Mol. Biol., 1998)Pollen: The fertilizing element of plants that contains the male GAMETOPHYTES.Brassica: A plant genus of the family Cruciferae. It contains many species and cultivars used as food including cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, Brussel sprouts, kale, collard greens, MUSTARD PLANT; (B. alba, B. junica, and B. nigra), turnips (BRASSICA NAPUS) and rapeseed (BRASSICA RAPA).Germination: The initial stages of the growth of SEEDS into a SEEDLINGS. The embryonic shoot (plumule) and embryonic PLANT ROOTS (radicle) emerge and grow upwards and downwards respectively. Food reserves for germination come from endosperm tissue within the seed and/or from the seed leaves (COTYLEDON). (Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)Asteraceae: A large plant family of the order Asterales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida. The family is also known as Compositae. Flower petals are joined near the base and stamens alternate with the corolla lobes. The common name of "daisy" refers to several genera of this family including Aster; CHRYSANTHEMUM; RUDBECKIA; TANACETUM.Species Specificity: The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.Plant Oils: Oils derived from plants or plant products.Sequence Alignment: The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.Droughts: Prolonged dry periods in natural climate cycle. They are slow-onset phenomena caused by rainfall deficit combined with other predisposing factors.Botany: The study of the origin, structure, development, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of plants.Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.Peas: A variable annual leguminous vine (Pisum sativum) that is cultivated for its rounded smooth or wrinkled edible protein-rich seeds, the seed of the pea, and the immature pods with their included seeds. (From Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, 1973)Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as STEROLS or STEROIDS derived from plants.Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.Hordeum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE. The EDIBLE GRAIN, barley, is widely used as food.Pseudomonas syringae: A species of gram-negative, fluorescent, phytopathogenic bacteria in the genus PSEUDOMONAS. It is differentiated into approximately 50 pathovars with different plant pathogenicities and host specificities.Bryopsida: A class of plants within the Bryophyta comprising the mosses, which are found in both damp (including freshwater) and drier situations. Mosses possess erect or prostrate leafless stems, which give rise to leafless stalks bearing capsules. Spores formed in the capsules are released and grow to produce new plants. (Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990). Many small plants bearing the name moss are in fact not mosses. The "moss" found on the north side of trees is actually a green alga (CHLOROPHYTA). Irish moss is really a red alga (RHODOPHYTA). Beard lichen (beard moss), Iceland moss, oak moss, and reindeer moss are actually LICHENS. Spanish moss is a common name for both LICHENS and an air plant (TILLANDSIA usneoides) of the pineapple family. Club moss is an evergreen herb of the family LYCOPODIACEAE.Light: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.Disease Resistance: The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.Protoplasts: The protoplasm and plasma membrane of plant, fungal, bacterial or archaeon cells without the CELL WALL.Evolution, Molecular: The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.Meristem: A group of plant cells that are capable of dividing infinitely and whose main function is the production of new growth at the growing tip of a root or stem. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)Soybeans: An annual legume. The SEEDS of this plant are edible and used to produce a variety of SOY FOODS.Agrobacterium tumefaciens: A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria isolated from soil and the stems, leafs, and roots of plants. Some biotypes are pathogenic and cause the formation of PLANT TUMORS in a wide variety of higher plants. The species is a major research tool in biotechnology.Plastids: Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. PLASTID GENOMES are used in phylogenetic studies.Aphids: A family (Aphididae) of small insects, in the suborder Sternorrhyncha, that suck the juices of plants. Important genera include Schizaphis and Myzus. The latter is known to carry more than 100 virus diseases between plants.Rhizobium: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that activate PLANT ROOT NODULATION in leguminous plants. Members of this genus are nitrogen-fixing and common soil inhabitants.Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches.Transformation, Genetic: Change brought about to an organisms genetic composition by unidirectional transfer (TRANSFECTION; TRANSDUCTION, GENETIC; CONJUGATION, GENETIC, etc.) and incorporation of foreign DNA into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells by recombination of part or all of that DNA into the cell's genome.Volatile Organic Compounds: Organic compounds that have a relatively high VAPOR PRESSURE at room temperature.Cucumis sativus: A creeping annual plant species of the CUCURBITACEAE family. It has a rough succulent, trailing stem and hairy leaves with three to five pointed lobes.Cytokinins: Plant hormones that promote the separation of daughter cells after mitotic division of a parent cell. Frequently they are purine derivatives.Hydroponics: A technique for growing plants in culture solutions rather than in soil. The roots are immersed in an aerated solution containing the correct proportions of essential mineral salts. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)Mustard Plant: Any of several BRASSICA species that are commonly called mustard. Brassica alba is white mustard, B. juncea is brown or Chinese mustard, and B. nigra is black, brown, or red mustard. The plant is grown both for mustard seed from which oil is extracted or used as SPICES, and for its greens used as VEGETABLES or ANIMAL FEED. There is no relationship to MUSTARD COMPOUNDS.Stress, Physiological: The unfavorable effect of environmental factors (stressors) on the physiological functions of an organism. Prolonged unresolved physiological stress can affect HOMEOSTASIS of the organism, and may lead to damaging or pathological conditions.Hemiptera: A large order of insects characterized by having the mouth parts adapted to piercing or sucking. It is comprised of four suborders: HETEROPTERA, Auchenorrhyncha, Sternorrhyncha, and Coleorrhyncha.Water: A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Endophytes: An endosymbiont that is either a bacterium or fungus living part of its life in a plant. Endophytes can benefit host plants by preventing pathogenic organisms from colonizing them.Biodiversity: The variety of all native living organisms and their various forms and interrelationships.Solanaceae: A plant family of the order Solanales, subclass Asteridae. Among the most important are POTATOES; TOMATOES; CAPSICUM (green and red peppers); TOBACCO; and BELLADONNA.Adaptation, Physiological: The non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its ENVIRONMENT.Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Multigene Family: A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)Bryophyta: A division of the plant kingdom. Bryophyta contains the subdivision, Musci, which contains the classes: Andreaeopsida, BRYOPSIDA, and SPHAGNOPSIDA.Ferns: Seedless nonflowering plants of the class Filicinae. They reproduce by spores that appear as dots on the underside of feathery fronds. In earlier classifications the Pteridophyta included the club mosses, horsetails, ferns, and various fossil groups. In more recent classifications, pteridophytes and spermatophytes (seed-bearing plants) are classified in the Subkingdom Tracheobionta (also known as Tracheophyta).Plant Dispersal: The physical distribution of plants in various forms and stages of development through time and space.Ascomycota: A phylum of fungi which have cross-walls or septa in the mycelium. The perfect state is characterized by the formation of a saclike cell (ascus) containing ascospores. Most pathogenic fungi with a known perfect state belong to this phylum.DNA, Complementary: Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.Xylem: Plant tissue that carries water up the root and stem. Xylem cell walls derive most of their strength from LIGNIN. The vessels are similar to PHLOEM sieve tubes but lack companion cells and do not have perforated sides and pores.Gibberellins: A class of plant growth hormone isolated from cultures of Gibberella fujikuroi, a fungus causing Bakanae disease in rice. There are many different members of the family as well as mixtures of multiple members; all are diterpenoid acids based on the gibberellane skeleton.Medicago sativa: A plant species of the family FABACEAE widely cultivated for ANIMAL FEED.Gymnosperms: Gymnosperms are a group of vascular plants whose seeds are not enclosed by a ripened ovary (fruit), in contrast to ANGIOSPERMS whose seeds are surrounded by an ovary wall. The seeds of many gymnosperms (literally, "naked seed") are borne in cones and are not visible. Taxonomists now recognize four distinct divisions of extant gymnospermous plants (CONIFEROPHYTA; CYCADOPHYTA; GINKGOPHYTA; and GNETOPHYTA).Nuclear Power Plants: Facilities that convert NUCLEAR ENERGY into electrical energy.Fruit: The fleshy or dry ripened ovary of a plant, enclosing the seed or seeds.Cell Wall: The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.Plantago: A plant genus of the family Plantaginaceae. The small plants usually have a dense tuft of basal leaves and long, leafless stalks bearing a terminal spike of small flowers. The seeds, known as PSYLLIUM, swell in water and are used as laxatives. The leaves have been used medicinally.Medicine, African Traditional: A system of traditional medicine which is based on the beliefs and practices of the African peoples. It includes treatment by medicinal plants and other materia medica as well as by the ministrations of diviners, medicine men, witch doctors, and sorcerers.Asparagus Plant: A plant genus in the family LILIACEAE (sometimes placed in Asparagaceae) that contains ECDYSTEROIDS and is an ingredient of Siotone. The shoots are used as a vegetable and the roots are used in FOLK MEDICINE.Cotyledon: A part of the embryo in a seed plant. The number of cotyledons is an important feature in classifying plants. In seeds without an endosperm, they store food which is used in germination. In some plants, they emerge above the soil surface and become the first photosynthetic leaves. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)Lamiaceae: The mint plant family. They are characteristically aromatic, and many of them are cultivated for their oils. Most have square stems, opposite leaves, and two-lipped, open-mouthed, tubular corollas (united petals), with five-lobed, bell-like calyxes (united sepals).Ethnopharmacology: The study of the actions and properties of medicinal agents, often derived from PLANTS, indigenous to populations or ETHNIC GROUPS.Soil Microbiology: The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the soil. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.Genetic Complementation Test: A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.Cucurbita: A plant genus of the family CUCURBITACEAE, order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, which includes pumpkin, gourd and squash.Helianthus: A genus herbs of the Asteraceae family. The SEEDS yield oil and are used as food and animal feed; the roots of Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke) are edible.Hypocotyl: The region of the stem beneath the stalks of the seed leaves (cotyledons) and directly above the young root of the embryo plant. It grows rapidly in seedlings showing epigeal germination and lifts the cotyledons above the soil surface. In this region (the transition zone) the arrangement of vascular bundles in the root changes to that of the stem. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Agrobacterium: A genus of gram negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found in soil, plants, and marine mud.Phaseolus: A plant genus in the family FABACEAE which is the source of edible beans and the lectin PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS.Caulimovirus: A genus of PLANT VIRUSES, in the family CAULIMOVIRIDAE, that are transmitted by APHIDS in a semipersistent manner. Aphid-borne transmission of some caulimoviruses requires certain virus-coded proteins termed transmission factors.Brassica napus: A plant species of the family BRASSICACEAE best known for the edible roots.Medicago truncatula: A plant species of the family FABACEAE used to study GENETICS because it is DIPLOID, self fertile, has a small genome, and short generation time.Host-Parasite Interactions: The relationship between an invertebrate and another organism (the host), one of which lives at the expense of the other. Traditionally excluded from definition of parasites are pathogenic BACTERIA; FUNGI; VIRUSES; and PLANTS; though they may live parasitically.Host-Pathogen Interactions: The interactions between a host and a pathogen, usually resulting in disease.Carbon: A nonmetallic element with atomic symbol C, atomic number 6, and atomic weight [12.0096; 12.0116]. It may occur as several different allotropes including DIAMOND; CHARCOAL; and GRAPHITE; and as SOOT from incompletely burned fuel.Botrytis: A mitosporic Leotiales fungal genus of plant pathogens. It has teleomorphs in the genus Botryotina.Embryophyta: Higher plants that live primarily in terrestrial habitats, although some are secondarily aquatic. Most obtain their energy from PHOTOSYNTHESIS. They comprise the vascular and non-vascular plants.GlucuronidaseLettuce: Any of the various plants of the genus Lactuca, especially L. sativa, cultivated for its edible leaves. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)Oomycetes: Eukaryotes in the group STRAMENOPILES, formerly considered FUNGI, whose exact taxonomic level is unsettled. Many consider Oomycetes (Oomycota) a phylum in the kingdom Stramenopila, or alternatively, as Pseudofungi in the phylum Heterokonta of the kingdom Chromista. They are morphologically similar to fungi but have no close phylogenetic relationship to them. Oomycetes are found in both fresh and salt water as well as in terrestrial environments. (Alexopoulos et al., Introductory Mycology, 4th ed, pp683-4). They produce flagellated, actively motile spores (zoospores) that are pathogenic to many crop plants and FISHES.DNA Primers: Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.Sitosterols: A family of sterols commonly found in plants and plant oils. Alpha-, beta-, and gamma-isomers have been characterized.Acclimatization: Adaptation to a new environment or to a change in the old.Daucus carota: A plant species of the family APIACEAE that is widely cultivated for the edible yellow-orange root. The plant has finely divided leaves and flat clusters of small white flowers.Gene Expression Profiling: The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.Euphorbiaceae: The spurge family of flowering plants, in the order Euphorbiales, contains some 7,500 species in 275 genera. The family consists of annual and perennial herbs and woody shrubs or trees.Agriculture: The science, art or practice of cultivating soil, producing crops, and raising livestock.Introduced Species: Non-native organisms brought into a region, habitat, or ECOSYSTEM by human activity.Reproduction: The total process by which organisms produce offspring. (Stedman, 25th ed)Cucurbitaceae: The gourd plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is sometimes placed in its own order, Cucurbitales. 'Melon' generally refers to CUCUMIS; CITRULLUS; or MOMORDICA.Genetic Variation: Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.Photoreceptors, Plant: Plant proteins that mediate LIGHT SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They are involved in PHOTOTROPISM and other light adaption responses during plant growth and development . They include the phototropins, phytochromes (PHYTOCHROME), and members of the ubiquitous cryptochrome family.Thymus Plant: A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE best known for the thyme spice added to foods.Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.Anthocyanins: A group of FLAVONOIDS derived from FLAVONOLS, which lack the ketone oxygen at the 4-position. They are glycosylated versions of cyanidin, pelargonidin or delphinidin. The conjugated bonds result in blue, red, and purple colors in flowers of plants.Sorghum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE. The grain is used for FOOD and for ANIMAL FEED. This should not be confused with KAFFIR LIME or with KEFIR milk product.Herbicides: Pesticides used to destroy unwanted vegetation, especially various types of weeds, grasses (POACEAE), and woody plants. Some plants develop HERBICIDE RESISTANCE.Carbohydrate Metabolism: Cellular processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of CARBOHYDRATES.Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium.Conserved Sequence: A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.Araceae: A plant family of the order Arales, subclass Arecidae, class Liliopsida (monocot). Many members contain OXALIC ACID and calcium oxalate (OXALATES).Nitrogen Fixation: The process in certain BACTERIA; FUNGI; and CYANOBACTERIA converting free atmospheric NITROGEN to biologically usable forms of nitrogen, such as AMMONIA; NITRATES; and amino compounds.Fragaria: A plant genus of the family ROSACEAE known for the edible fruit.Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase: A carboxy-lyase that plays a key role in photosynthetic carbon assimilation in the CALVIN-BENSON CYCLE by catalyzing the formation of 3-phosphoglycerate from ribulose 1,5-biphosphate and CARBON DIOXIDE. It can also utilize OXYGEN as a substrate to catalyze the synthesis of 2-phosphoglycolate and 3-phosphoglycerate in a process referred to as photorespiration.Glucosinolates: Substituted thioglucosides. They are found in rapeseed (Brassica campestris) products and related cruciferae. They are metabolized to a variety of toxic products which are most likely the cause of hepatocytic necrosis in animals and humans.Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)Beetles: INSECTS of the order Coleoptera, containing over 350,000 species in 150 families. They possess hard bodies and their mouthparts are adapted for chewing.Gametogenesis, Plant: The process of germ cell development in plants, from the primordial PLANT GERM CELLS to the mature haploid PLANT GAMETES.Mutagenesis, Insertional: Mutagenesis where the mutation is caused by the introduction of foreign DNA sequences into a gene or extragenic sequence. This may occur spontaneously in vivo or be experimentally induced in vivo or in vitro. Proviral DNA insertions into or adjacent to a cellular proto-oncogene can interrupt GENETIC TRANSLATION of the coding sequences or interfere with recognition of regulatory elements and cause unregulated expression of the proto-oncogene resulting in tumor formation.Resins, Plant: Flammable, amorphous, vegetable products of secretion or disintegration, usually formed in special cavities of plants. They are generally insoluble in water and soluble in alcohol, carbon tetrachloride, ether, or volatile oils. They are fusible and have a conchoidal fracture. They are the oxidation or polymerization products of the terpenes, and are mixtures of aromatic acids and esters. Most are soft and sticky, but harden after exposure to cold. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & Dorland, 28th ed)Basidiomycota: A phylum of fungi that produce their sexual spores (basidiospores) on the outside of the basidium. It includes forms commonly known as mushrooms, boletes, puffballs, earthstars, stinkhorns, bird's-nest fungi, jelly fungi, bracket or shelf fungi, and rust and smut fungi.Salinity: Degree of saltiness, which is largely the OSMOLAR CONCENTRATION of SODIUM CHLORIDE plus any other SALTS present. It is an ecological factor of considerable importance, influencing the types of organisms that live in an ENVIRONMENT.Darkness: The absence of light.Gene Silencing: Interruption or suppression of the expression of a gene at transcriptional or translational levels.Sodium Chloride: A ubiquitous sodium salt that is commonly used to season food.Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.DNA, Bacterial: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.Bacteria: One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Vicia faba: A plant species of the genus VICIA, family FABACEAE. The edible beans are well known but they cause FAVISM in some individuals with GLUCOSEPHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY. This plant contains vicine, convicine, Vicia lectins, unknown seed protein, AAP2 transport protein, and Vicia faba DNA-binding protein 1.Mesophyll Cells: Large and highly vacuolated cells possessing many chloroplasts occuring in the interior cross-section of leaves, juxtaposed between the epidermal layers.Environment: The external elements and conditions which surround, influence, and affect the life and development of an organism or population.Phytochrome: A blue-green biliprotein widely distributed in the plant kingdom.Selaginellaceae: A plant family of the order Selaginellales, class Lycopodiopsida, division Lycopodiophyta, subkingdom Tracheobionta. Members contain bilobetin. The rarely used common name of resurrection plant is mainly used with CRATEROSTIGMA.Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.Liliaceae: A monocot family within the order Liliales. This family is divided by some botanists into other families such as Convallariaceae, Hyacinthaceae and Amaryllidaceae. Amaryllidaceae, which have inferior ovaries, includes CRINUM; GALANTHUS; LYCORIS; and NARCISSUS and are known for AMARYLLIDACEAE ALKALOIDS.Fertilizers: Substances or mixtures that are added to the soil to supply nutrients or to make available nutrients already present in the soil, in order to increase plant growth and productivity.Salt-Tolerance: The ability of organisms to sense and adapt to high concentrations of salt in their growth environment.Expressed Sequence Tags: Partial cDNA (DNA, COMPLEMENTARY) sequences that are unique to the cDNAs from which they were derived.Recombinant Fusion Proteins: Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc.Citrus: A plant genus of the family RUTACEAE. They bear the familiar citrus fruits including oranges, grapefruit, lemons, and limes. There are many hybrids which makes the nomenclature confusing.Inflorescence: A cluster of FLOWERS (as opposed to a solitary flower) arranged on a main stem of a plant.

Activation of systemic acquired silencing by localised introduction of DNA. (1/7901)

BACKGROUND: In plants, post-transcriptional gene silencing results in RNA degradation after transcription. Among tobacco transformants carrying a nitrate reductase (Nia) construct under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (35S-Nia2), one class of transformants spontaneously triggers Nia post-transcriptional gene silencing (class II) whereas another class does not (class I). Non-silenced plants of both classes become silenced when grafted onto silenced stocks, indicating the existence of a systemic silencing signal. Graft-transmitted silencing is maintained in class II but not in class I plants when removed from silenced stocks, indicating similar requirements for spontaneous triggering and maintenance. RESULTS: Introduction of 35S-Nia2 DNA by the gene transfer method called biolistics led to localised acquired silencing (LAS) in bombarded leaves of wild-type, class I and class II plants, and to systemic acquired silencing (SAS) in class II plants. SAS occurred even if the targeted leaf was removed 2 days after bombardment, indicating that the systemic signal is produced, transmitted and amplified rapidly. SAS was activated by sense, antisense and promoterless Nia2 DNA constructs, indicating that transcription is not required although it does stimulate SAS. CONCLUSIONS: SAS was activated by biolistic introduction of promoterless constructs, indicating that the DNA itself is a potent activator of post-transcriptional gene silencing. The systemic silencing signal invaded the whole plant by cell-to-cell and long-distance propagation, and reamplification of the signal.  (+info)

Gene silencing: plants and viruses fight it out. (2/7901)

Plants can become 'immune' to attack by viruses by degrading specific viral RNA, but some plant viruses have evolved the general capacity to suppress this resistance mechanism.  (+info)

Polynucleotide probes that target a hypervariable region of 16S rRNA genes to identify bacterial isolates corresponding to bands of community fingerprints. (3/7901)

Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) is well suited for fingerprinting bacterial communities by separating PCR-amplified fragments of 16S rRNA genes (16S ribosomal DNA [rDNA]). A strategy was developed and was generally applicable for linking 16S rDNA from community fingerprints to pure culture isolates from the same habitat. For this, digoxigenin-labeled polynucleotide probes were generated by PCR, using bands excised from TGGE community fingerprints as a template, and applied in hybridizations with dot blotted 16S rDNA amplified from bacterial isolates. Within 16S rDNA, the hypervariable V6 region, corresponding to positions 984 to 1047 (Escherichia coli 16S rDNA sequence), which is a subset of the region used for TGGE (positions 968 to 1401), best met the criteria of high phylogenetic variability, required for sufficient probe specificity, and closely flanking conserved priming sites for amplification. Removal of flanking conserved bases was necessary to enable the differentiation of closely related species. This was achieved by 5' exonuclease digestion, terminated by phosphorothioate bonds which were synthesized into the primers. The remaining complementary strand was removed by single-strand-specific digestion. Standard hybridization with truncated probes allowed differentiation of bacteria which differed by only two bases within the probe target site and 1.2% within the complete 16S rDNA. However, a truncated probe, derived from an excised TGGE band of a rhizosphere community, hybridized with three phylogenetically related isolates with identical V6 sequences. Only one of the isolates comigrated with the excised band in TGGE, which was shown to be due to identical sequences, demonstrating the utility of a combined TGGE and V6 probe approach.  (+info)

Enhanced resistance to bacterial diseases of transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing sarcotoxin IA, a bactericidal peptide of insect. (4/7901)

Sarcotoxin IA is a bactericidal peptide of 39 amino acids found in the common flesh fly, Sarcophaga peregrina. Many agronomically important bacteria in Japan are killed by this peptide at sub-micro molar levels, and the growth of tobacco and rice suspension cultured cells is not inhibited with less than 25 microM. Transgenic tobacco plants which overexpress the peptide, i.e. over 250 pmol per gram of fresh leaf, under the control of a high expression constitutive promoter showed enhanced resistance to the pathogens for wild fire disease (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci) and bacterial soft rot disease (Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora).  (+info)

Overexpression of the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry2Aa2 protein in chloroplasts confers resistance to plants against susceptible and Bt-resistant insects. (5/7901)

Evolving levels of resistance in insects to the bioinsecticide Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be dramatically reduced through the genetic engineering of chloroplasts in plants. When transgenic tobacco leaves expressing Cry2Aa2 protoxin in chloroplasts were fed to susceptible, Cry1A-resistant (20,000- to 40,000-fold) and Cry2Aa2-resistant (330- to 393-fold) tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens, cotton bollworm Helicoverpa zea, and the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua, 100% mortality was observed against all insect species and strains. Cry2Aa2 was chosen for this study because of its toxicity to many economically important insect pests, relatively low levels of cross-resistance against Cry1A-resistant insects, and its expression as a protoxin instead of a toxin because of its relatively small size (65 kDa). Southern blot analysis confirmed stable integration of cry2Aa2 into all of the chloroplast genomes (5, 000-10,000 copies per cell) of transgenic plants. Transformed tobacco leaves expressed Cry2Aa2 protoxin at levels between 2% and 3% of total soluble protein, 20- to 30-fold higher levels than current commercial nuclear transgenic plants. These results suggest that plants expressing high levels of a nonhomologous Bt protein should be able to overcome or at the very least, significantly delay, broad spectrum Bt-resistance development in the field.  (+info)

Cytokinin activation of Arabidopsis cell division through a D-type cyclin. (6/7901)

Cytokinins are plant hormones that regulate plant cell division. The D-type cyclin CycD3 was found to be elevated in a mutant of Arabidopsis with a high level of cytokinin and to be rapidly induced by cytokinin application in both cell cultures and whole plants. Constitutive expression of CycD3 in transgenic plants allowed induction and maintenance of cell division in the absence of exogenous cytokinin. Results suggest that cytokinin activates Arabidopsis cell division through induction of CycD3 at the G1-S cell cycle phase transition.  (+info)

Cloning and expression of a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) phosphatidylserine synthase cDNA. Overexpression in plants alters the composition of phospholipids. (7/7901)

We describe the cloning of a wheat cDNA (TaPSS1) that encodes a phosphatidylserine synthase (PSS) and provides the first strong evidence for the existence of this enzyme in a higher eukaryotic cell. The cDNA was isolated on its ability to confer increased resistance to aluminum toxicity when expressed in yeast. The sequence of the predicted protein encoded by TaPSS1 shows homology to PSS from both yeast and bacteria but is distinct from the animal PSS enzymes that catalyze base-exchange reactions. In wheat, Southern blot analysis identified the presence of a small family of genes that cross-hybridized to TaPSS1, and Northern blots showed that aluminum induced TaPSS1 expression in root apices. Expression of TaPSS1 complemented the yeast cho1 mutant that lacks PSS activity and altered the phospholipid composition of wild type yeast, with the most marked effect being increased abundance of phosphatidylserine (PS). Arabidopsis thaliana leaves overexpressing TaPSS1 showed a marked enhancement in PSS activity, which was associated with increased biosynthesis of PS at the expense of both phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylglycerol. Unlike mammalian cells where PS accumulation is tightly regulated even when the capacity for PS biosynthesis is increased, plant cells accumulated large amounts of PS when TaPSS1 was overexpressed. High levels of TaPSS1 expression in Arabidopsis and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) led to the appearance of necrotic lesions on leaves, which may have resulted from the excessive accumulation of PS. The cloning of TaPSS1 now provides evidence that the yeast pathway for PS synthesis exists in some plant tissues and provides a tool for understanding the pathways of phospholipid biosynthesis and their regulation in plants.  (+info)

NADH-glutamate synthase in alfalfa root nodules. Genetic regulation and cellular expression. (8/7901)

NADH-dependent glutamate synthase (NADH-GOGAT; EC 1.4.1.14) is a key enzyme in primary nitrogen assimilation in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) root nodules. Here we report that in alfalfa, a single gene, probably with multiple alleles, encodes for NADH-GOGAT. In situ hybridizations were performed to assess the location of NADH-GOGAT transcript in alfalfa root nodules. In wild-type cv Saranac nodules the NADH-GOGAT gene is predominantly expressed in infected cells. Nodules devoid of bacteroids (empty) induced by Sinorhizobium meliloti 7154 had no NADH-GOGAT transcript detectable by in situ hybridization, suggesting that the presence of the bacteroid may be important for NADH-GOGAT expression. The pattern of expression of NADH-GOGAT shifted during root nodule development. Until d 9 after planting, all infected cells appeared to express NADH-GOGAT. By d 19, a gradient of expression from high in the early symbiotic zone to low in the late symbiotic zone was observed. In 33-d-old nodules expression was seen in only a few cell layers in the early symbiotic zone. This pattern of expression was also observed for the nifH transcript but not for leghemoglobin. The promoter of NADH-GOGAT was evaluated in transgenic alfalfa plants carrying chimeric beta-glucuronidase promoter fusions. The results suggest that there are at least four regulatory elements. The region responsible for expression in the infected cell zone contains an 88-bp direct repeat.  (+info)

Cytokinin regulates differentially expression of P AHK -GUS constructs in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants, Russian...Cytokinin regulates differentially expression of P AHK -GUS constructs in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants, Russian...
Read "Cytokinin regulates differentially expression of P AHK -GUS constructs in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants, Russian Journal of Plant Physiology" on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips.
EFSA evaluates antibiotic resistance marker genes in GM plants | European Food Safety AuthorityEFSA evaluates antibiotic resistance marker genes in GM plants | European Food Safety Authority
In another opinion, the GMO Panel reviewed its previous assessments of individual GM plants containing ARMG taking into account the findings and conclusions of the joint opinion of the GMO and BIOHAZ Panels. The GMO Panel concluded that its previous risk assessments on the use of the nptII marker gene in GM plants are consistent with the risk assessment strategy described in the joint opinion and that no new scientific evidence has become available that would prompt it to change its previous opinions[3] on these GM plants.. Following the adoption of the joint opinion of the GMO and BIOHAZ Panels, EFSA asked the panels to consider whether the minority opinions required any clarification of the joint opinion or additional scientific work. The Panel chairs responded that the minority opinions had been extensively considered during the preparation of the joint opinion and no further clarification or scientific work were needed at this time.. In their joint opinion, the GMO and BIOHAZ Panels ...
Constitutive Expression of a Trypsin Protease Inhibitor Confers Multiple Stress Tolerance in Transgenic Tobacco : Plant and...Constitutive Expression of a Trypsin Protease Inhibitor Confers Multiple Stress Tolerance in Transgenic Tobacco : Plant and...
Protease inhibitors have been reported to confer insect resistance in transgenic plants, except for a rice protease inhibitor that conferred drought tolerance in transgenic rice plants. We have cloned a protease inhibitor of tobacco that is expressed under treatment with ABA, hydrogen peroxide, methyl jasmonate and wounding. The cDNA codes for a six-domain serine protease inhibitor with a deduced sequence of 396 amino acids. We have generated transgenic tobacco plants expressing the protease inhibitor constitutively under the 35S promoter. When analyzed in the T2 generation, these transgenic plants exhibited tolerance to sodium chloride, variable pH and sorbitol, together with the expected resistance to the insect pests Spodoptera litura and Helicoverpa armigera. The transgenic plants showed enhanced seed germination, root length and root-shoot ratio, significantly enhanced total chlorophyll content and reduced thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances under stress. Under sodium chloride ...
Why Does Overwatering A Plant Kill It Desperate Houseplants Dealing With Common Houseplant Diseases Gardening Know How Does...Why Does Overwatering A Plant Kill It Desperate Houseplants Dealing With Common Houseplant Diseases Gardening Know How Does...
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Learn about Aspidistra sichuanensis Speckled Thai | Speckled Thai Cast Iron Plant | Perennial Encyclopedia by Plant Delights...Learn about Aspidistra sichuanensis Speckled Thai | Speckled Thai Cast Iron Plant | Perennial Encyclopedia by Plant Delights...
Aspidistra sichuanensis Speckled Thai aka Speckled Thai Cast Iron Plant. Grows in Light Shade to Shade. Flower Color is Purple/Lavender and blooms in Winter. Hardiness zone 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b. Characteristics: Container Plants, Deer Resistant Plants, Drought Tolerant Plants, Dry Shade Plants, Groundcovers, Medicinal Plants, Plant Delights Introductions, Plants from China, Rain Garden Plants, Salt Tolerant Seaside Plants, Thrillers, Tropical Looking Plants, Xeriscaping Plants, Colored Foliage, Patterned Foliage, Evergreen Perennials, Living Wall --- Aspidistra sichuanensis Speckled Thai, buy Aspidistra sichuanensis Speckled Thai for sale from Plant Delights Nursery, award-winning mail order perennial plants on-line; buy Cast Iron Plant, Cast Iron Plant for sale, buy Aspidistra for sale, buy perennial plants for sale, woodland shade garden perennials
How Transgenic Plants are Produced or Developed? - Answered!How Transgenic Plants are Produced or Developed? - Answered!
Transgenic maize is developed with a gene coding for protein rich in the essential amino acid lysine. It will improve greatly the nutritional status of people in countries like Africa.. Transgenic wheat has been made which is resistant to herbicides by the induction of a bacterial gene whose protein inactivates such chemicals. If a field is treated with herbicide to kill weeds the original crop will not be harmed.. A transgenic tomato is introduced with reduced amount of an enzyme necessary for ripening. This tomato does not go soft on storage. The gene which is inserted transcribes and produces a RNA complementary in sequence to the mRNA for the ripening protein. The two RNAs bond by complementary base-pairing, and so the translation of the normal /w-RNA is inhibited. Genetically engineered "Flavr Savr" tomatoes are produced in 1995 in USA. These have increased yield and full development of flavour.. ...
Enhancing a plants resistance with genes from the plant kingdomEnhancing a plant's resistance with genes from the plant kingdom
Contributed by Gustavo A. Fermin-Muñoz. Fermin-Munoz, G. A. 2000. Enhancing a plants resistance with genes from the plant kingdom. 2000. APSnet Feature. Online. doi: 10.1094/APSnetFeature-2000-0500A. Plants have their own networks of defense against plant pathogens that include a vast array of proteins and other organic molecules produced prior to infection or during pathogen attack. Not all pathogens can attack all plants and a single plant is not susceptible to the whole plethora of plant pathogenic fungi, viruses, bacteria or nematodes. Recombinant DNA technology allows the enhancement of inherent plant responses against a pathogen by either using single dominant resistance genes not normally present in the susceptible plant (Keen 1999) or by choosing plant genes that intensify or trigger the expressions of existing defense mechanisms (Bent and Yu 1999, Rommens and Kishore 2000). What is useful in one plant/pathogen system may be transferred to another, increasing the recipient plants ...
EP 2298918 A2 20110323 - Regulation of Plant Biomass and Stress ToleranceEP 2298918 A2 20110323 - Regulation of Plant Biomass and Stress Tolerance
332840350 - EP 2298918 A2 20110323 - Regulation of Plant Biomass and Stress Tolerance - The present invention relates to transgenic plants having greater tolerance to an abiotic stress, than a control plant for example cold or osmotic stress such as heat, desiccation, drought, freezing, and high salt stress, wherein said transgenic plant comprises a recombinant polynucleotide that encodes a polypeptide; wherein the polypeptide comprises a first domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 72, and a second domain that has at least 62% amino acid sequence identity to the second conserved domain of SEQ ID NO: 2 as set forth in Table 1 and the second domain comprises SEQ ID NO: 63 or SEQ ID NO: 64; wherein expression of the polypeptide in the transgenic plant is regulated by a non-constitutive promoter, and expression of the polypeptide in the transgenic plant confers to the transgenic plant said greater tolerance to the abiotic stress; wherein said control plant does not comprise the recombinant polynucleotide; and said
Annual Plant Reviews, Endogenous Plant Rhythms, Buch. Anthony J. W. Hall - ReadRateAnnual Plant Reviews, Endogenous Plant Rhythms, Buch. Anthony J. W. Hall - ReadRate
Annual Plant Reviews, Endogenous Plant Rhythms von Anthony J. W. Hall und Buchbewertungen gibt es auf ReadRate.com. Bücher können hier direkt online erworben werden.
Genetically+Modified+Rice - | 10:54 pm Crops and Cereals Crops Gm Plants Cultivation and Futur Projects Soybeans Maize Rape...Genetically+Modified+Rice - | 10:54 pm Crops and Cereals Crops Gm Plants Cultivation and Futur Projects Soybeans Maize Rape...
View Notes - Genetically+Modified+Rice from FST 10 at UC Davis. Apr 20, 2010| 10:54 pm Crops and Cereals Crops Gm Plants: Cultivation and Futur Projects Soybeans Maize Rape Seed Cotton Sugar beet
Nervous Plants 2 - Plant Neurobiology - How Plants WorkNervous Plants 2 - Plant "Neurobiology" - How Plants Work
Do Plants Have a Neural Net?. In addition to thigmosnastic plants, all vascular plants may be utilizing electrical signals to regulate a variety of physiological functions.. Many of the biochemical and cellular components of the neuromotoric system of animals has been found in plants. And this has led to the hypothesis that a simple neural network is present in plants, especially within phloem cells, which is responsible for the communication over long distances.. "The reason why plants have developed pathways for electrical signal transmission is most probably the necessity to respond rapidly to external stimuli, for example, environmental stress factors." (from ref 2 below). More regarding electrical communication in plants: Novel electrical signals in plants induced by wounding. The Emerging Field of Plant Neurobiology. In 2006, an article was published in the journal Trends in Plant Science that elicited quite a kerfuffle. This review (PDF) introduced, to the plant scientific community at ...
Nervous Plants 2 - Plant Neurobiology - How Plants WorkNervous Plants 2 - Plant "Neurobiology" - How Plants Work
Do Plants Have a Neural Net?. In addition to thigmosnastic plants, all vascular plants may be utilizing electrical signals to regulate a variety of physiological functions.. Many of the biochemical and cellular components of the neuromotoric system of animals has been found in plants. And this has led to the hypothesis that a simple neural network is present in plants, especially within phloem cells, which is responsible for the communication over long distances.. "The reason why plants have developed pathways for electrical signal transmission is most probably the necessity to respond rapidly to external stimuli, for example, environmental stress factors." (from ref 2 below). More regarding electrical communication in plants: Novel electrical signals in plants induced by wounding. The Emerging Field of Plant Neurobiology. In 2006, an article was published in the journal Trends in Plant Science that elicited quite a kerfuffle. This review (PDF) introduced, to the plant scientific community at ...
GM plant seedlings in test tubes Stock Photo by DISABLED elenathewiseGM plant seedlings in test tubes Stock Photo by DISABLED elenathewise
Buy GM plant seedlings in test tubes by DISABLED_elenathewise on PhotoDune. Genetically modified plant seedlings in two test tubes
Genetically Modified Foods - The Technique Of Genetic Modification - Dna, Plant, Vector, and Donor - JRank ArticlesGenetically Modified Foods - The Technique Of Genetic Modification - Dna, Plant, Vector, and Donor - JRank Articles
The first step in developing a transgenic plant is to identify a trait in one type of organism that would make a useful characteristic if transferred to the experimental plant. The components of an experiment to create a transgenic plant are the gene of interest, a piece of vector DNA that delivers the gene of interest, and a recipient plant cell. Donor genes are often derived from bacteria, and are chosen because they are expected to confer a useful characteristic, such as resistance to a pest or pesticide.. To begin, the donor DNA and vector DNA are cut with the same restriction enzyme. This creates hanging ends that are the same sequence on both of the DNA molecules. Some of the pieces of donor DNA are then joined with vector DNA, forming a recombinant DNA molecule. The vector then introduces the donor DNA into the recipient plant cell, and a new plant is grown.. For plants that have two seed leaves (dicots), a naturally occurring ring of DNA called a Ti plasmid is a commonly used vector. ...
Outdoor PlantsOutdoor Plants
You might love a warm summer, but heat is a big problem for plants. It dries out plants and causes them to slow down photosynthesis. Luckily, plants have adapted to heat, and there are things we can do to help them. Fun Fact: Plants get most of their weight from the air. Air is where plants get carbon to make sugar and make cellulose.. Plants on a hot day. To get essential nutrients from the air like oxygen and carbon plants have stomata. Stomata are like noses for the plants, allowing them to breathe. Plants can open and close stomata depending on how much carbon they need. The problem with keeping stomata always open is that the plant loses water when the stomata are open. Plants are continually trading water for carbon. The hormone that closes stomata and tells the plant that there is a drought is abscisic acid. Abscisic acid also ...
PlantsPlants
CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS - LAB. The plant kingdom can include one celled organisms (diatoms) as well as complex organisms like angiosperms. Some plants and trees for example, have vascular tissue or well-developed conducting tissue through which water and solutes pass to various parts of the plant. Other plants are non-vascular or do not possess internal transport systems. Most non-vascular plants live in water or in wet environments that facilitate direct diffusion of water and nutrients. Vascular plants however, live on land and possess special features adapted to this environment including roots, stems and leaves. Dichotomous keys are ideal for plant classification. You can either eliminate or include plants based on several key characteristics. For instance, if it has woody tissue (bark) it is a vascular plant. Leaves, types of seed, type of flowers are also characteristics of vascular plants. However, before you can use dichotomous keys you need to describe plants. The classification of ...
Activation of Self-Incompatibility Signaling in Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana Is Independent of AP2-Based Clathrin-Mediated...Activation of Self-Incompatibility Signaling in Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana Is Independent of AP2-Based Clathrin-Mediated...
The Genetics Society of America (GSA), founded in 1931, is the professional membership organization for scientific researchers and educators in the field of genetics. Our members work to advance knowledge in the basic mechanisms of inheritance, from the molecular to the population level.. Online ISSN: 2160-1836. ...
Researchers infuse plants with chemicals to glow for hours / Boing BoingResearchers infuse plants with chemicals to glow for hours / Boing Boing
Previous efforts to create light-emitting plants have relied on genetically engineering plants to express the gene for luciferase, but this is a laborious process that yields extremely dim light. Those studies were performed on tobacco plants and Arabidopsis thaliana, which are commonly used for plant genetic studies. However, the method developed by Stranos lab could be used on any type of plant. So far, they have demonstrated it with arugula, kale, and spinach, in addition to watercress. For future versions of this technology, the researchers hope to develop a way to paint or spray the nanoparticles onto plant leaves, which could make it possible to transform trees and other large plants into light sources. "Our target is to perform one treatment when the plant is a seedling or a mature plant, and have it last for the lifetime of the plant," Strano says. "Our work very seriously opens up the doorway to streetlamps that are nothing but treated trees, and to indirect lighting around homes ...
Patent US7704689 - Method for generating hypermutable plants - Google PatentsPatent US7704689 - Method for generating hypermutable plants - Google Patents
Blockade of mismatch repair in a plant can lead to hypermutation and a new genotype and/or phenotype. One approach used to generate hypermutable plants is through the expression of dominant negative alleles of mismatch repair genes in transgenic plants or derived cells. By introducing these genes into cells and transgenic plants, new cell lines and plant varieties with novel and useful properties can be prepared more efficiently than by relying on the natural rate of mutation. Moreover, methods to inhibit the expression and activity of endogenous plant MMR genes and their encoded products are also useful to generate hypermutable plants.
Plant Defense: Warding off attack by pathogens, herbivores and parasitic plants | Pests Diseases & Weeds | Agriculture |...Plant Defense: Warding off attack by pathogens, herbivores and parasitic plants | Pests' Diseases & Weeds | Agriculture |...
Plants are sources of nourishment for thousands of fungi, bacteria, invertebrates, vertebrates, and other plants. Plants possess a truly remarkable diversity of mechanisms to fend off attackers and recent research has shown just how complex and sophisticated these defense mechanisms can be. Plant Defense provides comprehensive coverage of the range of different organisms that plants need to fend off, describes how plants coordinate their defenses against multiple attacks, explains the evolution of defense in plants, and how plant defences are exploited in crop protection strategies.. Plant Defense:. ...
SNU Professor Finds New Function of Plant Roots | | Research Highlights | Research | SNUSNU Professor Finds New Function of Plant Roots | | Research Highlights | Research | SNU
Professor PARK Chung-Mo When we think of how plants undergo the process of photosynthesis, we often think that only the part above ground is capable of detecting and reacting to sunlight. On November 2, Professor PARK Chung-Mo (Department of Biology) and his team overturned this long-accepted notion by discovering that the roots of a plant had a much wider range of function and also assisted in detecting sunlight. To reach these conclusions, PARK and his team examined two types of plants: the thale cress (a small, white flowering plant) and the tobacco plant. The researchers covered the stems of these plants, and used sensors to detect if the roots of the plants still reacted to the sunlight. The research team found that the vascular bundles of a plant (part of the transport system within the stems of a plant) allow even the roots to be sensitive to sunlight. The photoreceptors along the plant and the HY5 protein helped boost the growth and development of the roots, leaves, and stem of the ...
Humans as Consumers of Plants - Population Dynamics - Ecology CenterHumans as Consumers of Plants - Population Dynamics - Ecology Center
in the antidiarrheal Kaopectate). Cooking is another major detoxification method, which probably was not common before about 40 000 years ago. Plant breeding is the third major detoxification method, which developed gradually with the invention of agriculture beginning about 11 000 years ago. However, such domestication of plants has made them more vulnerable to agricultural pests.. To increase plant resistance to pests, now genetically engineered crops are being developed. However, such a cultivar may only have resistance for a few years because that plant genotype acts as a selective pressure on pests and eventually a resistant pest will occur. Creating fields and forests of mixtures of different pest-resistant genotypes may be one solution, but developing enough different types that are resistant without loss in yield (i.e., defense can have a cost to the plant) is a challenge.. Despite how much has been discovered about plant defense in the last 50 years, the concept of plant defense is ...
Genetic Engineering: PlantsGenetic Engineering: Plants
Plant cells exhibit a variety of characteristics that distinguish them from animal cells. These characteristics include the presence of a large central vacuole and a cell wall, and the absence of entioles, which play a role in mitosis, meiosis, and cell division. Along with these physical differences, another factor distinguishes plant cells from animal cells, which is of great significance to the scientist interested in biotechnology: Many varieties of full-grown adult plants can regenerate from single, modified plant cells called protoplasts - plant cells whose cell walls have been removed by enzymatic digestion. More specifically, when some species of plant cells are subjected to the removal of the cell wall by enzymatic treatment, they respond by synthesizing a new cell wall and eventually undergoing a series of cell divisions and developmental processes that result in the formation of a new adult plant. That adult plant can be said to have been cloned from a single cell of a parent plant. ...
A grass worthy of applause - Standing Ovation little bluestem | Plant SelectA grass worthy of applause - Standing Ovation little bluestem | Plant Select
Great questions! You should not have a yearly problem with this plant. If you plant masses of them you will definitely get more seeding around that you may have to address every 3-4 years, but if you are planting 1 plant you may not see any seedlings for many years. Concerning introducing weeds and gardening with plants that may like to seed around, Plant Select has protocols that are followed through the trialing process. You should see how many fantastic plants didnt make it into the program because they were deemed a bit weedy. However, plants can behave differently in different conditions in different gardens and thats why we experts who have experience that monitor the thresholds of plants that seed around and demonstration gardens around the state that share input on them too. For some gardens, slightly weedy plants are nice and they fill in the empty spaces. For biennials and short lived perennials one has to allow that to continually enjoying the plant year after year. Enjoy this ...
Native Plants Search Results | AudubonNative Plants Search Results | Audubon
In the United States, a native plant is defined as one that was naturally found in a particular area before European settlement. Native plants are the foundation of a regions biodiversity, providing essential food sources and shelter for birds, especially those threatened by the changing climate. Since native plants are adapted to local precipitation and soil conditions, they generally require less upkeep, therefore helping the environment and saving you time, water, and money. The key to getting started is picking the right plants for your area.. The Best Results for your area have been hand-selected by Audubon experts in your region. They are important bird resources that are relatively easy to grow and are available at native plant nurseries. Filter your results by types of plants, resources, and the bird families youd like to attract, or search for specific plant names. Add plants to your list by selecting the checkbox below each plant profile. Then click the orange Get your plant list ...
Native Plants Search Results | AudubonNative Plants Search Results | Audubon
In the United States, a native plant is defined as one that was naturally found in a particular area before European settlement. Native plants are the foundation of a regions biodiversity, providing essential food sources and shelter for birds, especially those threatened by the changing climate. Since native plants are adapted to local precipitation and soil conditions, they generally require less upkeep, therefore helping the environment and saving you time, water, and money. The key to getting started is picking the right plants for your area.. The Best Results for your area have been hand-selected by Audubon experts in your region. They are important bird resources that are relatively easy to grow and are available at native plant nurseries. Filter your results by types of plants, resources, and the bird families youd like to attract, or search for specific plant names. Add plants to your list by selecting the checkbox below each plant profile. Then click the orange Get your plant list ...
What is a Plant? - A-Level Science - Marked by Teachers.comWhat is a Plant? - A-Level Science - Marked by Teachers.com
Introduction. What is a Plant? MOST PLANTS are green because they contain the substance chlorophyll. They use it to trap light energy; this is used during photosynthesis to make food. Plants are usually anchored in a growing medium such as soil. Some, such as mosses and liverworts, are small and delicate. Others, such as the giant redwood trees, are huge. Many plants, such as marigolds and sunflowers, are annuals, which means that they live for just a year. Perennials can live for many years: some bristlecone pine trees, for example, are nearly 5,000 years old. Rainforest vegetation Where a plant lives depends on its growing requirements. Plants of the rainforest, for example, need its humid climate in order to survive and grow. Flowering Plants FLOWERING plants, known as angiosperms, are the most widespread of all plants. Using flowers to reproduce has contributed to this success. Flowers carry the reproductive organs within a ring of petals. After pollination and fertilization, the flowers ...
Transgenic Plants in Production of Enzymes, Therapeutic Protein and AntibodiesTransgenic Plants in Production of Enzymes, Therapeutic Protein and Antibodies
Transgenic plants resistant to pests, diseases and herbicides, tolerance to environmental stress (drought, temperature and salinity), improved nutritional value, composition, flavor and storage ability are being generated in an increasing number of agronomically important crop species. Transgenic plants have significant potential in the Bioproduction of complex human therapeutic protein due to ease of genetic manipulation, lack of potential contamination with human pathogens, conservation of eukaryotic cell machinery mediating protein modification and low cost of biomass production.
Patent US5925808 - Control of plant gene expression - Google PatentsPatent US5925808 - Control of plant gene expression - Google Patents
A method for making a genetically modified plant comprising regenerating a whole plant from a plant cell that has been transfected with DNA sequences comprising a first gene whose expression results in an altered plant phenotype linked to a transiently active promoter, the gene and promoter being separated by a blocking sequence flanked on either side by specific excision sequences, a second gene that encodes a recombinase specific for the specific excision sequences linked to a repressible promoter, and a third gene that encodes the repressor specific for the repressible promoter. Also a method for making a genetically modified hybrid plant by hybridizing a first plant regenerated from a plant cell that has been transfected with DNA sequences comprising a first gene whose expression results in an altered plant phenotype linked to a transiently active promoter, the gene and promoter being separated by a blocking sequence flanked on either side by specific excision sequences to a second plant regenerated
TTPB43 | Plant CellTTPB43 | Plant Cell
Three-way interactions between plants, microbes, and arthropods (PMA): Impacts, mechanisms, and prospects for sustainable plant protection (By Maria J. Pozo, Benedicte R. Albrectsen, Eduardo R. Bejarno, Eduardo de la Peña, Sava Herrero, Ainhoa Martinez-Medina, Victoria Pastor, Sabine Ravnskov, Mary Williams and Arjen Biere). Plants constantly interact with numerous of organisms and the outcome of these interactions determines plant health and growth. In other words, the phenotype of a plant is not only the result of the plants interaction with abiotic conditions, but also of multiple interactions in the living environment surrounding the plant, the phytobiome. In this Teaching Tool, we have focused on interactions between plants, microbes and arthropods (PMA). The organism groups that contribute to PMA interactions are presented as well as types of interactions between them, along with multiple examples of simple and more complex PMA interactions. The underlying mechanisms of plant responses ...
Replies to accumulation of GFP in plant nucleusReplies to accumulation of GFP in plant nucleus
In article ,841530807C0 at csnet.nw.uoguelph.ca,, ACARLSON at CROP.UOGUELPH.CA (Alvar Carlson) wrote: , On April 14th I posted the following questions: , , , , I am attempting to use sGFP to visually select transgenic barley. , ,I am concerned that the accumulation of the GFP in the nucleus will , ,be detrimental to the development of transgenic plants. Has anyone , ,observed reduced transformation efficiency in plants when using GFP , ,or reduced fertility in any of the transgenic plants generated? , ,Furthermore, has anyone found that modified GFP, to exclude it from , ,the nucleus, increases the transformation efficiency? , ......................................... , , , From: David Galbraith ,dgalbrai at ag.Arizona.EDU, , , We have expressed GFP transgenically targeted to the nucleus in tobacco and , have seen no evidence of toxicity. Plants have not gone to the next , generation yet. , , From: sjdavis1 at students.wisc.edu (Seth J. Davis) , , WT GFP is toxic, and interferes with ...
Aquarium Plant Description and Structure, Plant Types, Parts of a Plant and Plant GrowthAquarium Plant Description and Structure, Plant Types, Parts of a Plant and Plant Growth
Aquarium Plant Description and Structure at animal-world.com, provides an introduction to the Parts of a Plant and the Types of Aquatic Plants Such as Ferns, Moss, Pond Plants, Types of Flowering Plants, and Aquarium Plant Bulbs.
Aquarium Plant Description and Structure, Plant Types, Parts of a Plant and Plant GrowthAquarium Plant Description and Structure, Plant Types, Parts of a Plant and Plant Growth
Aquarium Plant Description and Structure at animal-world.com, provides an introduction to the Parts of a Plant and the Types of Aquatic Plants Such as Ferns, Moss, Pond Plants, Types of Flowering Plants, and Aquarium Plant Bulbs.
Multinationals and plant survival in Swedish manufacturingMultinationals and plant survival in Swedish manufacturing
Downloadable! Are multinational enterprises, MNEs, more likely than non-MNEs to close down their plants due to their footloose character? The results from using a panel of all Swedish manufacturing plants over the period 1993 and 2002 suggest that MNE plants, in particular Swedish MNE plants, have a higher probability of exiting the market than non-MNE plants. The outcome is robust controlling for other variables affecting the survival rates. Among non-MNE plants, the probabilities of exit are higher in non-exporting firms than in exporting firms. Moreover, the increased foreign presence in Swedish manufacturing seems to have led to higher exit rates of plants in non-exporting non-MNEs while plants of globally engaged indigenous firms appear to have been unaffected by the increased foreign presence.
IJMS | Free Full-Text | Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Mechanisms of Heat Stress Tolerance in Plants | HTMLIJMS | Free Full-Text | Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Mechanisms of Heat Stress Tolerance in Plants | HTML
High temperature (HT) stress is a major environmental stress that limits plant growth, metabolism, and productivity worldwide. Plant growth and development involve numerous biochemical reactions that are sensitive to temperature. Plant responses to HT vary with the degree and duration of HT and the plant type. HT is now a major concern for crop production and approaches for sustaining high yields of crop plants under HT stress are important agricultural goals. Plants possess a number of adaptive, avoidance, or acclimation mechanisms to cope with HT situations. In addition, major tolerance mechanisms that employ ion transporters, proteins, osmoprotectants, antioxidants, and other factors involved in signaling cascades and transcriptional control are activated to offset stress-induced biochemical and physiological alterations. Plant survival under HT stress depends on the ability to perceive the HT stimulus, generate and transmit the signal, and initiate appropriate physiological and biochemical changes.
Wiley: Annual Plant Reviews, Volume 33, Intracellular Signaling in Plants - Zhenbiao YangWiley: Annual Plant Reviews, Volume 33, Intracellular Signaling in Plants - Zhenbiao Yang
1. Transmembrane Receptors in Plants: Receptor Kinases and Their Ligands. Keiko U Torii.. 2. Heterotrimeric G-Protein-Coupled Signaling in Higher Plants.. Lei Ding, Jin-Gui Chen, Alan M Jones and Sarah M Assmann.. 3. ROP/RAC GTPases.. Ying Fu, Tsutomu Kawasaki, Ko Shimamoto and Zhenbiao Yang.. 4. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Cascades in Plant Intracellular Signaling.. Shuqun Zhang.. 5. Calcium Signals and Their Regulation.. Zhen-Ming Pei and Simon Gilroy.. 6. Paradigms and Networks for Intracellular Calcium Signaling in Plant Cells.. Sheng Luan.. 7. Reactive Oxygen Signaling in Plants.. Gad Miller, Jesse Coutu, Vladimir Shulaev and Ron Mittler.. 8. Lipid-Mediated Signaling.. Wendy F Boss, Daniel V Lynch and Xuemin Wang.. 9. The Cytoskeleton and Signal Transduction: Role and Regulation of Plant Actin- and Microtubule-Binding Proteins.. Patrick J Hussey and Takashi Hashimoto.. 10. The PCI Complexes and the Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS) in Plant Development.. Yair Halimi and Daniel A ...
How to Plant Bare Root Hedging<...How to Plant Bare Root Hedging<...
You are here: Home » How to Plant a Hedge » How to Plant Bare Root Hedging. Planting guide for bare root hedging plants. Preparing the site for planting. Do try to get the site ready before your plants are delivered, this way you will be able to plant more easily and quickly especially if the weather is bad after delivery. Planting quickly after delivery is a certain insurance against your hedging plants deteriorating and will without doubt give the best results.. It is very important to remove all perennial weeds and grass from the planting area which should be thoroughly dug over as a trench to at least 20cm (8 inches) deep for smaller plants (up to 60/80cm tall), 30cm deep for larger plants making sure that the sides and bottom have good drainage, loosening with a fork if necessary.. A new hedge needs to have a trench (or individual holes if you prefer) large enough so the roots can spread out naturally, surrounded by well-prepared soil they can grow into and establish, not have their root ...
8 Natural Rooting Stimulants for Cloning Plants in Gardening - GKVKs - Gardening Tips and Store8 Natural Rooting Stimulants for Cloning Plants in Gardening - GKVKs - Gardening Tips and Store
In todays post, we will look into 10 different natural rooting hormones or root stimulating substances that can be easily used for plant cloning - thats multiplying plants from cuttings with great success rate! We will also show you how you can make the most powerful formula by mixing one or more of these substances. In horticulture, Cloning means making duplicate plants out of branch or stem cuttings from a mother plant. It is a great way to multiply a plant, specially if its a rare variety or very precious to you or if you wanna gift some plants to your friends and neighbours. The simplest way of cloning a plant is just pinching a small branch or stem cutting and inserting it into the soil. But, the success rate of this cutting is generally low. If you want to increase the success rate, then you need to follow certain simple rules to accelerate the root formation and increase the success rate of cloning. Most plant cuttings will naturally produce their own rooting hormones after a short ...
Leeks - Welsh seedling - PREMIUM PLANTS | Medwyns of AngleseyLeeks - Welsh seedling - PREMIUM PLANTS | Medwyns of Anglesey
PREMIUM PLANTS. These plants will be grown on in the largest size Jiffy seven pellets to produce plants that you simply cannot fail to grow top-quality specimens from. They will have a strong root system that will ensure the plants have a minimum check to growth when potted on. Ideally, some heat may be required on receipt to make sure the plants have the best possible start. Supporting the plants by using Plastic Plant Support Clips, Item 0005 in this catalogue, will ensure that they root faster as well as remaining upright. Delivery dates will be from late February to mid-March depending on growth rate. The plants will be well protected in strong cardboard boxes to alleviate as much damage as humanly possible during transit. Delivered from us by courier from Tuesday through to Friday.. Sold in Units of 10 (Minimum Quantity).. ...
Animal and Plant Physiology (BS3153) - Capital University of Science & TechnologyAnimal and Plant Physiology (BS3153) - Capital University of Science & Technology
This course is an introduction to the physiology of animals and plants. The course will compare and contrast the ways in which animals and plants acquire and process energy, nutrients and water, with particular attention paid to the relationship between structure and function. The animal physiology part begins with discussing the life processes of multicellular organisms, focusing at the level of organs and whole animals. The course will provide basic knowledge regarding the development and composition of tissues and organ systems in the animal kingdom. The plant physiology part covers the uniqueness of plants and of plant cells, including anatomy, growth and differentiation processes, as well as stress physiology and flowering. Focus is given on cell wall synthesis, cell stretching, nutrition and natural products. Furthermore, the course discusses plant model systems, transformation techniques, in vitro culture of plants, tissue-specific gene expression and databases relevant to plant ...
Gardening, plants and their careGardening, plants and their care
Growing Stromanthe sanguine gives you a super attractive houseplant that can be used as a Christmas gift plant. Foliage of this plant is red, white and green coloration. A relative of the popular prayer plant, stromanthe houseplants are sometimes thought to be difficult to maintain. Following a few basics of stromanthe plant care allows you to demonstrate your green thumb and keep the attractive specimen growing and thriving year round. Foliage of stromanthe houseplants is a reddish maroon and pink on the backside of the leaves, peeking through the green and white variegated tops. With the right stromanthe plant care, the Triostar can reach 2 to 3 feet in height and 1 to 2 feet across. Learning how to grow stromanthe is not complicated, but you must commit to providing regular humiditywhen growing the Stromanthe Triostar plant. A native of the Brazilian rain forest, the plant can not exist in a dry environment. Misting helps provide humidity, as does a pebble tray under or near the plant. A ...
Plant Enzymes Found to Have a Vital Role in Flood-Resistance AdaptabilityPlant Enzymes Found to Have a Vital Role in Flood-Resistance Adaptability
The scientists focused on plant cysteine oxidases, or PCOs, which are plant oxygen sensors found to be a vital component of the plant oxygen signaling system that connects environmental stimulus with a cellular and physiological response. These plant enzymes were found to control hypoxia-dependent processes in plants, which includes adaptive responses to flooding. Specifically, the scientists documented how the structures of two PCOs of the Arabidopsis plant had effects of mutagenesis of key amino acids at their active site in both in vitro and in planta. To sum up, it was found that by the enzymes, the plant uses oxygen to regulate the stability of proteins that control gene activity ...
Rossi: First E-Cat Plants Under Construction, Will Sell Energy, Not Plants. | E-Cat WorldRossi: First E-Cat Plants Under Construction, Will Sell Energy, Not Plants. | E-Cat World
Rossi stated recently that the control system had been finalized, and now he says that the construction of the first E-Cat QX plants is underway. We learn now that these first plants will sell heat - he wont be selling the plants themselves. In the near term that could make business sense, as it gives Leonardo a chance to monitor the performance of these first plants closely (essentially they will be prototypes), learn how the plants perform in real world situations, make adjustments as needed, while also preventing outside access to the E-Cat reactors which is the critical IP - at the same time making money from selling heat directly to customers. I dont know how long they would plan to keep up with this business model. It would seem to be quite labor intensive for Leonardo, as they would need to have their own staff on hand 24/7 to manage the plants. Rossi has said that these first plants wont be mass produced in the sense that they will be made in dedicated "robotized" factories, but they ...
Plant Consultation - Styling & Care - Mobile RootsPlant Consultation - Styling & Care - Mobile Roots
Are you new to being a plant parent or need help deciding between plants? This is for you! Plant Consultation includes: Plant Styling: Bringing a variety of plants to your home to see which plant fits your space the best Plant Care Training 1 plant repotting of your choice *Per hour cost.
Demineral Plants Manufacturers, Suppliers, Exporters,Dealers in IndiaDemineral Plants Manufacturers, Suppliers, Exporters,Dealers in India
Get Details of Demineral Plants Manufacturers,Demineral Plants Suppliers,Demineral Plants Dealers, Demineral Plants Exporters, Demineral Plants Traders, Demineral Plants Producers, Demineral Plants Wholesalers, Demineral Plants Companies
The Distribution, Status, and Ecology of the Eastern Woodrat (Neotoma by Eric R. Britzke"The Distribution, Status, and Ecology of the Eastern Woodrat (Neotoma " by Eric R. Britzke
The techniques of plant transformation are discussed. They are bacterial-mediated, electroporation transformation, biolistic (particle bombardment), and microbeam laser. By using different strategies, foreign gene(s) from various organisms can be inserted into plant genome and expressed. Bacteria-mediated transformation uses Agrobacterium as a vector to insert genes of interest. The other three directly deliver the plasmid into the plant. While Bacteria-mediated method is relatively simple, the other three can transform both monocot and dicot plant, and use various plant tissues as target cells. Public concerns about the impact that transgenic plant might have on the environment have partly slowed down the large-scale use of transgenic plants. These concerns are discussed. Some suggestions regarding the releasing of the transgenic plant under field conditions are also discussed.
Is nitrogen or oxygen more important for plant growth? | GreenAnswersIs nitrogen or oxygen more important for plant growth? | GreenAnswers
That is kind of like asking if water or food is more important for human growth. As both are fundamentally necessary to support the life cycle of a human, one could argue that they are equally important. Nitrogen comprises one of the three "macronutrients," the three main nutrients which are necessary for plant growth. The three macronutrients are nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium. These three macronutrients make up the NPK scale. On any bag of plant food, you will see the NPK scale transcribed as three numbers (1-0-5). This would mean that the ratio of these macronutrients in the plant food is 1 part nitrogen, 0 parts phosphorous, and 5 parts potassium. As such, nitrogen is one of the fundamental components to plant life.. That said, all plants require some form of oxygen at the root structure to perform respiration, the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide which allows plants to feed. Unless there is oxygen around the roots, this gas exchange cannot happen and the plant will die (just as ...
mRNA Transcript Abundance during Plant Growth and the Influence of Li+ Exposure (Journal Article) | DOE PAGESmRNA Transcript Abundance during Plant Growth and the Influence of Li+ Exposure (Journal Article) | DOE PAGES
Lithium (Li) toxicity in plants is, at a minimum, a function of Li + concentration, exposure time, species and growth conditions. Most plant studies with Li + focus on short-term acute exposures. This study examines short- and long-term effects of Li + exposure in Arabidopsis with Li + uptake studies and measured shoot mRNA transcript abundance levels in treated and control plants. Stress, pathogen-response and arabinogalactan protein genes were typically more up-regulated in older (chronic, low level) Li +-treatment plants and in the much younger plants from acute high-level exposures. The gene regulation behavior of high-level Li + resembled prior studies due to its influence on: inositol synthesis, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthases and membrane ion transport. In contrast, chronically-exposed plants had gene regulation responses that were indicative of pathogen, cold, and heavy-metal stress, cell wall degradation, ethylene production, signal transduction, and calcium-release ...
Extract genomic DNA from plant tissue more efficiently - LabHomepageExtract genomic DNA from plant tissue more efficiently - LabHomepage
Amsbio says its new MagSi-DNA Vegetal kit brings the convenience and cost effectiveness of magnetic bead technology to the world of plant genomics.. Scientists working with DNA extracted from flowers, grain crops, fruits, vegetables, trees, or other plant materials should find MagSi-DNA Vegetal is designed to maximise effectiveness, says the company.. Protocols can be adjusted to optimise specific plant extraction requirements.. The system is compatible with high-throughput robotic liquid handling systems, as well as smaller-scale plant genomics projects.. MagSi-DNA Vegetal combines two components that work together to capture purified DNA from most types of plant material.. Amsbios proprietary VG Lysis Buffer breaks down difficult plant specimens, including seeds, leaves, and fruits, while the magnetic bead technology is optimised to work efficiently with the buffer.. The resulting MagSi-DNA Vegetal bead-plus-buffer system provides quantitative capture of plant DNA with exclusion of ...
JRC Publications Repository: Stability of the T-DNA Flanking Regions in Transgenic Arabidopsis Thaliana Plants under Influence...JRC Publications Repository: Stability of the T-DNA Flanking Regions in Transgenic Arabidopsis Thaliana Plants under Influence...
Genetic transformation is often associated with different rearrangements of the plant genome at the site of insertion. Therefore the question remains weather these T-DNA insertion sites are more prone to genotoxic stresses. Here, we studied the impact of propagation through generations, the influence of gene stacking and of photo oxidative stress caused by high light intensity on the stability of the transgene and its flanking regions in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Conformational Sensitive Capillary Electrophoresis (CSCE), RFLP and sequencing were deployed in this analysis in order to study the proximal 100 bp and the long range T-DNA flanking sequences. By screening seven transgenic lines no evidence for occurrence of mutation events were found, implying that the flanking regions of the studied T-DNA insertion events are relatively stable ...
Arabidopsis thaliana expressing the cauliflower mosaic virus ORF VI transgene has a late flowering phenotype<...Arabidopsis thaliana expressing the cauliflower mosaic virus ORF VI transgene has a late flowering phenotype<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Arabidopsis thaliana expressing the cauliflower mosaic virus ORF VI transgene has a late flowering phenotype. AU - Zijlstra, Carolien. AU - Schärer-Hernández, Nania. AU - Gal, Susannah. AU - Hohn, Thomas. PY - 1996/11/20. Y1 - 1996/11/20. N2 - Expression of open reading frame (ORF) VI of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana caused a typical syndrome characterised by leaf chlorosis, vein clearing, plant stunting and reduced fertility. In addition and in comparison to untransformed controls we observed the formation of much larger rosettes of leaves combined with much later flowering and more extensive tillering. In these aspects, the ORF VI transgenic plants resembled late flowering mutants. All these phenotypes correlated with expression of ORF VI in three lines of transgenic plants which were produced independently, with different Ti-plasmid derived vectors and with different selective markers. The late flowering phenotype cosegregated with the ...
Plant Biotechnology Assignment Help | Plant Biotechnology Homework Help | Plant Biotechnology Online HelpPlant Biotechnology Assignment Help | Plant Biotechnology Homework Help | Plant Biotechnology Online Help
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EFSA launches updated guidance for food and feed risk assessment of GM plants | European Food Safety AuthorityEFSA launches updated guidance for food and feed risk assessment of GM plants | European Food Safety Authority
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has published updated guidance for the risk assessment of food and feed derived from genetically modified (GM) plants. The document expands on previous EFSA guidance and reflects the latest scientific developments in areas such as assessment of allergenicity and selection of the comparator plant against which the GM plant is compared. It also establishes a new statistical methodology to further strengthen the risk assessment of GM plants.
Molecular Pharmaceutical Farming in Transgenic Plants - Repositori Universitas AndalasMolecular Pharmaceutical Farming in Transgenic Plants - Repositori Universitas Andalas
Plants are a tremendous source for the discovery of new products of medicinal value for drug development. Today several distinct chemicals derived from plants are important drugs currently used in one or more countries in the world. Many of the drugs sold today are simple synthetic modifications or copies of the naturally obtained substances. The evolving commercial importance of secondary metabolites has in recent years resulted in a great interest in secondary metabolism, particularly in the possibility of altering the production of bioactive plant metabolites by means of Plant Biotechnology or Green Gene technology and tissue or cells culture technology. Plant Biotechnology is possible tool for both studying and producing plant secondary metabolites which is called Molecular farming. Different strategies, using Plant Molecular farming system, have been extensively studied to improve the production of plant chemicals. The development of genetically transformed plant tissue cultures and mainly ...
Expression of human interleukin-11 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in transgenic plants<...Expression of human interleukin-11 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in transgenic plants<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Expression of human interleukin-11 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in transgenic plants. AU - Lee, Bo Ye. AU - Lee, Jeong Hyun. AU - Yoon, Hoon Seok. AU - Kang, Kyung Ho. AU - Kim, Kyung Nam. AU - Kim, Jae-Hong. AU - Kim, Ju Kon. AU - Kim, Jeong Kook. PY - 2005/12/1. Y1 - 2005/12/1. N2 - The production of therapeutic proteins for human diseases in plants results in many economic benefits, including reduced risk of animal virus contamination, high yields, and reduced production and storage costs. Human cytokines, interleukin-11 (hIL-11) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (hGM-CSF), cDNAs were introduced into rice or tobacco, using either the maize ubiquitin promoter or the 35S promoter. The primary hIL-11 transgenic rice plants exhibited stunted growth and a sterile phenotype, whereas the hIL-11 transgenic tobacco plants did not. This suggests that hIL-11 expression in rice disrupts the normal growth and development of the plant. The ...
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Advanced genetic tools for plant biotechnology (Journal Article) | SciTech ConnectAdvanced genetic tools for plant biotechnology (Journal Article) | SciTech Connect
Basic research has provided a much better understanding of the genetic networks and regulatory hierarchies in plants. To meet the challenges of agriculture, we must be able to rapidly translate this knowledge into generating improved plants. Therefore, in this Review, we discuss advanced tools that are currently available for use in plant biotechnology to produce new products in plants and to generate plants with new functions. These tools include synthetic promoters, tunable transcription factors, genome-editing tools and site-specific recombinases. We also review some tools with the potential to enable crop improvement, such as methods for the assembly and synthesis of large DNA molecules, plant transformation with linked multigenes and plant artificial chromosomes. These genetic technologies should be integrated to realize their potential for applications to pressing agricultural and environmental problems. ...
Suppression of external NADPH dehydrogenase-NDB1 in arabidopsis thaliana confers improved tolerance to ammonium toxicity via...Suppression of external NADPH dehydrogenase-NDB1 in arabidopsis thaliana confers improved tolerance to ammonium toxicity via...
Environmental stresses, including ammonium (NH4 +) nourishment, can damage key mitochondrial components through the production of surplus reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. However, alternative electron pathways are significant for efficient reductant dissipation in mitochondria during ammonium nutrition. The aim of this study was to define the role of external NADPH-dehydrogenase (NDB1) during oxidative metabolism of NH4 +-fed plants. Most plant species grown with NH4 + as the sole nitrogen source experience a condition known as "ammonium toxicity syndrome". Surprisingly, transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants suppressing NDB1 were more resistant to NH4 + treatment. The NDB1 knock-down line was characterized by milder oxidative stress symptoms in plant tissues when supplied with NH4 +. Mitochondrial ROS accumulation, in particular, was attenuated in the NDB1 knock-down plants during NH4 + treatment. Enhanced antioxidant defense, primarily concerning the ...
Transgenic Alfalfa That Accumulates Piceid (Trans-Resveratrol-3-O−β-D- by Brian D. Kineman, Angela Au et al."Transgenic Alfalfa That Accumulates Piceid (Trans-Resveratrol-3-O−β-D-" by Brian D. Kineman, Angela Au et al.
Plants have been genetically enhanced to produce a number of products for agricultural, industrial and pharmaceutical purposes. This technology could potentially be applied to providing chemoprevention strategies to the general population. Resveratrol (3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene) is a compound that has been shown to have protective activity against a number of cancers and could be an ideal candidate for such an application. Alfalfa that was genetically modified to express resveratrol-synthase was used as a model in applying biotechnological approaches to cancer prevention. The transgenic alfalfa, which accumulates resveratrol as a glucoside (piceid = trans-resveratrol-3-O−β-D-glucopyranoside) (152 ± 17.5 μ g piceid/g dry weight), was incorporated into a standard mouse diet at 20% of the diet by weight and fed for 5 wk to 6-wk-old, female CF-1 mice (N = 17-30) that were injected with a single dose of azoxymethane (5 mg/kg body weight). While the addition of resveratrol-aglycone (20 mg/kg diet) to
Plant virus - WikipediaPlant virus - Wikipedia
Plant viruses are viruses that affect plants. Like all other viruses, plant viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that do not have the molecular machinery to replicate without a host. Plant viruses are pathogenic to higher plants. Although plant viruses are not nearly as well understood as the animal counterparts, one plant virus has become iconic. The first virus to be discovered (see below) was Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). This and other viruses cause an estimated US$60 billion loss in crop yields worldwide each year. Plant viruses are grouped into 73 genera and 49 families. However, these figures relate only to cultivated plants that represent only a tiny fraction of the total number of plant species. Viruses in wild plants have been poorly studied, but those studies that exist almost overwhelmingly show that such interactions between wild plants and their viruses do not appear to cause disease in the host plants. To transmit from one plant to another and from one plant cell to another, ...
Sustained mitogen-activated protein kinase activation reprograms defense metabolism and phosphoprotein profile in Arabidopsis...Sustained mitogen-activated protein kinase activation reprograms defense metabolism and phosphoprotein profile in Arabidopsis...
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) target a variety of protein substrates to regulate cellular signaling processes in eukaryotes. In plants, the number of identified MAPK substrates that control plant defense responses is still limited. Here, we generated transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plant …
Construction and evaluation of transgenic tobacco plants expressing the coat protein gene of papaya ringspot virus with...Construction and evaluation of transgenic tobacco plants expressing the coat protein gene of papaya ringspot virus with...
in frame with the CP gene in this study. The ability to generate the correct CP in the two constructs was verified by in vitro transcription, translation, and immunoprecipitation. Accumulation of the CP expressed by the gus leader in calli and leaves of the transgenic plant lines was detectable by western blot analysis. However, in transgenic lines expressing the CP by the PRSV 5 leader, accumulation of CP was below detectable level except in the plantlet stage (data not shown). The different quantity of the CP between transgenic lines containing the gus leader and the PRSV leader may be due to different translational efficiencies in plant cells. Also, it might be due to the different stability of proteins based on size, conformation, or modified N-terminal structure of CP products.. When the resistance of four GCP lines and four 5CP lines was evaluated under high concentrations of inoculum, GCP-15 showed a high level of resistance. The other three lines, GCP-4, GCP-14 and GCP-33 showed lower ...
Salicylic Acid Function In Programmed Cell Death - Transgenic PlantsSalicylic Acid Function In Programmed Cell Death - Transgenic Plants
A central player in many but not all forms of programmed cell death in plants is salicylic acid (76). This was first demonstrated in transgenic tobacco and Arabidopsis plants expressing a salicylate hydroxylase gene from Pseudomonas putida called nahG (77). These plants are still capable of synthesizing SA, but as soon as SA starts to accumulate it is converted into catechol by the enzyme salicylate hydroxylase. Arabidopsis plants of the Col-O eco-type, which as wild-type plants are genetically resistant to Peronospora parasitica infection, were totally colonized by the fungus in nahG-expvess-ing plants (76). This conversion of an incompatible to a compatible interaction could be reverted by spraying with high concentrations of salicylic acid or the synthetic analogue INA (2,6-dichloro-isonicotinic acid), indicating that SA is a key control molecule in plant resistance. Some of the dwarf lesion mimic mutants of Arabidopsis mentioned before could also be re verted to wild-type-like plants when ...
The Causes Behind Plant Disease : PlantletThe Causes Behind Plant Disease : Plantlet
Plants are a big and essential part of our life for so many reasons. One of the reasons are plants produce Oxygen which is needed for respiration. Another reason is plants have an unique quality of producing food through photosynthesis, for which we, humans and animals are dependant on plants for consumption. Besides our economy is also dependent on plants as various chemicals and products such as paper, fibres, rubbers etc are produced from plants. Plants also provide us with shelter and medicine.. Plants play a vital role in maintaining our environment too. They prevent soil erosion, reduce heat by pulling Carbon dioxide off from atmosphere and regulate water cycle.. So essentiality of plants for our survival can not be denied.. What Is Plant Disease?. Plant Disease can be defined as-. Any disturbance to the normal physiology of the plant brought about by an agent so that the affected plant changes in appearance and/or is less productive than a normal healthy plant of the same variety. A ...
Synthetic redesign of plant lipid metabolism<...Synthetic redesign of plant lipid metabolism<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Synthetic redesign of plant lipid metabolism. AU - Haslam, Richard P.. AU - Sayanova, Olga. AU - Kim, Hae Jin. AU - Cahoon, Edgar B.. AU - Napier, Johnathan A.. PY - 2016/7/1. Y1 - 2016/7/1. N2 - Plant seed lipid metabolism is an area of intensive research, including many examples of transgenic events in which oil composition has been modified. In the selected examples described in this review, progress towards the predictive manipulation of metabolism and the reconstitution of desired traits in a non-native host is considered. The advantages of a particular oilseed crop, Camelina sativa, as a flexible and utilitarian chassis for advanced metabolic engineering and applied synthetic biology are considered, as are the issues that still represent gaps in our ability to predictably alter plant lipid biosynthesis. Opportunities to deliver useful bio-based products via transgenic plants are described, some of which represent the most complex genetic engineering in plants to date. ...
Cheapest China Wholesale 10pc/packet , Pop Unisex Grass Leaf Plant Flower Fruit Headwear Hairpins Hair Clip 300657 [300657]- US...Cheapest China Wholesale 10pc/packet , Pop Unisex Grass Leaf Plant Flower Fruit Headwear Hairpins Hair Clip 300657 [300657]- US...
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Plant Extracts Market Tactics 2019 || Comprehensive Research Report That Can Help Your Business Grow! - Chronicle News24Plant Extracts Market Tactics 2019 || Comprehensive Research Report That Can Help Your Business Grow! - Chronicle News24
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WO2008114282A2 - Transgenic rice (oryza sativa) comprising pe-7 event and method of detection thereof - Google PatentsWO2008114282A2 - Transgenic rice (oryza sativa) comprising pe-7 event and method of detection thereof - Google Patents
The present invention relates to an insect resistant transgenic rice plant, plant cell, seed and progeny thereof comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a Cry1Ac protein specific to PE-7 event. The invention also provides a process for detecting the presence of PE-7 event in transgenic rice plant. The invention further provides a kit for identifying the transgenic plants comprising the PE-7 event.
GM Plants Promise Fish Oils Aplenty- Crop Biotech Update ( 8/9/2017 ) | ISAAA.org/KCGM Plants Promise Fish Oils Aplenty- Crop Biotech Update ( 8/9/2017 ) | ISAAA.org/KC
GM Plants Promise Fish Oils Aplenty: New research findings support the commercial cultivation of genetically modified (GM) Camelina sativa, one of Europes oldest oil seed crops. Scientis...
Pdf Gene Flow From Gm Plants 2005Pdf Gene Flow From Gm Plants 2005
pdf Gene Flow from GM is a vascular change of toxic wound. It occurs short for positively six million recent cells then, separately in the Canadian fields of working sciences. One of the imperative purposes based for the pdf Gene Flow from GM Plants 2005 of the scheduling supports the % of realistic electrostatic Streamlined criteria to frontal vehicles.
Department of Plant Molecular Biology - HomeDepartment of Plant Molecular Biology - Home
Effect of OsKO2 regulation on plant height. Plant architecture is of major agronomic importance as it determines the adaptability of plant to cultivation, its harvest index and potential grain yield. Rice plant architecture is mainly determined by tiller pattern, plant height, leaf shape and arrangement, and panicle architecture. Plant height is an important agronomic trait which directly influences harvest index and yield potential. A number of genes have been identified which affect the plant height. Most of these genes encode for gibberellic acid (GA) and brassinosteroid biosynthetic or signalling pathway components. OsKO2 is one of the GA biosynthetic gene in rice, which encodes for ent-kaurene oxidase. This gene is a target of many transcription factors which are involved in controlling plant height.. References:. Chen X, Lu S, Wang Y, Zhang X, Lv B, Luo L, Xi D, Shen J, Ma H, Ming F (2015) OsNAC2 encoding a NAC transcription factor that affects plant height through mediating the ...
Poisonous PlantsPoisonous Plants
... OH 20 Leonard Perry, Extension Professor Many native and exotic plants in our environment may cause either mild irritation or serious sickness when touched or eaten. The word poison may excite unnecessary fear. Poisonous plants include some that cause only mild irritation as well as those that are highly toxic. To say that a plant is poisonous does not imply that all parts of the plant are poisonous, nor does it imply that it is poisonous for all people. For example, the rhubarb plant has both edible parts (leaf stems) and poisonous parts (leaf blades). Reactions to poisonous plants maybe caused by contact, or by eating the toxic parts of these plants. Some people are more sensitive than others to poisonous plants. The following list includes some of the common poisonous plants. There are other plants that are sometimes toxic which are not mentioned in this list. Some plants not on this list, like many manufactured products in the home, may under some conditions cause toxic ...
Plants Botany - Swan Boat Hire E-booksPlants Botany - Swan Boat Hire E-books
By Randy O. Wayne. Plant mobile Biology is a semester lengthy path for undergraduates and graduate scholars which integrates arithmetic and physics, years of chemistry, genetics, biochemistry and evolution disciplines. Having taught this path for over ten years, the writer makes use of his services to narrate the heritage demonstrated in plant anatomy, plant body structure, plant development and improvement, plant taxonomy, plant biochemistry, and plant molecular biology classes to plant phone biology. This integration makes an attempt to collapse the barrier so plant mobilephone biology is visible as an entrée into greater science.. Distinguishing this ebook from papers which are usually used for instructing the topic which use a unmarried plant to illustrate the thoughts of molecular biology, this publication covers all points of plant telephone biology with out emphasizing anybody plant, organelle, molecule, or process. even though so much examples are biased in the direction of vegetation, ...
In planta assays involving epigenetically silenced genes reveal inhibition of cytosine methylation by genistein | Plant Methods...In planta assays involving epigenetically silenced genes reveal inhibition of cytosine methylation by genistein | Plant Methods...
Cytosine methylation is involved in epigenetic control of gene expression in a wide range of organisms. An increasing number of examples indicate that changing the frequency of cytosine methylation in the genome is a feasible tool to engineer novel traits in plants. Although demethylating effects of compounds have been analyzed in human cultured cells in terms of suppressing cancer, their effect in plant cells has not been analyzed extensively. Here, we developed in planta assay systems to detect inhibition of cytosine methylation using plants that contain a transgene transcriptionally silenced by an epigenetic mechanism. Seeds of two transgenic plants were used: a petunia line that has been identified as a revertant of the co-suppression of the chalcone synthase-A (CHS-A) gene and contains CHS-A transgenes whose transcription is repressed; Nicotiana benthamiana plants that contain the green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene whose transcription is repressed through virus-induced transcriptional
Creative Diagnostics Now Launches New Plant Pathogens Antibodies for Research Use - Bio-IT WorldCreative Diagnostics Now Launches New Plant Pathogens Antibodies for Research Use - Bio-IT World
SHIRLEY, NY, UNITED STATES - Mar 23, 2020 - As a global leading supplier of raw materials, antibodies, and reagents for bio-technology industry, Creative Diagnostics now launches high-quality plant pathogens antibodies that are suitable for use in ELISA or related immunoassays and can be ordered in bulk quantity. These new plant pathogens antibodies have been developed for use in testing imported potato breeding material, microplants of existing varieties, leaf samples from field grown plants and tuber for the detection of many indigenous and non-indigenous potato viruses.. A plant pathogen is an organism that can cause diseases on a plant. Plant pathogens that cause infectious plant diseases include fungi, bacteria, viruses and parasitic plants. The accurate and rapid identification of the plant pathogens that cause plant diseases is essential for effective disease diagnosis. Plant pathogens antibodies now have already been widely used in antibody-based assays like lateral flow assays for ...
Arabidopsis] Postdoctoral position to study the role of plant architecture in plant productivityArabidopsis] Postdoctoral position to study the role of plant architecture in plant productivity
Postdoctoral position to study the role of plant architecture in plant productivity A three-year postdoctoral position is available in the laboratory of Prof. Rudiger Simon at the Institute of Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany. The project is part of a joined research program between 17 partners from academia and industry, aiming at crop plant improvement for generation of renewable energy and chemical resources. The postholder will investigate the regulation of plant architecture, with a strong emphasis on meristem functions, in model plant species such as Arabidopsis, and employ transgenic strategies to modify plant architecture of crop plant species. Previous experience in plant molecular biology is required. The position is funded for three years at the german E13 scale. For applications and enquiries, contact ruediger.simon from uni-duesseldorf.de -- Prof. Dr. Ruediger Simon Institute for Genetics Building 26.12, Level 02, Room 44 Heinrich-Heine University University ...
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Plant physiology - WikipediaPlant physiology - Wikipedia
First, the study of phytochemistry (plant chemistry) is included within the domain of plant physiology. To function and survive, plants produce a wide array of chemical compounds not found in other organisms. Photosynthesis requires a large array of pigments, enzymes, and other compounds to function. Because they cannot move, plants must also defend themselves chemically from herbivores, pathogens and competition from other plants. They do this by producing toxins and foul-tasting or smelling chemicals. Other compounds defend plants against disease, permit survival during drought, and prepare plants for dormancy, while other compounds are used to attract pollinators or herbivores to spread ripe seeds. Secondly, plant physiology includes the study of biological and chemical processes of individual plant cells. Plant cells have a number of features that distinguish them from cells of animals, and which lead to major differences in the way that plant life behaves and responds differently from ...
Plant Transformation Technologies - GMO Education NetworkPlant Transformation Technologies - GMO Education Network
Various plant species are typically transformed by one of three methods. Arguably, the simplest and most preferable of these methods is transformation using a species of bacteria, Agrobacterium tumefasciens. Agrobacterium naturally transforms its host plants with DNA that causes tumors or galls to grow on the host. It accomplishes this by altering hormone levels in the host plant. The tumorous growth produces ideal tissue for the bacteria to infect. In order to use Agrobacterium for plant biotechnology, researchers replace the tumor-inducing piece of DNA, or plasmid, with DNA that encodes the genes they want to engineer into the host plant. Depending on the host species, this type of transformation can be very simple or can be quite challenging. A general advantage of this transformation strategy is that it typically leads to only one or a few copies of the engineered DNA being introduced to the plant genome, which helps to ensure stable gene expression (i.e. the engineered genes will usually ...
Inbred corn plant RQAB7 and seeds thereofInbred corn plant RQAB7 and seeds thereof
Abstract: According to the invention, there is provided an inbred corn plant designated RQAB7. This invention thus relates to the plants, seeds and tissue cultures of the inbred corn plant RQAB7, and to methods for producing a corn plant produced by crossing the inbred plant RQAB7 with itself or with another corn plant, such as another inbred. This invention further relates to corn seeds and plants produced by crossing the inbred plant RQAB7 with another corn plant, such as another inbred, and to crosses with related species. This invention further relates to the inbred and hybrid genetic complements of the inbred corn plant RQAB7, and also to the RFLP and genetic isozyme typing profiles of inbred corn plant RQAB7 ...
Decorating Small Rooms With Plants - House Of Blue LeavesDecorating Small Rooms With Plants - House Of Blue Leaves
Have you thought about using plants when decorating small rooms? Indoor plants are ideal for adding interest to some room and therefore are especially useful when employed for decorating small rooms. These plants could be either living or artificial its your choice. If you opt to decorate your home with living plants, then you need to realize that youre dealing with an obligation. Live plants will need you to water them and them at proper 70 degrees otherwise they might die. Replacing the dead plants can cost you money and time so take good proper care of them. If youre a person who is extremely busy but want plants to embellish up a little workplace then a simple solution for you personally would be to select silk plants. These plants are constructed with soft silk and appear like real plants whether or not they have been in a dangling basket or located on a desk or counter inside your workplace. They can fit in very nicely with many interior design ideas. Silk plants require minimum ...
Woody Plant Biotechnology | Springer for Research & DevelopmentWoody Plant Biotechnology | Springer for Research & Development
This volume is based on a workshop on Woody Plant Biotechnology held at the Institute of Forest Genetics, USDA Forest Service, Placerville, California, USA, 15-19 October, 1989. This workshop was orga
Cell cultures and transgenic plants in biotechnology - Biotechnologia - Issue 4 (2006) - PSJD - YaddaCell cultures and transgenic plants in biotechnology - Biotechnologia - Issue 4 (2006) - PSJD - Yadda
The applications of cell cultures and transgenic plants in several aspects of modern biotechnology are reviewed. The usefulness of cell cultures in biosynthetic pathway investigation, micropropagation, development of new varieties, genetic mapping and gene functioning analysis and industrial production of bioactive compounds are pointed out. The emphasis of this review is also laid on scientific aspects of transgenic plants. They are successfully used for promoters and other gene regulatory sequences study, investigation of plant primary and secondary metabolite pathways and for improving both the productivity and quality of crops. Since there is a risk to transgenic plant technology mainly because of antibiotic resistance used for transgenes selection, several methods have been worked out for release marker gene which are also briefly reviewed ...
Leicester Research Archive: Studies on position effects and gene tagging in transgenic plants.Leicester Research Archive: Studies on position effects and gene tagging in transgenic plants.
Transgenic plant technology has greatly facilitated the study of plant gene structure and function. It has, however, become apparent that the position of integration into the genome can influence transgene expression both quantitatively and qualitatively. One aim of the work presented in this thesis was to investigate the effects of a chicken B-globin gene matrix attachment region to insulate against these position effects in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). It was found that, while this sequence mediates position-independent transgene expression in mice, it does not do so in transgenic tobacco. Concurrently, a second aim of this thesis was to identify plant genes that are expressed either constitutively or in the majority of cell types. Such gene loci may contain native plant DNA elements that could confer position-independent transgene expression and would, furthermore, provide additional promoters for genetic engineering. The approach was to introduce a promoterless gusA transgene, ...
IJMS | Free Full-Text | A Rice Immunophilin Gene, OsFKBP16-3, Confers Tolerance to Environmental Stress in Arabidopsis and RiceIJMS | Free Full-Text | A Rice Immunophilin Gene, OsFKBP16-3, Confers Tolerance to Environmental Stress in Arabidopsis and Rice
The putative thylakoid lumen immunophilin, FKBP16-3, has not yet been characterized, although this protein is known to be regulated by thioredoxin and possesses a well-conserved CxxxC motif in photosynthetic organisms. Here, we characterized rice OsFKBP16-3 and examined the role of this gene in the regulation of abiotic stress in plants. FKBP16-3s are well conserved in eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms, including the presence of a unique disulfide-forming CxxxC motif in their N-terminal regions. OsFKBP16-3 was mainly expressed in rice leaf tissues and was upregulated by various abiotic stresses, including salt, drought, high light, hydrogen peroxide, heat and methyl viologen. The chloroplast localization of OsFKBP16-3-GFP was confirmed through the transient expression of OsFKBP16-3 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Transgenic Arabidopsis and transgenic rice plants that constitutively expressed OsFKBP16-3 exhibited increased tolerance to salinity, drought and oxidative stresses, but showed no change in
CiNii 論文 - Suppression of salicylic acid signaling pathways by an ATPase associated with...CiNii 論文 - Suppression of salicylic acid signaling pathways by an ATPase associated with...
An ATPase associated with various cellular activities (AAA) protein was previously shown to be involved in pathogen response in tobacco plants and designated as NtAAA1. Transgenic tobacco lines in which ,i,NtAAA1,/i, was suppressed by the RNA-interference (RNAi) were found to exhibit an elevated resistance to ,i,Pseudomonas syringae,/i, infection, suggesting that ,i,NtAAA1,/i, negatively controlled the defense reaction. To identify genes that were regulated by NtAAA1, differential micro-array screening between ,i,NtAAA1,/i,-RNAi and wild type plants was performed. Results brought out 330 affected genes, which were classified into functional categories, including transcriptional regulation, signal transduction, secondary metabolism and others. Notably, 43 genes were stress- and defense-related, among which 10 were phytohormone-related. Subsequent examination revealed that, in RNAi transgenic plants, genes related to salicylic acid were up-regulated, whereas those related to jasmonic acid and ...
Me Beverage Water Effect of carbonated water on plants - Me Beverage WaterMe Beverage Water Effect of carbonated water on plants - Me Beverage Water
It is true that plants have a faster growth with the help of carbonated water than the regular tap water. This is just not an assumption but a fact that has been proved with the help of experiments. Carbonated water has high level of micro nutrients that provide the plants with required ingredients. Thus, it results in quick growth and also gives the plant a good shade of green. Gardeners these days prefer to feed their plants with carbonated water for healthy growth of plants.. The experiment conducted to show the effects of carbonated water on plants had plants divided in two groups. Both the groups of plants were given equal amount of sun, and other nutrients. The care given to each was also same, the only difference was one group was given carbonated water and the other normal tap water. Each day the plants were measured, for about 10 days and guess what, plants fed with carbonated water actually did grow faster then the other group. It also showed healthier shade of green than the rest. ...
Spring Plant Sale 2003 | Fairchild Garden 33156Spring Plant Sale 2003 | Fairchild Garden 33156
9:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. - Open to the Public. April brings spring flowers, occasional showers . . . and the plant sale everyone waits for. Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden will be overflowing with treasured plants specially grown in the Garden¹s own nurseries, unusual plants started from seeds brought back from Garden-sponsored expeditions and plants propagated from the Garden¹s own collections. Below youll find detailed descriptions of just a few of the plants offered.. Please remember: there are many plants, but quantities of each species and cultivar are limited. In addition to the Fairchild plants, there will be extensive offerings from local plant societies, which will offer both dependable favorites and fascinating new discoveries. This is the perfect place to find a special plant for your collection. With such a variety from which to choose, youll be happy to know that Fairchild¹s knowledgeable staff along with enthusiasts from local plant societies will be on hand to help you make ...
Approaches to Minimize Variation of Transgene Expression in Plants | SpringerLinkApproaches to Minimize Variation of Transgene Expression in Plants | SpringerLink
Genetic transformation of plants has become a widely used technology that serves multiple purposes in plant biology research. However, considerable variation of transgene expression is often observed within populations of transgenic plants transformed with the same transgene construct. This inter-transformant variation of transgene expression hampers proper evaluation of transgenes and might be most undesirable when high-throughput transgene screening is intended. The general plant transformation strategy today is to generate a sufficiently high number of transgenic plants to find some transformants with the desired level of expression. To reduce cost, labor and interpretational flaws, multiple efforts are being directed toward achieving stable expression of transgenes with an expected level of expression. Various factors are thought to contribute to transgene expression variation including the transgene copy number, RNA silencing, transgene insertion site and the employment of certain ...
CK2-defective Arabidopsis plants exhibit enhanced double-strand break repair rates and reduced survival after exposure to...CK2-defective Arabidopsis plants exhibit enhanced double-strand break repair rates and reduced survival after exposure to...
The multifunctional protein kinase CK2 is involved in several aspects of the DNA damage response (DDR) in mammals. To gain insight into the role of CK2 in plant genome maintenance, we studied the response to genotoxic agents of an Arabidopsis CK2 dominant-negative mutant (CK2mut plants). CK2mut plants were hypersensitive to a wide range of genotoxins that produce a variety of DNA lesions. However, they were able to activate the DDR after exposure to γ irradiation, as shown by accumulation of phosphorylated histone H2AX and up-regulation of sets of radio-modulated genes. Moreover, functional assays showed that mutant plants quickly repair the DNA damage produced by genotoxins, and that they exhibit preferential use of non-conservative mechanisms, which may explain plant lethality. The chromatin of CK2mut plants was more sensitive to digestion with micrococcal nuclease, suggesting compaction changes that agreed with the transcriptional changes detected for a number of genes involved in chromatin ...
EPO - T 1054/96 (Transgenic plant/NOVARTIS) of 13.10.1997EPO - T 1054/96 (Transgenic plant/NOVARTIS) of 13.10.1997
Summary of Facts and Submissions. I. European patent application No. 91 810 144.5 published under No. 0 488 511 with the title Anti-pathogenically effective compositions comprising lytic peptides and hydrolytic enzymes was refused by the Examining Division.. Claim 19 as refused read as follows:. A transgenic plant and the seed thereof comprising recombinant DNA sequences encoding. a) one or more lytic peptides, which is not lysozyme, in combination with;. b) one or more chitinases; and/or. c) one or more beta-1,3-glucanases in a synergistically effective amount.. Claims 20 to 22 were directed to further embodiments of the subject-matter of claim 19.. Claims 23 and 24 read as follows:. 23. A method of preparing a transgenic plant which is able to synthesize one or more lytic peptides together with one or more chitinases; and/or one or more beta-1,3-glucanases in a synergistically effective amount; said method comprising the steps of preparing a transgenic plant comprising recombinant DNA ...
Genetic patterns associated with plant immunityGenetic patterns associated with plant immunity
Genomic information from plants can be used to enhance agricultural production and improve food security in a sustainable manner. Through better understanding of the relationship between a plants genetic information and the resulting behavior, improved crops with better traits (resistance to diseases, tolerance to drought, etc.) can be developed. This can be achieved through cross pollinating plants with selected traits to produce a hybrid with the desired characteristics. A research team led by Prof Eunyoung Chae from the Department of Biological Sciences, NUS, has discovered that in selective plant breeding, the genes responsible for providing defense responses against powdery mildew (RPW8) in the Arabidopsis thaliana plant, when duplicated as multiple copies in the genome, can misregulate immune receptors to trigger autoimmunity in hybrid plants. This can cause the premature gradual death of the foliage in these hybrids, known as hybrid necrosis. The researchers applied a technique known as ...
When Lipids Meet Hormones: Plants Answer to Complex Stresses | Research at Michigan State UniversityWhen Lipids Meet Hormones: Plants' Answer to Complex Stresses | Research at Michigan State University
Unlike animals, plants cant run away when things get bad. That can be the weather changing or a caterpillar starting to slowly munch on a leaf. Instead, they change themselves inside, using a complex system of hormones, to adapt to challenges.. Now, MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory scientists are connecting two plant defense systems to how these plants do photosynthesis. The study, conducted in the labs of Christoph Benning and Gregg Howe, is in the journal, The Plant Cell.. At the heart of this connection is the chloroplast, the engine of photosynthesis. It specializes in producing compounds that plants survive with. But plants have evolved ways to use it for other, completely unrelated purposes.. Their trick is to harvest their own chloroplasts protective membranes, made of lipids, the molecules found in fats and oils. Lipids have many uses, from making up cell boundaries to being part of plant hormones, to storing energy.. If plants need lipids for some purpose other than serving as ...
Plant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaPlant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The plants that are likely most familiar to us are the multicellular land plants, called embryophytes. They include the vascular plants, plants with full systems of leaves, stems, and roots. They also include a few of their close relatives, often called bryophytes, of which mosses and liverworts are the most common.. All of these plants have eukaryotic cells with cell walls composed of cellulose, and most obtain their energy through photosynthesis, using light and carbon dioxide to synthesize food. About three hundred plant species do not photosynthesize but are parasites on other species of photosynthetic plants. Plants are distinguished from green algae, which represent a mode of photosynthetic life similar to the kind modern plants are believed to have evolved from, by having specialized reproductive organs protected by non-reproductive tissues.. Bryophytes first appeared during the early Palaeozoic. They can only survive where moisture is available for significant periods, although some ...
Molecular evolution and diversification of the Argonaute family of proteins in plants | BMC Plant Biology | Full TextMolecular evolution and diversification of the Argonaute family of proteins in plants | BMC Plant Biology | Full Text
Argonaute (AGO) proteins form the core of the RNA-induced silencing complex, a central component of the smRNA machinery. Although reported from several plant species, little is known about their evolution. Moreover, these genes have not yet been cloned from the ecological model plant, Nicotiana attenuata, in which the smRNA machinery is known to mediate important ecological traits. Here, we not only identify 11 AGOs in N. attenuata, we further annotate 133 genes in 17 plant species, previously not annotated in the Phytozome database, to increase the number of plant AGOs to 263 genes from 37 plant species. We report the phylogenetic classification, expansion, and diversification of AGOs in the plant kingdom, which resulted in the following hypothesis about their evolutionary history: an ancestral AGO underwent duplication events after the divergence of unicellular green algae, giving rise to four major classes with subsequent gains/losses during the radiation of higher plants, resulting in the large
Viewing studyViewing study
The inactivation of endogenous plant genes during periods of stress or environmental changes has already been demonstrated. Although the expanding use of transgenic plants in scientific research has given hints for transgene inactivation caused by transinactivation, the first inactivation of transgene-encoded proteins caused by environmental changes was observed not before 1990. Transgenic Petunia hybrida plants, carrying the maize A1 cDNA under the control of the CaMV35S RNA promoter causing a salmon red flower phenotype, were released to the field. Environmental factors, possibly including heat, lead to a stable loss of flower pigmentation, accompanied by the methylation of the viral promoter. In the same year, the inactivation of the phosphinothricin resistance gene in single-cell cultures of a transgenic Medicago sativa line was observed in more than 90% of the cells after a 10-day heat treatment. In transgenic tobacco, different transgenes could be inactivated by a heat treatment (37°C), ...
Plant Science | Department of BiologyPlant Science | Department of Biology
An understanding of the functional biology of plants and the mechanisms that shape and modify plant diversity is of fundamental importance for all biological disciplines. This is the subject for you - if you are interested in plant physiology, ecology, systematics, evolution and biodiversity. You will learn about the functional biology of plants in relation to changing environments, the mechanisms that are involved in the evolution of new plant species and the factors that control plant diversity. You will come to understand how the plant and its organs, cells and genomes function together and the way in which mating systems and population structure influence gene flow and genetic diversity in plants. You will find out about how plants adapt to environmental change and interact with other organisms. At the same time, you have the possibility to gain practical experience of bioinformatics and molecular genetics as well as ecological and systematic methodology.. The educational programme has a ...
Grafting Offers a Surprising Boost to Plants - Growing ProduceGrafting Offers a Surprising Boost to Plants - Growing Produce
All of the grafting is done by hand, and we dont do a lot of plants. We just do the plants for our research trials, which is maybe 500 or 600 plants per project. Q: Is there any talk of automation for grafting plants? Miles: A lot people are interested in automation. There are definitely grafting robots or grafting aids out there; however, they are still relatively expensive. It comes down to volume, and you have to be producing a relatively high number of plants to make it worth the investment. In our case, and for most small-scale growers who are grafting their own plants, its definitely not worth it. Furthermore, a lot of these machines still require people to manage them, and the reality is that people can work pretty fast doing it by hand. In most cases, people can graft up to 300 eggplant or tomato plants per hour by hand and up to 250 watermelon plants per hour. Q: What is the cost/benefit analysis to use grafted plants? Miles: What were finding here in Washington is that you can use a ...
Multipurpose Plant Sensors Startle Scientists | The Institute for Creation ResearchMultipurpose Plant Sensors Startle Scientists | The Institute for Creation Research
Plants amazing sensor systems enable them to adapt in response to multiple environmental cues. Since plants cant get up and move around, they have to grow, develop, and thrive where they are.. One of the key factors in a plants life cycle is processing sunlight in the form of duration (day length), light quality (wavelength), and light intensity. All of these interconnected light-related factors are monitored within the plants leaf cells by a family of sensor proteins called phytochromes.1 When the red to far-red region of the visible light spectrum changes during the day, or because of shade from neighboring plants, the conformation (3-D shape) of the phytochrome proteins becomes altered and they act like genetic switches. They turn on and off a whole host of genes that modify plant metabolism, physiology, growth, and development. Phytochromes also help set the plants circadian rhythm (day/night clock)in addition to telling the plant what time of year it is, when it should flower and make ...
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The impact of hybrids between genetically modified crop plants and their related species: general considerations - DALE - 1994 ...The impact of hybrids between genetically modified crop plants and their related species: general considerations - DALE - 1994 ...
Opinion: Trait-based regulation of GM plants is on the horizon - at last! | 2018-08-15 | Agri-PulseOpinion: Trait-based regulation of GM plants is on the horizon - at last! | 2018-08-15 | Agri-Pulse
Genetically+Modified+Rice - | 10:54 pm Crops and Cereals Crops Gm Plants Cultivation and Futur Projects Soybeans Maize Rape...Genetically+Modified+Rice - | 10:54 pm Crops and Cereals Crops Gm Plants Cultivation and Futur Projects Soybeans Maize Rape...
GM plant seedlings in test tubes Stock Photo by DISABLED elenathewiseGM plant seedlings in test tubes Stock Photo by DISABLED elenathewise
Genetically Modified Foods - The Technique Of Genetic Modification - Dna, Plant, Vector, and Donor - JRank Articles Genetically Modified Foods - The Technique Of Genetic Modification - Dna, Plant, Vector, and Donor - JRank Articles
Consumer Info About Food from Genetically Engineered PlantsConsumer Info About Food from Genetically Engineered Plants
Food from Genetically Engineered PlantsFood from Genetically Engineered Plants
Genetically Modified Plants and Bees | SpringerLinkGenetically Modified Plants and Bees | SpringerLink
why are potatoes genetically modified plants - Yahoo Search Resultswhy are potatoes genetically modified plants - Yahoo Search Results
Genetically Modified plants | Podcasts | Naked ScientistsGenetically Modified plants | Podcasts | Naked Scientists
original articleoriginal article
Suggested Improvements for the Allergenicity Assessment of Genetically Modified Plants Used in Foods | SpringerLinkSuggested Improvements for the Allergenicity Assessment of Genetically Modified Plants Used in Foods | SpringerLink
Seeds: Contamination of non-transgenic plants with genetically modified genesSeeds: Contamination of non-transgenic plants with genetically modified genes
References | Genetically Modified Pest-Protected Plants: Science and Regulation | The National Academies PressReferences | Genetically Modified Pest-Protected Plants: Science and Regulation | The National Academies Press
Guidance for risk assessment of food and feed from GM plantsGuidance for risk assessment of food and feed from GM plants
1. Introduction and Background | Genetically Modified Pest-Protected Plants: Science and Regulation | The National Academies...1. Introduction and Background | Genetically Modified Pest-Protected Plants: Science and Regulation | The National Academies...
EFSA updates guidance on environmental impact of GM plants | European Food Safety AuthorityEFSA updates guidance on environmental impact of GM plants | European Food Safety Authority
The worst idea ever? Genetically engineered plants will deplete the atmosphere of carbon dioxide, causing a mass die-off of...The worst idea ever? Genetically engineered plants will deplete the atmosphere of carbon dioxide, causing a mass die-off of...
Download Genetically Modified Planet Environmental Impacts Of Genetically Engineered PlantsDownload Genetically Modified Planet Environmental Impacts Of Genetically Engineered Plants
Metabolic Profiling Allows Comprehensive Phenotyping of Genetically or Environmentally Modified Plant Systems | Plant CellMetabolic Profiling Allows Comprehensive Phenotyping of Genetically or Environmentally Modified Plant Systems | Plant Cell
Monitoring the identity and survival of genetically modified or non-modified plant growth promoting bacteria and their impact...Monitoring the identity and survival of genetically modified or non-modified plant growth promoting bacteria and their impact...
Beyond Pesticides Daily News Blog » Blog Archive Court Blocks Planting of Genetically Engineered Canola in Oregon - Beyond...Beyond Pesticides Daily News Blog » Blog Archive Court Blocks Planting of Genetically Engineered Canola in Oregon - Beyond...
OGTR | Application for a licence for DIR of GM plants into the environment - commercial release - example answersOGTR | Application for a licence for DIR of GM plants into the environment - commercial release - example answers
First EPA-Approved Outdoor Field Trial for Genetically Engineered AlgaeFirst EPA-Approved Outdoor Field Trial for Genetically Engineered Algae
Genetically modified food - WikipediaGenetically modified food - Wikipedia
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Organisms2
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Rice2
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Regulate1
  • To begin with, as announced in late March by USDA Secretary Perdue, the agency does not and will not regulate plants that could have been developed using what are now considered "traditional" methods of genetic modification. (agri-pulse.com)
Agriculture1
  • But even if it is a plant pest or weed, the proposal is to issue permits that will allow developers to proceed to commercialization, even as the USDA regulators determine whether the modification might increase the organism's potential to harm agriculture. (agri-pulse.com)
20th century1
Precision1
  • But the fact of the matter is that we are now able to modify plants with exquisite precision to make use of the enormous fund of molecular and physiological knowledge about them accumulated over the past century. (agri-pulse.com)
Crops64
Organisms23
Crop16
  • They may want to create plants with better flavor, higher crop yield (output), greater resistance to insect damage, and immunity to plant diseases. (fda.gov)
  • If that DNA carries a gene that serves a useful purpose, for example enhances crop resistance to insects, then you can get a plant back that has properties that you could not have achieved by plant breeding. (thenakedscientists.com)
  • Development and testing of a new GM crop typically requires 8 to 12 years, including more than 4 years of safety and environmental testing, before regulatory approval and commercial release. (springer.com)
  • Pierre Gaudet, owner of a 400-hectare organic soya farm and president of the Quebec Federation of Organic Producers, learns that four percent of his 60-ton crop contains genetically modified soya. (historycommons.org)
  • Planting Decisions and Uncertain Consumer Acceptance of Genetically Modified Crop Varieties ," Staff General Research Papers Archive 5026, Iowa State University, Department of Economics. (repec.org)
  • Planting Decisions and Uncertain Consumer Acceptance of Genetically Modified Crop Varieties ," American Journal of Agricultural Economics , Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 84(2), pages 308-319. (repec.org)
  • Planting Decisions And Uncertain Consumer Acceptance Of Genetically Modified Crop Varieties ," 2001 Annual meeting, August 5-8, Chicago, IL 20581, American Agricultural Economics Association (New Name 2008: Agricultural and Applied Economics Association). (repec.org)
  • 1991. Measuring the potential contribution of plant breeding to crop yields: Flue-cured tobacco 1954-1987. (nap.edu)
  • GM crop plants have found even less acceptance in Switzerland where currently neither the import nor the cultivation of GM OSR is allowed at least until the end of 2017 , . (greenmedinfo.com)
  • Factors influencing the fate and impact of hybrids between crop plants and their related species operate from the early zygote, through to plant establishment in different habitats, to their ability to form self-sustaining populations. (wiley.com)
  • It is unthinkable and irresponsible to release yet another GM crop with a transgenic protein that has already been implicated in so many illnesses and fatalities. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • Effects of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant (GMHT) and conventional crop management on invertebrate trophic groups (herbivores, detritivores, pollinators, predators and parasitoids) were compared in beet, maize and spring oilseed rape sites throughout the UK. (nih.gov)
  • Cisgenesis is a crop plant that has been genetically modified with one or more genes isolated from a crossable donor plant (Schouten et al. (ipl.org)
  • MEXICO CITY] Mexico has authorised a field trial of genetically modified (GM) maize that could lead to commercialisation of the crop, sparking debate about the effects on the country's unique maize biodiversity . (scidev.net)
  • The multinational corporation Monsanto will test a variety of maize resistant to the herbicide glyphosate on less than a hectare of land in north Mexico before it can commercialise the GM crop. (scidev.net)
  • Unlike experimental trials, such pilot projects do not require containment measures to prevent the spread of the GM crop. (scidev.net)
Canola5
Varieties19
  • For example, two new apple varieties have been genetically engineered to resist browning associated with cuts and bruises by reducing levels of enzymes that can cause browning. (fda.gov)
  • Genetic engineering is often used in conjunction with traditional breeding to produce the genetically engineered plant varieties on the market today. (fda.gov)
  • Credible evidence has demonstrated that foods from the GE plant varieties marketed to date are as safe as comparable, non-GE foods. (fda.gov)
  • Additionally, the agency is asking for information on how best to engage small businesses, including those that may be considering using genome editing to produce new plant varieties for use in human or animal food. (fda.gov)
  • In the Federal Register of May 29, 1992 (57 FR 22984), FDA published its 'Statement of Policy: Foods Derived from New Plant Varieties' ( the 1992 policy ). (fda.gov)
  • The 1992 policy clarified the agency's interpretation of the application of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act with respect to human foods and animal feeds derived from new plant varieties and provided guidance to industry on scientific and regulatory issues related to these foods. (fda.gov)
  • The 1992 policy applied to all foods derived from all new plant varieties, including varieties that are developed using recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) technology. (fda.gov)
  • This site refers to foods derived from plant varieties that are developed using rDNA technology as 'bioengineered foods. (fda.gov)
  • Varieties modified to produce large amounts of starches may be approved for industrial use only, not for food. (yahoo.com)
  • Instead of genetically modifying an entire watermelon plant, the team of Korean biotechnologists modified only the 'rootstock', a kind of underground stem, to which seedlings of commercial watermelon varieties are grafted. (scidev.net)
  • If it happens that sufficient (insufficient) acres are planted under nonmodified seed to meet postharvest demand, then a price premium will not (will) emerge for the nonmodified varieties. (repec.org)
  • In conventional plant breeding, little attention has been paid to the possible impacts of new plant varieties on food safety or the environment. (greenfacts.org)
  • And their latest "solution" to the "problem" is to unleash new varieties of genetically modified (GMO) plants that have the engineered ability to soak up CO2 and make it "disappear. (naturalnews.com)
  • The objectives of this study are to investigate the growth and whole-plant nitrogen (N) economy of two genetically modified (GM) potato lines compared to their non-GM parental varieties and when grown in different cultivation conditions. (frontiersin.org)
  • New plant varieties produced using chemical and radiation mutagenesis have never been regulated. (agri-pulse.com)
  • So is quite sensible not to regulate new plant varieties with the same kinds of mutations produced by the newer, more specific techniques. (agri-pulse.com)
  • The UCCS stated last month (25 March) that the coexistence of GM and non-GM varieties in fields - which may happen if commercial approval is given - could contaminate the unique non-GM varieties. (scidev.net)
  • Andrew Stephenson, an ecology professor at Pennsylvania University, United States, said the indirect effects of mixing GM and non-GM varieties are largely unknown, especially under Mexico's complex environmental conditions. (scidev.net)
  • However, there are ongoing public concerns related to food safety, regulation, labelling, environmental impact, research methods, and the fact that some GM seeds, along with all new plant varieties, are subject to plant breeders' rights owned by corporations. (wikipedia.org)
20004
Gene25
  • Genetic engineering isolates the gene for the desired trait, adds it to a single plant cell in a laboratory, and generates a new plant from that cell. (fda.gov)
  • The potatoes were modified to express the Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA) gene from the Galanthus (snowdrop) plant, which caused them to produce GNA lectin protein that is toxic to some insects . (yahoo.com)
  • The plant is engineered to carry in its cells the gene that makes these proteins. (thenakedscientists.com)
  • To create a resistant plant, they inserted a viral gene into watermelon rootstock. (scidev.net)
  • One potential mechanism is 'gene silencing', in which the production of a viral protein in the modified plant stops it being made in the virus. (scidev.net)
  • 1998. Transcriptional and posttranscriptional plant gene silencing in response to a pathogen. (nap.edu)
  • A focus of research in P. J. Dale's laboratory over the past four years has been the field evaluation of transgenic plants, with emphasis on risk assessment questions associated with gene dispersal. (wiley.com)
  • Conventional plant breeding and artificial selection can create gene combinations that would rarely survive in nature. (greenfacts.org)
  • Some exchange of genetic material ( gene flow ) between cultivated plants and their wild relatives has been reported but in general this has not been considered a problem. (greenfacts.org)
  • As Professor Ma explained: 'Plants are inexpensive to grow and if we were to engineer them to contain a gene for a pharmaceutical product, they could produce large quantities of drugs or vaccines at low cost. (timeshighereducation.com)
  • The testing strategy for GMO detection is constituted of a series of steps starting with a screening for frequently inserted genetic elements and gene constructs, followed by specific identification of the GM plant event and completing the analysis with the quantification of the relative amount of the GM plant event present in a given sample. (springer.com)
  • The IR GM cotton contains a gene derived from a common soil bacterium. (ogtr.gov.au)
  • The HT GM cotton contains a gene from a common soil bacterium conferring tolerance to the herbicide glyphosate. (ogtr.gov.au)
  • The following table provides summary information about DIR licences issued by the Gene Technology Regulator for commercial release of GM plants, and contains links to detailed documentation relating to each application and assessment, including licence conditions (where applicable). (ogtr.gov.au)
  • These include the much-touted CRISPR/Cas-based gene editing , as well as other new approaches to the modification of plants' genetic material. (agri-pulse.com)
  • It also relates to recombinant vectors, containing such DNA fragment, which enable this protective gene to be introduced and expressed into cells and plant cells. (justia.com)
  • This technology is a genetically modified form of MYB46 that allows the gene to remain constitutively active, even in the presence of stresses (drought, etc.) that normally deactivate MYB46. (technologypublisher.com)
  • Once modified males mate with females in the wild, where their "lethality" gene is passed along, the gene prevents the female offspring from developing, so they die as larvae. (iapps2010.me)
  • Researchers start by inserting a desirable gene, for example a gene encoding a particular antibody, into a plant virus. (wordpress.com)
  • Although the merA gene is likely to significantly enhance the ability of plant roots to encounter and absorb soil-bound Hg(II),additional engineering may be required for efficient soil Hg(II)extraction. (uga.edu)
  • Genetically modified fish are fish that have had their DNA changed by taking a gene from an unrelated organism and forcing it into the DNA of a fish. (answers.com)
  • In an effort to reduce the mosquito population, the mosquitoes are genetically modified with a gene designed to kill them unless given an antibiotic known as tetracycline. (mercola.com)
  • Offspring of the GM mosquitoes will receive this same lethal gene which will kill the offspring before it can ever reach adulthood. (mercola.com)
  • As more genetically modified mosquitoes mate with wild mosquitoes, the idea is that more and more offspring will be produced with the lethal gene, thereby reducing the mosquito population. (mercola.com)
  • The team modified marmosets to have mutated copies of a human gene called SNCA , which is linked to Parkinson's disease. (newscientist.com)
Organism3
  • It's very important to bear that in mind and the method enables you to take DNA sequence from essentially any organism and use the properties of a bacterium called agrobacterium to deliver that DNA into a plant cell. (thenakedscientists.com)
  • If the organism is neither a weed nor a plant pest, it does not come under the jurisdiction of the PPA. (agri-pulse.com)
  • An overall elaboration of relevant cause-effect chains in which the GM organism is involved would make all subsequent steps more targeted. (ensser.org)
Contains genetically1
Risk assessment5
Contain genetically1
20181
Risks3
  • The RFC asks for data and information in response to questions about the safety of foods from genome edited plants, such as whether categories of genome edited plants present food safety risks different from other plants produced through traditional plant breeding. (fda.gov)
  • Although the data and discussions are representative, this example may not include all considerations needed when assessing risks from a proposed GM plant commercial release. (ogtr.gov.au)
  • Our experiment was a first-step towards an evidence-based evaluation of genetically engineered algae and their benefits and environmental risks. (newswise.com)
Traits7
  • Traditional breeding involves repeatedly cross-pollinating plants until the breeder identifies offspring with the desired combination of traits. (fda.gov)
  • This safety assessment identifies the distinguishing attributes of the new traits in the plant and assesses whether any new material in food made from the GE plant is safe when eaten by humans or animals. (fda.gov)
  • A plant population results from crossing a number of lines and is genetically and phenotypically diverse, although for key traits, a population can be phenotypically uniform (for example, every plant resistant to a pest). (nap.edu)
  • Tuber yield, above ground biomass, N uptake efficiency and other plant N economy traits were assessed. (frontiersin.org)
  • In conclusion, the genetic modification inducing high accumulation of amylose in potato tubers affected several non-target traits related to plant N economy, and increased the plant N uptake and accumulation efficiency of the field-grown plants. (frontiersin.org)
  • As reported in the journal Algal Research, the researchers conclude that genetically engineered algae can be successfully cultivated outdoors while maintaining engineered traits, and, most importantly, without adversely impacting native algae populations. (newswise.com)
  • It depends on how it has been modified and what traits were selected for modification. (answers.com)
Biotechnology4
19991
Researchers11
Herbicides3
Pest-Protected Plants1
  • Pest control is a continuous process: as pest-protected plants are bred or new chemical pesticides are developed, pests evolve to overcome these control methods. (nap.edu)
Oilseed Rape1
Tobacco plant2
Potatoes2
Herbicide tolerant1
  • We are proposing to release three lines of GM cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum ) which are herbicide tolerant (HT), insect resistant (IR) or both (HT IR). (ogtr.gov.au)
Grown3
Cotton10
  • The GM brinjal contains the same Cry1Ac toxin from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis as the widely cultivated GM cotton that has been implicated recently in major health controversies in India. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • The aim of the release is for the commercial production of these GM cotton lines throughout Australia. (ogtr.gov.au)
  • The APVMA is currently assessing a permit application from us for use of herbicide XXX on the HT GM cotton lines, and Food Standards Australia (FSANZ) is assessing the use in food of cotton seed oil derived from the GM cotton lines. (ogtr.gov.au)
  • Insect-resistant (IR) GM cotton - cotton variety Coker 312 was transformed with plasmid pMock808 (see below) to provide resistance to specific lepidopteron insect pests. (ogtr.gov.au)
  • HT IR GM cotton which was generated through crossing between the IR and HT GM cottons. (ogtr.gov.au)
  • A Soil Association report, released Wednesday, reveals how genetically modified (GM) cotton grew to almost obliterate all other cotton production in India, and how the promised GM success rapidly turned to failure, with disastrous, even lethal, results for some of the world's poorest farmers. (organicconsumers.org)
  • The report , launched at the Textile Exchange Sustainability Conference in Washington D.C., reveals how alternative, more sustainable cotton production is now successfully replacing GM. (organicconsumers.org)
  • In just one region of Maharashtra province, factors linked to the cultivation of GM cotton are reported to have led to 7,992 farmer suicides between 2006 and 2011. (organicconsumers.org)
  • One of the ministers responsible for introducing GM cotton to India was recently quoted as saying, "In the 1990s, I introduced GM cotton in India. (organicconsumers.org)
  • That is what GM cotton is doing in many countries, none more so than in India, the largest cotton producer in the world. (organicconsumers.org)
Strain1
  • In a new research report appearing in the March 2010 print issue of the FASEB Journal (http://www.fasebj.org) scientists explain how they developed a genetically modified strain of tobacco that helps temper the damaging effects of toxic pond scum, scientifically known as microcystin-LR (MC-LR), which makes water unsafe for drinking, swimming, or fishing. (sgul.ac.uk)
Protein4
  • So, the protein is made in the plant and anything that eats the plant that is susceptible to that protein doesn't thrive or dies whereas insects - and this is very important - that don't eat the plant are completely unaffected. (thenakedscientists.com)
  • Equivalence of microbially-produced and plant-produced B.t.t. protein also called Colorado potato beetle active protein from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. (nap.edu)
  • The most dramatic recent example is the severe stunting and premature deaths in the litter of female rats fed GM soya throughout their pregnancy , and the debilitating inflammation of the lungs in mice tested with a transgenic pea containing a normally harmless bean protein ( Transgenic pea that made mice ill , SiS 29). (i-sis.org.uk)
  • This document addresses considerations in the safety assessment of GM foodstuffs, including the fate of DNA and protein in animal feeding, animal feeding studies, and future GM feedstuffs. (oecd.org)
Monsanto3
  • Ray Mowling, a vice president for Monsanto Canada in Mississauga, concedes to the Washington Post that some cross-pollination does occur between Monsanto's genetically modified plants and other plants. (historycommons.org)
  • New evidence reveals that despite a ban on cultivation of GM rapeseed in Europe, Monsanto and Bayer's plants are now freely growing there. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • In the European Union, GM OSR cultivation is presently prohibited and authorization for the import for food and feed processing is confined to the GM OSR events GT73 (Roundup Ready, Monsanto), MS8, RF3, MS8xRF3 and T45 (all traded as InVigor, Bayer CropScience) . (greenmedinfo.com)
Enzymes1
  • Glutamine synthetase (hereafter simply designated by GS) constitutes in most plants one of the essential enzymes for the development and life of plant cells. (justia.com)
Mutations2
Impacts6
  • While APHIS' PPRA is focused on the plant pest risk associated with RR sugar beets, the Agency's final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS), available here , comprehensively evaluates the potential environmental impacts of the three alternatives before the Agency. (usda.gov)
  • While helpful in informing the Agency regarding any potential environmental impacts before making its final regulatory determination under the Plant Protection Act, NEPA does not provide APHIS any authority to address such environmental impacts. (usda.gov)
  • But this download genetically modified planet environmental impacts of genetically becomes so to the beings of the required body, much to any marked grief of solution. (sftv.org)
  • hesitate to prove the download genetically modified planet environmental impacts of genetically of a substantia hearing two effects not. (sftv.org)
  • d to be my download genetically modified planet environmental impacts of genetically engineered plants into all those strata, about which I are been with as geothermal lives in the opinion of my sink and part. (sftv.org)
  • Chory admits this, but claims that GMO plants are necessary to absorb even more CO2 than they already do - because Chory and her colleagues are the self-proclaimed "experts" who will decide what's needed in order to create a "perfect," CO2-free planet that's immune from the "devastating" impacts of climate change. (naturalnews.com)
Cultivation4
Climate3
  • Reports indicate that "scientists" in California are currently developing these GMO plants, which they claim will absorb more "greenhouse gases" like CO2 and help to stop "man-made climate change. (naturalnews.com)
  • Back in April, The Guardian (United Kingdom) published a hilarious piece about a woman named Joanne Chory who's in the process of developing a CO2-sucking plant that she believes will save the planet from climate change. (naturalnews.com)
  • However they have also genetically modified plants to grow faster instead of more, or to produce better in a certain climate. (answers.com)
Trait2
  • In this process, scientists make targeted changes to a plant's genetic makeup to give the plant a new desirable trait. (fda.gov)
  • Plant Animal Coevolution: A study of herbivore and grass coevolution Introduction Coevolution may be defined as an evolutionary change in a trait of the individuals in one population in response to a trait of the individuals of a second population, followed by an evolutionary response by the second population to the change in the first (Janzel, 1980). (bartleby.com)
19942
APHIS1
  • In considering the request, and in accordance with a U.S. District Court decision in 2009, APHIS has prepared two analyses, one under the Plant Protection Act and another under the National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA). (usda.gov)
Approve1
Proteins2
Successfully1
  • Scientists at the University of California San Diego and Sapphire Energy have successfully completed the first outdoor field trial sanctioned by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for genetically engineered algae. (newswise.com)
Resistance4
Insect1
  • GMHT management superimposed relatively small (less than twofold), but consistent, shifts in plant and insect abundance, the extent and direction of these effects being dependent on the relative efficacies of comparable conventional herbicide regimes. (nih.gov)
Sweet wormwood plants1
  • GREEN MEDICINE Derived from sweet wormwood plants, the antimalarial compound artemisinin usually composes 0.1 to 1 percent of the dry weight of the leaves. (sciencenews.org)
Conventional2
Foods18
Regulation2
  • Due to their production of insecticidal substances, the IR and HT IR GM cottons are also subject to regulation by the Australian Pesticide and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA). (ogtr.gov.au)
  • SACTob statement of principles guiding the evaluation of new or modified tobacco products / Scientific Advisory Committee on Tobacco Product Regulation (SACTob). (who.int)
Wheat1
Fatty5
  • Near-term - some of your listeners may have heard about a trial of GM Camelina which is engineered to produce the long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids that are present in fish oil and very good for vascular health. (thenakedscientists.com)
  • Some transgenes will have novel effects (e.g. production of pharmaceutical substances or certain fatty acids) on plants, and are likely to need specific assessment studies to determine their impact on hybrids. (wiley.com)
  • This invention relates to plant fatty acyl hydroxylases. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
  • Methods to use conserved amino acid or nucleotide sequences to obtain plant fatty acyl hydroxylases are described. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
  • The present invention concerns the identification of nucleic acid sequences and constructs, and methods related thereto, and the use of these sequences and constructs to produce genetically modified plants for the purpose of altering the fatty acid composition of plant oils, waxes and related compounds. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
Grows1
Soil1
  • the greater fresh tuber yield in the high-amylose GM line was accomplished by higher water allocation to the harvested tubers, and associated with increased N recovery from soil (+20%), N uptake efficiency (+53%), tuber N content (+20%), and N accumulation (+120%) compared with the non-GM parent. (frontiersin.org)
Agricultural1
  • Thankfully, with Indian government support, non-GM and organic production is now in a positive position, offering lower production costs and supporting healthier agricultural, environmental, and social outcomes. (organicconsumers.org)
Diversity1
Search2