Plants genetically modified. Medical search

PLANTS, or their progeny, whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING.

Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)

Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.

The usually underground portions of a plant that serve as support, store food, and through which water and mineral nutrients enter the plant. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982; Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

The functional hereditary units of PLANTS.

Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.

New immature growth of a plant including stem, leaves, tips of branches, and SEEDLINGS.

Plants whose roots, leaves, seeds, bark, or other constituent parts possess therapeutic, tonic, purgative, curative or other pharmacologic attributes, when administered to man or animals.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of plants.

Processes orchestrated or driven by a plethora of genes, plant hormones, and inherent biological timing mechanisms facilitated by secondary molecules, which result in the systematic transformation of plants and plant parts, from one stage of maturity to another.

Plants or plant parts which are harmful to man or other animals.

Basic functional unit of plants.

Parts of plants that usually grow vertically upwards towards the light and support the leaves, buds, and reproductive structures. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

The genetic complement of a plant (PLANTS) as represented in its DNA.

A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.

An organism of the vegetable kingdom suitable by nature for use as a food, especially by human beings. Not all parts of any given plant are edible but all parts of edible plants have been known to figure as raw or cooked food: leaves, roots, tubers, stems, seeds, buds, fruits, and flowers. The most commonly edible parts of plants are FRUIT, usually sweet, fleshy, and succulent. Most edible plants are commonly cultivated for their nutritional value and are referred to as VEGETABLES.

The parts of plants, including SEEDS.

Any of the hormones produced naturally in plants and active in controlling growth and other functions. There are three primary classes: auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins.

Proteins that originate from plants species belonging to the genus ARABIDOPSIS. The most intensely studied species of Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis thaliana, is commonly used in laboratory experiments.

The inherent or induced capacity of plants to withstand or ward off biological attack by pathogens.

A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE. Members contain NICOTINE and other biologically active chemicals; its dried leaves are used for SMOKING.

A thin layer of cells forming the outer integument of seed plants and ferns. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

Closable openings in the epidermis of plants on the underside of leaves. They allow the exchange of gases between the internal tissues of the plant and the outside atmosphere.

Members of the group of vascular plants which bear flowers. They are differentiated from GYMNOSPERMS by their production of seeds within a closed chamber (OVARY, PLANT). The Angiosperms division is composed of two classes, the monocotyledons (Liliopsida) and dicotyledons (Magnoliopsida). Angiosperms represent approximately 80% of all known living plants.

The encapsulated embryos of flowering plants. They are used as is or for animal feed because of the high content of concentrated nutrients like starches, proteins, and fats. Rapeseed, cottonseed, and sunflower seed are also produced for the oils (fats) they yield.

Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.

The loss of water vapor by plants to the atmosphere. It occurs mainly from the leaves through pores (stomata) whose primary function is gas exchange. The water is replaced by a continuous column of water moving upwards from the roots within the xylem vessels. (Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

A plant species of the family SOLANACEAE, native of South America, widely cultivated for their edible, fleshy, usually red fruit.

The reproductive organs of plants.

A localized proliferation of plant tissue forming a swelling or outgrowth, commonly with a characteristic shape and unlike any organ of the normal plant. Plant tumors or galls usually form in response to the action of a pathogen or a pest. (Holliday, P., A Dictionary of Plant Pathology, 1989, p330)

Complex nucleoprotein structures which contain the genomic DNA and are part of the CELL NUCLEUS of PLANTS.

The above-ground plant without the roots.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Material prepared from plants.

A plant species of the family POACEAE. It is a tall grass grown for its EDIBLE GRAIN, corn, used as food and animal FODDER.

Very young plant after GERMINATION of SEEDS.

The act of feeding on plants by animals.

Units that convert some other form of energy into electrical energy.

Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop.

The large family of plants characterized by pods. Some are edible and some cause LATHYRISM or FAVISM and other forms of poisoning. Other species yield useful materials like gums from ACACIA and various LECTINS like PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS from PHASEOLUS. Many of them harbor NITROGEN FIXATION bacteria on their roots. Many but not all species of "beans" belong to this family.

Sugar-rich liquid produced in plant glands called nectaries. It is either produced in flowers or other plant structures, providing a source of attraction for pollinating insects and animals, as well as being a nutrient source to animal mutualists which provide protection of plants against herbivores.

Eighteen-carbon cyclopentyl polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from ALPHA-LINOLENIC ACID via an oxidative pathway analogous to the EICOSANOIDS in animals. Biosynthesis is inhibited by SALICYLATES. A key member, jasmonic acid of PLANTS, plays a similar role to ARACHIDONIC ACID in animals.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The outer layer of the woody parts of plants.

The relationship between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other or a relationship between different species where both of the organisms in question benefit from the presence of the other.

The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds. Photosynthesis comprises two separate processes: the light reactions and the dark reactions. In higher plants; GREEN ALGAE; and CYANOBACTERIA; NADPH and ATP formed by the light reactions drive the dark reactions which result in the fixation of carbon dioxide. (from Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2001)

Physiological functions characteristic of plants.

A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.

Acetic acid derivatives of the heterocyclic compound indole. (Merck Index, 11th ed)

A plant species of the genus SOLANUM, family SOLANACEAE. The starchy roots are used as food. SOLANINE is found in green parts.

The unconsolidated mineral or organic matter on the surface of the earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants.

Systems of medicine based on cultural beliefs and practices handed down from generation to generation. The concept includes mystical and magical rituals (SPIRITUAL THERAPIES); PHYTOTHERAPY; and other treatments which may not be explained by modern medicine.

Substances released by PLANTS such as PLANT GUMS and PLANT RESINS.

A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A compound obtained from the bark of the white willow and wintergreen leaves. It has bacteriostatic, fungicidal, and keratolytic actions.

Knobbed structures formed from and attached to plant roots, especially of LEGUMES, which result from symbiotic infection by nitrogen fixing bacteria such as RHIZOBIUM or FRANKIA. Root nodules are structures related to MYCORRHIZAE formed by symbiotic associations with fungi.

Protein or glycoprotein substances of plant origin that bind to sugar moieties in cell walls or membranes. Some carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (ENZYMES) from PLANTS also bind to carbohydrates, however they are not considered lectins. Many plant lectins change the physiology of the membrane of BLOOD CELLS to cause agglutination, mitosis, or other biochemical changes. They may play a role in plant defense mechanisms.

The reproductive cells of plants.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Symbiotic combination (dual organism) of the MYCELIUM of FUNGI with the roots of plants (PLANT ROOTS). The roots of almost all higher plants exhibit this mutually beneficial relationship, whereby the fungus supplies water and mineral salts to the plant, and the plant supplies CARBOHYDRATES to the fungus. There are two major types of mycorrhizae: ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae.

Use of plants or herbs to treat diseases or to alleviate pain.

A large family of narrow-leaved herbaceous grasses of the order Cyperales, subclass Commelinidae, class Liliopsida (monocotyledons). Food grains (EDIBLE GRAIN) come from members of this family. RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, SEASONAL can be induced by POLLEN of many of the grasses.

Plant cell inclusion bodies that contain the photosynthetic pigment CHLOROPHYLL, which is associated with the membrane of THYLAKOIDS. Chloroplasts occur in cells of leaves and young stems of plants. They are also found in some forms of PHYTOPLANKTON such as HAPTOPHYTA; DINOFLAGELLATES; DIATOMS; and CRYPTOPHYTA.

The failure of PLANTS to complete fertilization and obtain seed (SEEDS) as a result of defective POLLEN or ovules, or other aberrations. (Dict. of Plant Genet. and Mol. Biol., 1998)

The fertilizing element of plants that contains the male GAMETOPHYTES.

A plant genus of the family Cruciferae. It contains many species and cultivars used as food including cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, Brussel sprouts, kale, collard greens, MUSTARD PLANT; (B. alba, B. junica, and B. nigra), turnips (BRASSICA NAPUS) and rapeseed (BRASSICA RAPA).

The initial stages of the growth of SEEDS into a SEEDLINGS. The embryonic shoot (plumule) and embryonic PLANT ROOTS (radicle) emerge and grow upwards and downwards respectively. Food reserves for germination come from endosperm tissue within the seed and/or from the seed leaves (COTYLEDON). (Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

A large plant family of the order Asterales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida. The family is also known as Compositae. Flower petals are joined near the base and stamens alternate with the corolla lobes. The common name of "daisy" refers to several genera of this family including Aster; CHRYSANTHEMUM; RUDBECKIA; TANACETUM.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Oils derived from plants or plant products.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

Prolonged dry periods in natural climate cycle. They are slow-onset phenomena caused by rainfall deficit combined with other predisposing factors.

The study of the origin, structure, development, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of plants.

A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.

A variable annual leguminous vine (Pisum sativum) that is cultivated for its rounded smooth or wrinkled edible protein-rich seeds, the seed of the pea, and the immature pods with their included seeds. (From Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, 1973)

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.

Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.

A class of organic compounds known as STEROLS or STEROIDS derived from plants.

An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.

A plant genus of the family POACEAE. The EDIBLE GRAIN, barley, is widely used as food.

A species of gram-negative, fluorescent, phytopathogenic bacteria in the genus PSEUDOMONAS. It is differentiated into approximately 50 pathovars with different plant pathogenicities and host specificities.

A class of plants within the Bryophyta comprising the mosses, which are found in both damp (including freshwater) and drier situations. Mosses possess erect or prostrate leafless stems, which give rise to leafless stalks bearing capsules. Spores formed in the capsules are released and grow to produce new plants. (Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990). Many small plants bearing the name moss are in fact not mosses. The "moss" found on the north side of trees is actually a green alga (CHLOROPHYTA). Irish moss is really a red alga (RHODOPHYTA). Beard lichen (beard moss), Iceland moss, oak moss, and reindeer moss are actually LICHENS. Spanish moss is a common name for both LICHENS and an air plant (TILLANDSIA usneoides) of the pineapple family. Club moss is an evergreen herb of the family LYCOPODIACEAE.

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.

The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.

The protoplasm and plasma membrane of plant, fungal, bacterial or archaeon cells without the CELL WALL.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.

A group of plant cells that are capable of dividing infinitely and whose main function is the production of new growth at the growing tip of a root or stem. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

An annual legume. The SEEDS of this plant are edible and used to produce a variety of SOY FOODS.

A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria isolated from soil and the stems, leafs, and roots of plants. Some biotypes are pathogenic and cause the formation of PLANT TUMORS in a wide variety of higher plants. The species is a major research tool in biotechnology.

Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. PLASTID GENOMES are used in phylogenetic studies.

A family (Aphididae) of small insects, in the suborder Sternorrhyncha, that suck the juices of plants. Important genera include Schizaphis and Myzus. The latter is known to carry more than 100 virus diseases between plants.

A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that activate PLANT ROOT NODULATION in leguminous plants. Members of this genus are nitrogen-fixing and common soil inhabitants.

Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches.

Change brought about to an organisms genetic composition by unidirectional transfer (TRANSFECTION; TRANSDUCTION, GENETIC; CONJUGATION, GENETIC, etc.) and incorporation of foreign DNA into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells by recombination of part or all of that DNA into the cell's genome.

Organic compounds that have a relatively high VAPOR PRESSURE at room temperature.

A creeping annual plant species of the CUCURBITACEAE family. It has a rough succulent, trailing stem and hairy leaves with three to five pointed lobes.

Plant hormones that promote the separation of daughter cells after mitotic division of a parent cell. Frequently they are purine derivatives.

A technique for growing plants in culture solutions rather than in soil. The roots are immersed in an aerated solution containing the correct proportions of essential mineral salts. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

Any of several BRASSICA species that are commonly called mustard. Brassica alba is white mustard, B. juncea is brown or Chinese mustard, and B. nigra is black, brown, or red mustard. The plant is grown both for mustard seed from which oil is extracted or used as SPICES, and for its greens used as VEGETABLES or ANIMAL FEED. There is no relationship to MUSTARD COMPOUNDS.

The unfavorable effect of environmental factors (stressors) on the physiological functions of an organism. Prolonged unresolved physiological stress can affect HOMEOSTASIS of the organism, and may lead to damaging or pathological conditions.

A large order of insects characterized by having the mouth parts adapted to piercing or sucking. It is comprised of four suborders: HETEROPTERA, Auchenorrhyncha, Sternorrhyncha, and Coleorrhyncha.

A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

An endosymbiont that is either a bacterium or fungus living part of its life in a plant. Endophytes can benefit host plants by preventing pathogenic organisms from colonizing them.

The variety of all native living organisms and their various forms and interrelationships.

A plant family of the order Solanales, subclass Asteridae. Among the most important are POTATOES; TOMATOES; CAPSICUM (green and red peppers); TOBACCO; and BELLADONNA.

The non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its ENVIRONMENT.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A division of the plant kingdom. Bryophyta contains the subdivision, Musci, which contains the classes: Andreaeopsida, BRYOPSIDA, and SPHAGNOPSIDA.

Seedless nonflowering plants of the class Filicinae. They reproduce by spores that appear as dots on the underside of feathery fronds. In earlier classifications the Pteridophyta included the club mosses, horsetails, ferns, and various fossil groups. In more recent classifications, pteridophytes and spermatophytes (seed-bearing plants) are classified in the Subkingdom Tracheobionta (also known as Tracheophyta).

The physical distribution of plants in various forms and stages of development through time and space.

A phylum of fungi which have cross-walls or septa in the mycelium. The perfect state is characterized by the formation of a saclike cell (ascus) containing ascospores. Most pathogenic fungi with a known perfect state belong to this phylum.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

Plant tissue that carries water up the root and stem. Xylem cell walls derive most of their strength from LIGNIN. The vessels are similar to PHLOEM sieve tubes but lack companion cells and do not have perforated sides and pores.

A class of plant growth hormone isolated from cultures of Gibberella fujikuroi, a fungus causing Bakanae disease in rice. There are many different members of the family as well as mixtures of multiple members; all are diterpenoid acids based on the gibberellane skeleton.

A plant species of the family FABACEAE widely cultivated for ANIMAL FEED.

Gymnosperms are a group of vascular plants whose seeds are not enclosed by a ripened ovary (fruit), in contrast to ANGIOSPERMS whose seeds are surrounded by an ovary wall. The seeds of many gymnosperms (literally, "naked seed") are borne in cones and are not visible. Taxonomists now recognize four distinct divisions of extant gymnospermous plants (CONIFEROPHYTA; CYCADOPHYTA; GINKGOPHYTA; and GNETOPHYTA).

Facilities that convert NUCLEAR ENERGY into electrical energy.

The fleshy or dry ripened ovary of a plant, enclosing the seed or seeds.

The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.

A plant genus of the family Plantaginaceae. The small plants usually have a dense tuft of basal leaves and long, leafless stalks bearing a terminal spike of small flowers. The seeds, known as PSYLLIUM, swell in water and are used as laxatives. The leaves have been used medicinally.

A system of traditional medicine which is based on the beliefs and practices of the African peoples. It includes treatment by medicinal plants and other materia medica as well as by the ministrations of diviners, medicine men, witch doctors, and sorcerers.

A plant genus in the family LILIACEAE (sometimes placed in Asparagaceae) that contains ECDYSTEROIDS and is an ingredient of Siotone. The shoots are used as a vegetable and the roots are used in FOLK MEDICINE.

A part of the embryo in a seed plant. The number of cotyledons is an important feature in classifying plants. In seeds without an endosperm, they store food which is used in germination. In some plants, they emerge above the soil surface and become the first photosynthetic leaves. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

The mint plant family. They are characteristically aromatic, and many of them are cultivated for their oils. Most have square stems, opposite leaves, and two-lipped, open-mouthed, tubular corollas (united petals), with five-lobed, bell-like calyxes (united sepals).

The study of the actions and properties of medicinal agents, often derived from PLANTS, indigenous to populations or ETHNIC GROUPS.

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the soil. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

A plant genus of the family CUCURBITACEAE, order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, which includes pumpkin, gourd and squash.

A genus herbs of the Asteraceae family. The SEEDS yield oil and are used as food and animal feed; the roots of Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke) are edible.

The region of the stem beneath the stalks of the seed leaves (cotyledons) and directly above the young root of the embryo plant. It grows rapidly in seedlings showing epigeal germination and lifts the cotyledons above the soil surface. In this region (the transition zone) the arrangement of vascular bundles in the root changes to that of the stem. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A genus of gram negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found in soil, plants, and marine mud.

A plant genus in the family FABACEAE which is the source of edible beans and the lectin PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS.

A genus of PLANT VIRUSES, in the family CAULIMOVIRIDAE, that are transmitted by APHIDS in a semipersistent manner. Aphid-borne transmission of some caulimoviruses requires certain virus-coded proteins termed transmission factors.

A plant species of the family BRASSICACEAE best known for the edible roots.

A plant species of the family FABACEAE used to study GENETICS because it is DIPLOID, self fertile, has a small genome, and short generation time.

The relationship between an invertebrate and another organism (the host), one of which lives at the expense of the other. Traditionally excluded from definition of parasites are pathogenic BACTERIA; FUNGI; VIRUSES; and PLANTS; though they may live parasitically.

The interactions between a host and a pathogen, usually resulting in disease.

A nonmetallic element with atomic symbol C, atomic number 6, and atomic weight [12.0096; 12.0116]. It may occur as several different allotropes including DIAMOND; CHARCOAL; and GRAPHITE; and as SOOT from incompletely burned fuel.

A mitosporic Leotiales fungal genus of plant pathogens. It has teleomorphs in the genus Botryotina.

Higher plants that live primarily in terrestrial habitats, although some are secondarily aquatic. Most obtain their energy from PHOTOSYNTHESIS. They comprise the vascular and non-vascular plants.

Any of the various plants of the genus Lactuca, especially L. sativa, cultivated for its edible leaves. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)

Eukaryotes in the group STRAMENOPILES, formerly considered FUNGI, whose exact taxonomic level is unsettled. Many consider Oomycetes (Oomycota) a phylum in the kingdom Stramenopila, or alternatively, as Pseudofungi in the phylum Heterokonta of the kingdom Chromista. They are morphologically similar to fungi but have no close phylogenetic relationship to them. Oomycetes are found in both fresh and salt water as well as in terrestrial environments. (Alexopoulos et al., Introductory Mycology, 4th ed, pp683-4). They produce flagellated, actively motile spores (zoospores) that are pathogenic to many crop plants and FISHES.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

A family of sterols commonly found in plants and plant oils. Alpha-, beta-, and gamma-isomers have been characterized.

Adaptation to a new environment or to a change in the old.

A plant species of the family APIACEAE that is widely cultivated for the edible yellow-orange root. The plant has finely divided leaves and flat clusters of small white flowers.

The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.

The spurge family of flowering plants, in the order Euphorbiales, contains some 7,500 species in 275 genera. The family consists of annual and perennial herbs and woody shrubs or trees.

The science, art or practice of cultivating soil, producing crops, and raising livestock.

Non-native organisms brought into a region, habitat, or ECOSYSTEM by human activity.

The total process by which organisms produce offspring. (Stedman, 25th ed)

The gourd plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is sometimes placed in its own order, Cucurbitales. 'Melon' generally refers to CUCUMIS; CITRULLUS; or MOMORDICA.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

Plant proteins that mediate LIGHT SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They are involved in PHOTOTROPISM and other light adaption responses during plant growth and development . They include the phototropins, phytochromes (PHYTOCHROME), and members of the ubiquitous cryptochrome family.

A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE best known for the thyme spice added to foods.

A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.

A group of FLAVONOIDS derived from FLAVONOLS, which lack the ketone oxygen at the 4-position. They are glycosylated versions of cyanidin, pelargonidin or delphinidin. The conjugated bonds result in blue, red, and purple colors in flowers of plants.

A plant genus of the family POACEAE. The grain is used for FOOD and for ANIMAL FEED. This should not be confused with KAFFIR LIME or with KEFIR milk product.

Pesticides used to destroy unwanted vegetation, especially various types of weeds, grasses (POACEAE), and woody plants. Some plants develop HERBICIDE RESISTANCE.

Cellular processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of CARBOHYDRATES.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

A plant family of the order Arales, subclass Arecidae, class Liliopsida (monocot). Many members contain OXALIC ACID and calcium oxalate (OXALATES).

The process in certain BACTERIA; FUNGI; and CYANOBACTERIA converting free atmospheric NITROGEN to biologically usable forms of nitrogen, such as AMMONIA; NITRATES; and amino compounds.

A plant genus of the family ROSACEAE known for the edible fruit.

A carboxy-lyase that plays a key role in photosynthetic carbon assimilation in the CALVIN-BENSON CYCLE by catalyzing the formation of 3-phosphoglycerate from ribulose 1,5-biphosphate and CARBON DIOXIDE. It can also utilize OXYGEN as a substrate to catalyze the synthesis of 2-phosphoglycolate and 3-phosphoglycerate in a process referred to as photorespiration.

Substituted thioglucosides. They are found in rapeseed (Brassica campestris) products and related cruciferae. They are metabolized to a variety of toxic products which are most likely the cause of hepatocytic necrosis in animals and humans.

The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

INSECTS of the order Coleoptera, containing over 350,000 species in 150 families. They possess hard bodies and their mouthparts are adapted for chewing.

The process of germ cell development in plants, from the primordial PLANT GERM CELLS to the mature haploid PLANT GAMETES.

Mutagenesis where the mutation is caused by the introduction of foreign DNA sequences into a gene or extragenic sequence. This may occur spontaneously in vivo or be experimentally induced in vivo or in vitro. Proviral DNA insertions into or adjacent to a cellular proto-oncogene can interrupt GENETIC TRANSLATION of the coding sequences or interfere with recognition of regulatory elements and cause unregulated expression of the proto-oncogene resulting in tumor formation.

Flammable, amorphous, vegetable products of secretion or disintegration, usually formed in special cavities of plants. They are generally insoluble in water and soluble in alcohol, carbon tetrachloride, ether, or volatile oils. They are fusible and have a conchoidal fracture. They are the oxidation or polymerization products of the terpenes, and are mixtures of aromatic acids and esters. Most are soft and sticky, but harden after exposure to cold. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & Dorland, 28th ed)

A phylum of fungi that produce their sexual spores (basidiospores) on the outside of the basidium. It includes forms commonly known as mushrooms, boletes, puffballs, earthstars, stinkhorns, bird's-nest fungi, jelly fungi, bracket or shelf fungi, and rust and smut fungi.

Degree of saltiness, which is largely the OSMOLAR CONCENTRATION of SODIUM CHLORIDE plus any other SALTS present. It is an ecological factor of considerable importance, influencing the types of organisms that live in an ENVIRONMENT.

The absence of light.

Interruption or suppression of the expression of a gene at transcriptional or translational levels.

A ubiquitous sodium salt that is commonly used to season food.

High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

A plant species of the genus VICIA, family FABACEAE. The edible beans are well known but they cause FAVISM in some individuals with GLUCOSEPHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY. This plant contains vicine, convicine, Vicia lectins, unknown seed protein, AAP2 transport protein, and Vicia faba DNA-binding protein 1.

Large and highly vacuolated cells possessing many chloroplasts occuring in the interior cross-section of leaves, juxtaposed between the epidermal layers.

The external elements and conditions which surround, influence, and affect the life and development of an organism or population.

A blue-green biliprotein widely distributed in the plant kingdom.

A plant family of the order Selaginellales, class Lycopodiopsida, division Lycopodiophyta, subkingdom Tracheobionta. Members contain bilobetin. The rarely used common name of resurrection plant is mainly used with CRATEROSTIGMA.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

A monocot family within the order Liliales. This family is divided by some botanists into other families such as Convallariaceae, Hyacinthaceae and Amaryllidaceae. Amaryllidaceae, which have inferior ovaries, includes CRINUM; GALANTHUS; LYCORIS; and NARCISSUS and are known for AMARYLLIDACEAE ALKALOIDS.

Substances or mixtures that are added to the soil to supply nutrients or to make available nutrients already present in the soil, in order to increase plant growth and productivity.

The ability of organisms to sense and adapt to high concentrations of salt in their growth environment.

Partial cDNA (DNA, COMPLEMENTARY) sequences that are unique to the cDNAs from which they were derived.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc.

A plant genus of the family RUTACEAE. They bear the familiar citrus fruits including oranges, grapefruit, lemons, and limes. There are many hybrids which makes the nomenclature confusing.

A cluster of FLOWERS (as opposed to a solitary flower) arranged on a main stem of a plant.

Substances found in PLANTS that have antigenic activity.

Activation of systemic acquired silencing by localised introduction of DNA. (1/7901)

BACKGROUND: In plants, post-transcriptional gene silencing results in RNA degradation after transcription. Among tobacco transformants carrying a nitrate reductase (Nia) construct under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (35S-Nia2), one class of transformants spontaneously triggers Nia post-transcriptional gene silencing (class II) whereas another class does not (class I). Non-silenced plants of both classes become silenced when grafted onto silenced stocks, indicating the existence of a systemic silencing signal. Graft-transmitted silencing is maintained in class II but not in class I plants when removed from silenced stocks, indicating similar requirements for spontaneous triggering and maintenance. RESULTS: Introduction of 35S-Nia2 DNA by the gene transfer method called biolistics led to localised acquired silencing (LAS) in bombarded leaves of wild-type, class I and class II plants, and to systemic acquired silencing (SAS) in class II plants. SAS occurred even if the targeted leaf was removed 2 days after bombardment, indicating that the systemic signal is produced, transmitted and amplified rapidly. SAS was activated by sense, antisense and promoterless Nia2 DNA constructs, indicating that transcription is not required although it does stimulate SAS. CONCLUSIONS: SAS was activated by biolistic introduction of promoterless constructs, indicating that the DNA itself is a potent activator of post-transcriptional gene silencing. The systemic silencing signal invaded the whole plant by cell-to-cell and long-distance propagation, and reamplification of the signal. (+info)

Gene silencing: plants and viruses fight it out. (2/7901)

Plants can become 'immune' to attack by viruses by degrading specific viral RNA, but some plant viruses have evolved the general capacity to suppress this resistance mechanism. (+info)

Polynucleotide probes that target a hypervariable region of 16S rRNA genes to identify bacterial isolates corresponding to bands of community fingerprints. (3/7901)

Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) is well suited for fingerprinting bacterial communities by separating PCR-amplified fragments of 16S rRNA genes (16S ribosomal DNA [rDNA]). A strategy was developed and was generally applicable for linking 16S rDNA from community fingerprints to pure culture isolates from the same habitat. For this, digoxigenin-labeled polynucleotide probes were generated by PCR, using bands excised from TGGE community fingerprints as a template, and applied in hybridizations with dot blotted 16S rDNA amplified from bacterial isolates. Within 16S rDNA, the hypervariable V6 region, corresponding to positions 984 to 1047 (Escherichia coli 16S rDNA sequence), which is a subset of the region used for TGGE (positions 968 to 1401), best met the criteria of high phylogenetic variability, required for sufficient probe specificity, and closely flanking conserved priming sites for amplification. Removal of flanking conserved bases was necessary to enable the differentiation of closely related species. This was achieved by 5' exonuclease digestion, terminated by phosphorothioate bonds which were synthesized into the primers. The remaining complementary strand was removed by single-strand-specific digestion. Standard hybridization with truncated probes allowed differentiation of bacteria which differed by only two bases within the probe target site and 1.2% within the complete 16S rDNA. However, a truncated probe, derived from an excised TGGE band of a rhizosphere community, hybridized with three phylogenetically related isolates with identical V6 sequences. Only one of the isolates comigrated with the excised band in TGGE, which was shown to be due to identical sequences, demonstrating the utility of a combined TGGE and V6 probe approach. (+info)

Enhanced resistance to bacterial diseases of transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing sarcotoxin IA, a bactericidal peptide of insect. (4/7901)

Sarcotoxin IA is a bactericidal peptide of 39 amino acids found in the common flesh fly, Sarcophaga peregrina. Many agronomically important bacteria in Japan are killed by this peptide at sub-micro molar levels, and the growth of tobacco and rice suspension cultured cells is not inhibited with less than 25 microM. Transgenic tobacco plants which overexpress the peptide, i.e. over 250 pmol per gram of fresh leaf, under the control of a high expression constitutive promoter showed enhanced resistance to the pathogens for wild fire disease (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci) and bacterial soft rot disease (Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora). (+info)

Overexpression of the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry2Aa2 protein in chloroplasts confers resistance to plants against susceptible and Bt-resistant insects. (5/7901)

Evolving levels of resistance in insects to the bioinsecticide Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be dramatically reduced through the genetic engineering of chloroplasts in plants. When transgenic tobacco leaves expressing Cry2Aa2 protoxin in chloroplasts were fed to susceptible, Cry1A-resistant (20,000- to 40,000-fold) and Cry2Aa2-resistant (330- to 393-fold) tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens, cotton bollworm Helicoverpa zea, and the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua, 100% mortality was observed against all insect species and strains. Cry2Aa2 was chosen for this study because of its toxicity to many economically important insect pests, relatively low levels of cross-resistance against Cry1A-resistant insects, and its expression as a protoxin instead of a toxin because of its relatively small size (65 kDa). Southern blot analysis confirmed stable integration of cry2Aa2 into all of the chloroplast genomes (5, 000-10,000 copies per cell) of transgenic plants. Transformed tobacco leaves expressed Cry2Aa2 protoxin at levels between 2% and 3% of total soluble protein, 20- to 30-fold higher levels than current commercial nuclear transgenic plants. These results suggest that plants expressing high levels of a nonhomologous Bt protein should be able to overcome or at the very least, significantly delay, broad spectrum Bt-resistance development in the field. (+info)

Cytokinin activation of Arabidopsis cell division through a D-type cyclin. (6/7901)

Cytokinins are plant hormones that regulate plant cell division. The D-type cyclin CycD3 was found to be elevated in a mutant of Arabidopsis with a high level of cytokinin and to be rapidly induced by cytokinin application in both cell cultures and whole plants. Constitutive expression of CycD3 in transgenic plants allowed induction and maintenance of cell division in the absence of exogenous cytokinin. Results suggest that cytokinin activates Arabidopsis cell division through induction of CycD3 at the G1-S cell cycle phase transition. (+info)

Cloning and expression of a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) phosphatidylserine synthase cDNA. Overexpression in plants alters the composition of phospholipids. (7/7901)

We describe the cloning of a wheat cDNA (TaPSS1) that encodes a phosphatidylserine synthase (PSS) and provides the first strong evidence for the existence of this enzyme in a higher eukaryotic cell. The cDNA was isolated on its ability to confer increased resistance to aluminum toxicity when expressed in yeast. The sequence of the predicted protein encoded by TaPSS1 shows homology to PSS from both yeast and bacteria but is distinct from the animal PSS enzymes that catalyze base-exchange reactions. In wheat, Southern blot analysis identified the presence of a small family of genes that cross-hybridized to TaPSS1, and Northern blots showed that aluminum induced TaPSS1 expression in root apices. Expression of TaPSS1 complemented the yeast cho1 mutant that lacks PSS activity and altered the phospholipid composition of wild type yeast, with the most marked effect being increased abundance of phosphatidylserine (PS). Arabidopsis thaliana leaves overexpressing TaPSS1 showed a marked enhancement in PSS activity, which was associated with increased biosynthesis of PS at the expense of both phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylglycerol. Unlike mammalian cells where PS accumulation is tightly regulated even when the capacity for PS biosynthesis is increased, plant cells accumulated large amounts of PS when TaPSS1 was overexpressed. High levels of TaPSS1 expression in Arabidopsis and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) led to the appearance of necrotic lesions on leaves, which may have resulted from the excessive accumulation of PS. The cloning of TaPSS1 now provides evidence that the yeast pathway for PS synthesis exists in some plant tissues and provides a tool for understanding the pathways of phospholipid biosynthesis and their regulation in plants. (+info)

NADH-glutamate synthase in alfalfa root nodules. Genetic regulation and cellular expression. (8/7901)

NADH-dependent glutamate synthase (NADH-GOGAT; EC 1.4.1.14) is a key enzyme in primary nitrogen assimilation in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) root nodules. Here we report that in alfalfa, a single gene, probably with multiple alleles, encodes for NADH-GOGAT. In situ hybridizations were performed to assess the location of NADH-GOGAT transcript in alfalfa root nodules. In wild-type cv Saranac nodules the NADH-GOGAT gene is predominantly expressed in infected cells. Nodules devoid of bacteroids (empty) induced by Sinorhizobium meliloti 7154 had no NADH-GOGAT transcript detectable by in situ hybridization, suggesting that the presence of the bacteroid may be important for NADH-GOGAT expression. The pattern of expression of NADH-GOGAT shifted during root nodule development. Until d 9 after planting, all infected cells appeared to express NADH-GOGAT. By d 19, a gradient of expression from high in the early symbiotic zone to low in the late symbiotic zone was observed. In 33-d-old nodules expression was seen in only a few cell layers in the early symbiotic zone. This pattern of expression was also observed for the nifH transcript but not for leghemoglobin. The promoter of NADH-GOGAT was evaluated in transgenic alfalfa plants carrying chimeric beta-glucuronidase promoter fusions. The results suggest that there are at least four regulatory elements. The region responsible for expression in the infected cell zone contains an 88-bp direct repeat. (+info)

Genetically modified animals[edit]. Transgenic animals have genetically modified DNA. Animals are different from plants in a ... "The Regulation of Genetically Modified Foods".. *^ a b c d John Davison (2010)"GM plants: Science, politics and EC regulations ... "US regulatory system for genetically modified [genetically modified organism (GMO), rDNA or transgenic] crop cultivars". Plant ... the FDA reviews plants that could enter or alter the food supply,[58] and the EPA regulates genetically modified plants with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_genetic_engineering

Anderson, RD; Crawley, GM; Hassell, M (1982). "Variability in the abundance of animal and plant species". Nature. 296 (5854): ... Karandinos proposed two similar estimators for n. The first was modified by Ruesink to incorporate Taylor's law. n = ( t d m ) ... I. Dispersion as a factor in the study of changes in plant populations. Ann Bot N.s. vi: 351 Greig-Smith, P (1952). "The use of ... Xu, X-M; Madden, LV (2013). "The limits of the binary power law describing spatial variability for incidence data". Plant ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor's_law

Environmental Impact of Genetically Modified Crops, edited with Natalie Ferry, published by CABI in 2009. Awarded the ... Her work has looked at how plants interact with insects and how this can be manipulated to reduce the attraction of crop plants ... "Environmental Impact of Genetically Modified Crops". CABI.org. Retrieved 2020-01-29. "Certificate of Distinction for ... She tested gene edited rice plants which suppress the production of serotonin with an inactivated CYP71A1 gene, the plants were ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angharad_Gatehouse

"Genetically modified plants and human health". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 101 (6): 290-8. doi:10.1258/jrsm. ... According to the USDA, "Genetically modified (GM) crops, most commonly Bt corn, have been offered up as the cause of CCD. But ... such as the use of Bt in genetically-modified crops. The impact of Bt toxins on the environments where transgenic plants are ... Concerns over the safety of consumption of genetically-modified plant materials that contain Cry proteins have been addressed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensis

Key, Suzie; Julian; Ma, K-C; Drake, Pascal MW (2008). "Genetically modified plants and human health". Journal of the Royal ... In 1995, Pusztai began research on genetically modified potatoes containing the GNA lectin gene from the snowdrop plant. His ... In 1998, Árpád Pusztai publicly announced that the results of his research showed feeding genetically modified potatoes to rats ... Genetically modified food controversies List of whistleblowers Dieter Deiseroth, Annegret Falter (Hrsg.) (2006). Whistleblower ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Árpád_Pusztai

A ban on genetically modified organisms. Forced full Australian ownership of Australian network infrastructure (like ... Using dole workers to eradicate major plant and animal pests. Reduced insurance costs for local governments and community ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Australians_Party

Plant Cell Biology: From Astronomy to Zoology. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press, p. 165. Cooper GM (2000). "Microtubule ... Since these stable modified microtubules are typically oriented towards the site of cell polarity in interphase cells, this ... A wide variety of drugs are able to bind to tubulin and modify its assembly properties. These drugs can have an effect at ... Some cell types, such as plant cells, do not contain well defined MTOCs. In these cells, microtubules are nucleated from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule

"GM Nummi Plant". Archived from the original on March 14, 2016. Retrieved October 9, 2016. PUI-WING TAM (October 21, 2010). " ... Various parts of the NUMMI plant were planned to be modified to support Tesla vehicle production. For example, the passenger ... The plant has a high level of integration compared with other modern car assembly plants, with most processes taking place ... The plant, said Straubel, is about 10 times the size of a facility Tesla would need to build even 20,000 cars a year. Martin, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Fremont_Factory

"GM Pulls Ahead U.S. Plant Closures; Reaffirms Intent to Build Future Small Car in U.S." (Press release). GM Media Online. June ... The GXP-R concept is a modified GXP with an engine rated 300 hp (224 kW) and 315 lb⋅ft (427 N⋅m) of torque. It includes an SSBC ... "GM Reports December 2005 and Year Results". "GM Reports 341,327 Deliveries in December" (Press release). Media.gm.com. January ... "GM to produce Pontiac Solstice at Wilmington, Delaware assembly plant". CanadianDriver Communications, Inc. January 4, 2004. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac_Solstice

... genetically modified organisms (GMOs) dispersing their genes into the natural environment by breeding with wild plants or ... Genetically engineered organisms are genetically modified in a laboratory, and therefore distinct from those that were bred ... Most corn and soybean crops grown in the midwestern USA are genetically modified. There are corn and soybean varieties that are ... In 2007, the Scotts Company, producer of the genetically modified bentgrass, agreed to pay a civil penalty of $500,000 to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_pollution

Genetically modified flax contaminationEdit. Small flax plants. In September 2009, it was reported that Canadian flax exports ... In addition to referring to the plant itself, the word "flax" may refer to the unspun fibers of the flax plant. The plant ... The plants are left in the field for field retting.. The mature plant can also be cut with mowing equipment, similar to hay ... The bases of the plants begin to turn yellow. If the plants are still green, the seed will not be useful, and the fiber will be ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flax

"US regulatory system for genetically modified [genetically modified organism (GMO), rDNA or transgenic] crop cultivars". Plant ... Genetically modified microbial enzymes were the first application of genetically modified organisms in food production and were ... The first genetically modified crop plant was produced in 1982, an antibiotic-resistant tobacco plant. The first field trials ... Plants were first commercialized with virus resistant tobacco released in China in 1992. The first genetically modified food ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_genetic_engineering

"Regulatory options for genetically modified crops in India". Plant Biotechnol J. 12 (2): 135-46. doi:10.1111/pbi.12155. PMID ... Host plant[edit]. The Potato Tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella) is an oligophagous insect that prefers to feed on plants of ... as it deviated from previous practices with other genetically modified crops in India.[23] Bt brinjal was approved for ... "Fire retardant garden plants for the urban fringe and rural areas" (PDF). www.fire.tas.gov.au. Tasmanian Fire Research Fund.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubergine

In January 2013, the plant was leased from Caddo Parish by Elio Motors. In addition to GM, other notable large companies that ... Shreve used a specially modified riverboat, the Heliopolis, to remove the log jam. The company and the village of Shreve Town ... "GM's Shreveport Plant Closes". Detroit News. August 28, 2012. Retrieved September 5, 2012.[permanent dead link] Klayman, Ben ( ... Shreveport was home to Shreveport Operations, a General Motors plant that closed in August 2012. The plant produced the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana

Last updated November 21, 2013 Plant Incorporated Protectants (PIPs) / Genetically Modified Plants "With BioDirect, Monsanto ... Such sprays do not modify the genome of the target plant. The RNA could be modified to maintain its effectiveness as target ... a plant in the presence of this product will naturally induce systemic resistance (ISR) to allow the plant to defend itself ... plant-incorporated protectants) or PIPs". They are obtained from organisms including plants, bacteria and other microbes, fungi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopesticide

"CRISPR plants now subject to tough GM laws in European Union". Nature. "Genetically modified organisms: new plant growing ... Grafting of unaltered plant onto a genetically modified rootstock Many European environmental organisations came together in ... These new techniques, often involve 'genome editing' whose intention is to modify DNA at specific locations within the plants' ... "Plants with Novel Traits". In other words, if a new trait does not exist within normal cultivated plant populations in Canada, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Breeding_Techniques

Head G, Hull RH, Tzotzos GT (2009). Genetically Modified Plants: Assessing Safety and Managing Risk. London: Academic Pr. p. ... at least one of which is needed for plant transformation. The genes to be introduced into the plant are cloned into a plant ... By modifying the plasmid to express the gene of interest, researchers can insert their chosen gene stably into the plants ... The transferred DNA is piloted to the plant cell nucleus and integrated into the host plants genomic DNA.The plasmid T-DNA is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_delivery

"Regulatory options for genetically modified crops in India". Plant Biotechnol J. 12 (2): 135-46. doi:10.1111/pbi.12155. PMID ... as it deviated from previous practices with other genetically modified crops in India. Bt brinjal was approved for commercial ... On wild plants, the fruit is less than 3 cm (1 1⁄4 in) in diameter; in cultivated forms: 30 cm (12 in) or more in length are ... The plant is native to South Asia and was domesticated in India. It was brought to the Iranian lands at a very early but ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggplant

Also, USDA ingredients from plants cannot be genetically modified.[20]. Livestock feed is only eligible for labeling as "100% ... avoidance of genetically modified seed;. *use of farmland that has been free from prohibited chemical inputs for a number of ... Crops: "Plants that are grown to be harvested as food, livestock feed, or fiber used to add nutrients to the field." ... Wild crops: "Plants from a growing site that is not cultivated.". Organic agricultural operations should ultimately maintain or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_organic

plants that are the result of plant breeding and selection programs. *genetically modified plants (plants modified by the ... or they may be plants that have been altered by humans (including genetically modified plants) but which have not been given ... Plants of unknown origin. Occasionally plants will occur whose origin is unknown. Plants growing in cultivation that are ... plants in cultivation) are not the same as the "cultivated plants" of the Cultivated Plant Code, and the distinction between " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultigen

Genetically modified crops ("GM crops", or "biotech crops") are plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified ... Beckmann VC, Soregaroli J, Wesseler J (2011). "Coexistence of genetically modified (GM) and non-modified (non GM) crops: Are ... and the development and release of genetically modified organisms (GMO), including genetically modified crops and genetically ... GM crops is no riskier than consuming the same foods containing ingredients from crop plants modified by conventional plant ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colors_of_biotechnology

GM crops is no riskier than consuming the same foods containing ingredients from crop plants modified by conventional plant ... Genetically modified foods[edit]. Main article: Genetically modified food controversies. There is a scientific consensus[60][61 ... "Frequently asked questions on genetically modified foods". World Health Organization. Retrieved August 30, 2019. Different GM ... "A literature review on the safety assessment of genetically modified plants" (PDF). Environment International. 37 (4): 734-742 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denialism

Plant virus particles can be modified genetically and chemically to encapsulate foreign material and can be incorporated into ... Viruses spread in many ways; viruses in plants are often transmitted from plant to plant by insects that feed on plant sap, ... Plant viruses are often spread from plant to plant by organisms, known as vectors. These are normally insects, but some fungi, ... Virotherapy involves the use of genetically modified viruses to treat diseases.[242] Viruses have been modified by scientists ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_structure

Last updated November 21, 2013 Plant Incorporated Protectants (PIPs) / Genetically Modified Plants ... Such sprays do not modify the genome of the target plant. The RNA could be modified to maintain its effectiveness as target ... Chitosan: a plant in the presence of this product will naturally induce systemic resistance (ISR) to allow the plant to defend ... plant disease control agents: include Trichoderma spp. and Ampelomyces quisqualis (a hyper-parasite of grape powdery mildew); ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pesticide

Genetically modified crops[edit]. GM crops are not considered to be a cause. In 2008 a meta-analysis[192] of 25 independent ... "Genetically Engineered Plants and Foods: A Scientist's Analysis of the Issues (Part II)". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 60: ... One European writer has suggested a possible connection with HFCS produced from genetically modified corn.[177] However, at ... Therefore, honey bees are not only exposed to neonicotinoids by foraging on treated plants, but also by foraging on plants ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_Collapse_Disorder

"Legislation governing genetically modified and genome‐edited crops in Europe: the need for change". Journal of the Science of ... Oats are an annual plant, and can be planted either in autumn (for late summer harvest) or in the spring (for early autumn ... This process is primarily done in food-grade plants, not in feed-grade plants. Groats are not considered raw if they have gone ... They then harvest by swathing, cutting the plants at about 10 cm (4 in) above ground, and putting the swathed plants into ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oats

... genetically modified crops overcome that inhibition.[citation needed] See also[edit]. *Aminoshikimate pathway, a novel ... Herrmann, K. M.; Weaver, L. M. (1999). "The Shikimate Pathway". Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology. ... Glyphosate, the active ingredient in the herbicide Roundup, kills plants by interfering with the shikimate pathway in plants. ... It is an important biochemical metabolite in plants and microorganisms. Its name comes from the Japanese flower shikimi (シキミ, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikimate

Plant-derived[edit]. Further information: Medicinal plant. Many secondary metabolites produced by plants have potential ... Newman DJ, Cragg GM (2016). "Natural Products as Sources of New Drugs from 1981 to 2014". Journal of Natural Products. 79 (3): ... These secondary metabolites contain, bind to, and modify the function of proteins (receptors, enzymes, etc.). Consequently, ... "Frontiers in Plant Science. 7: 813. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.00813. PMC 4908892. PMID 27379115.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_discovery

Graham Head; Hull, Roger H; Tzotzos, George T. Genetically Modified Plants: Assessing Safety and Managing Risk. London: ... Genetically Modified Foods: Harmful or Helpful? [online]. 2000. Dostupné online. (anglicky). Je zde použita šablona {{Cite web ... Risk assessment of genetically modified crops for nutrition and health. Nutr. Rev.. 2009, s. 1-16. DOI:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008 ... 20 questions on genetically modified foods [online]. World Health Organization, 2010. Dostupné online. (anglicky). Je zde ...

https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genové_inženýrství

"Assessment of endogenous allergenicity of genetically modified plants exemplified by soybean - Where do we stand?" (PDF). Food ... Genetically modified food[edit]. There are concerns that genetically modified foods, also described as foods sourced from ... 2017). "The allergenicity of genetically modified foods from genetically engineered crops: A narrative and systematic review". ... Lee TH, Ho HK, Leung TF (2017). "Genetically modified foods and allergy". Hong Kong Med J. 23 (3): 291-295. doi:10.12809/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_allergy

"Genetically Engineered Plants and Foods: A Scientist's Analysis of the Issues (Part I)". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 59: ... A genetically modified tomato, or transgenic tomato, is a tomato that has had its genes modified, using genetic engineering. ... While no genetically modified stress-tolerant plants are currently commercialised, transgenic approaches have been researched. ... The first commercially available genetically modified food was a tomato engineered to have a longer shelf life (the Flavr Savr ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_tomato

The plant material also needs to be ground as part of this process to expose the starch to the water. ... Genetically modified maize. *Waxy. *Bolivia varieties. *Ecuador varieties. *Italian varieties. *Sweetcorn varieties ... Before conversion of starch to glucose can begin, the starch must be separated from the plant material. This includes removing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose_syrup

Hawkes, C.V.; I.F. Wren; D.J. Herman; M.K. Firestone (2005). "Plant invasion alters nitrogen cycling by modifying the soil ... "Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) as Invasive Species". Journal of Environment Protection and Sustainable Development. 4: ... This includes non-native invasive plant species labeled as exotic pest plants and invasive exotics growing in native plant ... Hierro, J.L.; R.M. Callaway (2003). "Allelopathy and exotic plant invasion". Plant and Soil. 256 (1): 29-39. doi:10.1023/A: ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_species

Plants and other organisms consume the latter.[181]. In the sulfur cycle, archaea that grow by oxidizing sulfur compounds ... Archaea are genetically distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes, with up to 15% of the proteins encoded by any one archaeal ... archaea use a modified form of glycolysis (the Entner-Doudoroff pathway) and either a complete or partial citric acid cycle.[ ... Simon HM; Dodsworth JA; Goodman RM (October 2000). "Crenarchaeota colonize terrestrial plant roots". Environ. Microbiol. 2 (5 ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea

Joule Unlimited was attempting to make cheap ethanol and biodiesel from a genetically modified photosynthetic bacterium. ... Current plant design does not provide for converting the lignin portion of plant raw materials to fuel components by ... Plant Research International (2012-03-08). "JATROPT (Jatropha curcas): Applied and technical research into plant properties". ... "World's Largest Pellet Plant to Start by Year-End". Moscow Times *^ "UK falls short of biofuel targets for 2010/2011". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuels

This species pair may not be genetically distinct enough to warrant division into separate genera.[19][20] Other than these ... Ecological impact of beavers Castor fiber and Castor canadensis and their ability to modify ecosystems. Mammal review, 35(3‐4 ... power plant, Central Norway, lack behavioral flight responses to wind turbines. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 37(1), 66-74. ... injured and killed at power plants, from large-scale fishing nets or are taken directly from human fishermen.[4] Benthic fish ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed_eagle

Plant-based "milks" and derivatives such as soy milk, rice milk, almond milk, coconut milk, hazelnut milk, oat milk, hemp milk ... It is found in additives labelled as casein, caseinate, whey, lactoserum, milk solids, modified milk ingredients, etc.[citation ... which typically use the genetically derived persistence/non-persistence terminology.[77] ... People with primary lactase deficiency cannot modify their body's ability to produce lactase.[1] In societies where lactose ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactose_intolerance

Another approach that does not require the use of chemical for the production involves the use of genetically modified microbes ... In tropical regions, such as Malaysia and Indonesia, plants that produce palm oil are being planted at a rapid pace to supply ... Plant Research International (2012-03-08). "JATROPT (Jatropha curcas): Applied and technical research into plant properties". ... "Plant Research International. Retrieved 2012-03-08.. *^ "Energy Farming Methods Mature, Improve". Biodiesel Magazine. 2011-04- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylester_biodiesel

The plants are genetically identical and are all, therefore, susceptible to pathogenic plant viruses, bacteria and fungi that ... modified stems, leaves and roots play an important role in plants' ability to naturally propagate. The most common modified ... A part of the plant, usually a stem or a leaf, is cut off and planted. Adventitious roots grow from cuttings and a new plant ... Examples of plants that use corms are gladiolus and taro. Suckers[22]Edit. Also known as root sprouts, suckers are plant stems ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clone_

Plants, Pollinators, and the Price of Almonds. "Flowers set more seeds when visited by wild insects, and the more plants that ... The sting and associated venom sac of honey bees are modified so as to pull free of the body once lodged (autotomy), and the ... other worker bees in the hive who are genetically more related to the queen's sons than those of the fertile workers will ... As such, they can provide some pollination to many plants, especially non-native crops, but most native plants have some native ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_Bee

Genetically modified food. *Good agricultural practice. *Good manufacturing practice *HACCP. *ISO 22000 ... When combined in the way that the image to the right depicts, sucrose, one of the more common sugar products found in plants, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry_of_food

The cotton-top tamarin has a diet of mainly fruit (40%) and animal material (40%).[14] This includes insects, plant exudates ... these calls can be modified to better deliver information relevant to auditory localization in call-recipients.[37] Using this ... "Give unto others: Genetically unrelated cotton-top tamarin monkeys preferentially give food to those who altruistically give ... Its diet includes insects and plant exudates, and it is an important seed disperser in the tropical ecosystem. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton-top_tamarin

2. In botany, the property of a plant or plant part that is attached directly by its base to an object or another plant part, i ... A type of reproduction involving a single parent that results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent.. ... to make or modify products or processes for specific use" (UN Convention on Biological Diversity).. bipedal. A form of ... A type of plant tissue responsible for the transport of water from roots to aerial parts of the plant.. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_biology

The Regulation of Genetically Modified Food Glossary definition of Genetically Modified: "An organism, such as a plant, animal ... Zohary D, Hopf M, Weiss E (2012). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The origin and spread of plants in the old world. ... A 'GMO' is a genetically modified organism.", Retrieved 5 November 2012 *^ Root C (2007). Domestication. Greenwood Publishing ... Staff Economic Impacts of Genetically Modified Crops on the Agri-Food Sector; P. 42 Glossary - Term and Definitions Diarsipkan ...

https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekayasa_genetika

Main article: Genetically modified tomato. Tomatoes that have been modified using genetic engineering have been developed, and ... The tomato is the edible, often red, berry of the plant Solanum lycopersicum,[2][1] commonly known as a tomato plant. The ... "International Plant Name Index.. *^ "International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants". International ... Host plant. The Potato Tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella) is an oligophagous insect that prefers to feed on plants of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/🍅

... is the name given to proposed methods for restricting the use of genetically modified plants by causing second generation seeds ... Non-viable seeds produced on V-GURT plants may reduce the propagation of volunteer plants. Volunteer plants can become an ... The technology is restricted at the plant variety level, hence the term V-GURT. Manufacturers of genetically enhanced crops ... T-GURT: A second type of GURT modifies a crop in such a way that the genetic enhancement engineered into the crop does not ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminator_seeds

The latter organism has been genetically modified to both increase the bacteria's production of riboflavin and to introduce an ... The chemical company BASF has installed a plant in South Korea, which is specialized on riboflavin production using Ashbya ... The concentrations of riboflavin in their modified strain are so high, that the mycelium has a reddish/brownish color and ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboflavin

... plant cells do not terminally differentiate, remaining totipotent with the ability to give rise to a new individual plant. ... In ciliates such as Tetrahymena and Paramecium, genetically identical cells show heritable differences in the patterns of ... Epigenetic changes modify the activation of certain genes, but not the genetic code sequence of DNA. The microstructure (not ... While plants do utilise many of the same epigenetic mechanisms as animals, such as chromatin remodeling, it has been ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetic

Self-incompatibility, if present, prevents fertilization by pollen from the same plant or from genetically similar plants, and ... The term gynoecium is also used by botanists to refer to a cluster of archegonia and any associated modified leaves or stems ... Gifford, E.M. & Foster, A.S. (1989). Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants (3rd ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman & Co. ISBN ... In flowering plants, the ovule (from Latin ovulum meaning small egg) is a complex structure born inside ovaries. The ovule ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpel

During nest construction, some species seek out plant matter from plants with parasite-reducing toxins to improve chick ... The forelimbs are modified into wings.[64]. Excretory system. Like the reptiles, birds are primarily uricotelic, that is, their ... they move outside the range where genetically related individuals are likely to be encountered. Within their group, individuals ... For example, in New Zealand the moas were important browsers, as are the kereru and kokako today.[220] Today the plants of New ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird

Plant hormones act as a signal to the various tissues of plants inducing one or more responses, the class of plant hormone ... which modifies the overall height of the tree, and one for the productive limbs and buds, which actually produces the fruit. ... a genetically achondroplastic dog breed), in contrast to non-pathogenic proportional reduction in stature (such as the whippet ... Plants dwarfed due to environmental stress are said to be "stunted." The majority of dwarfing in plants occurs not from the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarfing

The lime plant originally came from southeast Asia, where it is native. It was taken to the Middle East, and Crusaders took it ... Races may be genetically distinct populations in the same species, or they may be defined in other ways, e.g. geographically, ... It became clear that the originally introduced shrubs (now known as Mexican limes) had modified their fruits. These were darker ... vesicatoria in North Carolina" (PDF), Plant Disease, 75 (7): 733-736, doi:10.1094/pd-75-0733. ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_

... ing plants by contrast produce color by modifying the frequency (or rather wavelength) of the light reflected. Most ... because flowers are genetically just an adaptation of normal leaf and stem components on plants, a combination of genes ... we find a continuum between modified leaves (phyllomes), modified stems (caulomes), and modified branchlets (shoots).[12][13] ... A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/✿

In these plants, the new genes are put into the plant before it is grown, so the genes are in every part of the plant, ... Traits determined by genes can be modified by the animal's surroundings (environment): for example, the general design of a ... Genetically engineered organisms public issues education Cornell University, Accessed 16 May 2008 ... Different species of plants and animals have different numbers and sizes of chromosomes. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_trait

"Plant Physiology. 90 (3): 1096-101. doi:10.1104/pp.90.3.1096. PMC 1061849. PMID 16666857.. ... Curculin, a sweet protein from Malaysia with taste-modifying activity. *Miraculin, a protein from West Africa with taste- ... These researchers were also able to express thaumatin in genetically engineered bacteria. ... As a food ingredient, thaumatin is considered to be safe for consumption.[12][13] In a Swiss chewing gum production plant ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaumatin

In May 2013, shortly before a debate was scheduled to take place on the topic of genetically modified foods, held by the ... In 2010, Séralini sued University of Paris VII Marc Fellous [fr], president of the French Association of Plant Biotechnology [ ... "Review of the report by Séralini et al., (2007): "New analysis of a rat feeding study with a genetically modified maize reveals ... Séralini GE, Cellier D, de Vendomois JS (May 2007). "New analysis of a rat feeding study with a genetically modified maize ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles-Éric_Séralini

Food from genetically engineered plants must meet the same food safety requirements as foods derived from traditionally bred ... While genetic engineering is sometimes referred to as "genetic modification" producing "genetically modified organisms (GMOs ... Why genetically engineer plants?. Developers genetically engineer plants for many of the same reasons that traditional breeding ... More in Food from Genetically Engineered Plants. Consumer Info About Food from Genetically Engineered Plants Foods Derived From ...

https://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/GEPlants/ucm461805.htm

Genetically modified crops which have opened new avenues of species alteration has been accompanied by concerns of their ... Genetically Modify Oilseed Rape Genetically Modify Crop Honey Sample Genetically Modify Organism These keywords were added by ... Honey from genetically modified plants: integrity of DNA, and entry of GM-derived proteins into the food chain via honey. ... Pham-Delègue MH, Jouanin L, Sandoz JC (2002) Direct and indirect effects of genetically modified plants on the honey bee. In: ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-1942-2_20

plant breeding and propagation. why are potatoes genetically modified plants and human health. genetically modified plants cons ... why are potatoes genetically modified plants and animals. genetically modified papaya. why are potatoes genetically modified ... why are potatoes genetically modified plants that are used for human consumption. genetically modified plants risks. ... Genetically modified potato - Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_potato#:~:text=The potatoes were modified ...

https://search.yahoo.com/tablet/s?p=why+are+potatoes+genetically+modified+plants&ei=UTF-8&xargs=0&age=1m&fr2=rs-bottom%2Cp%3As%2Cv%3Aw%2Cm%3Aat-s

... or GM, crops are a hot topic. Some people are deeply suspicious of the technology while others see it as an effective and ... Genetically modified, or GM, crops are a hot topic. Some people are deeply suspicious of the technology while others see it as ... Jonathan - Plant breeding is really great. Plant breeding is going on. Plant breeding has improved in efficiency enormously by ... Jonathan Jones - GM crops with Jonathan Jones, The Sainsbury Laboratory. Kat - Few scientific topics are as controversial as GM ...

https://www.thenakedscientists.com/podcasts/naked-genetics/genetically-modified-plants

Researchers have combined genetic modification with traditional plant grafting techniques to produce non-GM watermelons that ... Instead of genetically modifying an entire watermelon plant, the team of Korean biotechnologists modified only the rootstock ... Instead of genetically modifying an entire watermelon plant, the team of Korean biotechnologists modified only the rootstock ... Instead of genetically modifying an entire watermelon plant, the team of Korean biotechnologists modified only the rootstock ...

http://www.scidev.net/global/gm/news/gm-plant-produces-nongm-watermelon.html

Genetically modified crops are genetically modified plants that are used in agriculture. The first crops provided are used for ... Some genetically modified plants are purely ornamental. They are modified for lower color, fragrance, flower shape and plant ... Genetically modified plants have been engineered for scientific research, to create new colours in plants, deliver vaccines, ... It has been proposed to genetically modify some plant species threatened by extinction to be resistant invasive plants and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_plant

GM) plants are increasingly used for food production and industrial applications. As the global population has surpassed 7 ... Genetically modified (GM) plants are increasingly used for food production and industrial applications. As the global ... document of the scientific panel on genetically modified organisms for the risk assessment of genetically modified plants and ... Additionally, the concept of "substantial equivalence" of GM plants relative to similar varieties of non-GM plants is often ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11882-011-0195-6

... tobacco plants of the Virginia Gold and Havana commercial cultivars have been grown. The plants were genetically modified to ... Genetically modified tobacco plants as an alternative for producing bioethanol. Researchers at the NUP/UPNA-Public University ... cordis.europa.eu/article/id/138070-genetically-modified-tobacco-plants-as-an-alternative-for-producing-bioethanol ... of Navarre and the IdAB-Institute of Agrobiotechnology have conducted a study into genetically modified tobacco plants from ...

https://cordis.europa.eu/article/id/138070-genetically-modified-tobacco-plants-as-an-alternative-for-producing-bioethanol/en

Genetically Modified Crops. Experimental GM Crops (3)GM Contamination (22)International trade of GM food (2)National policies ... and Veracruz-are contaminated with genetically modified (GM) DNA. A total of 2,000 plants from 138 farming and indigenous ... Contamination of non-transgenic plants with genetically modified genes. Project: Genetic Engineering and the Privatization of ... to the Washington Post that some cross-pollination does occur between Monsantos genetically modified plants and other plants. ...

http://historycommons.org/timeline.jsp?timeline=seeds_tmln&seeds_genetically_modified_crops=seeds_contamination

This book explores the risks and benefits of crops that are genetically modified for pest resistance, the urgency of ... Genetically Modified Pest-Protected Plants: Science and Regulation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226 ... Genetically Modified Pest-Protected Plants: Science and Regulation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226 ... Genetically Modified Pest-Protected Plants: Science and Regulation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226 ...

https://www.nap.edu/read/9795/chapter/7

This book explores the risks and benefits of crops that are genetically modified for pest resistance, the urgency of establishi ... GENETICALLY MODIFIED PEST-PROTECTED PLANTS. SCIENCE AND REGULATION. Committee on Genetically Modified Pest-Protected Plants ... Genetically modified pest-protected plants : science and regulation / Committee on Genetically Modified Pest-Protected Plants, ... Genetically Modified Pest-Protected Plants: Science and Regulation (2000) Chapter: Front Matter. ...

https://www.nap.edu/read/9795/chapter/1

... of Genetically Modified (GM) plants, reflecting the scientific state-of-the-art in this field. ... 6] GM comparators are the non-GM plants with which the GM plant is compared during the safety evaluation.. ... These include in particular the persistence and invasiveness of the GM plant, taking into account possible plant-to-plant gene ... of Genetically Modified (GM) plants, reflecting the scientific state-of-the-art in this field. ...

http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/press/news/101112

Carol Auer, Ecological Risk Assessment and Regulation for Genetically-Modified Ornamental Plants, Critical Reviews in Plant ... Next article in issue: The impact of hybrids between genetically modified crop plants and their related species: introgression ... The impact of hybrids between genetically modified crop plants and their related species: general considerations. Authors. *. P ... Next article in issue: The impact of hybrids between genetically modified crop plants and their related species: introgression ...

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1994.tb00039.x/abstract

Several experimental and commercial genetically-modified plants, including GM cotton cultivated in India and other countries, ... BREAKING NEWS: Alarm on Gene GM Crops: A Previously Unrecognised Effect on GM Plant Development. By Global Research ... The researchers have themselves shown that if the plants are modified in such a way that the Cry1Ac is confined in their ... "But they reveal a previously unrecognised effect on GM plant development," Burma said. ...

https://www.globalresearch.ca/breaking-news-alarm-on-gene-gm-crops-a-previously-unrecognised-effect-on-gm-plant-development/25101

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Metabolic Profiling Allows Comprehensive Phenotyping of Genetically or Environmentally Modified Plant Systems. Ute Roessner, ... Metabolic Profiling Allows Comprehensive Phenotyping of Genetically or Environmentally Modified Plant Systems ... Metabolic Profiling Allows Comprehensive Phenotyping of Genetically or Environmentally Modified Plant Systems ... Metabolic Profiling Allows Comprehensive Phenotyping of Genetically or Environmentally Modified Plant Systems ...

http://www.plantcell.org/content/13/1/11

Monitoring the identity and survival of genetically modified or non-modified plant growth promoting bacteria and their impact ...

http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/321388

... of U.S planted canola crops are genetically modified, and planting GE canola would present a large threat to the integrity of ... Court Blocks Planting of Genetically Engineered Canola in Oregon. (Beyond Pesticides, August 22, 2012) The Oregon Court of ... Seed producers said they also fear that because most canola is a genetically modified organism, organic seed producers might be ... The order is in effect until the court rules on a lawsuit filed by opponents of GE canola planting who say it threatens the ...

https://beyondpesticides.org/dailynewsblog/2012/08/court-blocks-planting-of-genetically-engineered-canola-in-oregon/

As above, the nptII gene was used as the selectable marker to identify genetically modified cotton plants. HT IR GM cottons ... 12.1 Provide details on the likelihood of spread and persistence of the GM plants in the environment. a. Are the GM plants more ... Part 9: Description of the GM Plants and Details of the Genetic Modification. 9.1 What GM plants are proposed for release?. ... with the GM plants. c. breed the GMOs?. Controlled crossing between the GM cotton lines and elite non-GM cotton lines will ...

http://www.ogtr.gov.au/internet/ogtr/publishing.nsf/Content/dirapps-commercialreleaseanswers-toc

Plus you have a GM plant right there at the Bristol Road exit. ... It looks like the effort to modify the I-69/75 interchange is ... you have a big GM plant right next to the I-75 and I-69 interchange. I think I-75 should be eight lanes from Bay City to the US ...

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Humans have been modifying crops for thousands of years through selective breeding. (fda.gov)
Cotton, corn and soybeans are the most common GE crops grown in the U.S. In 2012, GE soybeans accounted for 93 percent of all soybeans planted, and GE corn accounted for 88 percent of corn planted. (fda.gov)
EPA regulates pesticides, including those genetically engineered into food crops, to make sure that pesticides are safe for human and animal consumption and won't harm the environment. (fda.gov)
Genetically modified crops which have opened new avenues of species alteration has been accompanied by concerns of their adverse effects on nontarget organisms such as bees. (springer.com)
GM crops are commercially modified for pest and or herbicide resistance. (springer.com)
However, reduced use of pesticides with insect resistant GM crops and reduced tillage that is possible with herbicide resistant crops could be beneficial to bee populations compared to conventional agriculture. (springer.com)
Evidently risk of GM crops should be assessed on a case by case basis in relation to feasible alternatives. (springer.com)
A genetic engineer who helped create GMO potatoes , including ones that are currently being sold to consumers, speaks out and explains why he renounces his work and why he believes his genetically engineered crops should be pulled from the market. (yahoo.com)
Genetically modified, or GM, crops are a hot topic. (thenakedscientists.com)
Kat - Few scientific topics are as controversial as GM technology, used to manipulate the genes of food and other crops to make them resistant to diseases and pests, tolerate poor growing conditions, or to increase their nutritional value. (thenakedscientists.com)
And that's an enormous benefit that's built up over the last 20 years of cultivation of GM crops. (thenakedscientists.com)
Genetically modified plants have been engineered for scientific research, to create new colours in plants, deliver vaccines, and to create enhanced crops. (wikipedia.org)
Genetically modified crops are genetically modified plants that are used in agriculture. (wikipedia.org)
Third generation genetically modified crops can be used for non-food purposes, including the production of pharmaceutical agents, biofuels, and other industrially useful goods, as well as for bioremediation. (wikipedia.org)
GM crops contribute by improving harvests through reducing insect pressure, increasing nutrient value and tolerating different abiotic stresses. (wikipedia.org)
Response to an Asymmetric Demand for Attributes: An Application to the Market for Genetically Modified Crops ," Staff General Research Papers Archive 11397, Iowa State University, Department of Economics. (repec.org)
Response to an Asymmetric Demand for Attributes: An Application to the Market for Genetically Modified Crops ," Midwest Agribusiness Trade Research and Information Center (MATRIC) Publications 01-mwp5, Midwest Agribusiness Trade Research and Information Center (MATRIC) at Iowa State University. (repec.org)
Response To An Asymmetric Demand For Attributes: An Application To The Market For Genetically Modified Crops ," 2001 Conference, April 23-24, 2001, St. Louis, Missouri 18956, NCR-134 Conference on Applied Commodity Price Analysis, Forecasting, and Market Risk Management. (repec.org)
Genetically Engineered Crops For Pest Management In U.S. Agriculture ," Agricultural Economics Reports 33931, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. (repec.org)
A combination of genetic modification and traditional plant grafting techniques can help watermelon crops resist a potent plant virus without introducing foreign genes into the fruit, say researchers. (scidev.net)
This produced fruit that contained no foreign genes, avoiding some of the often-controversial issues relating to genetically modified crops. (scidev.net)
However, the European Union (EU) has been slow to approve any GM crops, even though tests demonstrate that they meet international safety standards and have been marketed in other countries for many years. (springer.com)
However, if the plants are used for producing biofuels, the researchers go for a higher-density crop similar to that of forage crops, 'The tobacco plants are sown very close to each other and various mowings are made throughout the cycle. (europa.eu)
The contamination resulted from pollen that was blown in from a farm growing GM crops more than a kilometer away. (historycommons.org)
One of the criticisms of genetically modified crops is that they haven't done much to increase yields-the amount of corn or wheat a farmer can grow on an acre of land. (technologyreview.com)
Hectares of genetically modified (GM) crops have increased exponentially since 1996, when such crops began to be commercialized. (frontiersin.org)
GM biotechnology, together with conventional breeding, has become the main approach to improving agronomic traits of crops. (frontiersin.org)
However, people are concerned about the safety of GM crops, especially GM-derived food and feed. (frontiersin.org)
This review assesses the potential of proteomics in evaluating various GM crops. (frontiersin.org)
GM crops therefore possess improved agronomic traits, such as resistance to insects, tolerance to herbicides, improved productivity and quality, and other traits not present before genetic modification. (frontiersin.org)
With the commercialization of GM crops, these unintended effects are one of the most controversial issues in debating the biological safety of GM crops. (frontiersin.org)
Although "the principle left much scope for individual (and national) interpretation" ( Kok and Kuiper, 2003 ), it is still an acceptable standard to evaluate the biological safety of GM crops. (frontiersin.org)
The increasingly use of "omics" technologies, including genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, in GM crops analysis has provided important information on the molecular characteristics of GM crops and extended our understanding of the biological safety of GM crops. (frontiersin.org)
In this mini-review, we briefly discuss technologies used in evaluating GM crops, and summarize current proteomics insights into GM crops. (frontiersin.org)
Targeted analysis is the primary method used for evaluating GM crops. (frontiersin.org)
Another concern with respect to the cultivation of GM OSR [genetically modified oilseed rape] is an unintended gene flow towards conventional or organic OSR crops which could lead to co-existence conflicts between different farming systems [10] . (greenmedinfo.com)
Indian scientists have discovered that the genetic modification of plants with a gene already used in crops worldwide may severely damage the plants, a surprising finding that may stir a debate on current crop biotechnology science. (globalresearch.ca)
The insects die when they try to eat parts of these GM crops. (globalresearch.ca)
Burma said these findings do not in any way suggest that GM crops are either unsafe for consumption or can cause damage to other crops or the environment. (globalresearch.ca)
But a proposal to introduce GM brinjal with Cry1Ac has been stalled by the environment ministry amid concerns among sections of scientists and environmental activists about safety and environmental impact of edible GM crops. (globalresearch.ca)
Field trials of other GM crops, including mustard and potatoes, will follow the brinjal test releases. (i-sis.org.uk)
Hundreds of farm workers and cotton handlers developed allergic reactions [2] ( More illnesses linked to Bt crops , SiS 30) and thousands of sheep died from toxic reactions after grazing on the post-harvest GM cotton fields [3] ( Mass deaths in sheep grazing on Bt cotton , SiS30). (i-sis.org.uk)
Illnesses and death associated with numerous other GM crops with different transgenes have been reported in many species. (i-sis.org.uk)
A comprehensive public enquiry into the health hazards of GM crops is long overdue, as is a global ban while the enquiry is in place. (i-sis.org.uk)
Anklam E,Gadani F, Heinze P, Pijnenburg H, Van den Eede G (2002) Analytical methods for Detection and determination of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in agricultural crops and plant-derived food products. (springer.com)
Bruderer S, Leitner KE (2003) Genetically modified (GM) crops: molecular and regulatory details, ver 2. (springer.com)
Last year, the Center for Food Safety filed a lawsuit against the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) for allowing genetically modified crops to be planted in wildlife refuges in the agency's Southwest Region. (outdoorhub.com)
The Center for Food Safety, Beyond Pesticides and Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility filed suit saying that using genetically-modified crops harms beneficial insects, increases herbicide-resistant weeds, alters soil ecology and genetically contaminates natural plants. (outdoorhub.com)
One of the guys I hunt with is a doctor at Langley Airforce Base and believes that this excessive amount of cancer could bee related to the genetiacally modified crops in the area. (outdoorhub.com)
Although Mexico already commercially grows some GM crops , such as cotton, GM maize is controversial because the country is home to thousands of the world's maize varieties that originated there. (scidev.net)
There are alternative technologies to address the non-GM maize shortage and loss of crops due to climate events. (scidev.net)
GM [crops] are not more resistant to droughts and plagues, and they threaten our food sovereignty,' its statement says, referring to multinational companies owning GM technologies. (scidev.net)
Transgenic crops were banned in Mexico until 2005, but the government has since granted 67 permits for GM maize to be grown experimentally on over 70 hectares. (scidev.net)
And Mauricio Quesada of the National Autonomous University's Centre for Ecosystems Research said Mexico should prioritise research on the natural diversity of local crops instead of 'jumping' into GM. (scidev.net)
Just as agricultural experts for decades have used targeted genetic engineering to produce robust food crops that provide human food security, this study is the first step to demonstrate that we can do the same with genetically engineered algae," said Stephen Mayfield, a professor of biology and an algae geneticist at UC San Diego. (newswise.com)
The peer-reviewed report GM Crops: Global Socio-economic and Environmental impacts 1996-2015 authored by Graham Brookes and Peter Barfoot also presents the contribution of biotechnology in preserving the earth's natural resources while allowing farmers to grow more, high quality crops. (isaaa.org)
They're also the pests most resistant to insecticides and crops genetically modified to kill them. (iapps2010.me)
Possible in a wide variety of organisms The same regulatory factor is present in all plant species, which means this technology should work in poplar, grasses, and similar crops. (technologypublisher.com)
Generally they grow at a similar rate to non-modified crops. (answers.com)
Genetically Modified crops are used because it makes crops grow quicker. (answers.com)
Some genetically engineered crops are able to grow better in certain areas than others. (answers.com)
For instance, a genetically modified corn crop could be made to be better suited to growing in a certain environment than naturally occurring corn crops. (answers.com)
However, genetically modified crops could also cause problems, because they are not as genetically diverse as natural crops. (answers.com)
In populations of natural crops diversity allows some crops to survive such outbreaks because of genetic traits, but in genetically modified populations that diversity might not be present which could lead to the death of all the crops in a population and erasing the food supply. (answers.com)
Do genetically grown crops take longer to grow than naturally grown? (answers.com)
No, genetically modified crops do not take any longer to grow than their naturally-selected counterparts. (answers.com)
What is a possible advantage of genetically modified crops? (answers.com)
The guide lists all of the genetically engineered crops that have been approved to be grown in Canada along with the derivatives of the five main genetically engineered crops: soy, canola, cotton, corn and potatoes. (treehugger.com)
GM cotton was introduced to India in 2002 by Mahyco Monsanto (India) Ltd. The initially promising performance of GM cotton proved short-lived as crops experienced severe pest attacks. (organicconsumers.org)
Peter Melchett, Policy Director at the Soil Association said: "Many people assume that GM crops will work miracles when, more often, the harsh reality is that GM creates nightmares. (organicconsumers.org)

While genetic engineering is sometimes referred to as "genetic modification" producing "genetically modified organisms (GMOs)," FDA considers "genetic engineering" to be the more precise term. (fda.gov)
The mission of USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service APHIS is to safeguard the health, welfare and value of American agriculture and natural resources, including regulating the introduction of certain genetically engineered organisms that may pose a risk to plant health. (fda.gov)
Because there is no global approval and registration process for foods derived from GM organisms, approvals are country specific, and testing requirements sometimes differ. (springer.com)
The draft guidance was also discussed at the open plenary meeting of the Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) in March 2015 and at the meeting of the Scientific Network of Member States for Risk Assessment of GMOs in May 2015. (europa.eu)
Cankar K, Ravnikar M, Žel J, Gruden K, Toplak N (2005) Real-time polymerase chain reaction detection of cauliflower mosaic virus to complement the 35S screening assay for genetically modified organisms. (springer.com)
Cankar K, Chauvensy-Ancel V, Fortabat MN, Gruden K, Kobilinsky A, Žel J, Bertheau Y (2008) Detection of nonauthorized genetically modified organisms using differential quantitative polymerase chain reaction: application to 35S in maize. (springer.com)
CEN/TS (2006) Foodstuffs -- methods of analysis for the detection of genetically modified organisms and derived products -- sampling strategies. (springer.com)
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) currently are grown in wildlife refuges in the FWS' Southeast Region, which encompasses 10 states. (outdoorhub.com)
Genetic Engineering - the isolation, manipulation, recombination, and expression of DNA often for the development of genetically modified organisms. (wesrch.com)
One specific aim of ENSSER in this context is to improve the quality of basic and regulatory science used in the risk analysis of existing and emerging technologies and their products such as genetically modified organisms, chemicals, food technologies, geo-engineering, nanomaterials, and synthetic biology, including the risk of their military use. (ensser.org)
Despite the negative and controversial views on genetically modified organisms, these organisms are the solution to the current global food crisis. (ipl.org)
Genetically modified organisms have the ability to aid the crisis through increase yields, enhanced nutrition, and larger agricultural space. (ipl.org)
Do genetically modified organisms make it easier to grow food? (answers.com)
Genetically Modified Organisms, or GMOs, are genetically modified plants, animals, or microorganisms whose genetic information has been modified by DNA-editing methods such as DNA splicing or gene modification. (bartleby.com)
These plants, called bioreactor plants, are being used to produce a variety of proteins for pharmaceutical products, for example vaccines and antibodies against certain disease causing organisms. (wordpress.com)

They may want to create plants with better flavor, higher crop yield (output), greater resistance to insect damage, and immunity to plant diseases. (fda.gov)
If that DNA carries a gene that serves a useful purpose, for example enhances crop resistance to insects, then you can get a plant back that has properties that you could not have achieved by plant breeding. (thenakedscientists.com)
Planting Decisions and Uncertain Consumer Acceptance of Genetically Modified Crop Varieties ," Staff General Research Papers Archive 5026, Iowa State University, Department of Economics. (repec.org)
Planting Decisions and Uncertain Consumer Acceptance of Genetically Modified Crop Varieties ," American Journal of Agricultural Economics , Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 84(2), pages 308-319. (repec.org)
Planting Decisions And Uncertain Consumer Acceptance Of Genetically Modified Crop Varieties ," 2001 Annual meeting, August 5-8, Chicago, IL 20581, American Agricultural Economics Association (New Name 2008: Agricultural and Applied Economics Association). (repec.org)
Development and testing of a new GM crop typically requires 8 to 12 years, including more than 4 years of safety and environmental testing, before regulatory approval and commercial release. (springer.com)
Pierre Gaudet, owner of a 400-hectare organic soya farm and president of the Quebec Federation of Organic Producers, learns that four percent of his 60-ton crop contains genetically modified soya. (historycommons.org)
1991. Measuring the potential contribution of plant breeding to crop yields: Flue-cured tobacco 1954-1987. (nap.edu)
GM crop plants have found even less acceptance in Switzerland where currently neither the import nor the cultivation of GM OSR is allowed at least until the end of 2017 [12] , [13] . (greenmedinfo.com)
Factors influencing the fate and impact of hybrids between crop plants and their related species operate from the early zygote, through to plant establishment in different habitats, to their ability to form self-sustaining populations. (wiley.com)
Independent studies have earlier shown that levels of Cry1Ac in some commercial GM cotton decline progressively over the life-cycle of the plant and are produced at such low levels in vulnerable parts of the crop that insects can continue to consume them. (globalresearch.ca)
It is unthinkable and irresponsible to release yet another GM crop with a transgenic protein that has already been implicated in so many illnesses and fatalities. (i-sis.org.uk)
Effects of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant (GMHT) and conventional crop management on invertebrate trophic groups (herbivores, detritivores, pollinators, predators and parasitoids) were compared in beet, maize and spring oilseed rape sites throughout the UK. (nih.gov)
MEXICO CITY] Mexico has authorised a field trial of genetically modified (GM) maize that could lead to commercialisation of the crop, sparking debate about the effects on the country's unique maize biodiversity . (scidev.net)
The multinational corporation Monsanto will test a variety of maize resistant to the herbicide glyphosate on less than a hectare of land in north Mexico before it can commercialise the GM crop. (scidev.net)
Unlike experimental trials, such pilot projects do not require containment measures to prevent the spread of the GM crop. (scidev.net)
Cisgenesis is a crop plant that has been genetically modified with one or more genes isolated from a crossable donor plant (Schouten et al. (ipl.org)
General Information: Potato Type Vegetable plant/crop, tuber crop. (shasyadhara.com)

The breeding process introduces a number of genes into the plant. (fda.gov)
A genetically modified potato is a potato that has had its genes modified, using genetic engineering. (yahoo.com)
So, if we can make the plant resistant to disease by moving in genes wild relatives of potato into the cultivated potato then we could save a lot of environmental impact. (thenakedscientists.com)
In research, plants are engineered to help discover the functions of certain genes. (wikipedia.org)
The researchers say that because genes conferring resistance to the virus do not exist in nature, traditional plant breeding cannot solve the problem. (scidev.net)
However, the direct introduction of novel genes raised questions regarding safety that are being addressed by an evaluation process that considers potential increases in the allergenicity, toxicity, and nutrient availability of foods derived from the GM plants. (springer.com)
To develop this type of tobacco, Drake and colleagues genetically altered a tobacco plant to produce an antibody to MC-LR, by inserting genes which code for the production of this antibody. (sgul.ac.uk)
The team has already incorporated the genes into rice and corn, according to Science , and might find ways to make plants' response to changing light conditions even faster. (technologyreview.com)
Many of the classes of genes being introduced by modern methods of genetic modification are similar to those manipulated by conventional plant breeding. (wiley.com)
The HT IR GM cotton was generated through crossing between these two lines and contains both these genes. (ogtr.gov.au)
The marker genes aad and nptII will be present in all GM cottons. (ogtr.gov.au)
Under the EPA's purview over a 50-day experiment, the scientists cultured strains of the algae species Acutodesmus dimorphus -genetically engineered with genes for fatty acid biosynthesis and green fluorescent protein expression-in parallel with non-engineered algal species. (newswise.com)
This modification creates unstable combinations of plant, animal, or bacterial genes that are not found in nature (GMO Facts). (bartleby.com)
In addition, the use of genes encoding fatty acid hydroxylases or desaturases to alter the level of lipid fatty acid unsaturation in transgenic plants is described. (patentsencyclopedia.com)

As we reported on last year in an article titled, " Illegal StarLink™ GM Corn Resurfaces in Saudi Arabian Food Supply ," StarLink™ maize, the first genetically modified organism to be pulled off the market over a decade ago due to safety concerns, was recently found to be contaminating food products in Saudi Arabia. (greenmedinfo.com)
At least 12 dairy cows died in Germany after feeding on GM maize containing a gene coding for a protein similar to Cry1Ac [7] ( Cows ate GM maize and died SiS 21). (i-sis.org.uk)
Dozens of villagers fell ill in the south of the Philippines when a Bt maize with Cry1Ab came into flower in 2003, and five have died since [8] ( GM ban long overdue, dozens ill & five deaths in the Philippines , SiS 29). (i-sis.org.uk)
Environmentalists are warning that Mexico, the cradle of corn, risks damaging its staple if the government gives US firms the green light to plant genetically-modified maize in huge swaths of land. (freedomsphoenix.com)
At the third Mexican Congress of Ecology this month (3-7 April) in Veracruz, scientists were cautious about growing GM maize. (scidev.net)

Canadian farmer Louie Gerwing finds canola plants thriving in a fallow field he sprayed with herbicide. (historycommons.org)
He contacts Monsanto about the canola plants, but the company's representatives do not come out to his farm to inspect them. (historycommons.org)
Canadian farmer Charlie Boser discovers between 300 and 500 Roundup Ready Canola plants in a field that was sprayed twice for weeds with Roundup mixtures. (historycommons.org)
A Monsanto representative later informs him that a field adjacent to his was planted with Roundup Ready Canola. (historycommons.org)
Canadian canola seeds sold to Europe by Advanta Canada are discovered to be contaminated with a small percentage of genetically modified (GM) seeds. (historycommons.org)

It's very important to bear that in mind and the method enables you to take DNA sequence from essentially any organism and use the properties of a bacterium called agrobacterium to deliver that DNA into a plant cell. (thenakedscientists.com)
It was the first plant to be genetically engineered and is considered a model organism for not only genetic engineering, but a range of other fields. (wikipedia.org)
Carnations were released in 1997, with the most popular genetically modified organism, a blue rose (actually lavender or mauve) created in 2004. (wikipedia.org)
An overall elaboration of relevant cause-effect chains in which the GM organism is involved would make all subsequent steps more targeted. (ensser.org)
Genetically modified fish are fish that have had their DNA changed by taking a gene from an unrelated organism and forcing it into the DNA of a fish. (answers.com)

For example, two new apple varieties have been genetically engineered to resist browning associated with cuts and bruises by reducing levels of enzymes that can cause browning. (fda.gov)
Genetic engineering is often used in conjunction with traditional breeding to produce the genetically engineered plant varieties on the market today. (fda.gov)
Credible evidence has demonstrated that foods from the GE plant varieties marketed to date are as safe as comparable, non-GE foods. (fda.gov)
Additionally, the agency is asking for information on how best to engage small businesses, including those that may be considering using genome editing to produce new plant varieties for use in human or animal food. (fda.gov)
In the Federal Register of May 29, 1992 (57 FR 22984), FDA published its 'Statement of Policy: Foods Derived from New Plant Varieties' ( the 1992 policy ). (fda.gov)
The 1992 policy clarified the agency's interpretation of the application of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act with respect to human foods and animal feeds derived from new plant varieties and provided guidance to industry on scientific and regulatory issues related to these foods. (fda.gov)
The 1992 policy applied to all foods derived from all new plant varieties, including varieties that are developed using recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) technology. (fda.gov)
This site refers to foods derived from plant varieties that are developed using rDNA technology as 'bioengineered foods. (fda.gov)
Varieties modified to produce large amounts of starches may be approved for industrial use only, not for food. (yahoo.com)
If it happens that sufficient (insufficient) acres are planted under nonmodified seed to meet postharvest demand, then a price premium will not (will) emerge for the nonmodified varieties. (repec.org)
Instead of genetically modifying an entire watermelon plant, the team of Korean biotechnologists modified only the 'rootstock', a kind of underground stem, to which seedlings of commercial watermelon varieties are grafted. (scidev.net)
The Delhi researchers say such observations may have been overlooked in the past as most previous studies were aimed at finding plant varieties that can be genetically altered just enough so that they are suitable for cultivation. (globalresearch.ca)
And their latest "solution" to the "problem" is to unleash new varieties of genetically modified (GMO) plants that have the engineered ability to soak up CO2 and make it "disappear. (naturalnews.com)
The UCCS stated last month (25 March) that the coexistence of GM and non-GM varieties in fields - which may happen if commercial approval is given - could contaminate the unique non-GM varieties. (scidev.net)
Andrew Stephenson, an ecology professor at Pennsylvania University, United States, said the indirect effects of mixing GM and non-GM varieties are largely unknown, especially under Mexico's complex environmental conditions. (scidev.net)

Genetic engineering isolates the gene for the desired trait, adds it to a single plant cell in a laboratory, and generates a new plant from that cell. (fda.gov)
The potatoes were modified to express the Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA) gene from the Galanthus (snowdrop) plant, which caused them to produce GNA lectin protein that is toxic to some insects . (yahoo.com)
The plant is engineered to carry in its cells the gene that makes these proteins. (thenakedscientists.com)
Other ways to test a gene is to alter it slightly and then return it to the plant and see if it still has the same effect on phenotype. (wikipedia.org)
To create a resistant plant, they inserted a viral gene into watermelon rootstock. (scidev.net)
One potential mechanism is 'gene silencing', in which the production of a viral protein in the modified plant stops it being made in the virus. (scidev.net)
1998. Transcriptional and posttranscriptional plant gene silencing in response to a pathogen. (nap.edu)
A focus of research in P. J. Dale's laboratory over the past four years has been the field evaluation of transgenic plants, with emphasis on risk assessment questions associated with gene dispersal. (wiley.com)
The scientists at the University of Delhi have shown that inserting a bacterial gene that makes a protein named Cry1Ac into genomes of plants appears to cause developmental defects, growth retardation and sterility in the plants. (globalresearch.ca)
The testing strategy for GMO detection is constituted of a series of steps starting with a screening for frequently inserted genetic elements and gene constructs, followed by specific identification of the GM plant event and completing the analysis with the quantification of the relative amount of the GM plant event present in a given sample. (springer.com)
The IR GM cotton contains a gene derived from a common soil bacterium. (ogtr.gov.au)
The HT GM cotton contains a gene from a common soil bacterium conferring tolerance to the herbicide glyphosate. (ogtr.gov.au)
The following table provides summary information about DIR licences issued by the Gene Technology Regulator for commercial release of GM plants, and contains links to detailed documentation relating to each application and assessment, including licence conditions (where applicable). (ogtr.gov.au)
Once modified males mate with females in the wild, where their "lethality" gene is passed along, the gene prevents the female offspring from developing, so they die as larvae. (iapps2010.me)
This technology is a genetically modified form of MYB46 that allows the gene to remain constitutively active, even in the presence of stresses (drought, etc.) that normally deactivate MYB46. (technologypublisher.com)
In an effort to reduce the mosquito population, the mosquitoes are genetically modified with a gene designed to kill them unless given an antibiotic known as tetracycline. (mercola.com)
Offspring of the GM mosquitoes will receive this same lethal gene which will kill the offspring before it can ever reach adulthood. (mercola.com)
As more genetically modified mosquitoes mate with wild mosquitoes, the idea is that more and more offspring will be produced with the lethal gene, thereby reducing the mosquito population. (mercola.com)
The team modified marmosets to have mutated copies of a human gene called SNCA , which is linked to Parkinson's disease. (newscientist.com)
Researchers start by inserting a desirable gene, for example a gene encoding a particular antibody, into a plant virus. (wordpress.com)

However, genetic modification for conservation in plants remains mainly speculative. (wikipedia.org)
Instead, the transgenic species may be genetically different enough to be considered a new species, thus diminishing the conservation worth of genetic modification. (wikipedia.org)
9.2 What genetic modification was introduced, deleted or modified compared to the parent species? (ogtr.gov.au)

The feral GM plants found most likely originated from imported transgenic seeds that were spilled during transport to oilseed processing facilities. (greenmedinfo.com)
The authors of the study propose the feral GT73 OSR "probably originated from spillage of conventional OSR seeds or other seed imports that were contaminated with GM seeds. (greenmedinfo.com)
Mexico's Supreme Court on Wednesday blocked a move to allow the planting of genetically modified soya seeds in two states, arguing that indigenous communities that had fought the move should be consulted before it was approved. (fooddemocracynow.org)
The Indian subsidiary of US seeds corporation Monsanto, Maharashtra Hybrid Seed, has developed genetically modified (GM) brinjal resistant to fruit and shoot borer and is applying for large-scale test releases [1]. (i-sis.org.uk)
Different techniques and analytical strategies are applied for detecting and quantifying the presence of genetically modified (GM) plants in food and feed products or in seeds. (springer.com)
26. A seed oil obtained from seeds of a Glycine plant, wherein the seed oil comprises ricinoleic acid. (patentsencyclopedia.com)

Anon B (2000) GM contamination of honey. (springer.com)
Anon C (2000) Press release: GM trials threaten UK honey. (springer.com)
The youngest factory on the list, GM Baltimore Operations in White Marsh , opened in 2000. (archpaper.com)

Oct 31, 2018 · The Genetically Modified Potato . (yahoo.com)

The agriculture ministry is examining the possibility of allowing Monsanto, DuPont and Dow to plant GMO corn in 2.4 million hectares (six million acres) of land, but no decision has been taken yet. (freedomsphoenix.com)
When growing corn, for example, the farmer can choose from a fairly wide selection of maturity lengths, both in normal and in genetically modified. (answers.com)

Our experiment was a first-step towards an evidence-based evaluation of genetically engineered algae and their benefits and environmental risks. (newswise.com)

The most dramatic recent example is the severe stunting and premature deaths in the litter of female rats fed GM soya throughout their pregnancy [8], and the debilitating inflammation of the lungs in mice tested with a transgenic pea containing a normally harmless bean protein [9] ( Transgenic pea that made mice ill , SiS 29). (i-sis.org.uk)

It has been proposed to genetically modify some plant species threatened by extinction to be resistant invasive plants and diseases, such as the emerald ash borer in North American and the fungal disease, Ceratocystis platani, in European plane trees. (wikipedia.org)
1991. Nuclear DNA content of some important plant species. (nap.edu)
Arumuganathan K, Earle ED (1991) Nuclear content of some important plant species. (springer.com)
Plant biotechnology can be defined as the application of knowledge which obtained from the study of life sciences that can be used to create technological improvements in plant species. (ipl.org)
The improvement of the technology in plant species can overcome some problems and also get more yields to increase the country's economy. (ipl.org)
28. A seed oil obtained from the seed of a plant transformed with a nucleic acid encoding a fatty acid hydroxylase, wherein the seed oil has an increased percentage of hydroxylated fatty acids as compared to the seed oil of the plant of the same species without the nucleic acid, and wherein the plant is a Glycine plant. (patentsencyclopedia.com)

Babendreier D, Kalberer N, Romeis J, Fluri P, Bigler F (2004) Pollen consumption in honey bee larvae: a step forward in the risk assessment of transgenic plants. (springer.com)
This document provides supplementary guidance on specific topics for the allergenicity risk assessment of genetically modified plants. (europa.eu)
Considerations on the practical implementation of those developments in the risk assessment of genetically modified plants are discussed and recommended, where appropriate. (europa.eu)
The document complements existing guidance on data requirements for the risk assessment of GM plants. (europa.eu)
Any risk assessment of GM plants includes the comparison of the agronomic and phenotypic characteristics of the GM plant with its conventional counterpart. (europa.eu)
It will be an essential instrument for the risk assessment of GM plants. (europa.eu)
1. Transgenic plants-Risk assessment. (nap.edu)
They also participate in the current debate within the EU, but also within the international Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, how to develop GMO and specifically GM plant risk assessment to base it on sound methodology that aims at effectively minimising or avoiding risks for the environment and human health. (ensser.org)

In North America it's virtually impossible to know if what you're eating contains genetically engineered (GE) ingredients. (treehugger.com)

Genetically modified pest-protected plants : science and regulation / Committee on Genetically Modified Pest-Protected Plants, Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Research Council. (nap.edu)

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Genetically _ modified _potato#:~:text=The potatoes were modified to express the Galanthus,one which was involved in the Pusztai affair. (yahoo.com)
Are GMO potatoes genetically engineered? (yahoo.com)

One in ten of the modified rootstocks were resistant to infection. (scidev.net)
The glyphosate -resistant GM plants were identified as Monsanto's Roundup-Ready GM event GT73. (greenmedinfo.com)
Additionally, the researchers found the glufosinate-resistant GM events MS8xRF3, MS8 and RF3 (all traded as InVigor, Bayer) at five sampling locations in the Rhine port. (greenmedinfo.com)
In Japan, where GM OSR is imported but not cultivated, feral glyphosate- and glufosinate-resistant GM OSR plants have repeatedly been detected in port areas and along transportation routes [14] - [17] . (greenmedinfo.com)
We are proposing to release three lines of GM cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum ) which are herbicide tolerant (HT), insect resistant (IR) or both (HT IR). (ogtr.gov.au)
Insect-resistant (IR) GM cotton - cotton variety Coker 312 was transformed with plasmid pMock808 (see below) to provide resistance to specific lepidopteron insect pests. (ogtr.gov.au)
If you mean why is food genetically modified - the purpose is to make the food taste better, grow faster, be resistant to pests, be resistant to herbicides, last longer, or for a host of other properties meant to make the food better and/or cheaper. (answers.com)
Most GMO foods today are genetically manipulated to be resistant to herbicides or to produce an insecticide within the plant itself. (answers.com)

Read on to find out how to identify products that contain genetically engineered ingredients. (treehugger.com)

For more information about the Plant Biotechnology Consultation Program, see How FDA regulates food from GE plants . (fda.gov)
Fernan Lambein, of the Institute for Plant Biotechnology for Developing Countries in Belgium, told SciDev.Net that the study supports the use of grafting to grow plants that are susceptible to this type of infection. (scidev.net)
Until this point, if you asked someone in the plant biotechnology community what the Cry1Ac toxin does in plants, they would say it kills insects. (globalresearch.ca)
By this very broad definition, plant biotechnology has been conducted for more than ten thousand years. (ipl.org)
The biotechnology company Oxitec developed the modified diamondback moths, which survive well on actual farms. (iapps2010.me)

1999. Regulation of Plant-Pesticides: Current Status. (nap.edu)

Arpaia S (1996) Ecological impacts of Bt-transgenic plants: assessing possible effects of CryIIIB on honeybee ( Apis mellifera L.) colonies. (springer.com)
Also described is the use of cDNA clones encoding a plant hydroxylase to produce a family of hydroxylated fatty acids in transgenic plants. (patentsencyclopedia.com)

Major advances in tissue culture and plant cellular mechanisms for a wide range of plants has originated from systems developed in tobacco. (wikipedia.org)
In the course of the research, which has been echoed by the journal , tobacco plants of the Virginia Gold and Havana commercial cultivars have been grown. (europa.eu)
Traditional tobacco growing allows the plant to develop and the leaves to grow and get bigger, as the nicotine is synthesised when the plant is more mature. (europa.eu)
Researchers find that a new strain of tobacco plant can make antibodies to toxic pond scum that affects humans, livestock and wildlife. (sgul.ac.uk)
In a new research report appearing in the March 2010 print issue of the FASEB Journal (http://www.fasebj.org) scientists explain how they developed a genetically modified strain of tobacco that helps temper the damaging effects of toxic pond scum, scientifically known as microcystin-LR (MC-LR), which makes water unsafe for drinking, swimming, or fishing. (sgul.ac.uk)
But now scientists tinkering with the process of photosynthesis in tobacco plants say they've done exactly that. (technologyreview.com)
Researchers used genetic engineering to increase the yield of tobacco plants. (technologyreview.com)
The Delhi scientists have now shown through laboratory experiments that modifying cotton or tobacco with Cry1Ac has a detrimental effect on these plants. (globalresearch.ca)
Inside massive greenhouses in Owensboro, Kentucky, thousands of tobacco plants are being grown by a company called Kentucky BioProcessing (KBP). (wordpress.com)
The tobacco plant is then infected with the virus and consequently infected cells start to produce the proteins which are eventually extracted and purified into a serum. (wordpress.com)
Tobacco plants also grow quickly which makes scaling-up production easy. (wordpress.com)

Another concerning finding was the discovery of 'outcrossing' (transference of genetic material between differing plant strains) between Monsanto's GT73 GM plant and two non-GM oilseed rape plants. (greenmedinfo.com)

by selecting for cells that have been successfully transformed in an adult plant a new plant can then be grown that contains the transgene in every cell through a process known as tissue culture. (wikipedia.org)
When the plant has grown to a height of about 50 cm, it is cut and the output is taken to the biomass processing factory. (europa.eu)

Several experimental and commercial genetically-modified plants, including GM cotton cultivated in India and other countries, make the Cry1Ac protein which is toxic to some insects. (globalresearch.ca)

The Indian government had approved commercial cultivation of GM cotton containing Cry1Ac in 2002, and research groups have been trying to equip other plants with this protein. (globalresearch.ca)
The GM brinjal contains the same Cry1Ac toxin from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis as the widely cultivated GM cotton that has been implicated recently in major health controversies in India. (i-sis.org.uk)
The aim of the release is for the commercial production of these GM cotton lines throughout Australia. (ogtr.gov.au)
The APVMA is currently assessing a permit application from us for use of herbicide XXX on the HT GM cotton lines, and Food Standards Australia (FSANZ) is assessing the use in food of cotton seed oil derived from the GM cotton lines. (ogtr.gov.au)
Herbicide-tolerant (HT) GM cotton - cotton variety Coker 312 was transformed with plasmid pMock100 to provide tolerance to the herbicide glyphosate. (ogtr.gov.au)
HT IR GM cotton which was generated through crossing between the IR and HT GM cottons. (ogtr.gov.au)
A Soil Association report, released Wednesday, reveals how genetically modified (GM) cotton grew to almost obliterate all other cotton production in India, and how the promised GM success rapidly turned to failure, with disastrous, even lethal, results for some of the world's poorest farmers. (organicconsumers.org)
The report , launched at the Textile Exchange Sustainability Conference in Washington D.C., reveals how alternative, more sustainable cotton production is now successfully replacing GM. (organicconsumers.org)
In just one region of Maharashtra province, factors linked to the cultivation of GM cotton are reported to have led to 7,992 farmer suicides between 2006 and 2011. (organicconsumers.org)
One of the ministers responsible for introducing GM cotton to India was recently quoted as saying, "In the 1990s, I introduced GM cotton in India. (organicconsumers.org)
That is what GM cotton is doing in many countries, none more so than in India, the largest cotton producer in the world. (organicconsumers.org)

New evidence reveals that despite a ban on cultivation of GM rapeseed in Europe, Monsanto and Bayer's plants are now freely growing there. (greenmedinfo.com)
In the European Union, GM OSR cultivation is presently prohibited and authorization for the import for food and feed processing is confined to the GM OSR events GT73 (Roundup Ready, Monsanto), MS8, RF3, MS8xRF3 and T45 (all traded as InVigor, Bayer CropScience) [11] . (greenmedinfo.com)
Nevertheless, the spread of GM OSR cannot totally be prevented by cultivation or import bans. (greenmedinfo.com)
If Switzerland has banned both the cultivation and importation of GM rapeseed plants into the country, how did they end up there? (greenmedinfo.com)

Due to their production of insecticidal substances, the IR and HT IR GM cottons are also subject to regulation by the Australian Pesticide and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA). (ogtr.gov.au)

The RFC asks for data and information in response to questions about the safety of foods from genome edited plants, such as whether categories of genome edited plants present food safety risks different from other plants produced through traditional plant breeding. (fda.gov)
Although the data and discussions are representative, this example may not include all considerations needed when assessing risks from a proposed GM plant commercial release. (ogtr.gov.au)

So, the protein is made in the plant and anything that eats the plant that is susceptible to that protein doesn't thrive or dies whereas insects - and this is very important - that don't eat the plant are completely unaffected. (thenakedscientists.com)
Equivalence of microbially-produced and plant-produced B.t.t. protein also called Colorado potato beetle active protein from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. (nap.edu)

The glyphosate (herbicide)-tolerant enzyme introduced into soybeans is very similar to enzymes in nearly all bacteria and green plants. (springer.com)

Ray Mowling, a vice president for Monsanto Canada in Mississauga, concedes to the Washington Post that some cross-pollination does occur between Monsanto's genetically modified plants and other plants. (historycommons.org)

EFSA clarifies data requirements for GM pl. (europa.eu)
New EFSA guidance clarifies the data needs for the agronomic and phenotypic characterisation of genetically modified (GM) plants. (europa.eu)
Based on the experience gained with previous evaluations of GM plant applications, EFSA decided to develop this guidance and make data requirements more specific. (europa.eu)

It only kills the insects that eats the plant. (thenakedscientists.com)
Now, residents of the Florida Keys, like those of the Cayman Islands and Malaysia, will be subjected to these genetically manipulated insects, without having any say in the matter. (mercola.com)

Traditional breeding involves repeatedly cross-pollinating plants until the breeder identifies offspring with the desired combination of traits. (fda.gov)
This safety assessment identifies the distinguishing attributes of the new traits in the plant and assesses whether any new material in food made from the GE plant is safe when eaten by humans or animals. (fda.gov)
As reported in the journal Algal Research, the researchers conclude that genetically engineered algae can be successfully cultivated outdoors while maintaining engineered traits, and, most importantly, without adversely impacting native algae populations. (newswise.com)
It depends on how it has been modified and what traits were selected for modification. (answers.com)

GMHT management superimposed relatively small (less than twofold), but consistent, shifts in plant and insect abundance, the extent and direction of these effects being dependent on the relative efficacies of comparable conventional herbicide regimes. (nih.gov)

In this process, scientists make targeted changes to a plant's genetic makeup to give the plant a new desirable trait. (fda.gov)
Plant Animal Coevolution: A study of herbivore and grass coevolution Introduction Coevolution may be defined as an evolutionary change in a trait of the individuals in one population in response to a trait of the individuals of a second population, followed by an evolutionary response by the second population to the change in the first (Janzel, 1980). (bartleby.com)

But farmers might soon be getting a new weapon to combat them: Genetically engineered versions of the moths that mate with wild pests and cause half their offspring to die. (iapps2010.me)
Farmers, however, might soon be getting a new weapon to combat them: genetically engineered versions of the moths that mate with wild pests and cause half their offspring to die-but that will happen only if federal regulators significantly speed up their approval process. (iapps2010.me)
If successful, modified diamondback moths would represent an unalloyed good: a boon to farmers, food production, and the environment," said Conko. (iapps2010.me)
Some of the poorest farmers in the world have been subject to a crude GM experiment that has gone disastrously wrong - and many have paid the price with their lives. (organicconsumers.org)

It is developed by modifying its genomic sequence. (shasyadhara.com)

Chory admits this, but claims that GMO plants are necessary to absorb even more CO2 than they already do - because Chory and her colleagues are the self-proclaimed "experts" who will decide what's needed in order to create a "perfect," CO2-free planet that's immune from the "devastating" impacts of climate change. (naturalnews.com)
But this download genetically modified planet environmental impacts of genetically becomes so to the beings of the required body, much to any marked grief of solution. (sftv.org)
hesitate to prove the download genetically modified planet environmental impacts of genetically of a substantia hearing two effects not. (sftv.org)
d to be my download genetically modified planet environmental impacts of genetically engineered plants into all those strata, about which I are been with as geothermal lives in the opinion of my sink and part. (sftv.org)

The researchers have themselves shown that if the plants are modified in such a way that the Cry1Ac is confined in their chloroplasts - the site of photosynthesis in plant cells - they do not show any developmental defects. (globalresearch.ca)
In a series of experiments funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, the researchers tested a genetically engineered strain of algae in outdoor ponds under real-world conditions. (newswise.com)
THE world's first monkey genetically engineered to have Parkinson's disease has been created by researchers in Japan, New Scientist can reveal. (newscientist.com)

Does genetically modified food grow more bacteria than organic food? (answers.com)
It possesses the ability in infecting all cell types, from complex eukaryotes such as plants and animals, to microorganisms including archaea and bacteria. (bartleby.com)

Honey from genetically modified plants: integrity of DNA, and entry of GM-derived proteins into the food chain via honey. (springer.com)
Bioreactor plants are proving to be extremely useful in the production of various therapeutic proteins. (wordpress.com)

On January 18, 2017, FDA announced a Request for Comments (RFC) seeking public input to help inform its regulatory approach to human and animal foods derived from plants produced using genome editing. (fda.gov)

To take a look at the science of GM behind the hype and headlines, I spoke to Professor Jonathan Jones at the Sainsbury Laboratory. (thenakedscientists.com)

Transgenes such as BT may be expressed in pollen and in the plant parts and secretions collected by bees. (springer.com)
Some transgenes will have novel effects (e.g. production of pharmaceutical substances or certain fatty acids) on plants, and are likely to need specific assessment studies to determine their impact on hybrids. (wiley.com)

But scientists caution that the study describes observations and the mechanism of how the toxin harms host plants remains unclear. (globalresearch.ca)

Scientists at the University of California San Diego and Sapphire Energy have successfully completed the first outdoor field trial sanctioned by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for genetically engineered algae. (newswise.com)

A short overview of relevant findings is given and a more stringent experimental approach to quantifying effects on cuticular permeability in genetically modified plants proposed. (lancs.ac.uk)
We recently developed a method allowing the nonbiased, simultaneous, and rapid determination of metabolites in plants, using potato tubers or Arabidopsis as the experimental system. (plantcell.org)

It had previously been planted with barley, wheat, and peas. (historycommons.org)

Near-term - some of your listeners may have heard about a trial of GM Camelina which is engineered to produce the long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids that are present in fish oil and very good for vascular health. (thenakedscientists.com)
This invention relates to plant fatty acyl hydroxylases. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
Methods to use conserved amino acid or nucleotide sequences to obtain plant fatty acyl hydroxylases are described. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
[0003] The present invention concerns the identification of nucleic acid sequences and constructs, and methods related thereto, and the use of these sequences and constructs to produce genetically modified plants for the purpose of altering the fatty acid composition of plant oils, waxes and related compounds. (patentsencyclopedia.com)

I assume you mean genetically modified, since anything that grows does so based on its genetic material. (answers.com)
The plant detects a stimulus and grows toward or away from it. (bartleby.com)

Goals of modification include introducing pest resistance , tweaking the amounts of certain chemicals produced by the plant , and to prevent browning or bruising of the tubers . (yahoo.com)
The papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) devastated papaya trees in Hawaii in the twentieth century until transgenic papaya plants were given pathogen-derived resistance. (wikipedia.org)
2. Plants-Disease and pest resistance-Genetic aspects. (nap.edu)

Thankfully, with Indian government support, non-GM and organic production is now in a positive position, offering lower production costs and supporting healthier agricultural, environmental, and social outcomes. (organicconsumers.org)

FDA regulates the safety of food for humans and animals, including foods produced from genetically engineered (GE) plants. (fda.gov)
Foods from GE plants were introduced into our food supply in the 1990s. (fda.gov)
Are foods from GE plants safe to eat? (fda.gov)
Are Foods from GE plants regulated? (fda.gov)
To help ensure that firms are meeting their obligation to market only safe and lawful foods, FDA encourages developers of GE plants to consult with the agency before marketing their products. (fda.gov)
Read more on Foods Derived From Plants Produced Using Genome Editing . (fda.gov)
There exists much uncertainty about consumer attitudes toward genetically modified foods. (repec.org)
Opinions vary regarding the adequacy of the assessment, but there is no documented proof of an adverse effect resulting from foods produced from GM plants. (springer.com)
Senators John Tester (D-MT) and Jeff Merkley (D-OR) debated a bill on labeling genetically modified foods. (c-span.org)
Most soybeans, which are in most of the foods we consume, are genetically modified and nobody really knows. (answers.com)
What foods are genatically modified? (answers.com)
More and more foods are being genetically modified, so this list will grow as time goes on. (answers.com)
Do genetically modified foods take less time to grow? (answers.com)
Genetically Modified foods, or GM foods, can be genetically modified with many different goals in mind. (answers.com)
Are GM Mosquitoes Just as Harmful as GM Foods? (mercola.com)
As a result, virtually ALL processed foods and beverages contain at least one genetically engineered ingredient. (mercola.com)
I've written numerous articles about the health dangers of genetically engineered (GE) foods, and while I've not covered the issue of genetically modified animals to any great extent, this too is taking place. (mercola.com)

1997. Signaling in plant-microbe interactions. (nap.edu)

The genetically modified potato has now met this threshold. (yahoo.com)
GM POTATO or Genetically Modified Potato (अनुवंशिकीय परिवर्तित आलू, in Hindi) is a cultivar or potato. (shasyadhara.com)

Am I eating food from genetically engineered plants? (fda.gov)
The majority of GE plants are used to make ingredients that are then used in other food products. (fda.gov)
GE plants must meet the same legal requirements that apply to all food. (fda.gov)
Thus, a bioengineered food that is the subject of a consultation with FDA may contain an introduced pesticidal substance also known as a plant-incorporated protectant (PIP) that is subject to review by EPA. (fda.gov)
Genetically modified (GM) plants are increasingly used for food production and industrial applications. (springer.com)
As the global population has surpassed 7 billion and per capita consumption rises, food production is challenged by loss of arable land, changing weather patterns, and evolving plant pests and disease. (springer.com)
The study is the first to show a big boost in the basic efficiency of photosynthesis, according to the Guardian , which predicts plants altered in this way could help meet what the UN projects will be a 70 percent increase in food demand over the next 30 years. (technologyreview.com)
This raises a larger question: how much of the world's food supply is now contaminated with GM plant material? (greenmedinfo.com)
How fast does genetically modified food grow? (answers.com)
What is genetically modify food used for? (answers.com)
Its used for any purpose that non-genetically modified food is used for. (answers.com)
Why is genetically modified food cheap? (answers.com)
Genetically modified food is so cheap because the processes used in growing it is supposedly 'faster, better, and cheaper. (answers.com)
Why grow manufacture gm food? (answers.com)
genetically modified food is the best example of technology. (answers.com)
Why do supporters approve of the gm food? (answers.com)
But, it's a good bet that if you eat processed food at least one of the ingredients in what you're eating has been genetically engineered. (treehugger.com)
Food activist Abra Brynne spent the recent winter holiday season revising her "Canadian ConsumerÊ¼s Guide to ingredients which may have been genetically engineered" . (treehugger.com)

Enormous progress has been made over the last few years in the development of tools to create and characterize genetic diversity in plant systems. (plantcell.org)

Anatomy30

Organisms85

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs55

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment13

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes62

Disciplines and Occupations5

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture26

Information Science3

Health Care9

Activation of systemic acquired silencing by localised introduction of DNA. (1/7901)

Gene silencing: plants and viruses fight it out. (2/7901)

Polynucleotide probes that target a hypervariable region of 16S rRNA genes to identify bacterial isolates corresponding to bands of community fingerprints. (3/7901)

Enhanced resistance to bacterial diseases of transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing sarcotoxin IA, a bactericidal peptide of insect. (4/7901)

Overexpression of the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry2Aa2 protein in chloroplasts confers resistance to plants against susceptible and Bt-resistant insects. (5/7901)

Cytokinin activation of Arabidopsis cell division through a D-type cyclin. (6/7901)

Cloning and expression of a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) phosphatidylserine synthase cDNA. Overexpression in plants alters the composition of phospholipids. (7/7901)

NADH-glutamate synthase in alfalfa root nodules. Genetic regulation and cellular expression. (8/7901)

Plants, Genetically Modified

Plant Leaves

Plant Proteins

Plant Roots

Genes, Plant

Plant Extracts

Plant Shoots

Plants, Medicinal

DNA, Plant

Plant Development

Plants, Toxic

Plant Cells

Plant Stems

Genome, Plant

Arabidopsis

Plants, Edible

Plant Structures

Plant Growth Regulators

Arabidopsis Proteins

Plant Immunity

Tobacco

Plant Epidermis

Plant Stomata

Angiosperms

Seeds

Plant Poisoning

Plant Transpiration

Phylogeny

Lycopersicon esculentum

Flowers

Plant Tumors

Chromosomes, Plant

Plant Components, Aerial

Amino Acid Sequence

Plant Preparations

Zea mays

Seedling

Herbivory

Power Plants

Biomass

Fabaceae

Plant Nectar

Oxylipins

Base Sequence

Plant Bark

Symbiosis

Photosynthesis

Plant Physiological Processes

Cyclopentanes

Indoleacetic Acids

Solanum tuberosum

Soil

Medicine, Traditional

Plant Exudates

Ecosystem

Salicylic Acid

Root Nodules, Plant

Plant Lectins

Germ Cells, Plant

Mutation

Mycorrhizae

Phytotherapy

Poaceae

Chloroplasts

Plant Infertility

Pollen

Brassica

Germination

Asteraceae

Species Specificity

Plant Oils

Sequence Alignment

Droughts

Botany

Fungi

Peas

Phenotype

Triticum

Abscisic Acid

Phytosterols