AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth Care
Plant RootsPlants, Genetically ModifiedPlant ProteinsPlant LeavesGenes, PlantPlant ShootsMycorrhizaeArabidopsisPlant ExtractsRhizosphereRoot Nodules, PlantDNA, PlantSymbiosisPlants, MedicinalPlant DevelopmentHydroponicsPlant Growth RegulatorsArabidopsis ProteinsIndoleacetic AcidsSoilPlants, ToxicTooth RootPlant StemsPlant Root CapPlant CellsEndophytesGenome, PlantLycopersicon esculentumSoil MicrobiologyPlant StructuresSeedlingPlants, EdibleFabaceaePhloroglucinolSpinal Nerve RootsRhizobiumFrankiaPoaceaeGravitropismMedicago truncatulaPanicumTylenchoideaMeristemZea maysGene Expression Regulation, PlantPhylogenyMetarhiziumPhaseolusTobaccoBiomassPlant ImmunityMedicago sativaRoot ResorptionLaccariaAchilleaPlantsRhododendronOrobanchaceaeTriticumNitrogenCytokininsNematodaSorghumSoybeansFungiAmino Acid SequenceAngiospermsAzospirillum brasilensePlant EpidermisLotusPlant DiseasesRhizobium leguminosarumSoil PollutantsMutationPlant StomataPlant Physiological PhenomenaNitrogen FixationHost-Parasite InteractionsEcosystemSeedsPlant TranspirationWaterPseudomonas fluorescensAmino Acids, CyclicMyceliumEthylenesPlant Root NodulationSinorhizobium melilotiRoot CariesNitratesBase SequenceRoot Canal PreparationFlowersTrichodermaPhenotypeMolecular Sequence DataFusariumPlant PoisoningBiological TransportPlant Tumors
Plant Roots
The usually underground portions of a plant that serve as support, store food, and through which water and mineral nutrients enter the plant. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982; Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
Plants, Genetically Modified
PLANTS, or their progeny, whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING.
Plant Proteins
Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.
Plant Leaves
Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)
Genes, Plant
The functional hereditary units of PLANTS.
Plant Shoots
New immature growth of a plant including stem, leaves, tips of branches, and SEEDLINGS.
Mycorrhizae
Symbiotic combination (dual organism) of the MYCELIUM of FUNGI with the roots of plants (PLANT ROOTS). The roots of almost all higher plants exhibit this mutually beneficial relationship, whereby the fungus supplies water and mineral salts to the plant, and the plant supplies CARBOHYDRATES to the fungus. There are two major types of mycorrhizae: ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae.
Arabidopsis
A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.
Plant Extracts
Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.
Rhizosphere
The immediate physical zone surrounding plant roots that include the plant roots. It is an area of intense and complex biological activity involving plants, microorganisms, other soil organisms, and the soil.
Root Nodules, Plant
Knobbed structures formed from and attached to plant roots, especially of LEGUMES, which result from symbiotic infection by nitrogen fixing bacteria such as RHIZOBIUM or FRANKIA. Root nodules are structures related to MYCORRHIZAE formed by symbiotic associations with fungi.
DNA, Plant
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of plants.
Symbiosis
The relationship between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other or a relationship between different species where both of the organisms in question benefit from the presence of the other.
Plants, Medicinal
Plants whose roots, leaves, seeds, bark, or other constituent parts possess therapeutic, tonic, purgative, curative or other pharmacologic attributes, when administered to man or animals.
Plant Development
Processes orchestrated or driven by a plethora of genes, plant hormones, and inherent biological timing mechanisms facilitated by secondary molecules, which result in the systematic transformation of plants and plant parts, from one stage of maturity to another.
Hydroponics
A technique for growing plants in culture solutions rather than in soil. The roots are immersed in an aerated solution containing the correct proportions of essential mineral salts. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
Plant Growth Regulators
Any of the hormones produced naturally in plants and active in controlling growth and other functions. There are three primary classes: auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins.
Arabidopsis Proteins
Proteins that originate from plants species belonging to the genus ARABIDOPSIS. The most intensely studied species of Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis thaliana, is commonly used in laboratory experiments.
Indoleacetic Acids
Acetic acid derivatives of the heterocyclic compound indole. (Merck Index, 11th ed)
Soil
The unconsolidated mineral or organic matter on the surface of the earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants.
Plants, Toxic
Plants or plant parts which are harmful to man or other animals.
Tooth Root
The part of a tooth from the neck to the apex, embedded in the alveolar process and covered with cementum. A root may be single or divided into several branches, usually identified by their relative position, e.g., lingual root or buccal root. Single-rooted teeth include mandibular first and second premolars and the maxillary second premolar teeth. The maxillary first premolar has two roots in most cases. Maxillary molars have three roots. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p690)
Plant Stems
Parts of plants that usually grow vertically upwards towards the light and support the leaves, buds, and reproductive structures. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
Plant Root Cap
A cone-shaped structure in plants made up of a mass of meristematic cells that covers and protects the tip of a growing root. It is the putative site of gravity sensing in plant roots.
Plant Cells
Basic functional unit of plants.
Endophytes
An endosymbiont that is either a bacterium or fungus living part of its life in a plant. Endophytes can benefit host plants by preventing pathogenic organisms from colonizing them.
Genome, Plant
The genetic complement of a plant (PLANTS) as represented in its DNA.
Lycopersicon esculentum
A plant species of the family SOLANACEAE, native of South America, widely cultivated for their edible, fleshy, usually red fruit.
Soil Microbiology
The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the soil. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.
Plant Structures
The parts of plants, including SEEDS.
Seedling
Very young plant after GERMINATION of SEEDS.
Plants, Edible
An organism of the vegetable kingdom suitable by nature for use as a food, especially by human beings. Not all parts of any given plant are edible but all parts of edible plants have been known to figure as raw or cooked food: leaves, roots, tubers, stems, seeds, buds, fruits, and flowers. The most commonly edible parts of plants are FRUIT, usually sweet, fleshy, and succulent. Most edible plants are commonly cultivated for their nutritional value and are referred to as VEGETABLES.
Fabaceae
The large family of plants characterized by pods. Some are edible and some cause LATHYRISM or FAVISM and other forms of poisoning. Other species yield useful materials like gums from ACACIA and various LECTINS like PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS from PHASEOLUS. Many of them harbor NITROGEN FIXATION bacteria on their roots. Many but not all species of "beans" belong to this family.
Phloroglucinol
A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.
Spinal Nerve Roots
Paired bundles of NERVE FIBERS entering and leaving the SPINAL CORD at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots are efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and PREGANGLIONIC AUTONOMIC FIBERS.
Rhizobium
A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that activate PLANT ROOT NODULATION in leguminous plants. Members of this genus are nitrogen-fixing and common soil inhabitants.
Frankia
Genus of BACTERIA in the family Frankiaceae. They are nitrogen-fixing root-nodule symbionts of many species of woody dicotyledonous plants.
Poaceae
A large family of narrow-leaved herbaceous grasses of the order Cyperales, subclass Commelinidae, class Liliopsida (monocotyledons). Food grains (EDIBLE GRAIN) come from members of this family. RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, SEASONAL can be induced by POLLEN of many of the grasses.
Gravitropism
The directional growth of organisms in response to gravity. In plants, the main root is positively gravitropic (growing downwards) and a main stem is negatively gravitropic (growing upwards), irrespective of the positions in which they are placed. Plant gravitropism is thought to be controlled by auxin (AUXINS), a plant growth substance. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
Medicago truncatula
A plant species of the family FABACEAE used to study GENETICS because it is DIPLOID, self fertile, has a small genome, and short generation time.
Panicum
A plant genus of the family POACEAE. The seed is one of the EDIBLE GRAINS used in millet cereals and in feed for birds and livestock (ANIMAL FEED). It contains diosgenin (SAPONINS).
Tylenchoidea
A superfamily of nematodes whose members are free-living saprophytes or parasites of plants. Ova are sometimes found in human feces after ingestion of infected plants.
Meristem
A group of plant cells that are capable of dividing infinitely and whose main function is the production of new growth at the growing tip of a root or stem. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
Zea mays
A plant species of the family POACEAE. It is a tall grass grown for its EDIBLE GRAIN, corn, used as food and animal FODDER.
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in plants.
Phylogeny
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
Metarhizium
A mitosporic fungal genus in the family Clavicipitaceae. It has teleomorphs in the family Nectriaceae. Metarhizium anisopliae is used in PESTICIDES.
Phaseolus
A plant genus in the family FABACEAE which is the source of edible beans and the lectin PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS.
Tobacco
A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE. Members contain NICOTINE and other biologically active chemicals; its dried leaves are used for SMOKING.
Biomass
Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop.
Plant Immunity
The inherent or induced capacity of plants to withstand or ward off biological attack by pathogens.
Medicago sativa
A plant species of the family FABACEAE widely cultivated for ANIMAL FEED.
Root Resorption
Resorption in which cementum or dentin is lost from the root of a tooth owing to cementoclastic or osteoclastic activity in conditions such as trauma of occlusion or neoplasms. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Laccaria
A genus of white-spored mushrooms in the family Tricholomataceae. They form symbiotic partnerships (MYCORRHIZAE) with trees.
Achillea
A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE that has long been used in folk medicine for treating wounds.
Plants
Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.
Rhododendron
A plant genus of the family ERICACEAE.
Orobanchaceae
The broom-rape plant family of the order Lamiales.
Triticum
A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.
Nitrogen
An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.
Cytokinins
Plant hormones that promote the separation of daughter cells after mitotic division of a parent cell. Frequently they are purine derivatives.
Nematoda
A class of unsegmented helminths with fundamental bilateral symmetry and secondary triradiate symmetry of the oral and esophageal structures. Many species are parasites.
Sorghum
A plant genus of the family POACEAE. The grain is used for FOOD and for ANIMAL FEED. This should not be confused with KAFFIR LIME or with KEFIR milk product.
Soybeans
An annual legume. The SEEDS of this plant are edible and used to produce a variety of SOY FOODS.
Fungi
A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.
Amino Acid Sequence
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Angiosperms
Members of the group of vascular plants which bear flowers. They are differentiated from GYMNOSPERMS by their production of seeds within a closed chamber (OVARY, PLANT). The Angiosperms division is composed of two classes, the monocotyledons (Liliopsida) and dicotyledons (Magnoliopsida). Angiosperms represent approximately 80% of all known living plants.
Azospirillum brasilense
A species of motile, free-living, gram-negative bacteria that occur in the soil. They are aerobic or microaerophilic and are sometimes capable of nitrogen fixation.
Plant Epidermis
A thin layer of cells forming the outer integument of seed plants and ferns. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
Lotus
A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. This genus was formerly known as Tetragonolobus. The common name of lotus is also used for NYMPHAEA and NELUMBO.
Plant Diseases
Diseases of plants.
Rhizobium leguminosarum
A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that is found in soil and which causes formation of root nodules on some, but not all, types of field pea, lentil, kidney bean, and clover.
Soil Pollutants
Substances which pollute the soil. Use for soil pollutants in general or for which there is no specific heading.
Mutation
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
Plant Stomata
Closable openings in the epidermis of plants on the underside of leaves. They allow the exchange of gases between the internal tissues of the plant and the outside atmosphere.
Plant Physiological Phenomena
The physiological processes, properties, and states characteristic of plants.
Nitrogen Fixation
The process in certain BACTERIA; FUNGI; and CYANOBACTERIA converting free atmospheric NITROGEN to biologically usable forms of nitrogen, such as AMMONIA; NITRATES; and amino compounds.
Host-Parasite Interactions
The relationship between an invertebrate and another organism (the host), one of which lives at the expense of the other. Traditionally excluded from definition of parasites are pathogenic BACTERIA; FUNGI; VIRUSES; and PLANTS; though they may live parasitically.
Ecosystem
A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Seeds
The encapsulated embryos of flowering plants. They are used as is or for animal feed because of the high content of concentrated nutrients like starches, proteins, and fats. Rapeseed, cottonseed, and sunflower seed are also produced for the oils (fats) they yield.
Plant Transpiration
The loss of water vapor by plants to the atmosphere. It occurs mainly from the leaves through pores (stomata) whose primary function is gas exchange. The water is replaced by a continuous column of water moving upwards from the roots within the xylem vessels. (Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
Water
A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Pseudomonas fluorescens
A species of nonpathogenic fluorescent bacteria found in feces, sewage, soil, and water, and which liquefy gelatin.
Amino Acids, Cyclic
A class of amino acids characterized by a closed ring structure.
Mycelium
The body of a fungus which is made up of HYPHAE.
Ethylenes
Derivatives of ethylene, a simple organic gas of biological origin with many industrial and biological use.
Plant Root Nodulation
The formation of a nitrogen-fixing cell mass on PLANT ROOTS following symbiotic infection by nitrogen-fixing bacteria such as RHIZOBIUM or FRANKIA.
Sinorhizobium meliloti
A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that causes formation of root nodules on some, but not all, types of sweet clover, MEDICAGO SATIVA, and fenugreek.
Root Caries
Dental caries involving the tooth root, cementum, or cervical area of the tooth.
Nitrates
Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.
Base Sequence
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Root Canal Preparation
Preparatory activities in ROOT CANAL THERAPY by partial or complete extirpation of diseased pulp, cleaning and sterilization of the empty canal, enlarging and shaping the canal to receive the sealing material. The cavity may be prepared by mechanical, sonic, chemical, or other means. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1700)
Flowers
The reproductive organs of plants.
Trichoderma
A mitosporic fungal genus frequently found in soil and on wood. It is sometimes used for controlling pathogenic fungi. Its teleomorph is HYPOCREA.
Phenotype
The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Fusarium
A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.
Plant Poisoning
Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.
Biological Transport
The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.
Plant Tumors
A localized proliferation of plant tissue forming a swelling or outgrowth, commonly with a characteristic shape and unlike any organ of the normal plant. Plant tumors or galls usually form in response to the action of a pathogen or a pest. (Holliday, P., A Dictionary of Plant Pathology, 1989, p330)
Root Planing
A procedure for smoothing of the roughened root surface or cementum of a tooth after subgingival curettage or scaling, as part of periodontal therapy.
Phytophthora
A genus of destructive parasitic OOMYCETES in the family Peronosporaceae, order Peronosporales, affecting numerous fruit, vegetable, and other crops. Differentiation of zoospores usually takes place in the sporangium and no vesicle is formed. It was previously considered a fungus.
Chromosomes, Plant
Complex nucleoprotein structures which contain the genomic DNA and are part of the CELL NUCLEUS of PLANTS.
Models, Biological
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Plant Exudates
Substances released by PLANTS such as PLANT GUMS and PLANT RESINS.
Carbon
A nonmetallic element with atomic symbol C, atomic number 6, and atomic weight [12.0096; 12.0116]. It may occur as several different allotropes including DIAMOND; CHARCOAL; and GRAPHITE; and as SOOT from incompletely burned fuel.
Species Specificity
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
Plant Components, Aerial
The above-ground plant without the roots.
Biodegradation, Environmental
Elimination of ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; PESTICIDES and other waste using living organisms, usually involving intervention of environmental or sanitation engineers.
Signal Transduction
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
Root Canal Obturation
Phase of endodontic treatment in which a root canal system that has been cleaned is filled through use of special materials and techniques in order to prevent reinfection.
Basidiomycota
A phylum of fungi that produce their sexual spores (basidiospores) on the outside of the basidium. It includes forms commonly known as mushrooms, boletes, puffballs, earthstars, stinkhorns, bird's-nest fungi, jelly fungi, bracket or shelf fungi, and rust and smut fungi.
Oxylipins
Eighteen-carbon cyclopentyl polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from ALPHA-LINOLENIC ACID via an oxidative pathway analogous to the EICOSANOIDS in animals. Biosynthesis is inhibited by SALICYLATES. A key member, jasmonic acid of PLANTS, plays a similar role to ARACHIDONIC ACID in animals.
Bacteria
One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.
Plant Preparations
Material prepared from plants.
Phosphorus
A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.
RNA, Plant
Ribonucleic acid in plants having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
Cyclopentanes
A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.
Plant Bark
The outer layer of the woody parts of plants.
Genetic Complementation Test
A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.
Herbivory
The act of feeding on plants by animals.
Power Plants
Units that convert some other form of energy into electrical energy.
DNA, Bacterial
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.
Ganglia, Spinal
Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain.
Photosynthesis
The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds. Photosynthesis comprises two separate processes: the light reactions and the dark reactions. In higher plants; GREEN ALGAE; and CYANOBACTERIA; NADPH and ATP formed by the light reactions drive the dark reactions which result in the fixation of carbon dioxide. (from Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2001)
Peas
A variable annual leguminous vine (Pisum sativum) that is cultivated for its rounded smooth or wrinkled edible protein-rich seeds, the seed of the pea, and the immature pods with their included seeds. (From Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, 1973)
Root Canal Filling Materials
Materials placed inside a root canal for the purpose of obturating or sealing it. The materials may be gutta-percha, silver cones, paste mixtures, or other substances. (Dorland, 28th ed, p631 & Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p187)
Solanum tuberosum
A plant species of the genus SOLANUM, family SOLANACEAE. The starchy roots are used as food. SOLANINE is found in green parts.
Droughts
Prolonged dry periods in natural climate cycle. They are slow-onset phenomena caused by rainfall deficit combined with other predisposing factors.
Germination
The initial stages of the growth of SEEDS into a SEEDLINGS. The embryonic shoot (plumule) and embryonic PLANT ROOTS (radicle) emerge and grow upwards and downwards respectively. Food reserves for germination come from endosperm tissue within the seed and/or from the seed leaves (COTYLEDON). (Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
Root Canal Irrigants
Chemicals used mainly to disinfect root canals after pulpectomy and before obturation. The major ones are camphorated monochlorophenol, EDTA, formocresol, hydrogen peroxide, metacresylacetate, and sodium hypochlorite. Root canal irrigants include also rinsing solutions of distilled water, sodium chloride, etc.
Xylem
Plant tissue that carries water up the root and stem. Xylem cell walls derive most of their strength from LIGNIN. The vessels are similar to PHLOEM sieve tubes but lack companion cells and do not have perforated sides and pores.
Abscisic Acid
Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.
Plant Nectar
Sugar-rich liquid produced in plant glands called nectaries. It is either produced in flowers or other plant structures, providing a source of attraction for pollinating insects and animals, as well as being a nutrient source to animal mutualists which provide protection of plants against herbivores.
Hordeum
A plant genus of the family POACEAE. The EDIBLE GRAIN, barley, is widely used as food.
Gene Expression Profiling
The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.
Salicylic Acid
A compound obtained from the bark of the white willow and wintergreen leaves. It has bacteriostatic, fungicidal, and keratolytic actions.
Phytotherapy
Use of plants or herbs to treat diseases or to alleviate pain.
Plant Lectins
Protein or glycoprotein substances of plant origin that bind to sugar moieties in cell walls or membranes. Some carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (ENZYMES) from PLANTS also bind to carbohydrates, however they are not considered lectins. Many plant lectins change the physiology of the membrane of BLOOD CELLS to cause agglutination, mitosis, or other biochemical changes. They may play a role in plant defense mechanisms.
Plant Physiological Processes
Physiological functions characteristic of plants.
Dental Pulp Cavity
The space in a tooth bounded by the dentin and containing the dental pulp. The portion of the cavity within the crown of the tooth is the pulp chamber; the portion within the root is the pulp canal or root canal.
Cucumis sativus
A creeping annual plant species of the CUCURBITACEAE family. It has a rough succulent, trailing stem and hairy leaves with three to five pointed lobes.
Medicine, Traditional
Systems of medicine based on cultural beliefs and practices handed down from generation to generation. The concept includes mystical and magical rituals (SPIRITUAL THERAPIES); PHYTOTHERAPY; and other treatments which may not be explained by modern medicine.
Time Factors
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.
Brassica
A plant genus of the family Cruciferae. It contains many species and cultivars used as food including cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, Brussel sprouts, kale, collard greens, MUSTARD PLANT; (B. alba, B. junica, and B. nigra), turnips (BRASSICA NAPUS) and rapeseed (BRASSICA RAPA).
Bacterial Proteins
Proteins found in any species of bacterium.
Asteraceae
A large plant family of the order Asterales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida. The family is also known as Compositae. Flower petals are joined near the base and stamens alternate with the corolla lobes. The common name of "daisy" refers to several genera of this family including Aster; CHRYSANTHEMUM; RUDBECKIA; TANACETUM.
Sequence Analysis, DNA
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
Sequence Alignment
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
Germ Cells, Plant
The reproductive cells of plants.
Cation Transport Proteins
Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of positively charged molecules (cations) across a biological membrane.
Light
That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.
Chloroplasts
Plant cell inclusion bodies that contain the photosynthetic pigment CHLOROPHYLL, which is associated with the membrane of THYLAKOIDS. Chloroplasts occur in cells of leaves and young stems of plants. They are also found in some forms of PHYTOPLANKTON such as HAPTOPHYTA; DINOFLAGELLATES; DIATOMS; and CRYPTOPHYTA.
Pollen
The fertilizing element of plants that contains the male GAMETOPHYTES.
Trees
Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches.
Phosphates
Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.
Adaptation, Physiological
The non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its ENVIRONMENT.
Tooth Apex
The tip or terminal end of the root of a tooth. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p62)
Protoplasts
The protoplasm and plasma membrane of plant, fungal, bacterial or archaeon cells without the CELL WALL.
Plant Infertility
The failure of PLANTS to complete fertilization and obtain seed (SEEDS) as a result of defective POLLEN or ovules, or other aberrations. (Dict. of Plant Genet. and Mol. Biol., 1998)
Stress, Physiological
The unfavorable effect of environmental factors (stressors) on the physiological functions of an organism. Prolonged unresolved physiological stress can affect HOMEOSTASIS of the organism, and may lead to damaging or pathological conditions.
Botany
The study of the origin, structure, development, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of plants.
Hypocotyl
The region of the stem beneath the stalks of the seed leaves (cotyledons) and directly above the young root of the embryo plant. It grows rapidly in seedlings showing epigeal germination and lifts the cotyledons above the soil surface. In this region (the transition zone) the arrangement of vascular bundles in the root changes to that of the stem. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
Plastids
Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. PLASTID GENOMES are used in phylogenetic studies.
Plant Oils
Oils derived from plants or plant products.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria isolated from soil and the stems, leafs, and roots of plants. Some biotypes are pathogenic and cause the formation of PLANT TUMORS in a wide variety of higher plants. The species is a major research tool in biotechnology.
Disease Resistance
The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.
Transformation, Genetic
Change brought about to an organisms genetic composition by unidirectional transfer (TRANSFECTION; TRANSDUCTION, GENETIC; CONJUGATION, GENETIC, etc.) and incorporation of foreign DNA into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells by recombination of part or all of that DNA into the cell's genome.
Chlorophyll
Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.
Polymerase Chain Reaction
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
Phytosterols
A class of organic compounds known as STEROLS or STEROIDS derived from plants.
Cell Wall
The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.
Potassium
An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.
Evolution, Molecular
The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.
Glucuronidase
Pseudomonas syringae
A species of gram-negative, fluorescent, phytopathogenic bacteria in the genus PSEUDOMONAS. It is differentiated into approximately 50 pathovars with different plant pathogenicities and host specificities.
Bryopsida
A class of plants within the Bryophyta comprising the mosses, which are found in both damp (including freshwater) and drier situations. Mosses possess erect or prostrate leafless stems, which give rise to leafless stalks bearing capsules. Spores formed in the capsules are released and grow to produce new plants. (Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990). Many small plants bearing the name moss are in fact not mosses. The "moss" found on the north side of trees is actually a green alga (CHLOROPHYTA). Irish moss is really a red alga (RHODOPHYTA). Beard lichen (beard moss), Iceland moss, oak moss, and reindeer moss are actually LICHENS. Spanish moss is a common name for both LICHENS and an air plant (TILLANDSIA usneoides) of the pineapple family. Club moss is an evergreen herb of the family LYCOPODIACEAE.
Cotyledon
A part of the embryo in a seed plant. The number of cotyledons is an important feature in classifying plants. In seeds without an endosperm, they store food which is used in germination. In some plants, they emerge above the soil surface and become the first photosynthetic leaves. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
DNA, Complementary
Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.
Cucurbita
A plant genus of the family CUCURBITACEAE, order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, which includes pumpkin, gourd and squash.
Gibberellins
A class of plant growth hormone isolated from cultures of Gibberella fujikuroi, a fungus causing Bakanae disease in rice. There are many different members of the family as well as mixtures of multiple members; all are diterpenoid acids based on the gibberellane skeleton.
Mustard Plant
Any of several BRASSICA species that are commonly called mustard. Brassica alba is white mustard, B. juncea is brown or Chinese mustard, and B. nigra is black, brown, or red mustard. The plant is grown both for mustard seed from which oil is extracted or used as SPICES, and for its greens used as VEGETABLES or ANIMAL FEED. There is no relationship to MUSTARD COMPOUNDS.
Multigene Family
A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Aluminum
A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.
Ferns
Seedless nonflowering plants of the class Filicinae. They reproduce by spores that appear as dots on the underside of feathery fronds. In earlier classifications the Pteridophyta included the club mosses, horsetails, ferns, and various fossil groups. In more recent classifications, pteridophytes and spermatophytes (seed-bearing plants) are classified in the Subkingdom Tracheobionta (also known as Tracheophyta).
Medicago
A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. It is distinct from Sweet Clover (MELILOTUS), from Bush Clover (LESPEDEZA), and from Red Clover (TRIFOLIUM).
Volatile Organic Compounds
Organic compounds that have a relatively high VAPOR PRESSURE at room temperature.
Biodiversity
The variety of all native living organisms and their various forms and interrelationships.
Aphids
A family (Aphididae) of small insects, in the suborder Sternorrhyncha, that suck the juices of plants. Important genera include Schizaphis and Myzus. The latter is known to carry more than 100 virus diseases between plants.
Genes, Bacterial
The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.
Ascomycota
A phylum of fungi which have cross-walls or septa in the mycelium. The perfect state is characterized by the formation of a saclike cell (ascus) containing ascospores. Most pathogenic fungi with a known perfect state belong to this phylum.
Brassica napus
A plant species of the family BRASSICACEAE best known for the edible roots.
Asparagus Plant
A plant genus in the family LILIACEAE (sometimes placed in Asparagaceae) that contains ECDYSTEROIDS and is an ingredient of Siotone. The shoots are used as a vegetable and the roots are used in FOLK MEDICINE.
Helianthus
A genus herbs of the Asteraceae family. The SEEDS yield oil and are used as food and animal feed; the roots of Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke) are edible.
Lettuce
Any of the various plants of the genus Lactuca, especially L. sativa, cultivated for its edible leaves. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)
Hemiptera
A large order of insects characterized by having the mouth parts adapted to piercing or sucking. It is comprised of four suborders: HETEROPTERA, Auchenorrhyncha, Sternorrhyncha, and Coleorrhyncha.
Glomeromycota
A phylum of fungi that are mutualistic symbionts and form ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAE with PLANT ROOTS.
Bryophyta
A division of the plant kingdom. Bryophyta contains the subdivision, Musci, which contains the classes: Andreaeopsida, BRYOPSIDA, and SPHAGNOPSIDA.
Lamiaceae
The mint plant family. They are characteristically aromatic, and many of them are cultivated for their oils. Most have square stems, opposite leaves, and two-lipped, open-mouthed, tubular corollas (united petals), with five-lobed, bell-like calyxes (united sepals).
Sodium Chloride
A ubiquitous sodium salt that is commonly used to season food.

The nuclear ribosomal DNA intergenic spacer as a target sequence to study intraspecific diversity of the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Hebeloma cylindrosporum directly on pinus root systems. (1/7586)

Polymorphism of the nuclear ribosomal DNA intergenic spacer (IGS) of the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Hebeloma cylindrosporum was studied to evaluate whether this sequence could be used in field studies to estimate the diversity of strains forming mycorrhizas on individual Pinus pinaster root systems. This sequence was amplified by PCR from 125 haploid homokaryotic strains collected in 14 P. pinaster stands along the Atlantic coast of France by using conserved oligonucleotide primers. Restriction enzyme digestion of the amplified 3.4-kbp-long IGS allowed us to characterize 24 alleles whose frequencies differed. Nine of these alleles were found only once, whereas about 60% of the strains contained four of the alleles. Local populations could be almost as diverse as the entire population along a 150-km stretch of coastline that was examined; for example, 13 alleles were found in a single forest stand. The IGS from one strain was partially sequenced, and the sequence data were used to design oligonucleotides which allowed separate PCR amplification of three different segments of the IGS. Most polymorphisms observed among the full-length IGS regions resulted from polymorphisms in an internal ca. 1,500-bp-long sequence characterized by length variations that may have resulted from variable numbers of a T2AG3 motif. This internal polymorphic sequence could not be amplified from the genomes of nine other Hebeloma species. Analysis of this internal sequence amplified from the haploid progenies of 10 fruiting bodies collected in a 70-m2 area resulted in identification of six allelic forms and seven distinct diplotypes out of the 21 possible different combinations. Moreover, optimization of the PCR conditions resulted in amplification of this sequence from more than 80% of the DNA samples extracted from individual H. cylindrosporum infected P. pinaster mycorrhizal root tips, thus demonstrating the usefulness of this sequence for studying the below-ground diversity of mycorrhizas formed by genets belonging to the same fungal species.  (+info)

Polynucleotide probes that target a hypervariable region of 16S rRNA genes to identify bacterial isolates corresponding to bands of community fingerprints. (2/7586)

Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) is well suited for fingerprinting bacterial communities by separating PCR-amplified fragments of 16S rRNA genes (16S ribosomal DNA [rDNA]). A strategy was developed and was generally applicable for linking 16S rDNA from community fingerprints to pure culture isolates from the same habitat. For this, digoxigenin-labeled polynucleotide probes were generated by PCR, using bands excised from TGGE community fingerprints as a template, and applied in hybridizations with dot blotted 16S rDNA amplified from bacterial isolates. Within 16S rDNA, the hypervariable V6 region, corresponding to positions 984 to 1047 (Escherichia coli 16S rDNA sequence), which is a subset of the region used for TGGE (positions 968 to 1401), best met the criteria of high phylogenetic variability, required for sufficient probe specificity, and closely flanking conserved priming sites for amplification. Removal of flanking conserved bases was necessary to enable the differentiation of closely related species. This was achieved by 5' exonuclease digestion, terminated by phosphorothioate bonds which were synthesized into the primers. The remaining complementary strand was removed by single-strand-specific digestion. Standard hybridization with truncated probes allowed differentiation of bacteria which differed by only two bases within the probe target site and 1.2% within the complete 16S rDNA. However, a truncated probe, derived from an excised TGGE band of a rhizosphere community, hybridized with three phylogenetically related isolates with identical V6 sequences. Only one of the isolates comigrated with the excised band in TGGE, which was shown to be due to identical sequences, demonstrating the utility of a combined TGGE and V6 probe approach.  (+info)

A simple hydroponic culture method for the development of a highly viable root system in Arabidopsis thaliana. (3/7586)

In the studies of nutritional absorption and metal toxicity in the root, it is important to grow plants without technical damage. We established a simple hydroponic culture system for Arabidopsis thaliana to obtain a healthy plant having a well-developed root system with many lateral roots. The phytotoxic effects of Cr, Cu, and Al ions were examined by FDA-PI staining using this culture system. The pattern of root inhibition varied with the ion, suggesting the usefulness of this culture system.  (+info)

Novel genes induced during an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis formed between Medicago truncatula and Glomus versiforme. (4/7586)

Many terrestrial plant species are able to form symbiotic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Here we have identified three cDNA clones representing genes whose expression is induced during the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis formed between Medicago truncatula and an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus versiforme. The three clones represent M. truncatula genes and encode novel proteins: a xyloglucan endotransglycosylase-related protein, a putative arabinogalactan protein (AGP), and a putative homologue of the mammalian p110 subunit of initiation factor 3 (eIF3). These genes show little or no expression in M. truncatula roots prior to formation of the symbiosis and are significantly induced following colonization by G. versiforme. The genes are not induced in roots in response to increases in phosphate. This suggests that induction of expression during the symbiosis is due to the interaction with the fungus and is not a secondary effect of improved phosphate nutrition. In situ hybridization revealed that the putative AGP is expressed specifically in cortical cells containing arbuscules. The identification of two mycorrhiza-induced genes encoding proteins predicted to be involved in cell wall structure is consistent with previous electron microscopy data that indicated major alterations in the extracellular matrix of the cortical cells following colonization by mycorrhizal fungi.  (+info)

The auxin-insensitive bodenlos mutation affects primary root formation and apical-basal patterning in the Arabidopsis embryo. (5/7586)

In Arabidopsis embryogenesis, the primary root meristem originates from descendants of both the apical and the basal daughter cell of the zygote. We have isolated a mutant of a new gene named BODENLOS (BDL) in which the primary root meristem is not formed whereas post-embryonic roots develop and bdl seedlings give rise to fertile adult plants. Some bdl seedlings lacked not only the root but also the hypocotyl, thus resembling monopteros (mp) seedlings. In addition, bdl seedlings were insensitive to the auxin analogue 2,4-D, as determined by comparison with auxin resistant1 (axr1) seedlings. bdl embryos deviated from normal development as early as the two-cell stage at which the apical daughter cell of the zygote had divided horizontally instead of vertically. Subsequently, the uppermost derivative of the basal daughter cell, which is normally destined to become the hypophysis, divided abnormally and failed to generate the quiescent centre of the root meristem and the central root cap. We also analysed double mutants. bdl mp embryos closely resembled the two single mutants, bdl and mp, at early stages, while bdl mp seedlings essentially consisted of hypocotyl but did form primary leaves. bdl axr1 embryos approached the mp phenotype at later stages, and bdl axr1 seedlings resembled mp seedlings. Our results suggest that BDL is involved in auxin-mediated processes of apical-basal patterning in the Arabidopsis embryo.  (+info)

NADH-glutamate synthase in alfalfa root nodules. Genetic regulation and cellular expression. (6/7586)

NADH-dependent glutamate synthase (NADH-GOGAT; EC 1.4.1.14) is a key enzyme in primary nitrogen assimilation in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) root nodules. Here we report that in alfalfa, a single gene, probably with multiple alleles, encodes for NADH-GOGAT. In situ hybridizations were performed to assess the location of NADH-GOGAT transcript in alfalfa root nodules. In wild-type cv Saranac nodules the NADH-GOGAT gene is predominantly expressed in infected cells. Nodules devoid of bacteroids (empty) induced by Sinorhizobium meliloti 7154 had no NADH-GOGAT transcript detectable by in situ hybridization, suggesting that the presence of the bacteroid may be important for NADH-GOGAT expression. The pattern of expression of NADH-GOGAT shifted during root nodule development. Until d 9 after planting, all infected cells appeared to express NADH-GOGAT. By d 19, a gradient of expression from high in the early symbiotic zone to low in the late symbiotic zone was observed. In 33-d-old nodules expression was seen in only a few cell layers in the early symbiotic zone. This pattern of expression was also observed for the nifH transcript but not for leghemoglobin. The promoter of NADH-GOGAT was evaluated in transgenic alfalfa plants carrying chimeric beta-glucuronidase promoter fusions. The results suggest that there are at least four regulatory elements. The region responsible for expression in the infected cell zone contains an 88-bp direct repeat.  (+info)

Sugar- and nitrogen-dependent regulation of an Amanita muscaria phenylalanine ammonium lyase gene. (7/7586)

The cDNA of a key enzyme of secondary metabolism, phenylalanine ammonium lyase, was identified for an ectomycorrhizal fungus by differential screening of a mycorrhizal library. The gene was highly expressed in hyphae grown at low external monosaccharide concentrations, but its expression was 30-fold reduced at elevated concentrations. Gene repression was regulated by hexokinase.  (+info)

AUX1 regulates root gravitropism in Arabidopsis by facilitating auxin uptake within root apical tissues. (8/7586)

Plants employ a specialized transport system composed of separate influx and efflux carriers to mobilize the plant hormone auxin between its site(s) of synthesis and action. Mutations within the permease-like AUX1 protein significantly reduce the rate of carrier-mediated auxin uptake within Arabidopsis roots, conferring an agravitropic phenotype. We are able to bypass the defect within auxin uptake and restore the gravitropic root phenotype of aux1 by growing mutant seedlings in the presence of the membrane-permeable synthetic auxin, 1-naphthaleneacetic acid. We illustrate that AUX1 expression overlaps that previously described for the auxin efflux carrier, AtPIN2, using transgenic lines expressing an AUX1 promoter::uidA (GUS) gene. Finally, we demonstrate that AUX1 regulates gravitropic curvature by acting in unison with the auxin efflux carrier to co-ordinate the localized redistribution of auxin within the Arabidopsis root apex. Our results provide the first example of a developmental role for the auxin influx carrier within higher plants and supply new insight into the molecular basis of gravitropic signalling.  (+info)

Phenotyping Applications For The Genetic Analysis Of Root System Architecture In Crop PlantsPhenotyping Applications For The Genetic Analysis Of Root System Architecture In Crop Plants
Plant root systems and associated symbiotic organisms act as critical links between the growing shoot and the rhizosphere, providing both vital nutrients and water to sustain growth. Many tools have been developed to study plant root systems; however, the efficient quantification of root traits remains a key bottleneck to effectively utilizing expanding collections of genomic and germplasm resources during the study of root system development and function. This dissertation presents results from root system phenotyping research where root phenotyping platforms were developed and used to investigate the genetic components of root system architecture and development in crop plants. It begins with a review chapter that discusses the importance of root system architecture (RSA) during resource acquisition and provides an overview of established root growth and measurement techniques while highlighting modern root phenotyping approaches that have been developed for genetic mapping studies. ...
https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/34347
ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE SIX-LIKE4 (RSL4) promotes root hair elongation by transcriptionally regulating the expression of genes...
ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE SIX-LIKE4 (RSL4) is necessary and sufficient for root hair elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Root hair length is determined by the duration for which RSL4 protein is present in the developing root hair. The aim of this research was to identify genes regulated by RSL4 that affect root hair growth. To identify genes regulated by RSL4, we identified genes whose expression was elevated by induction of RSL4 activity in the presence of an inhibitor of translation. Thirty-four genes were identified as putative targets of RSL transcriptional regulation, and the results suggest that the activities of SUPPRESSOR OF ACTIN (SAC1), EXOCSYT SUBUNIT 70A1 (EXO70A1), PEROXIDASE7 (PRX7) and CALCIUM-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE11 (CPK11) are required for root hair elongation. These data indicate that RSL4 controls cell growth by controlling the expression of genes encoding proteins involved in cell signalling, cell wall modification and secretion.
https://www.neuroscience.ox.ac.uk/publications/636381/
Root Hair Initiation Is Coupled to a Highly Localized Increase of Xyloglucan Endotransglycosylase Action in Arabidopsis Roots |...Root Hair Initiation Is Coupled to a Highly Localized Increase of Xyloglucan Endotransglycosylase Action in Arabidopsis Roots |...
When entering the differentiation zone, the elongating root cells that are programmed to become trichoblasts drastically add a new growth pattern to allow the highly localized emergence of root hairs. The initiation of a root hair is characterized on the level of gene expression patterns (for review, see Schiefelbein, 2000). On the level of cell physiology, specific enzymes or proteins need to restructure a defined spot of the apical outer periclinal cell wall to allow local wall loosening and bulging. At the time of root hair initiation, inside the cytoplasm actin and microtubules rearrange (Emons and Derksen, 1986; Baluška et al., 2000a, 2000b). A highly localized acidification (pH 4.5) of the cell wall is associated with the initiation process (Bibikova et al., 1998). Once the initiation is completed, the wall pH returns to the pH (approximately 6) found in the rest of the trichoblast. Besides pH changes, other factors are likely to be important to predict the future site of root hair ...
http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/127/3/1125?ijkey=b5ff552aa5cb71856bc370b6e543dc2ea6118894&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
The effect of silicon on iron plaque formation and arsenic accumulation in rice genotypes with different radial oxygen loss ...
Rice is one of the major pathways of arsenic (As) exposure in human food chain, threatening over half of the global population. Greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to examine the effects of Si application on iron (Fe) plaque formation, As uptake and rice grain As speciation in indica and hybrid rice genotypes with different radial oxygen loss (ROL) ability. The results demonstrated that Si significantly increased root and grain biomass. Indica genotypes with higher ROL induced greater Fe plaque formation, compared to hybrid genotypes and sequestered more As in Fe plaque. Silicon applications significantly increased Fe concentrations in iron plaque of different genotypes, but it decreased As concentrations in the roots, straws and husks by 28-35%, 15-35% and 32-57% respectively. In addition, it significantly reduced DMA accumulation in rice grains but not inorganic As accumulation. Rice of indica genotypes with higher ROL accumulated lower concentrations of inorganic As in grains than ...
https://repository.eduhk.hk/en/publications/the-effect-of-silicon-on-iron-plaque-formation-and-arsenic-accumu-5
Changes in growth, porosity, and radial oxygen loss from adventitious roots of selected mono- and dicotyledonous wetland...Changes in growth, porosity, and radial oxygen loss from adventitious roots of selected mono- and dicotyledonous wetland...
Changes in growth, porosity, and radial oxygen loss from adventitious roots of selected mono- and dicotyledonous wetland species with contrasting types of ...
https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/handle/2066/14078
Histone Deacetylase HDA19 Affects Root Cortical Cell Fate by Interacting with SCARECROW | Plant PhysiologyHistone Deacetylase HDA19 Affects Root Cortical Cell Fate by Interacting with SCARECROW | Plant Physiology
We found both altered root epidermis specification and cortex cell fate in the hda19 mutant. Based on the results of additional cortex cell divisions (Fig. 1, A and B), the disappearance of the cortex marker CO2pro:NLS-YFP signal, and altered expression level of cortex-specific gene expression in hda19 (Fig. 3, A-F), we conclude that HDA19 affects root cortex cell fate. Our results indicate that the abnormality of epidermal cell patterning is derived from abnormal cortex differentiation. In particular, no direct link was found between HDA19 and multiple epidermal pattern genes (Supplemental Figs. S2 and S3), and a ground tissue-specific promoter driving HDA19 was able to fully rescue the epidermal phenotype (Fig. 3, K-N). This supports the hypothesis that positional information originating in the cortex plays a role in determining epidermal cell fate in the Arabidopsis root.. HDA19 acts through interaction with SCR and by directly binding SCR target genes. Interaction between HDA19 and SCR is ...
http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/180/1/276.full
High auxin and high phosphate impact on rsl2 expression and ros-homeostasis linked to root hair growth in arabidopsis thaliana<...High auxin and high phosphate impact on rsl2 expression and ros-homeostasis linked to root hair growth in arabidopsis thaliana<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - High auxin and high phosphate impact on rsl2 expression and ros-homeostasis linked to root hair growth in arabidopsis thaliana. AU - Mangano, Silvina. AU - Denita-Juarez, Silvina P.. AU - Marzol, Eliana. AU - Borassi, Cecilia. AU - Estevez, José M.. N1 - Funding Information: This work was supported by a grant from ANPCyT (PICT2014-0504 and PICT2016-0132) and ICGEB (CRP/ARG16-03. PY - 2018/8/14. Y1 - 2018/8/14. N2 - Root hair size determines the surface area/volume ratio of the whole roots exposed to the nutrient and water pools, thereby likely impacting nutrient and water uptake rates. The speed at which they grow is determined both by cell-intrinsic factors like hormones (e.g., auxin) and external environmental signals like nutrient availability in the soil (e.g., phosphate). Overall root hair growth is controlled by the transcription factors RSL4 and RSL2. While high levels of auxin promote root hair growth, high levels of inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the media are able to ...
https://researchers.unab.cl/es/publications/high-auxin-and-high-phosphate-impact-on-rsl2-expression-and-ros-h
Morphological and genetic characterisation of the root system architecture of selected barley recombinant chromosome...Morphological and genetic characterisation of the root system architecture of selected barley recombinant chromosome...
Discoveries on the genetics of resource acquisition efficiency are limited by the ability to measure plant roots in sufficient number and with adequate genotypic variability. This paper presents a root phenotyping study that explores ways to combine live imaging and computer algorithms for model-based extraction of root growth parameters. The study is based on a subset of barley Recombinant Chromosome Substitution Lines (RCSLs) and a combinatorial approach was designed for fast identification of the regions of the genome that contribute the most to variations in root system architecture (RSA). Results showed there was a strong genotypic variation in root growth parameters within the set of genotypes studied. The chromosomal regions associated with primary root growth differed from the regions of the genome associated with changes in lateral root growth. The concepts presented here are discussed in the context of identifying root QTL and its potential to assist breeding for novel crops with ...
https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/52491/
Leaf water status and root system water flux of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) seedlings in relation to new root growth...Leaf water status and root system water flux of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) seedlings in relation to new root growth...
Water relations and root growth of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) were studied four weeks after seedlings from a half-sib family had been transplanted to one of three regimes of soil water availability at a root zone temperature of either 15 or 20 °C. About one-third of the variation in new root growth was explained by the root zone environment. The interaction between root zone temperature and soil water availability accounted for 10% of the variation in new root growth. In the most favorable root environment, new roots averaged 620 mm2 of projected surface area. Leaf water potential increased exponentially with new root projected surface area, becoming constant at about 300 mm2. Leaf conductance and root system water flux increased linearly with new root growth. ...
https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/13106
Arabidopsis root hair development in adaptation to iron and phosphate supplyArabidopsis root hair development in adaptation to iron and phosphate supply
Limitation of immobile nutrients, such as iron (Fe) and phosphate (P), induces the development of additional root hairs that lead to an increase of the absorptive surface of the root. The increased root hair frequency of Fe- and P-deficient Arabidopsis was realized by different strategies. Phosphate-deficient plants increased the number of root hairs while in Festarved plants root hairs were branched. The Fe and P starvation responses in plants are thought to be regulated by a systemic signaling mechanism that communicates the nutrient status of the shoot to the root and by a local signaling mechanism that perceives the Fe or P availability in the soil. The influence of local and systemic signals on the respective root hair phenotype was investigated in split-root experiments. This treatment was combined with either a nutrient-sufficient or -deficient shoot. The root hair branching typical of Fe-deficient plants only occured in the presence of both a local and a systemic Fe-deficiency signal. As ...
https://edoc.hu-berlin.de/handle/18452/16324
Cytokinin-Mediated Cell Cycling Arrest of Pericycle Founder Cells in Lateral Root Initiation of Arabidopsis : Plant and Cell...
In Arabidopsis, lateral root formation is a post-embryonic developmental event, which is regulated by hormones and environmental signals. In this study, via analyzing the expression of cyclin genes during lateral root (LR) formation, we report that cytokinins (CTKs) inhibit the initiation of LR through blocking the pericycle founder cells cycling at the G2 to M transition phase, while the promotion by CTK of LR elongation is due to the stimulation of the G1 to S transition. No significant difference was detected in the inhibitory effect of CTK on LR formation between wild-type plants and mutants defective in auxin response or transport. In addition, exogenously applied auxin at different concentrations could not rescue the CTK-mediated inhibition of LR initiation. Our data suggest that CTK and auxin might control LR initiation through two separate signaling pathways in Arabidopsis. The CTK-mediated repression of LR initiation is transmitted through the two-component signal system and mediated by ...
http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/pcp/pcj082
Plant Root SystemsPlant Root Systems
Tweet Plant Roots - Im going to beat on that drum again! Plant root systems - unfortunately - are the most neglected and least maintained part of the plant. Yet they are probably the most vital. Because these underground parts […]
http://www.plant-care.com/plant-roots-basics-for-houseplants-landscape-or-lawns.html
Split-root systems: detailed methodology, alternative applications, and implications at leaf proteome level | Plant Methods |...Split-root systems: detailed methodology, alternative applications, and implications at leaf proteome level | Plant Methods |...
Split-root systems (SRS) have many applications in plant sciences, but their implementation, depending on the experimental design, can be difficult and time-consuming. Additionally, the system is not exempt from limitations, since the time required for the establishment of the SRS imposes a limit to how early in plant development experiments can be performed. Here, we optimized and explained in detail a method for establishing a SRS in young Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, both in vitro and in soil. We found that the partial de-rooting minimized the recovery time compared to total de-rooting, thus allowing the establishment of the split-root system in younger plants. Analysis of changes in the Arabidopsis leaf proteome following the de-rooting procedure highlighted the distinct metabolic alterations that totally and partially de-rooted plants undergo during the healing process. This system was also validated for its use in drought experiments, as it offers a way to apply water-soluble compounds to
https://plantmethods.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13007-020-00706-1
Mechanism of jasmonate-promoted root hair growth in Arabidopsis - The Global Plant CouncilMechanism of jasmonate-promoted root hair growth in Arabidopsis - The Global Plant Council
Image: A Simplified Model for Jasmonate-Stimulated Root Hair Development in Arabidopsis. (Image by HAN Xiao) They also discovered that the endogenous CORONATINE-INSENSITIVE1 (COI1) and JASMONATE ZIM ZIM-DOMAIN (JAZ) -mediated jasmonate signaling pathway is critical for root hair development. The disruption of the COI1 receptor or accumulation of a JAZ repressor (e.g. JAZ4 or JAZ8) decreased root hair length. Further investigation showed that several JAZ repressors interactedwithRHD6 and RSL1, two bHLH transcription factors crucial for root hair development. JAZ proteins repressed the transcriptional function of RHD6 and interfered with the interaction between RHD6 and RSL1. Phenotypic analysis showed that jasmonate promoted root hair growth in a manner dependent on RHD6and RSL1. It also showed that overexpressing RHD6 largely rescued the root hair-defective phenotypes of coi1-2 and JAZ8-ΔJas-9 plants. Our study provides a mechanistic understanding of how JAZ repressors directly regulate ...
https://globalplantcouncil.org/mechanism-of-jasmonate-promoted-root-hair-growth-in-arabidopsis/
development of root hairs in plants root cell modification
Chambliss New Phytol 2745-2750 ArticleTitleEpidermal cell differentiation in Arabidopsis determined by a Myb homolog, CPC. New Phytol (2000a) Sollner Am J Bot 44:596-601, Ryu KH, Kang YH, Y-h P, Hwang I, Schiefelbein J, Lee MM (2005) The WEREWOLF MYB protein directly regulates CAPRICE transcription during cell fate specification in the Arabidopsis root epidermis. Lockwood CAS Y (1999) DB FF Curr Opin Plant Biol J Exp Bot Poethig Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL38XlsVWrsbw%3D 206 Plant Cell Occurrence J Cell Sci HH Okada Root hairs are extensions of the epidermal cells on the surface of the root, and are continually being sloughed off by the soil and regrown. 407-417 W M Combining phylogenetics and transcriptomics, the authors have discovered conservation of a core set of root hair genes across all vascular plants, which may derive from an ancient program for unidirectional cell growth coopted for root hair development during vascular plant evolution. 166 5 (1993) 262 A Handle7687216, BC Stevenson Linstead ...
https://cpet.eat.kmutnb.ac.th/the-heart-thivm/e99024-development-of-root-hairs-in-plants-root-cell-modification
Genetic Control of Root Hair Development in Arabidopsis thaliana. | Plant CellGenetic Control of Root Hair Development in Arabidopsis thaliana. | Plant Cell
Visual examination of roots from 12,000 mutagenized Arabidopsis seedlings has led to the identification of more than 40 mutants impaired in root hair morphogenesis. Mutants from four phenotypic classes have been characterized in detail, and genetic tests show that these result from single nuclear recessive mutations in four different genes designated RHD1, RHD2, RHD3, and RHD4. The phenotypic analysis of the mutants and homozygous double mutants has led to a proposed model for root hair development and the stages at which the genes are normally required. The RHD1 gene product appears to be necessary for proper initiation of root hairs, whereas the RHD2, RHD3, and RHD4 gene products are required for normal hair elongation. These results demonstrate that root hair development in Arabidopsis is amenable to genetic dissection and should prove to be a useful model system to study the molecular mechanisms governing cell differentiation in plants.. ...
http://www.plantcell.org/content/2/3/235.long
Plant Sciences/Arabidopsis root development/Epidermis - Wikibooks, open books for an open worldPlant Sciences/Arabidopsis root development/Epidermis - Wikibooks, open books for an open world
The root epidermis is involved in nutrition and defense against pathogens. This tissue is composed of only two cell types. These cell types can be distinguished from the differentiation zone where trichoblast cells are producing root hairs and atrichoblasts are remaining non-hair cells. Root hairs are thought to be important in water and nutrient uptake. The differentiation of trichoblast involve positional information from the cortex.. ...
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Plant_Sciences/Arabidopsis_root_development/Epidermis
Phosphorus and magnesium interactively modulate the elongation and directional growth of primary roots in Arabidopsis thaliana ...Phosphorus and magnesium interactively modulate the elongation and directional growth of primary roots in Arabidopsis thaliana ...
A balanced supply of essential nutrients is an important factor influencing root architecture in many plants, yet data related to the interactive effects of two nutrients on root growth are limited. Here, we investigated the interactive effect between phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg) on root growth of Arabidopsis grown in pH-buffered agar medium at different P and Mg levels. The results showed that elongation and deviation of primary roots were directly correlated with the amount of P added to the medium but could be modified by the Mg level, which was related to the root meristem activity and stem-cell division. High P enhanced while low P decreased the tip-focused fluorescence signal of auxin biosynthesis, transport, and redistribution during elongation of primary roots; these effects were greater under low Mg than under high Mg. The altered root growth in response to P and Mg supply was correlated with AUX1, PIN2, and PIN3 mRNA abundance and expression and the accumulation of the protein. ...
https://scholars.latrobe.edu.au/display/publication16072
PLOS Genetics: Systems genomics approaches provide new insights into Arabidopsis thaliana root growth regulation under...PLOS Genetics: Systems genomics approaches provide new insights into Arabidopsis thaliana root growth regulation under...
Author summary Plants thrive in highly heterogenous soils. How they compute a multitude of contrasting stimuli and mount an adaptive response without a centralized information processing unit is an intriguing question. For instance, below ground, roots can sense and respond to the single or multiple nutrient stresses, and adjust its growth rate accordingly. Nevertheless, the genetic architecture of root growth responses under single and combined stress remains poorly understood. To fill this gap in our understanding about such crucial phenomenon for plant survival, we explored the natural variation of root growth rate (RGR) in Arabidopsis grown under single and combined nutritional stress, including deficiencies of iron (-Fe), zinc (-Zn), phosphate and iron (-P-Fe) and phosphate and zinc (-P-Zn). Our GWAS revealed distinct genetic architectures underlying root growth responses to single or combined nutrient stresses. By integrating GWAS and coexpression networks, we identified and validated genes
https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article/related?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1008392
Genetic analysis of adventitious root formation with a novel series of temperature-sensitive mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana |...Genetic analysis of adventitious root formation with a novel series of temperature-sensitive mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana |...
During the post-embryonic development of plants, new axes of growth emerge through lateral or adventitious organogenesis, and the reiteration of this process builds up the complex pattern of a plant body. Regulation of such lateral or adventitious organogenesis provides a flexible way for plants to alter their form and resource allocation in response to environmental changes or after injury. In this context, lateral or adventitious organogenesis plays an essential role in the post-embryonic development and survival of plants.. Among the processes of lateral and adventitious organogeneses, lateral root formation has been extensively studied by various approaches using the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. Lateral root formation is considered to consist of two distinct phases: lateral root initiation and the establishment of the root apical meristem (Laskowski et al., 1995; Celenza et al., 1995). The histology of both these phases have been described in detail (Malamy and Benfey, 1997). During ...
http://dev.biologists.org/content/130/23/5637
X‐Ray Computed Tomography of Crop Plant Root Systems Grown in Soil - Current ProtocolsX‐Ray Computed Tomography of Crop Plant Root Systems Grown in Soil - Current Protocols
Non‐destructive methods to quantify the root system architecture of a plant grown in soil are essential to aid our understanding of the factors that impact plant root development in natural environments
http://www.currentprotocols.com/WileyCDA/CPUnit/refId-pb20049.html?quicktabs_cp=cited
Conditional effects of the epigenetic regulator JUMONJI 14 in Arabidopsis root growth | DevelopmentConditional effects of the epigenetic regulator JUMONJI 14 in Arabidopsis root growth | Development
Methylation of lysine 4 in histone 3 (H3K4) is a post-translational modification that promotes gene expression. H3K4 methylation can be reversed by specific demethylases with an enzymatic Jumonji C domain. In Arabidopsis thaliana, H3K4-specific JUMONJI (JMJ) proteins distinguish themselves by the association with an F/Y-rich (FYR) domain. Here, we report that jmj14 mutations partially suppress reduced root meristem size and growth vigor of brevis radix (brx) mutants. Similar to its close homologs, JMJ15, JMJ16 and JMJ18, the JMJ14 promoter confers expression in mature root vasculature. Yet, unlike jmj14, neither jmj16 nor jmj18 mutation markedly suppresses brx phenotypes. Domain-swapping experiments suggest that the specificity of JMJ14 function resides in the FYR domain. Despite JMJ14 promoter activity in the mature vasculature, jmj14 mutation affects root meristem size. However, JMJ14 protein is observed throughout the meristem, suggesting that the JMJ14 transcript region contributes ...
https://dev.biologists.org/content/146/23/dev183905
Affordable and robust phenotyping framework to analyse root system architecture of soil-grown plants - OAR@ICRISATAffordable and robust phenotyping framework to analyse root system architecture of soil-grown plants - [email protected]
The phenotypic analysis of root system growth is important to inform efforts to enhance plant resource acquisition from soils; however, root phenotyping remains challenging because of the opacity of soil, requiring systems that facilitate root system visibility and image acquisition. Previously reported systems require costly or bespoke materials not available in most countries, where breeders need tools to select varieties best adapted to local soils and field conditions. Here, we report an affordable soil-based growth (rhizobox) and imaging system to phenotype root development in glasshouses or shelters. All components of the system are made from locally available commodity components, facilitating the adoption of this affordable technology in low-income countries. The rhizobox is large enough (approximately 6000 cm2 of visible soil) to avoid restricting vertical root system growth for most if not all of the life cycle, yet light enough (approximately 21 kg when filled with soil) for routine ...
http://oar.icrisat.org/11093/
Phosphate starvation of maize inhibits lateral root formation and alters gene expression in the lateral root primordium zone |...Phosphate starvation of maize inhibits lateral root formation and alters gene expression in the lateral root primordium zone |...
Maize (Zea mays) is not only a key human food and animal feed crop throughout the world but also an important raw material for the food industry and energy production plants [1]. Low phosphate concentrations are frequently a constraint for maize growth and development, and therefore, enormous quantities of phosphate fertilizer are expended in maize cultivation, which increases the cost of planting. Although the total amount of phosphorus (P) in the soil may be high, plants mainly absorb P in the inorganic form (Pi), which is present at a low concentration, limiting plant growth and development [2].. Phosphorus is an essential macronutrient for all living organisms and plays important roles in energy metabolism; biosynthesis of nucleic acids, phospholipids and membranes; cellular signal transduction and the regulation of many enzymes [3, 4]. Plants have evolved two broad strategies to cope with phosphate starvation, which involve changes in physiology, biochemistry and root morphology that ...
https://bmcplantbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2229-12-89
Taproot - WikipediaTaproot - Wikipedia
Taproots develop from the radicle of a seed, forming the primary root. It branches off to secondary roots, which in turn branch to form tertiary roots. These may further branch to form rootlets. For most plants species the radicle dies some time after seed germination, causing the development of a fibrous root system, which lacks a main downward-growing root. Most trees begin life with a taproot,[3] but after one to a few years the main root system changes to a wide-spreading fibrous root system with mainly horizontal-growing surface roots and only a few vertical, deep-anchoring roots. A typical mature tree 30-50 m tall has a root system that extends horizontally in all directions as far as the tree is tall or more, but as much as 100% of the roots are in the top 50 cm of soil. Soil characteristics strongly influence the architecture of taproots; for example, deep rich soils favour the development of vertical taproots in many oak species such as Quercus kelloggii, while clay soils promote the ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taproot
Identification of QTL controlling root growth response to phosphate starvation in Arabidopsis thaliana - Institut National de...Identification of QTL controlling root growth response to phosphate starvation in Arabidopsis thaliana - Institut National de...
One of the responses of plants to low sources of external phosphorus (P) is to modify root architecture. In Arabidopsis thaliana plantlets grown on low P, the primary root length (PRL) is reduced whereas lateral root growth is promoted. By using the Bay-0 × Shahdara recombinant inbred line (RIL) population, we have mapped three quantitative trait loci (QTL) involved in the root growth response to low P. The Shahdara alleles at these three QTL promote the response of the primary root to low P (i.e. root length reduction). One of these QTL, LPR1, located in a 2.8 Mb region at the top of chromosome 1, explains 52% of the variance of the PRL. We also detected a single QTL associated with primary root cell elongation in response to low P which colocalizes with LPR1. LPR1 does not seem to be involved in other typical P-starvation responses such as growth and density of root hairs, excretion of acid phosphatases, anthocyanin accumulation or the transcriptional induction of the P transporter Pht1;4. LPR1 might
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02659203
EZ-Rhizo: integrated software for the fast and accurate measurement of root system architectureEZ-Rhizo: integrated software for the fast and accurate measurement of root system architecture
The root system is essential for the growth and development of plants. In addition to anchoring the plant in the ground, it is the site of uptake of water and minerals from the soil. Plant root systems show an astonishing plasticity in their architecture, which allows for optimal exploitation of div …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19000163/?dopt=Abstract
Root morphology and biomechanical characteristics of high altitude alpine plant species and their potential application in soil...Root morphology and biomechanical characteristics of high altitude alpine plant species and their potential application in soil...
Glacial forefields host young, poorly developed soils with highly unstable environmental conditions. Root system contribution to soil stabilization is a well-known phenomenon. Identifying the functional traits and root morphology of pioneer vegetation that establish on forefields can provide information useful in the practical application of plants in land restoration of high altitude mountain sites.This study aims to gather information on the root morphology and biomechanical characteristics of the 10 most dominant pioneer plant species of the forefield of Lys Glacier (NW Italian Alps).X-ray Computed Tomography (X-ray CT) was used to visualize and quantify non-destructively the root architecture of the studied species. Samples were cored directly from the forefield. Data on root traits such as total root length, rooting depth, root diameter, root length density and number of roots in relation to diameter classes as well as plant height were determined and compared between species. Roots were ...
https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/44884/
Estimating nitrogen uptake of individual roots in container and field-grown plants using a N-15-depletion approach
We only have a limited understanding of the nutrient uptake physiology of individual roots as they age. Despite this shortcoming the importance of nutrient uptake processes to our understanding of plant nutrition and nutrient cycling cannot be underestimated. In this study we used a 15N depletion method that allowed for the measurement of nitrate-N uptake rates on intact individual fine roots of known age. We expected that N uptake would decline rapidly as fine roots aged regardless of the environmental conditions and species used. We compared age dependent uptake patterns of young grape cuttings with those of mature vines and with those of tomato. Although patterns of declining uptake with increasing root age were similar for all species and conditions tested large differences in maximum N uptake rates existed between young cuttings and mature vines and between woody and herbaceous species. Maximum rates were 10-fold higher for tomato and 3-fold higher for the grape cuttings when compared with ...
https://es.lianaecologyproject.com/articledb/Estimating-nitrogen-uptake-of-individual-roots-in-container-and-field-grown-plants-using-a-N-15-depletion-approach
Estimating nitrogen uptake of individual roots in container and field-grown plants using a N-15-depletion approach
We only have a limited understanding of the nutrient uptake physiology of individual roots as they age. Despite this shortcoming the importance of nutrient uptake processes to our understanding of plant nutrition and nutrient cycling cannot be underestimated. In this study we used a 15N depletion method that allowed for the measurement of nitrate-N uptake rates on intact individual fine roots of known age. We expected that N uptake would decline rapidly as fine roots aged regardless of the environmental conditions and species used. We compared age dependent uptake patterns of young grape cuttings with those of mature vines and with those of tomato. Although patterns of declining uptake with increasing root age were similar for all species and conditions tested large differences in maximum N uptake rates existed between young cuttings and mature vines and between woody and herbaceous species. Maximum rates were 10-fold higher for tomato and 3-fold higher for the grape cuttings when compared with ...
https://fr.lianaecologyproject.com/articledb/Estimating-nitrogen-uptake-of-individual-roots-in-container-and-field-grown-plants-using-a-N-15-depletion-approach
Plus itPlus it
Soil nutrients are essential for plant growth and metabolism. Plant roots acquire nutrients from soils and have developed adaptive mechanisms to ensure nutrient acquisition under the varying nutritional conditions in soil. When plants are deprived of nutrients such as potassium, roots activate two important adaptive mechanisms for the uptake of nutrients that help support growth and survival. One adaptation involves deploying additional nutrient acquisition and remobilization systems, such as transporters (Ashley et al., 2006; Gierth and Maser, 2007) or channels (Lebaudy et al., 2007). The other adaptation involves changes in developmental processes of roots, including primary root growth, lateral root formation, and root hair elongation (Lopez-Bucio et al., 2003). Architectural changes in root systems, in response to nutrition deprivation, help plants to take up more nutrients by increasing the absorptive surface in specific regions of the soil.. Plants require potassium in large quantities for ...
http://www.plantcell.org/content/21/2/607
The role of Feronia in regulating growth and development in Arabidopsis thaliana roots - WRAP: Warwick Research Archive PortalThe role of Feronia in regulating growth and development in Arabidopsis thaliana roots - WRAP: Warwick Research Archive Portal
FERONIA (FER) is a receptor-like kinase (RLK) involved in a large number of processes in Arabidopsis. FER plays a role in cell elongation, mechanosensing, regulation of seed size, immunity and root hair development. A common theme in many of these processes is the involvement of FER as a regulator of location-specific growth (often called polar growth) and consistent with this observation FER is also known to interact with proteins that regulate the cytoskeleton (called Rho of plants, ROPs). The peptide, Rapid- Alkalinisation Factor 1 (RALF1), has been shown to elicit FER dependent signalling. Focusing within root tissue and using RALF1, we seek to explore early signalling events upon FER elicitation and clarify the interaction between FER and ROPs, using co-immunoprecipitation (CoIP) and mass spectrometry (MS). We have identified potential FER interactors, including Receptor for Activated C kinase 1B (RACK1B) and have identified two proteins, CAND1 and ILITYHIA, which are common between FER, ...
http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/130175/
LTER Publications - Gross, K. L. and K. S. Pregitzer. 1992. Seedling growth and root morphology of plants with different life...LTER Publications - Gross, K. L. and K. S. Pregitzer. 1992. Seedling growth and root morphology of plants with different life...
Differences among plant species in morphology and patterns of growth are assumed to influence their ability to acquire resources and, consequently, their competitive ability. Despite the acknowledged importance of below-ground resources for plant growth, our knowledge of species differences in root morphology of non-agricultural plants is limited. Comparisons of root morphology, growth rate and topology of seedlings of 12 herbaceous plant species that occur in early to mid-successional fields revealed significant differences among species that were largely related to life history. Annuals grew faster and produced longer and more branched roots than did biennials and perennials. Only among the annuals was there a positive correlation between seed mass and root growth. The grasses allocated proportionately more biomass to roots than the dicots, but did not differ in root length or branching pattern. As seedlings, all 12 species exhibited a herringbone topology; although after 10 d there were ...
https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/citations/3014
Publikationen: Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie
Soil pollutants may affect root growth through interactions among phytohormones like auxin and jasmonates. Rice is frequently grown in paddy fields contaminated by cadmium and arsenic, but the effects of these pollutants on jasmonates/auxin crosstalk during adventitious and lateral roots formation are widely unknown. Therefore, seedlings of Oryza sativa cv. Nihonmasari and of the jasmonate-biosynthetic mutant coleoptile photomorphogenesis2 were exposed to cadmium and/or arsenic, and/or jasmonic acid methyl ester, and then analysed through morphological, histochemical, biochemical and molecular approaches.In both genotypes, arsenic and cadmium accumulated in roots more than shoots. In the roots, arsenic levels were more than twice higher than cadmium levels, either when arsenic was applied alone, or combined with cadmium. Pollutants reduced lateral root density in the wild -type in every treatment condition, but jasmonic acid methyl ester increased it when combined with each pollutant. ...
https://www.ipb-halle.de/forschung/molekulare-signalverarbeitung/publikationen/?tx_solr%5Bfilter%5D%5B0%5D=publisher%3AActa+Biol.+Szeged+&tx_solr%5Bfilter%5D%5B1%5D=publisher%3AEnviron+Exp+Bot&tx_solr%5Bfilter%5D%5B2%5D=publisher%3AKluwer+Academic+Publishers&tx_solr%5Bfilter%5D%5B3%5D=publisher%3ACurr+Opin+Plant+Biol
Publikationen: Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie
Soil pollutants may affect root growth through interactions among phytohormones like auxin and jasmonates. Rice is frequently grown in paddy fields contaminated by cadmium and arsenic, but the effects of these pollutants on jasmonates/auxin crosstalk during adventitious and lateral roots formation are widely unknown. Therefore, seedlings of Oryza sativa cv. Nihonmasari and of the jasmonate-biosynthetic mutant coleoptile photomorphogenesis2 were exposed to cadmium and/or arsenic, and/or jasmonic acid methyl ester, and then analysed through morphological, histochemical, biochemical and molecular approaches.In both genotypes, arsenic and cadmium accumulated in roots more than shoots. In the roots, arsenic levels were more than twice higher than cadmium levels, either when arsenic was applied alone, or combined with cadmium. Pollutants reduced lateral root density in the wild -type in every treatment condition, but jasmonic acid methyl ester increased it when combined with each pollutant. ...
https://www.ipb-halle.de/forschung/molekulare-signalverarbeitung/publikationen/?tx_solr%5Bfilter%5D%5B0%5D=publisher%3A+Field+Crop+Res&tx_solr%5Bfilter%5D%5B1%5D=publisher%3ABio-protocol&tx_solr%5Bfilter%5D%5B2%5D=publisher%3ABiol.+Chem&tx_solr%5Bfilter%5D%5B3%5D=publisher%3AEnviron+Exp+Bot
Branching out in new directions: the control of root architecture by lateral root formationBranching out in new directions: the control of root architecture by lateral root formation
Plant roots are required for the acquisition of water and nutrients, for responses to abiotic and biotic signals in the soil, and to anchor the plant in the ground. Controlling plant root architecture is a fundamental part of plant development and evolution, enabling a plant to respond to changing e …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18452506/?dopt=Abstract
Root Development: Towards Understanding Regulatory Networks and Complex Interactions Between Cell Populations | Frontiers...Root Development: Towards Understanding Regulatory Networks and Complex Interactions Between Cell Populations | Frontiers...
The geometrical and topological structure of a plants root system is crucial for the success of soil exploration and for the survival of the individual. For this reason, the genetic control of root development is under enormous selection pressure at various scales, from tissue patterning at the cellular level, to the 3D branching pattern of the entire below-ground root system, which can be more extensive than the above-ground shoot system. Root apical meristems (RAMs) produce cells that will form the root system. A group of seldom-dividing cells in the root apex, known as the quiescent center (QC), is crucial for RAM activity. The cells adjacent to the QC, initial cells/stem cells, divide asymmetrically to produce two cell populations, one for self-renewal and another population that will undergo transient amplification within the RAM, or meristematic zone, and later will be displaced into the elongation zone. After anisotropic expansion, cells that reached their final size leave the elongation zone.
https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/13470/root-development-towards-understanding-regulatory-networks-and-complex-interactions-between-cell-pop
The Microphenotron: a robotic miniaturized plant phenotyping platform with diverse applications in chemical biology |...The Microphenotron: a robotic miniaturized plant phenotyping platform with diverse applications in chemical biology |...
We describe a novel robotic facility that makes it possible to conduct high-content, miniaturized screens for the effects of small molecules on both root and shoot development in a 96-well microtitre plate format. At the heart of this automated platform is a novel seedling growth device, the Phytostrip, which has been specifically designed to allow detailed analysis of the effects of chemical treatments on root system architecture. Roots are a particularly attractive subject for phenotyping studies because of the large number of individual traits that can be readily visualised (Fig. 4) and the extent to which each of these traits is responsive to environmental factors [30, 50]. Many previous investigations into the genetic control of plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses have focussed on root development [51, 52] and powerful robotic and imaging technologies have been developed to streamline the quantitative analysis of root growth and architecture of soil-grown roots [53, 54, 55]. ...
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13007-017-0158-6
plant root cell structure
Root hairs are extensions of the epidermal cells on the surface of the root, The parenchyma cells are living, thin-walled and undergo repeated cell division for growth of the plant. They arise from the nodes and internodes of the stem, e.g., Prop roots of banyan, stilt roots of sugarcane, clasping roots of money plant and roots from the stem cuttings. Water and dissolved minerals from the soil move into the Root does not bear nodes, internodes, leaves or buds (exceptions are sweet potato, wood apple etc.) A taproot, (With Methods), Industrial Microbiology, How is Cheese Made Step by Step: Principles, Production and Process, Enzyme Production and Purification: Extraction & Separation Methods , Industrial Microbiology, Fermentation of Olives: Process, Control, Problems, Abnormalities and Developments, The best answers are voted up and rise to the top. As the name implies, it is the site of rapid and extensive cell elongation. Privacy Policy3. The tiny root The stems are the trunks and branches. ...
http://ammeevangelizar.org/1qkil/plant-root-cell-structure-dd82ee
Effect of lime on root growth, morphology and the rhizosheath of cereal seedlings growing in an acid soil | SpringerLinkEffect of lime on root growth, morphology and the rhizosheath of cereal seedlings growing in an acid soil | SpringerLink
The effect of soil acidity on root and rhizosheath development in wheat and barley seedlings was investigated in an acid Ferrosol soil to which various amounts of lime (CaCO3) were applied to modify s
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11104-009-0047-5
Keeping the Right Distance from the Growing Tip | Science SignalingKeeping the Right Distance from the Growing Tip | Science Signaling
Root hairs, tubular structures that emerge from plant root epidermal cells, grow through localized exocytosis of cell-wall matrix, a process involving actin-dependent delivery of Golgi-derived vesicles containing matrix material to the growing tip. Researchers have long recognized that the cell nucleus maintains a fixed distance from the apex of the growing root hair. The mechanisms by which the nucleus maintains this position, however, and how it pertains to tip growth, remain unclear. Ketelaar et al. used time-lapse photography of Arabidopsis root hair tips to investigate nuclear behavior during root hair growth and did pharmacological analysis to implicate the actin cytoskeleton in nuclear localization. During active growth, the nucleus maintained a fixed distance from the tip, moving backwards when growth ceased to a random position in the root hair. In mutants with branched hairs, branches emerged from the site at which the nucleus was located; thereafter, nuclei moved between growing ...
https://stke.sciencemag.org/content/2002/159/tw426.abstract
Root Hair Cell Diagram Gcse - Kitchen Cabinet DesignRoot Hair Cell Diagram Gcse - Kitchen Cabinet Design
A cell wall with intercellular spaces. Start studying root hair cell diagram biology year 10 gcse. Gcse Biology Root Hair Cell Diagram Diagram Quizlet Root hair cell root cortex cells xylem leaf mesophyll cells exam tip if you are asked to identify the xylem or phloem in a diagram showing a cross section of a […]
https://www.smiteme.net/root-hair-cell-diagram-gcse/
Bacteria from Wheat and Cucurbit Plant Roots Metabolize PAHs and Aromatic Root Exudates: Implications for Rhizodegradation -...Bacteria from Wheat and Cucurbit Plant Roots Metabolize PAHs and Aromatic Root Exudates: Implications for Rhizodegradation -...
The chemical interaction between plants and bacteria in the root zone can lead to soil decontamination. Bacteria which degrade PAHs have been isolated from the rhizospheres of plant species with varied biological traits, however, it is not known what phytochemicals promote contaminant degradation. One monocot and two dicotyledon plants were grown in PAH-contaminated soil from a manufactured gas plant (MGP) site. A phytotoxicity assay confirmed greater soil decontamination in rhizospheres when compared to bulk soil controls. Bacteria were isolated from plant roots (rhizobacteria) and selected for growth on anthracene and chrysene on PAH-amended plates. Rhizosphere isolates metabolized 3- and 4-ring PAHs and PAH catabolic intermediates in liquid incubations. Aromatic root exudate compounds, namely flavonoids and simple phenols, were also substrates for isolated rhizobacteria. In particular, the phenolic compounds - morin, caffeic acid, and protocatechuic acid - appear to be linked to bacterial ...
http://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/bacteria-from-wheat-and-cucurbit-plant-roots-metabolize-pahs-and-aromatic-root-exudates-implications-for-rhizodegradation
Systems genomics approaches provide new insights into Arabidopsis thaliana root growth regulation under combinatorial mineral...Systems genomics approaches provide new insights into Arabidopsis thaliana root growth regulation under combinatorial mineral...
1. Tomlinson I (2013) Doubling food production to feed the 9 billion: a critical perspective on a key discourse of food security in the UK. Journal of rural studies 29: 81-90.. 2. Zhu C, Kobayashi K, Loladze I, Zhu J, Jiang Q, et al. (2018) Carbon dioxide (CO2) levels this century will alter the protein, micronutrients, and vitamin content of rice grains with potential health consequences for the poorest rice-dependent countries. Science advances 4: eaaq1012. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aaq1012 29806023. 3. Hilty FM, Arnold M, Hilbe M, Teleki A, Knijnenburg JTN, et al. (2010) Iron from nanocompounds containing iron and zinc is highly bioavailable in rats without tissue accumulation. Nature nanotechnology 5: 374. doi: 10.1038/nnano.2010.79 20418865. 4. Abelson PH (1999) A potential phosphate crisis. Science 283: 2015-2015. doi: 10.1126/science.283.5410.2015 10206902. 5. Cordell D, Drangert J-O, White S (2009) The story of phosphorus: global food security and food for thought. Global environmental change ...
https://www.prolekarniky.cz/casopisy/plos-genetics/2019-11/systems-genomics-approaches-provide-new-insights-into-arabidopsis-thaliana-root-growth-regulation-under-combinatorial-mineral-nutrient-limitation-116588
Cryptochrome photoreceptors cry1 and cry2 antagonistically regulate primary root elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Cryptochrome photoreceptors cry1 and cry2 antagonistically regulate primary root elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana. AU - Canamero, Roberto C.. AU - Bakrim, Nadia. AU - Bouly, Jean Pierre. AU - Garay, Alvaro. AU - Dudkin, Elizabeth Anne. AU - Habricot, Yvette. AU - Ahmad, Margaret. PY - 2006/10/1. Y1 - 2006/10/1. N2 - Cryptochromes are blue-light receptors controlling multiple aspects of plant growth and development. They are flavoproteins with significant homology to photolyases, but instead of repairing DNA they function by transducing blue light energy into a signal that can be recognized by the cellular signaling machinery. Here we report the effect of cry1 and cry2 blue light receptors on primary root growth in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, through analysis of both cryptochrome-mutant and cryptochrome-overexpressing lines. Cry1 mutant seedlings show reduced root elongation in blue light while overexpressing seedlings show significantly increased elongation as compared to ...
https://pennstate.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/cryptochrome-photoreceptors-cry1-and-cry2-antagonistically-regula
Mechanical induction of lateral root initiation in Arabidopsis thaliana
Lateral roots are initiated postembryonically in response to environmental cues, enabling plants to explore efficiently their underground environment. However, the mechanisms by which the environment determines the position of lateral root formation are unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that in Arabidopsis thaliana lateral root initiation can be induced mechanically by either gravitropic curvature or by the transient bending of a root by hand. The plant hormone auxin accumulates at the site of lateral root induction before a primordium starts to form. Here we describe a subcellular relocalization of PIN1, an auxin transport protein, in a single protoxylem cell in response to gravitropic curvature. This relocalization precedes auxin-dependent gene transcription at the site of a new primordium. Auxin-dependent nuclear signaling is necessary for lateral root formation; arf7/19 double knock-out mutants normally form no lateral roots but do so upon bending when the root tip is removed. Signaling ...
https://curis.ku.dk/portal/da/publications/mechanical-induction-of-lateral-root-initiation-in-arabidopsis-thaliana
Root growth, secondary root formation and root gravitropism in carotenoid-deficient seedlings of Zea mays L.<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Root growth, secondary root formation and root gravitropism in carotenoid-deficient seedlings of Zea mays L.. AU - Ng, Yuk Kiu. AU - Moore, Randy. N1 - Funding Information: This research represents a portion of a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master of Science degree in Biology at Baylor University. We thank Prof. J. D. Smith for providing us with the vp-9 mutants and Dr Jim Barrentine for providing us with Fluridone. This research was supported by funds provided by the University Research Committee and the Department of Biology of Baylor University.. PY - 1985/3. Y1 - 1985/3. N2 - The effect of ABA on root growth, secondary-root formation and root gravitropism in seedlings of Zea mays was investigated by using Fluridone-treated seedlings and a viviparous mutant, both of which lack carotenoids and ABA. Primary roots of seedlings grown in the presence of Fluridone grew significantly slower than those of control (i.e. untreated) roots. Elongation ...
https://minnesota-staging.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/root-growth-secondary-root-formation-and-root-gravitropism-in-car
CPIB » The auxin influx carrier LAX3 promotes lateral root emergence
Lateral roots originate deep within the parental root from a small number of founder cells at the periphery of vascular tissues and must emerge through intervening layers of tissues. We describe how the hormone auxin, which originates from the developing lateral root, acts as a local inductive signal which re-programmes adjacent cells. Auxin induces the expression of a previously uncharacterized auxin influx carrier LAX3 in cortical and epidermal cells directly overlaying new primordia. Increased LAX3 activity reinforces the auxin-dependent induction of a selection of cell-wall-remodelling enzymes, which are likely to promote cell separation in advance of developing lateral root primordia.. Nature Cell Biology 10 (8), 946-954 ...
https://www.cpib.ac.uk/publications/papers/the-auxin-influx-carrier-lax3-promotes-lateral-root-emergence/
Frontiers | Deciphering Phosphate Deficiency-Mediated Temporal Effects on Different Root Traits in Rice Grown in a Modified...Frontiers | Deciphering Phosphate Deficiency-Mediated Temporal Effects on Different Root Traits in Rice Grown in a Modified...
Phosphate (Pi), an essential macronutrient for growth and development of plant, is often limiting in soils. Plants have evolved an array of adaptive strategies including modulation of root system architecture (RSA) for optimal acquisition of Pi. In rice, a major staple food, RSA is complex and comprises embryonically developed primary and seminal roots and post-embryonically developed adventitious and lateral roots. Earlier studies have used variant hydroponic systems for documenting the effects of Pi deficiency largely on primary root growth. Here, we report the temporal effects of Pi deficiency in rice genotype MI48 on 15 ontogenetically distinct root traits by using easy-to-assemble and economically viable modified hydroponic system. Effects of Pi deprivation became evident after 4 d- and 7 d-treatments on 2 and 8 different root traits, respectively. The effects of Pi deprivation for 7 d were also evident on 14 different root traits of rice genotype Nagina 22 (N22). There were genotypic differences
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2016.00550/full
Genetic variants in root architecture-related genes in a Glycine soja accession, a potential resource to improve cultivated...Genetic variants in root architecture-related genes in a Glycine soja accession, a potential resource to improve cultivated...
Root system architecture is important for water acquisition and nutrient acquisition for all crops. In soybean breeding programs, wild soybean alleles have been used successfully to enhance yield and seed composition traits, but have never been investigated to improve root system architecture. Therefore, in this study, high-density single-feature polymorphic markers and simple sequence repeats were used to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) governing root system architecture in an inter-specific soybean mapping population developed from a cross between Glycine max and Glycine soja. Wild and cultivated soybean both contributed alleles towards significant additive large effect QTLs on chromosome 6 and 7 for a longer total root length and root distribution, respectively. Epistatic effect QTLs were also identified for taproot length, average diameter, and root distribution. These root traits will influence the water and nutrient uptake in soybean. Two cell division-related genes (D type
https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12864-015-1334-6
Hybrid weakness controlled by the dosage-dependent lethal (DL) gene system in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is caused by a...Hybrid weakness controlled by the dosage-dependent lethal (DL) gene system in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is caused by a...
Certain crosses of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) result in temperature-dependent hybrid weakness associated with a severe root phenotype. This is controlled by the interaction of the root- and shoot-expressed semidominant alleles dosage-dependent lethal 1 (DL1) and DL2, which communicate via long-distance signaling. Previously, apparent reciprocal effects on root growth and the restoration of normal root growth by exogenous sucrose led to the hypothesis that the dosage-dependent lethal (DL) system may control root-shoot carbon partitioning. Here, recombinant inbred lines were used to map the DL loci and physiological and biochemical analysis, including metabolite profiling, was used to gain new insights into the signaling interaction and the root phenotype. It is shown that the DL system does not control root-shoot carbon partitioning and that roots are unlikely to die from carbon starvation. Instead, root death likely occurs by defense-related programmed cell death, as indicated by salicylic ...
https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/43539
Molecular mechanisms of hydrotropism in seedling roots of Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae) - Research on StationResearch on...
Roots show positive hydrotropism in response to moisture gradients, which is believed to contribute to plant water acquisition. This article reviews the recent advances of the physiological and molecular genetic studies on hydrotropism in seedling roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. We identified MIZU-KUSSEI1 (MIZ1) and MIZ2, essential genes for hydrotropism in roots; the former encodes a protein of unknown function, and the latter encodes an ARF-GEF (GNOM) protein involved in vesicle trafficking. Because both mutants are defective in hydrotropism but not in gravitropism, these mutations might affect a molecular mechanism unique to hydrotropism. MIZ1 is expressed in the lateral root cap and cortex of the root proper. It is localized as a soluble protein in the cytoplasm and in association with the cytoplasmic face of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes in root cells. Light and ABA independently regulate MIZ1 expression, which influences the ultimate hydrotropic response. In addition, MIZ1 ...
http://www.spacestationresearch.com/research/molecular-mechanisms-of-hydrotropism-in-seedling-roots-of-arabidopsis-thaliana-brassicaceae/
Effect of nitrogen on root release of phytosiderophores and root uptake of Fe(III)-phytosiderophore in Fe-deficient wheat...Effect of nitrogen on root release of phytosiderophores and root uptake of Fe(III)-phytosiderophore in Fe-deficient wheat...
Root release of phytosiderophores (PSs) is an important step in iron (Fe) acquisition of grasses, and this adaptive reaction of plants is affected by various plant and environmental factors. The objectives of this study were to study the effects of varied nitrogen (N) supply on (1) root and leaf concentrations of methionine, a precursor in the PS biosynthesis, (2) PS release from roots, (3) mobilization and uptake of Fe from (59) Fe-labeled Fe(III)-hydroxide [(59) Fe(OH)(3) ] and (4) root uptake of (59) Fe-labeled Fe(III)-deoxymugineic acid (DMA) by durum wheat (Triticum durum, cv. Balcali2000) plants grown in a nutrient solution. Enhanced N supply from 0.5 to 6 mM in a nutrient solution significantly increased the root release of PS under Fe deficiency. High N supply was also highly effective in increasing mobilization and root uptake of Fe from (59) Fe-hydroxide under low Fe supply. With adequate Fe, N nutrition did not affect mobilization and uptake of Fe from (59) Fe(OH)(3) . Root uptake and shoot
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Effect-of-nitrogen-on-root-release-of-phytosiderop-Aciksoz-Ozturk/8ac6d626a81523ffa1d8f318cfb332172cb35a45
Proteomes | Free Full-Text | Exogenous Auxin Elicits Changes in the Arabidopsis thaliana Root Proteome in a Time-Dependent...Proteomes | Free Full-Text | Exogenous Auxin Elicits Changes in the Arabidopsis thaliana Root Proteome in a Time-Dependent...
Auxin is involved in many aspects of root development and physiology, including the formation of lateral roots. Improving our understanding of how the auxin response is mediated at the protein level over time can aid in developing a more complete molecular framework of the process. This study evaluates the effects of exogenous auxin treatment on the Arabidopsis root proteome after exposure of young seedlings to auxin for 8, 12, and 24 h, a timeframe permitting the initiation and full maturation of individual lateral roots. Root protein extracts were processed to peptides, fractionated using off-line strong-cation exchange, and analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography and data independent acquisition-based mass spectrometry. Protein abundances were then tabulated using label-free techniques and evaluated for significant changes. Approximately 2000 proteins were identified during the time course experiment, with the number of differences between the treated and control roots increasing over
http://www.mdpi.com/2227-7382/5/3/16
Chronic N deposition alters root respiration‐tissue N relationship in by Andrew Burton, Julie Jarvey et al.Chronic N deposition alters root respiration‐tissue N relationship in by Andrew Burton, Julie Jarvey et al.
Specific root respiration rates typically increase with increasing tissue N concentration. As a result, it is often assumed that external factors inducing greater root N concentration, such as chronic N deposition, will lead to increased respiration rates. However, enhanced N availability also alters root biomass, making the ecosystem‐level consequences on whole‐root‐system respiration uncertain. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of chronic experimental N deposition on root N concentrations, specific respiration rates, and biomass for four northern hardwood forests in Michigan. Three of the six measurement plots at each location have received experimental N deposition (3 g ‐N m−2 yr−1) since 1994. We measured specific root respiration rates and N concentrations of roots from four size classes (|0.5, 0.5-1, 1-2, and 2-10 mm) at three soil depths (0-10, 10-30, and 30-50 cm). Root biomass data for the same size classes and soil depths was used in combination with specific
https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/michigantech-p/1473/
Phosphorus uptake by winter wheat cultivars as related to root characteristics
Experiments were conducted to compare differences in P uptake characteristics between two winter wheat cultivars Stephens and Yamhill (Triticum aestivum L) as related to root morphologies. Root length, root surface area and mean root radius were compared. Plant roots and shoots were separately analyzed for P content. The cultivars were grown in a growth chamber with a 16 hour light period at 22° C and an 8 hour darkness at 16° C for approximately three weeks. A growth medium deficient only in P and with a pH high enough (6.4 to 6.6) to prevent Al toxicity was prepared by mixing a silt loam and a sand. Soil P variables were established by adding phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) to the soil at rates of 0, 25 and 100 ug P g⁻¹ soil. The root growth rates of the cultivars were exponential with time. Stephens had more rapid root growth rate, greater root length and root surface area than Yamhill. There were no significant cultivar differences in root radius. Stephens had higher root to shoot ratio ...
https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/graduate_thesis_or_dissertations/c821gp71s
Multiple integrated root phenotypes are associated with improved drought tolerance in maize - Department of Plant ScienceMultiple integrated root phenotypes are associated with improved drought tolerance in maize - Department of Plant Science
In order to test the hypothesis that multiple integrated root phenotypes would co-optimize drought tolerance, we phenotyped the root anatomy and architecture of 400 mature maize genotypes under well-watered and water-stressed conditions in the field. We found substantial variation in all 23 root phenes measured. A phenotypic bulked segregant analysis revealed that bulks representing the best and worst performers in the field displayed distinct root phenotypes. In contrast to the worst bulk, the root phenotype of the best bulk under drought consisted of greater cortical aerenchyma formation, more numerous and narrower metaxylem vessels, and thicker nodal roots. Partition against medians (PAM) clustering revealed several clusters of unique root phenotypes related to plant performance under water stress. Clusters associated with improved drought tolerance consisted of phene states that likely enable greater soil exploration by reallocating internal resources to greater root construction (increased ...
https://plantscience.psu.edu/research/labs/roots/publications/overviews/multiple-integrated-root-phenotypes-are-associated-with-improved-drought-tolerance-in-maize
Characterization of OsPID, the Rice Ortholog of PINOID, and its Possible Involvement in the Control of Polar Auxin Transport :...
PINOID, a serine threonine protein kinase in Arabidopsis, controls auxin distribution through a positive control of subcellular localization of PIN auxin efflux carriers. Compared with the rapid progress in understanding mechanisms of auxin action in dicot species, little is known about auxin action in monocot species. Here, we describe the identification and characterization of OsPID, the PINOID ortholog of rice. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the rice genome contains a single PID ortholog, OsPID. Constitutive overexpression of OsPID caused a variety of abnormalities, such as delay of adventitious root development, curled growth of shoots and agravitropism. Abnormalities observed in the plants that overexpress OsPID could be phenocopied by treatment with an inhibitor of active polar transport of auxin, indicating that OsPID could be involved in the control of polar auxin transport in rice. Analysis of OsPID mRNA distribution showed a complex pattern in shoot meristems, indicating that it ...
http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/pcp/pcm024
CPIB » Inference of the Genetic Network Regulating Lateral Root Initiation in Arabidopsis thaliana
Regulation of gene expression is crucial for organism growth, and it is one of the challenges in systems biology to reconstruct the underlying regulatory biological networks from transcriptomic data. The formation of lateral roots in Arabidopsis thaliana is stimulated by a cascade of regulators of which only the interactions of its initial elements have been identified. Using simulated gene expression data with known network topology, we compare the performance of inference algorithms, based on different approaches, for which ready-to-use software is available. We show that their performance improves with the network size and the inclusion of mutants. We then analyze two sets of genes, whose activity is likely to be relevant to lateral root initiation in Arabidopsis, and assess causality of their regulatory interactions by integrating sequence analysis with the intersection of the results of the best performing methods on time series and mutants. The methods applied capture known interactions ...
https://www.cpib.ac.uk/publications/papers/inference-of-the-genetic-network-regulating-lateral-root-initiation-in-arabidopsis-thaliana/
General Hydroponics: General Hydroponics FloraNectar Gallon [732177] - Nutrients & Supplements - Garten & Hydroponics Shop -...General Hydroponics: General Hydroponics FloraNectar Gallon [732177] - Nutrients & Supplements - Garten & Hydroponics Shop -...
General Hydroponics General Hydroponics FloraNectar Gallon General Hydroponics FloraNectar FloraNectar contains all natural raw-cane sugar, molasses, malt syrup, select plant based esters, L-amino acids, polyflavonoids, vitamins and essential minerals. This unique blend of ingredients helps your plants regulate enzymes that trigger specific reactions involved in maintaining optimal metabolism. This allows your plants to achieve a balance between respiration and photosynthesis in high intensity growing environments where the rate of respiration can sometimes exceed the rate of photosynthesis. General Hydroponics: General Hydroponics FloraNectar Gallon [732177] - Nutrients & Supplements - Garten & Hydroponics Shop -
http://www.horticulturesource.com/product_info.php?products_id=4452&language=de
The MYB36 transcription factor orchestrates Casparian strip formation | PNASThe MYB36 transcription factor orchestrates Casparian strip formation | PNAS
Using PI as an apoplastic tracer, we evaluated the presence of an apoplastic barrier in the myb36 mutants. To quantify this barrier function, we counted the number of endodermal cells from the onset of elongation to the point where PI fluorescence was no longer observed in the stele-facing cell wall of the endodermis. We found that blockage of PI penetration into the stele in the myb36 mutants was delayed compared with wild-type and was similar to the delay observed in esb1-1 (Fig. 2D). This result indicates that the loss of the centrally located Casparian strip in myb36 eliminates the apoplastic barrier in that region of the root. Furthermore, the ectopic lignin-like material deposited in the corners of myb36 endodermal cells is not able to form an effective barrier to apoplastic transport. However, the diffusional barrier in myb36 is recovered in the more mature region of the root, where suberin is normally deposited in wild-type (1).. Similar to esb1-1 and casp1;casp3 (4), the myb36 mutants ...
https://www.pnas.org/content/112/33/10533
Trichome - WikipediaTrichome - Wikipedia
Both trichomes and root hairs, the rhizoids of many vascular plants, are lateral outgrowths of a single cell of the epidermal layer. Root hairs form from trichoblasts, the hair-forming cells on the epidermis of a plant root. Root hairs vary between 5 and 17 micrometres in diameter, and 80 to 1,500 micrometres in length (Dittmar, cited in Esau, 1965). Root hairs can survive for two to three weeks and then die off. At the same time new root hairs are continually being formed at the top of the root. This way, the root hair coverage stays the same. It is therefore understandable that repotting must be done with care, because the root hairs are being pulled off for the most part. This is why planting out may cause plants to wilt. The genetic control of patterning of trichomes and roots hairs shares similar control mechanisms. Both processes involve a core of related transcription factors that control the initiation and development of the epidermal outgrowth. Activation of genes that encode specific ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichome
Trichome - WikipediaTrichome - Wikipedia
Both trichomes and root hairs, the rhizoids of many vascular plants, are lateral outgrowths of a single cell of the epidermal layer. Root hairs form from trichoblasts, the hair-forming cells on the epidermis of a plant root. Root hairs vary between 5 and 17 micrometres in diameter, and 80 to 1,500 micrometres in length (Dittmar, cited in Esau, 1965). Root hairs can survive for two to three weeks and then die off. At the same time new root hairs are continually being formed at the top of the root. This way, the root hair coverage stays the same. It is therefore understandable that repotting must be done with care, because the root hairs are being pulled off for the most part. This is why planting out may cause plants to wilt. The genetic control of patterning of trichomes and roots hairs shares similar control mechanisms. Both processes involve a core of related transcription factors that control the initiation and development of the epidermal outgrowth. Activation of genes that encode specific ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichomes
Tomato root transcriptome response to a nitrogen-enriched soil patch | BMC Plant Biology | Full TextTomato root transcriptome response to a nitrogen-enriched soil patch | BMC Plant Biology | Full Text
Nitrogen (N), the primary limiting factor for plant growth and yield in agriculture, has a patchy distribution in soils due to fertilizer application or decomposing organic matter. Studies in solution culture over-simplify the complex soil environment where microbial competition and spatial and temporal heterogeneity challenge roots ability to acquire adequate amounts of nutrients required for plant growth. In this study, various ammonium treatments (as 15N) were applied to a discrete volume of soil containing tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) roots to simulate encounters with a localized enriched patch of soil. Transcriptome analysis was used to identify genes differentially expressed in roots 53 hrs after treatment. The ammonium treatments resulted in significantly higher concentrations of both ammonium and nitrate in the patch soil. The plant roots and shoots exhibited increased levels of 15N over time, indicating a sustained response to the enriched environment. Root transcriptome analysis identified
https://bmcplantbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2229-10-75
New Roots Essence by New Roots Herbal | Removes Accumulated Waste Products via Kidneys, Skin, and Mucous Membranes (500 ml) |...New Roots Essence by New Roots Herbal | Removes Accumulated Waste Products via Kidneys, Skin, and Mucous Membranes (500 ml) |...
Formulated with nine wild-crafted traditional botanicals, New Roots Essence promotes the elimination of accumulated toxins through the kidneys, skin, and mucous membranes. Nutrient-rich burdock root serves as the botanical backbone of New Roots Essence with its potent ant... Where can I buy New Roots Essence
https://newrootsherbal.com/product/id/1977
General Hydroponics: EuroGrower - 8 Pots Complete [eco-4746-2] - Hydroponic Systems - Grow Systems - Gardening & Hydroponics...General Hydroponics: EuroGrower - 8 Pots Complete [eco-4746-2] - Hydroponic Systems - Grow Systems - Gardening & Hydroponics...
General Hydroponics EuroGrower - 8 Pots Complete EuroGrower - 8 Pots Complete (eco-4746-2) EuroGrower - 8 Pots Complete The new EuroGrower from General Hydroponics is the ideal system for someone new to gardening. The EuroGrower provides users with a simple, elegant approach to home hydroponics. The heart of the EuroGrower is our custom designed 40-gallon Panda reservoir, which is more than adequate for its eight 2-gallon buckets. Growers can use the EuroGrower virtually anywhere. The EuroGrower comes complete with Flora Series nutrients, which are currently the industry standard. EuroGrower General Hydroponics EuroGrower - Drip Hydroponic System - The new EuroGrower from General Hydroponics is the ideal system for someone new to gardening. The EuroGrower provides users with a simple, yet elegant approach to home hydroponics. The heart of the EuroGrower is our custom designed 40-gallon Panda reservoir, which is more than adequate for its eight 2-gallon buckets. Whether using a soil or soil-less medium,
http://www.horticulturesource.com/complete-hydroponics-aeroponics-soil-grow-systems-parts-trays-reservoirs-etc--c29/complete-hydroponic-systems-parts-ebb-flow-drip-feed-etc--s54/general-hydroponics-eurogrower-8-pots-complete-p8039/
Structure and Functioning of Cluster Roots and Plant Responses to Phosphate Deficiency: Edited By: Hans Lambers and Pieter...Structure and Functioning of Cluster Roots and Plant Responses to Phosphate Deficiency: Edited By: Hans Lambers and Pieter...
Buy Structure and Functioning of Cluster Roots and Plant Responses to Phosphate Deficiency (9781402004346): NHBS - Edited By: Hans Lambers and Pieter Poot, Kluwer Academic Publishers
https://www.nhbs.com/structure-and-functioning-of-cluster-roots-and-plant-responses-to-phosphate-deficiency-book
Multiple genomic regions influence root morphology and seedling growth in cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under...Multiple genomic regions influence root morphology and seedling growth in cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under...
With climate change and an ever-increasing human population threatening food security, developing a better understanding of the genetic basis of crop performance under stressful conditions has become increasingly important. Here, we used genome-wide association studies to genetically dissect variation in seedling growth traits in cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under well-watered and water-limited (i.e., osmotic stress) conditions, with a particular focus on root morphology. Water limitation reduced seedling size and produced a shift toward deeper rooting. These effects varied across genotypes, and we identified 13 genomic regions that were associated with traits of interest across the two environments. These regions varied in size from a single marker to 186.2 Mbp and harbored numerous genes, some of which are known to be involved in the plant growth/development as well as the response to osmotic stress. In many cases, these associations corresponded to growth traits where the common allele
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0204279
The right-handed slanting of Arabidopsis thaliana roots is due to the combined effects of positive gravitropism, circumnutation...
When primary Arabidopsis roots grow down a tilted agar plate, they do not elongate following the gravitational vector along a straight line, but instead they slant noticeably to the right-hand. This process is seen mostly in the ecotypes Wassilewskji
http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/right-handed-slanting-Arabidopsis-thaliana/12124179.html
Scarecrow in other media - WikipediaScarecrow in other media - Wikipedia
Scarecrow appears in Batman: Arkham Knight. Seeking revenge on Batman, Scarecrow re-emerges in Gotham City two years after being attacked by Killer Croc in Arkham Asylum. Scarecrows appearance has changed drastically following his encounter with Killer Croc, with Scarecrow now sporting a leg brace and having his gas mask now permanently grafted on his face. Scarecrow joins forces with a man known only as the Arkham Knight, a paramilitary commander who commands a militia that answers only to him and Scarecrow. In his latest campaign against Gotham, Scarecrow unites all of Gothams criminals in an attempt to finally kill Batman. At the beginning of the game, Scarecrow threatens to release his new strain of fear toxin on the streets of Gotham, resulting in the evacuation of most of the citys civilian population. The Arkham Knights militia then conquers Gotham, preventing the authorities from interfering with Scarecrows plan. Batman soon discovers that Scarecrows new fear gas is being ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarecrow_in_other_media
Eating For Aluminum Toxicity | ImWithoutStressEating For Aluminum Toxicity | ImWithoutStress
A Natural Approach To Health Eating For Aluminum Toxicity We had a question the other day about aluminum toxicity. Aluminum isnt a heavy metal
https://imwithoutstress.taylortransformation.com/eating-for-aluminum-toxicity/
Equilibrium and Ion Exchange Characteristics of Potassium and Sodium Accumulation by Barley Roots | JGPEquilibrium and Ion Exchange Characteristics of Potassium and Sodium Accumulation by Barley Roots | JGP
Potassium ion and Na+ influx and efflux rates into and from excised barley roots are compared with the maximum capacity of accumulation. Potassium ion and Na+ influx and efflux involve a cation exchange that is independent of simultaneous exchange of the accompanying anion. These exchange fluxes depend on the concentration and cation composition of the solutions from which they originate. Selective differences between K+ and Na+ fluxes are sufficient to account for a cationic distribution within the roots that differs markedly from that of the external solution and that persists for extended time periods. The accumulation maximum is a cation exchange equilibrium with the cation influx and efflux rates approaching equality. The equilibrium level is independent of the individual cation fluxes and the external solution concentration. It is a finite quantity which appears to be determined by the internal anion concentration including accumulated as well as endogenous anions.. ...
http://jgp.rupress.org/content/48/4/601
adventitious root system
After wounding, nitric oxide promotes, in AR development in response to nitric oxide has been also observed in, ss [95]. controlling the localization and transcription of, 78]. Phytohormones, together with many other internal and external stimuli, coordinate and guide every step of AR formation from the first event of cell reprogramming until emergence and outgrowth. ; Benson, F.C. fic Ethylene-Insensitive Mutants in Arabidopsis. ; Black, C.R. The WUSCHEL-related homeobox gene WOX11 is, Zhao, Y.; Cheng, S.; Song, Y.; Huang, Y.; Zhou, S.; Liu, X.; Zhou, D.-X. Provide Support 3. Adventitious roots form from stem tissues, generally as a result of damage or removal of the primary root system. In addition, gene products related to gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis and signaling, auxin homeostasis, and xylem differentiation were confirmed to participate in adventitious root formation. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. All rights reserved. ; Kumari, S.; Cho, M.; Lee, S.H. which encodes an AP2/ERF ...
http://westpioneerindia.com/public-relations-vhz/adventitious-root-system-14845d
Pacific Horticulture Society | Mycorrhizal Fungi, Natures Key to Plant Survival and SuccessPacific Horticulture Society | Mycorrhizal Fungi, Natures Key to Plant Survival and Success
The word mycorrhizae comes from the Greek words for fungus and root, and refers to the symbiotic relationship that exists between plant roots and certain fungi. In natural settings, these mycorrhizal fungi are present in the soil in association with plant roots. The fungi colonize by attaching to the surface of the root (ectomycorrhizal) or to the inside of the root cells (endomycorrhizal). Then they send their filaments (called mycelium) into the surrounding soil, effectively extending the plants roots and root absorbing capacity ten to 1000 times-far beyond what the plant can do alone.3 Several miles of these ultra-fine filaments can be present in less than a thimbleful of soil. Mycorrhizae supply the water and nutrients needed by the plant for establishment and survival, and, in return, receive from the plant roots sugars and other compounds needed by the fungus. Mycorrhizae are much smaller than roots, so they can easily penetrate into smaller spaces between soil particles, where they ...
https://www.pacifichorticulture.org/articles/mycorrhizal-fungi-natures-key-to-plant-survival-and-success/
KREUZ UND QUER (KUQ) gene function during root epidermal patterning in ArabidopsisKREUZ UND QUER (KUQ) gene function during root epidermal patterning in Arabidopsis
The patterned assignment of different cell fates, shortly termed patterning, lies at the basis of growth, development and reproduction of multicellular organisms. The single-layered epidermal tissue of Arabidopsis thaliana is characterized by hair-like cellular protuberances, the root hairs and the leaf trichomes, respectively, emerging from a subset of cells. Specification of hair and non-hair cell fate occurs in a tightly controlled fashion by gene regulatory networks of overlapping components that, however, often have opposite functions in root and shoot. Moreover, the root epidermis displays organization in hair- and non-hair cell files while leaf trichomes are distributed in a regular spacing pattern over the leaf. In contrast to the shoot, assignment of a cell files fate in the root epidermis depends on the cells position with respect to the underlying root cortical cell layer, which defines cells atop the border of two cortical cells as hair- and cells atop a single cortical cell as ...
http://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:717585
Plant root exudatesPlant root exudates
... are fluids emitted through the roots of plants. These secretion influence the rhizosphere around the roots ... Plant root systems can grow to be complex due to a variety of species and microorganisms existing in a common soil. Plants have ... Root exudates are seen as key mediators in the interaction between plants and soil microbiota. Root exudates contain a wide ... This has been linked to a process known as root exudation which is a product of plants that is released from the root tips ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_root_exudates
Root invasionRoot invasion
... is the incursion of plant roots with undesirable impacts. When the roots of neighboring plants or trees invade ... periodical inspection during planting and care can allow for the discovery and removal of invading roots. As plant roots spread ... Selection of plants with root systems that will not conflict with nearby structures is the most effective method of damage ... 5% of sewer line blockage is attributed to root invasion, though reports of line breakage due to the intrusion are rare. Clay ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_invasion
Canopy rootCanopy root
This proves that plants can take in nutrients from canopy roots, supporting the idea that the canopy roots provide access to ... A canopy root, also known as an arboreal root, is a type of root that grows out of a tree branch underneath an epiphytic mat. ... Plant and Soil. 113 (1): 39-45. doi:10.1007/BF02181919. ISSN 0032-079X. (Articles with LCCN identifiers, Plant roots). ... Canopy roots have been shown to grow in response to wet, nutrient-rich media. Nadkarni induced the formation of canopy roots by ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canopy_root
Root crownRoot crown
Root-crown temperature has been found to affect plant growth and physiology in a number of ways. Root crowns need to be exposed ... A root crown, also known as the root collar or root neck, is that part of a root system from which a stem arises. Since roots ... including root-crown rot (or root-crown fungus) and a number of species of root-crown weevil. The root crown area usually ... "Root crown". v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Plant roots, All stub articles, Botany ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_crown
Dimorphic root systemDimorphic root system
A dimorphic root system is a plant root system with two distinct root forms, which are adapted to perform different functions. ... Many plants with dimorphic root systems adapt the levels of rainfall in the surrounding area, growing many surface roots when ... "Root distributions and water uptake patterns in Eucalypts and other species". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2018-12-07. v t e (Plant ... Because of their adaptability to water levels in the surrounding area, most plants with dimorphic root systems live in arid ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimorphic_root_system
Root-knot nematodeRoot-knot nematode
... larvae infect plant roots, causing the development of root-knot galls that drain the plant's photosynthate ... Root-knot nematodes are distributed worldwide, and are obligate parasites of the roots of thousands of plant species, including ... Infection of young plants may be lethal, while infection of mature plants causes decreased yield. Root-knot nematodes ( ... The root-knot disease of the peach, orange and other plants in Florida due to the work of Anguillula Bull. I.S. Bur. Ent.20.31 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root-knot_nematode
Root vegetableRoot vegetable
... s are underground plant parts eaten by humans as food. Although botany distinguishes true roots (such as taproots ... Potatoes are technically tubers, not roots, and sweet potatoes are tuberous roots. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Root ... Many root vegetables keep well in root cellars, lasting several months. This is one way of storing food for use long after ... The following list classifies root vegetables organized by their roots' anatomy. Corm Amorphophallus konjac (konjac) Colocasia ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_vegetable
Root phenotypic plasticityRoot phenotypic plasticity
Root architecture refers to the spatial configuration of a plant's root system. The root architecture plays an important role ... In particular, plants can adjust root phenotype by 1) changing their investment of biomass in shoots and roots on an individual ... Root phenotypic plasticity enables plants to adapt to an array of biotic and abiotic constraints that limit plant productivity ... Root phenotypic plasticity enables plants to adapt to an array of biotic and abiotic constraints that limit plant productivity ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_phenotypic_plasticity
Cluster rootCluster root
Cluster roots, also known as proteoid roots, are plant roots that form clusters of closely spaced short lateral rootlets. They ... Many plants with proteoid roots have economic value. Cultivated crops with proteoid roots include Lupinus and Macadamia. ... Two forms are recognised: simple cluster roots form rootlets only along a root; compound cluster roots form the primary ... "proteoid roots" in reference to the plant family in which it was known to occur. Proteoid roots are now known to occur in 27 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_root
Roots of EmpathyRoots of Empathy
... planting valuable seeds , John Wishart - Breaking News, New Brunswick, Canada". Timestranscript.canadaeast.com ... In 2008, the Canadian Assembly of First Nations passed a resolution to endorse the Roots of Empathy program. In 2017, Roots of ... Roots of Empathy is a classroom program in Toronto, Canada, where infants are taken to visit elementary schools on a regular ... UpSocial selected Roots of Empathy as the winner of its social innovation competition Accelerating Change for Social Inclusion ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roots_of_Empathy
Root barrierRoot barrier
A root barrier is an underground wall placed to block plant roots. This is often for the purpose of protecting structures or ... Root barriers are also used to separate plant roots from each other. In particular, walnut trees secrete the chemical juglone ... Root barriers can be used to protect infrastructure from damage by tree roots below. They are also moisture-proof, which can be ... other plants, but root barriers are also used to preserve soil moisture. Root barriers were developed to stop trees damaging ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_barrier
Fine rootFine root
... so fine roots are stronger than coarse roots. Absorption of water Mycorrhiza Plant nutrition Plant physiology Rhizosphere Root ... A fine root is most commonly defined as a plant root that is two millimeters or less in diameter. Fine roots may function in ... Plants often compete with surrounding plants for root space and resources. A plant's ability to compete, and strategy for ... Primarily, transport fine roots transport plant materials and support plant structure, but may also store plant materials. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_root
Hairy root cultureHairy root culture
... , also called transformed root culture, is a type of plant tissue culture that is used to study plant ... comparable or even higher than those of intact plants. Hairy root culture can also be used for regeneration of whole plants and ... ISBN 978-1-84593-678-5. Georgiev M; Pavlov A; Bley Th (2007). "Hairy root type plant in vitro systems as sources of bioactive ... Shanks JV, Morgan J (April 1999). "Plant 'hairy root' culture". Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 10 (2): 151-5. doi:10.1016/S0958-1669( ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairy_root_culture
Fibrous root systemFibrous root system
This forms a mass of fine roots, with no distinct tap root, because the embryonic root dies back while the plant is still young ... A fibrous root system is universal in monocotyledonous plants and ferns. The fibrous root systems look like a mat made out of ... A few plants with fibrous root systems: Coconut palm Grass Rosemary Fibrous roots grow fairly close to the surface of the ... Specialized Roots". CropsReview.Com. v t e (All stub articles, Soil science stubs, Soil biology, Plant roots). ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrous_root_system
Dr. Morses Indian Root PillsDr. Morse's Indian Root Pills
The Indian Root Pill plant remained in Morristown for the next ninety years. Manufacturing & distribution in Australia W.H. ... Morse's Indian Root Pills and Comstock's Worm Tablets are still manufactured and sold by the W.H. Comstock Company Pty. Ltd., ... Morse's Indian Root Pills was one of the most successful and enduring products to be manufactured and marketed in North America ... Morse's Indian Root Pills finally stabilized in 1867 when it settled solely in the hands of William Henry Comstock, and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Morse's_Indian_Root_Pills
Root mucilageRoot mucilage
... is a part of a wider secrete from plant roots known as root exudate. Plant roots secrete a variety of organic ... which are plant-specific polysaccharides within the root mucilage of plants. Plants use up to 40% of their energy secreting ... Root mucilage also helps soil to stick to roots. The purpose of this is to maintain the plant's contact with the soil so that ... Baetz, Ulrike; Martinoia, Enrico (2014-02-01). "Root exudates: the hidden part of plant defense" (PDF). Trends in Plant Science ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_mucilage
Texas root rotTexas root rot
The pathogen penetrates the host and colonize plant root tissue causing a root rot. This results in the first symptoms of the ... Texas root rot (also known as Phymatotrichopsis root rot, Phymatotrichum root rot, cotton root rot, or, in the older literature ... "Cotton Root Rot , Texas Plant Disease Handbook". plantdiseasehandbook.tamu.edu. Retrieved 2020-12-09. Cotton (Texas) Root Rot ... omnivora enters the plant host via the roots. It penetrates the host by growing infectious hyphae that cover the host plant ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_root_rot
Rumex confertusRumex confertus
Raw, DEANE in Edible; Grain/Nuts/Seeds; Herb, Greens/Pot; Medicinal; Uses, Plant; plants; Roots/Tubers/Corms; Vegetable (2012- ... "Plants Profile for Rumex confertus (Asiatic dock)". plants.usda.gov. Retrieved 2019-10-10. v t e (Articles with short ... Rumex confertus (Russian dock) is a flowering plant species in the family Polygonaceae. It grows quickly, reproduces from ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumex_confertus
Root capRoot cap
The root cap is a type of tissue at the tip of a plant root. It is also called calyptra. Root caps contain statocytes which are ... The root cap is absent in some parasitic plants: 138 and some aquatic plants, in which a sac-like structure called the root ... The root cap protects the growing tip in plants. It secretes mucilage to ease the movement of the root through soil, and may ... The purpose of the root cap is to enable downward growth of the root, with the root cap covering the sensitive tissue in the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_cap
Bare rootBare root
... stock should be planted within 48 hours of receipt for optimal results. Bare rooting is often used as a method of ... Fruit tree propagation Plant propagation Division (horticulture) "Bare Root - landscaping glossary definition of bare root". ... Bare root is a technique of arboriculture whereby a plant is removed from soil in a dormant state, from which it can more ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bare_root
Winnipeg Aboriginal Film FestivalWinnipeg Aboriginal Film Festival
Randall King, "Planting roots". Winnipeg Free Press, November 20, 2014. v t e v t e (Film festivals in Winnipeg, Indigenous ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Aboriginal_Film_Festival
Annual vs. perennial plant evolutionAnnual vs. perennial plant evolution
Kell, Douglas B. (2011-09-01). "Breeding crop plants with deep roots: their role in sustainable carbon, nutrient and water ... Annual plant Perennial plant Biennial plant Life history theory Perennial grain The Land Institute Plant evolution Plant ... A plant is perennial if the birth rate of ramets exceeds their death rate. Several of the oldest known plants are clonal. Some ... Munné-Bosch, Sergi (October 2014). "Perennial Roots to Immortality". Plant Physiology. 166 (2): 720-725. doi:10.1104/pp. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_vs._perennial_plant_evolution
Log Cabin (University of Pittsburgh)Log Cabin (University of Pittsburgh)
"Log cabin plants roots". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Pittsburgh, PA. 1989-01-14. p. 17. Retrieved 2010-10-08. Starrett, Agnes ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log_Cabin_(University_of_Pittsburgh)
Buttress rootButtress root
Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Commons link is on Wikidata, Plant roots, Trees). ... Buttress roots also known as plank roots are large, wide roots on all sides of a shallowly rooted tree. Typically, they are ... The roots may intertwine with buttress roots from other trees and create an intricate mesh, which may help support trees ... When the roots spread horizontally, they are able to cover a wider area for collecting nutrients. They stay near the upper soil ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttress_root
Root noduleRoot nodule
... s are found on the roots of plants, primarily legumes, that form a symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Under ... Soybean roots. Robinia pseudoacacia nodules Close up of dissected Medicago Root nodule of the Fabaceae plants family. Fabaceae ... The propensity of these plants to develop root nodules seems to relate to their root structure. In particular, a tendency to ... Plant roots, Plant organogenesis, Fabaceae, Nitrogen cycle, Symbiosis, Oligotrophs). ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_nodule
Logan H. RootsLogan H. Roots
Roots settled in Arkansas to engage in planting and business. Upon the readmission of Arkansas to the Union, Roots was elected ... Media related to Logan Holt Roots at Wikimedia Commons Logan H. Roots at Find a Grave Works by or about Logan H. Roots at ... He is the namesake of Fort Logan H. Roots. Roots was born in Perry County, Illinois. He completed preparatory studies and ... In 1891, Roots was named the first president of the Arkansas Bankers Association. He served as president of the First National ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_H._Roots
Jewish diasporaJewish diaspora
"Planting Jewish roots in Siberia". Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS. May 24, 2004. Archived from the original on ... Cochin Jews also called Malabar Jews, are the oldest group of Jews in India, with possible roots that are claimed to date back ... В России проживает около миллиона иудеев Interfax, 26 февраля 2015 года] Study: About 1.5 Million People with Jewish Roots Live ... whose root suggests 'trouble, terror'. In these contexts it never translated any term in the original Tanakh drawn from the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora
Honolulu Museum of ArtHonolulu Museum of Art
Silicon Valley billionaires plant roots. Given the context, it seems likely that Spalding House will be sold to a foreign buyer ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Museum_of_Art
OtiorhynchusOtiorhynchus
Larvae feed on plant roots. Adults are flightless with fused elytra and feed at night on plant foliage. In many species of the ... Many species of the genus, particularly the black vine weevil (O. sulcatus) and the strawberry root weevil (O. ovatus), are ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otiorhynchus
Swarm behaviourSwarm behaviour
The primary function of plant roots is the uptake of soil nutrients, and it is this purpose which drives swarm behavior. Plants ... While he was referring to more broad observations of plant morphology, and was focused on both root and shoot behavior, recent ... After copulation, females lay the eggs on a host plant. Quality of host plant may be a factor influencing the location of ... "Swarming Behavior in Plant Roots". PLOS ONE. 7 (1): e29759. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...729759C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029759. ISSN ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarm_behaviour
List of Double the Fist episodesList of Double the Fist episodes
Womp is awarded 'Man of Fist' for the second time in a row, and Steve finishes Cook by planting his own Fistworthy flag in the ... Steve decides that comfort is the root of all weakness, so he designs a collection of fistworthy furniture (which offers pain ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Double_the_Fist_episodes
Borshchiv RaionBorshchiv Raion
The name comes from the Slavic root "Kapusta" (cabbage). There used to be a Rus settlement here and there was also a medieval ... are planted with 400-year-old trees. Bilche Zolote is located some 16 km (9.9 mi) west of Borshchiv. The village is known for a ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borshchiv_Raion
List of food additivesList of food additives
Mustard plant - Mustard seed - Natamycin - preservative Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone - artificial sweetener Niacin (vitamin B3 ... Chalk - color (white), anticaking agent, stabiliser Chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium) - Chicory - Chicory Root Extract - High in ... Note that amaranth dye is unrelated to the amaranth plant Amaranth oil - high in squalene and unsaturated fatty acids - used in ... Galangal root - Galbanum oil - Gallic acid - Gamma-tocopherol(synthetic) - antioxidant Garam masala - Garlic extract - Garlic ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_food_additives
List of New York City parksList of New York City parks
Barretto Point Park Bill Rainey Park Claremont Park Concrete Plant Park Crotona Park Estella Diggs Park Grant Park Hunts Point ... Amundsen Circle Annadale Green Arbutus Woods Park Arden Woods Alice Austen House Barrett Park Bayview Terrace Park Blood Root ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_parks
Lane SeminaryLane Seminary
... scion of a wealthy planting family. Up from Alabama journeyed two others of Weld's disciples, the sons of the Rev. Dr. Allan. ... cut up these white objections by the roots, and withered and scorched them under the sun of sarcastic argumentation, for nearly ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lane_Seminary
Securigera variaSecurigera varia
"Securigera varia", The Plant List, retrieved 2014-10-27 USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Securigera varia". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda ... Its deep, tenacious, complex root system and thick, fern-like leaves provide excellent erosion control where it is used as a ... Moyer, BG; Gustine, DL (1984). "Regeneration of Coronilla varia L. (crownvetch) plants from callus culture". Journal of Plant ... Crownvetch is a tough, aggressive spreading plant that will crowd out its neighbors in a show garden but is well suited to a ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securigera_varia
MangelwurzelMangelwurzel
Animals are known to thrive upon this plant; both its leaves and roots provide a nutritious food. George Henderson, a 20th- ... Grown in well-dug, well-composted soil and watered regularly, the roots become tender, juicy, and flavourful. The roots are ... root of scarcity, is a cultivated root vegetable. It is a variety of Beta vulgaris, the same species that also contains the red ... Both leaves and roots may be eaten. Leaves can be lightly steamed for salads or lightly boiled as a vegetable if treated like ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangelwurzel
Naval storesNaval stores
... where Napoleon encouraged planting of pines in areas of sand dunes. In the 1920s the United States exported eleven million ... solvent extraction of shredded stumps and roots has become more common with the availability of inexpensive naphtha. Rosin ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_stores
Beaver damBeaver dam
As the wetland fills up with plant debris and dries out, pasture species colonize it and the wetland may eventually become a ... encouraging the growth of adventitious roots. Finally the meadow will be colonized by riverine trees, typically aspens, willows ... Then sticks, bark (from deciduous trees), rocks, mud, grass, leaves, masses of plants, and anything else available are used to ... By stimulating the growth of species of plants that are critical to populations of songbirds in decline, beaver dams help ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_dam
BawanaBawana
A 1500 MW natural gas power plant is also in construction in the area. A 20 MGD water treatment plant has also been set up in ... Delhi traces its lost rural roots, The Times of India, 9 January 2011. "Wikimapia - Let's describe the whole world!". " ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawana
Haven (TV series)Haven (TV series)
The plot of "Roots", inspired by "Weeds" (1976). "Haven Stephen King References: Roots". Syfy. Retrieved September 12, 2011. ... or plants that start killing people. It is noted on the Syfy site that "It is a particular favorite Stephen King book for the ... Roots, Kimberly (August 18, 2015). "Haven Cancelled at Syfy". TVLine. Retrieved August 19, 2015. "WWE: Edge to Join Cast of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haven_(TV_series)
Labovë e MadheLabovë e Madhe
The root word of the toponym might denote the following: a Lab, an inhabitant of Labëria, the proto-Slavic *lap' for "leaf", or ... Bulgarian words for plants like lop (petasites), lopen (verbascum), lopuh (arctium tomentosum). The proto-Slavic reflex a in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labovë_e_Madhe
Silver gullSilver gull
The nest is located on the ground and consists of seaweed, roots, and plant stems. The nests may be found in low shrubs, rocks ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_gull
Geogenanthus poeppigiiGeogenanthus poeppigii
Plant Encyclopedia "Seersucker Plant". Plant Encyclopedia. 11 March 2011. Faden, R. B. (1981). "Peperomia peoppigii Miq.; A ... Roots of Geogenanthus are tuberous and they penetrate the soil, which makes the genus different from its close relatives. ... The surface as a whole has a "puckered" appearance; hence the common name seersucker plant. This plant is particularly unique ... The stem of the plant is covered in minute brown hairs and, underground, plants possess a short, branching rhizome. This ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geogenanthus_poeppigii
AssyriaAssyria
Motifs included plant-based patterns (rosettes and palmettes), trees and bird-headed genies. The colors used to paint the walls ... which led to the development of a national ideology more strongly rooted in their descent from ancient Assyria and a re- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria
HutteritesHutterites
The plant hired non-Hutterite staff to process the poultry for market. This plant helped to secure demand for the colonies' ... trace their roots to the Radical Reformation of the early 16th century and have formed intentional communities. The founder of ... "Turkey Plant Celebrates Grand Opening". Keloland.Com. Retrieved April 3, 2014. Tompkins, Caitlin (March 8, 2015). "Hutterites ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutterites
Khecarī mudrāKhecarī mudrā
Mallinson, James; Singleton, Mark (2017). Roots of Yoga. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-241-25304-5. OCLC 928480104. Muller-Ortega, ... well-oiled and clean blade resembling a leaf of the Snuhī plant and then cut away a hair's breadth [of the lingual frenulum] ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khecarī_mudrā
Hans Jenny (pedologist)Hans Jenny (pedologist)
Jenny, Hans, R. Overstreet, and A.D. Ayers (1939) Contact depletion of bare roots as revealed by radioactive indicators. Soil ... One notable project was his study of the Mendocino pygmy forest, a remarkable community of ericaceous and coniferous plant ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Jenny_(pedologist)
Old EnglishOld English
... verbs include strong verbs, which form the past tense by altering the root vowel, and weak verbs, which use a ... such as the Durham Plant-Name Glossary and the Laud Herbal Glossary. Old English lexicography was revived in the early modern ... root meaning bend, angle. The semantic link is the fishing hook, which is curved or bent at an angle. In any case, the Angles ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English
Vicki FunkVicki Funk
In 2010, she was awarded the Stebbins' Medal for the best publication in Plant Systematics or Plant Evolution in the period ... Weaver, Janelle (2010). "Daisy family shows its roots". Nature. Macmillan Publishers Limited. doi:10.1038/news.2010.488. ... "2018 Asa Gray Award". American Society of Plant Taxonomists. Retrieved November 24, 2018. "Honors and Awards" (PDF). The Plant ... International Plant Names Index. V.A. Funk. Public profile at Bionomia, showing samples collected and identified by Funk, and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicki_Funk
Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin
"1760-1840 Planting the Imperial Postal System in British North America", A Chronology of Canadian Postal History, National ... The Radical Enlightenments of Benjamin Franklin (1997) - fresh look at the intellectual roots of Franklin Buxbaum, M.H., ed. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin
Baytown, TexasBaytown, Texas
The plant was officially closed in July 1986, due to a poor economic climate and the decline of American steel in the 1980s. ... In the Downtown Arts District are the roots of the Baytown Public Art Program spearheaded by the City of Baytown Tourism ... Exxon-Mobil is still one of the major employers in the city and now runs over 10 plants in the area including a newly announced ... The Cedar Bayou plant, in operation since 1963, is Chevron Phillips Chemical's largest manufacturing site in the United States ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baytown,_Texas
Matt Chandler (pastor)Matt Chandler (pastor)
This view states that a person's "response to the gospel is rooted and grounded in the free and unconditional election of God ... Acts 29 Network is a partnership of church plants that has grown to over 400 churches in the United States and around the world ... "Mark Driscoll removed from the Acts 29 church planting network he helped found - The Washington Post". The Washington Post. 8 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Chandler_(pastor)
Canadair SabreCanadair Sabre
... at the root and three in. (7.2 cm) at the wing tip along with fitting a small vertical wing fence. This modification, ... a total of 1,815 CL-13 Sabres were built at the Canadair plant in Montreal. The second generation of Canadair Sabre aircraft, ... Root: NACA-0012 (11.6)-64 (Modified) / Tip: NACA-0011 (10.2)-64 (Modified) Empty weight: 10,638 lb (4,825 kg) Gross weight: ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadair_Sabre
FORECAST (model)FORECAST (model)
... and plant tissue nutrient concentrations) by relating 'biologically active' biomass components (foliage and small roots) to ... In its simplest form it can be run as a single age cohort, plant monoculture, light competition model. At the other extreme the ... plant community structure (canopy layering as a simple even-age single canopy layer or a complex multi-age, multi canopy) and ... plant physiology and growth, and the consequences of moisture competition is being added). The rates of these processes are ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FORECAST_(model)
JosephoartigasiaJosephoartigasia
... report that they ate only C3 plants, such as leaves or fruits, as opposed to C4 plants, such as grasses. The modern capybara, ... In J. magna, the P4 has a root surface area of 4.97 cm2 (0.770 sq in) and has five lophs; the first and widest is suboval with ... The incisor of J. monesi at the level of the root had a high section modulus (a measure of an object's ability to resist ... This is because they initially guessed J. monesi could not grind up tough plants due to having weak chewing muscles, on account ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephoartigasia
Nonviolent video gameNonviolent video game
Plants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare - A recent FPS, rated E10+ by the ESRB, where instead of "kill" there is "vanquish". Chex ... e.g., Below the Root or Sudoku Gridmaster) Games in which the player acts non-violently - Games where violence occurs to the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolent_video_game
Stele (disambiguation)Stele (disambiguation)
... in a vascular plant, the central part of the root or stem Stele (Kurtág), a composition for orchestra by Hungarian composer ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stele_(disambiguation)
Shatavar Vatika Herbal Park, HisarShatavar Vatika Herbal Park, Hisar
Anacyclus pyrethrum root) and Lehsunbel, etc., would be planted in the herbal garden. The park has several visitor facilities, ... The Forests Department, Haryana has planted several Ayurvedic medicinal herbs at the park including Ashvagandha (Indian Ginseng ... Anacyclus pyrethrum root) Blue Bird Lake Hisar Kanwari Indus Valley Mound at Kanwari Tosham rock inscription at Tosham Asigarh ... roots with bark Flowers of Ayurvedic Herb Shatavar (Asparagus racemosus) Brahmibooti (Centella asiatica) Chitrak (Plumbago) ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shatavar_Vatika_Herbal_Park,_Hisar
Soil gasSoil gas
Oxygen is critical because it allows for respiration of both plant roots and soil organisms. Other natural soil gases include ... Gases fill soil pores in the soil structure as water drains or is removed from a soil pore by evaporation or root absorption. ... Singh, J. S.; Gupta, S. R. (1977). "Plant decomposition and soil respiration in terrestrial ecosystems". Botanical Review. 43 ( ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_gas
Bee Houses and Invasive Plants - Roots & ShootsBee Houses and Invasive Plants - Roots & Shoots
About Roots & Shoots We are nurturing the compassionate leaders of tomorrow.. Get To Know Our Model ... The Roots & Shoots Model focuses on best-practices in Service Learning to grow compassion and action in young changemakers. ... We Believe in Youth and the People who Inspire Them…YOU! Roots & Shoots is a global movement of youth leading… ... We Believe in Youth and the People who Inspire Them…YOU! Roots & Shoots is a global movement of youth leading… ...
https://rootsandshoots.org/projects/bee-houses-and-invasive-plants/
Bulb Planting - Roots & ShootsBulb Planting - Roots & Shoots
About Roots & Shoots We are nurturing the compassionate leaders of tomorrow.. Get To Know Our Model ... The Roots & Shoots Model focuses on best-practices in Service Learning to grow compassion and action in young changemakers. ... We Believe in Youth and the People who Inspire Them…YOU! Roots & Shoots is a global movement of youth leading… ... We Believe in Youth and the People who Inspire Them…YOU! Roots & Shoots is a global movement of youth leading… ...
https://rootsandshoots.org/projects/bulb-planting/?tab=members
UNHCR - Family displaced three times plant new roots in PortugalUNHCR - Family displaced three times plant new roots in Portugal
Family displaced three times plant new roots in Portugal. Duret and his family have finally found peace in Portugal, far from ...
https://www.unhcr.org/news/stories/2017/5/58ecd5dc4/family-displaced-three-times-plant-new-roots-portugal.html
https://www.britannica.com/plant/daikonhttps://www.britannica.com/plant/daikon
... native to East Asia and cultivated for its edible white root. It can be used raw in much the same way as other radishes, and it ... The plant is usually grown as an annual and is harvested before it flowers. ... The plant is usually grown as an annual and is harvested before it flowers. The finely lobed leaves form a basal rosette that ... native to East Asia and cultivated for its edible white root. It can be used raw in much the same way as other radishes, and it ...
https://www.britannica.com/plant/daikon
Plant lab takes root in Presidios Fort ScottPlant lab takes root in Presidio's Fort Scott
Many of the plant species have never been grown in a nursery environment, so its been a learning experience, Young admitted. ... Finding the seeds and spores used in the lab is a bit of a treasure hunt, given the number of nonnative plants that have taken ... 4of5The community and education area of the new Seed and Plant Lab in the Presidio in San Francisco, Calif., on Wednesday, May ... A new state-of-the-art seed and plant lab opened Wednesday as the new home for the workers and volunteers pushing to return the ...
https://www.sfgate.com/homeandgarden/article/Plant-lab-takes-root-in-Presidio-s-Fort-Scott-3188722.php
Soon, Robotic Plants That Can Grow RootsSoon, Robotic Plants That Can Grow Roots
... thanks to Italian researchers who are developing a system that mimics the behaviour of roots. ... "The mock-ups and prototypes weve developed aim to validate some of the functions and features of plant roots," said Mazzolai. ... Researchers unveiled a project called PLANTOID to build a machine that grows roots - just like a plant does. ... In addition to mimicking a single root, researchers are also looking at how roots interact with each other, coordinating their ...
https://www.indiatimes.com/technology/science/soon-robotic-plants-that-can-grow-roots-94825.html
Planting RootsPlanting Roots
When Marilyn Maywald dances, its hard to imagine her doing anything else. Whether tracing fine lines in space, as she does in the work of Beth Gill, or ambling through Vicky Shicks whimsical worlds, she gives her whole self over to the present moment. Her steady focus seems to reach so deeply inward that it doubles back on itself: radiating outward, drawing the audience in.
https://www.dancemagazine.com/your_career_planting_roots/
Live Plants, Bare Roots, and Tubers for Spring PlantingLive Plants, Bare Roots, and Tubers for Spring Planting
Home / Live Plants, Bare Roots, and Tubers for Spring Planting / Page 1 of 5 ...
https://www.superseeds.com/collections/plants-bulbs
iSCSI Plants Roots In The Global 2000 - Info Stor®iSCSI Plants Roots In The Global 2000 - Info Stor®
Though iSCSI is far from being the dominant SAN technology for large data centers, it is finding roots in several areas of the ...
https://www.infostor.com/index/articles/display/2767168574/s-articles/s-infostor/s-san/s-iscsi-ip_sans/s-iscsi_plants_roots_in_the_global_2000.html
Amazon.com: Root Farm All-Purpose Supplement - Liquid Nutrient for Hydroponic Plants, 32oz : Everything ElseAmazon.com: Root Farm All-Purpose Supplement - Liquid Nutrient for Hydroponic Plants, 32oz : Everything Else
Liquid Nutrient for Hydroponic Plants, 32oz: Everything Else - Amazon.com ✓ FREE DELIVERY possible on eligible purchases ... like Root Farm Hydro Garden System, or with soilless growing media like Root Farm Hydro Garden Potting Mix or Root Farm Hydro ... Root farm actually found one of my videos where my plants werent doing so well and gave me a very helpful tip! ... Root farm actually found one of my videos where my plants werent doing so well and gave me a very helpful tip! ...
https://www.amazon.com/Root-Farm-N-All-Purpose-Supplement/dp/B075MXVDMQ
10 Tender Plants To Root In Water Before Winter10 Tender Plants To Root In Water Before Winter
Heres a list of easy-to-root plants that may not be winter-hardy where you live. Follow our guide to give yourself the best ... 10 Tender Plants To Root In Water Before Winter. Save these favorites from the freezing cold.. By Steve Bender. ... No matter which, theres an easy way to save a tender plant from a killing frost so you can enjoy it again next year: Root a ... Few plants root as easily in water or soil. Its related to Purple Heart, but is not quite as cold-hardy. ...
https://www.southernliving.com/garden/plants/plants-to-root-in-water-for-winter
Sanguinaria canadensis Blood Root, Red Puccoon, Bloodroot PFAF Plant DatabaseSanguinaria canadensis Blood Root, Red Puccoon, Bloodroot PFAF Plant Database
Plant Uses. Edible Uses Medicinal Uses Other Plant uses Woodland Gardening. Why Perennial Plants?. Top Edible Plants. Top ... Plants For A Future can not take any responsibility for any adverse effects from the use of plants. Always seek advice from a ... An infusion of the root or the sap of the fresh root is used[207]. The root can be harvested in the autumn, dried and stored ... Division in August after the leaves die down[1], or in early spring[111]. The plant has brittle roots and so should be handled ...
https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sanguinaria+canadensis
Vegetable Plant Propagation - How To Root Vegetable CuttingsVegetable Plant Propagation - How To Root Vegetable Cuttings
... you probably picture planting seeds or transplanting seedlings. But theres a third option: growing veggies from cuttings. Find ... How to Root Vegetable Cuttings. Not all plants work with this propagation method. When you practice how to root vegetable ... This unusual method of vegetable plant propagation works by taking cuttings from the best plants in your garden and rooting ... In most cases, you can grow from a bare cutting to a rooted plant ready to go in the ground in just 10 to 14 days. ...
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/vgen/growing-veggies-from-cuttings.htm
Host genotype and age shape the leaf and root microbiomes of a wild perennial plant | Nature CommunicationsHost genotype and age shape the leaf and root microbiomes of a wild perennial plant | Nature Communications
Laboratory-based studies of the effect of plant genotype on plant microbiome composition often do not consider the influence of ... Host genetic control of the microbiome is evident in leaves but not roots, and varies substantially among sites. Microbiome ... composition also shifts as plants age. Furthermore, a large proportion of leaf bacterial groups are shared with roots, ... so the extent of a plants genetic control over its microbiota is of great interest to crop breeders and evolutionary ...
https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms12151?error=cookies_not_supported&code=4b2db4dd-dc7b-42d3-a32e-0674d5940ae4
Roots of Change: One Tree Planted Leads Teams & Leagues Toward Sustainable FutureRoots of Change: One Tree Planted Leads Teams & Leagues Toward Sustainable Future
... ... When the San Jose Sharks partnered with One Tree Planted on a campaign to plant 100 trees for every stick the Sharks broke on ... ABOVE: One Tree Planteds Chris Dickerson awards the Oakland As Tony Kemp with the golden shovel for planting the most trees ... Part of what makes One Tree Planted a unique sustainability partner is that the trees the organization plants become part of ...
https://www.sportsbusinessjournal.com/Native/One-Tree-Planted/May/2022.aspx
Determination of Energetic and Geometric Properties of Plant Roots Specific Surface from Adsorption/Desorption IshotermDetermination of Energetic and Geometric Properties of Plant Roots Specific Surface from Adsorption/Desorption Ishoterm
... as well as for study and model plant processes. Physicochemical and geometrical properties of plant roots differ from these of ... This approach was up to date practically not applied to study plant roots. Methods: Simplest tools of theoretical analysis of ... Some possible applications of root surface parameters to study plant-soil interactions are outlined. Conclusions: ... The aim of this paper is to present theoretical approach for calculating roots surface parameters as adsorption energy, ...
https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=35336
Water Gel Granules Absorb Water And Stored Water Is Available To Release Gradually To Plant Roots As Needed Gives Healthier...Water Gel Granules Absorb Water And Stored Water Is Available To Release Gradually To Plant Roots As Needed Gives Healthier...
Download this Water Gel Granules Absorb Water And Stored Water Is Available To Release Gradually To Plant Roots As Needed Gives ... iStockWater Gel Granules Absorb Water And Stored Water Is Available To Release Gradually To Plant Roots As Needed Gives ... Download this Water Gel Granules Absorb Water And Stored Water Is Available To Release Gradually To Plant Roots As Needed Gives ... Water gel granules absorb water and stored water is available to release gradually to plant roots as needed gives healthier ...
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/water-gel-granules-absorb-water-and-stored-water-is-available-to-release-gradually-gm1143494627-307104589
above substrate roots | Aquatic Plant Forumabove substrate roots | Aquatic Plant Forum
long (2.75 watts/gal, DIY CO2, KH = 6.5) tank that was set up a few months ago - my first high light planted tank. I dose ... These roots can be unsightly, they can be trimmed off or another plant can be planted in front to hide these roots.. The stems ... IME many stem plants will develop above substrate air roots until they get a firmly established under-substrate root system. ... I was already planning on planting a smaller plant in front to hide these roots. I was afraid to trim them .. . since theyre ...
https://www.aquaticplantcentral.com/threads/above-substrate-roots.5286/
California Poppy Flowering Plant With Roots Whole Fresh - Certified OrganicCalifornia Poppy Flowering Plant With Roots Whole Fresh - Certified Organic
... Order by Phone Only ($50 min does not apply) OG= ...
https://www.pacificbotanicals.com/store/California-Poppy1.html
Stories About Root Control | Treatment Plant OperatorStories About Root Control | Treatment Plant Operator
Treatment Plant Operator, a magazine for wastewater and water operators, engineers and lab technicians, covers municipal and ...
https://www.tpomag.com/tags/root-control
How to Store Veggies Without a Root Cellar - Bonnie PlantsHow to Store Veggies Without a Root Cellar - Bonnie Plants
You dont need a root cellar to store veggies for the winter. Find out how and where to store different veggies in your home so ... In the garden, use this oregano as an edging plant. Plants spread when happy, rooting along the stems. Harvest leaves or stems ... "Plant" the roots in a plastic grocery bag filled with a handful of damp soil, then tie the bag tightly around the cabbage stalk ... The key to growing rosemary is a well-drained soil that stays evenly moist at first; as the plant takes root it becomes ...
https://bonnieplants.com/blogs/garden-fundamentals/store-veggies-without-root-cellar/
Biology Monday Seminar: Long-Distance Shoot-to-Root Signaling of Iron Deficiency in Plants | Seminars & Events | Amherst...Biology Monday Seminar: 'Long-Distance Shoot-to-Root Signaling of Iron Deficiency in Plants' | Seminars & Events | Amherst...
BiologyBiology Monday Seminar: Long-Distance Shoot-to-Root Signaling of Iron Deficiency in Plants. Skip to Main Content ... Biology Monday Seminar: Long-Distance Shoot-to-Root Signaling of Iron Deficiency in Plants ... "Long-Distance Shoot-to-Root Signaling of Iron Deficiency in Plants.". The Walker lab aims to discover novel mechanisms that ... proteins are required in the leaves of plants in order for those leaves to send correct signals of iron deficiency to the roots ...
https://www.amherst.edu/academiclife/departments/biology/seminars/node/725965?destination=mm/16181%3Fmm_calendar%3Dlist/2018-11
Scientists unravel root cause of plant twists and turns | Cornell ChronicleScientists unravel root cause of plant twists and turns | Cornell Chronicle
Provided Time lapse video of the front view of a Medicago root growing on an inclined plane within a gel. ... Plant roots have gravity sensors in each cell at the roots tip, which are comprised of dense particles called "statoliths" ... To that end, Cornell University physicists and Boyce Thompson Institute plant biologists have uncovered a valuable plant root ... Scientists unravel root cause of plant twists and turns By Blaine Friedlander September 28, 2015. Provided ...
https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2015/09/scientists-unravel-root-cause-plant-twists-and-turns
Free Corn Plant Roots Image: Browse 1000s of PicsFree Corn Plant Roots Image: Browse 1000s of Pics
This free stock photo is also about: Fall, Corn, Roots, Autumn, Harvest, and Cornfield. ... Corn Plant Roots Photo. The unique roots of a corn plant in a farmers field. ...
https://burst.shopify.com/photos/corn-plant-roots
06 Live trees and other plants; bulbs, roots and the like; cut flowers and ornamental foliage: Portugal06 Live trees and other plants; bulbs, roots and the like; cut flowers and ornamental foliage: Portugal
Roadblock to Nutrient Selection and Harmful Microorganisms in Plant Roots- Crop Biotech Update (June 3, 2011) | Crop Biotech...
Plants absorb water and nutrients from its roots. Amazingly, they are able to filter nutrients from the soil and protect itself ... Roadblock to Nutrient Selection and Harmful Microorganisms in Plant Roots. *Europe Should Change Agricultural Policies, Says ... Roadblock to Nutrient Selection and Harmful Microorganisms in Plant Roots. June 3, 2011 ... In other words, how plants feed themselves." This new knowledge can be a prelude to a cascade of research to improve the uptake ...
https://www.isaaa.org/kc/cropbiotechupdate/article/default.asp?ID=7911
Hormodin 1 Rooting Compound 1lb Container for Roses, Home Garden, Greenhouse PlantsHormodin 1 Rooting Compound 1lb Container for Roses, Home Garden, Greenhouse Plants
... effective rooting compound you can buy! Over the years, thousands of nurserymen and gardeners have come to rely on Hormodin as ... one of the most dependable rooting compounds availab ... Rooting Hormone * Hormodin 1 Rooting Compound 1lb Container for ... Youre reviewing:Hormodin 1 Rooting Compound 1lb Container for Roses, Home Garden, Greenhouse Plants. Your Rating. Rating. 1 ... Hormodin 1 Rooting Compound 1lb Container for Roses, Home Garden, Greenhouse Plants. ...
https://www.amleo.com/hormodin-1-rooting-compound-1lb-container-for-roses-home-garden-greenhouse-plants/p/HOR1
Man Nearly Murdered For Using A Plant Gets Paltry Compensation | Strike-The-Root: A Journal Of LibertyMan Nearly Murdered For Using A Plant Gets Paltry Compensation | Strike-The-Root: A Journal Of Liberty
Betton was raided by a multi-jurisdictional narcotics task force after a police informant bought $50 worth of marijuana from him two times. The police broke down Bettons door with a battering ram, then fired at least 57 bullets at him, hitting him nine times.. ...
http://www.strike-the-root.com/man-nearly-murdered-for-using-plant-gets-paltry-compensation?mini=calendar%2F2022-11
Life sciences/Plant sciences/Plant development/Plant growth/Root growth | American Association for the Advancement of ScienceLife sciences/Plant sciences/Plant development/Plant growth/Root growth | American Association for the Advancement of Science
Science: Planting Both GM and Unmodified Crops Pays Off Genetically modified (GM) corn plants can reduce damage to other ... neighboring, unmodified crops too-and farmers who plant both types of crops are experiencing the economic benefits, researchers ...
https://www.aaas.org/disciplines/life-sciences/plant-sciences/plant-development/plant-growth/root-growth
Planting New Roots in Carolina Farm Credit 2022-06-02 | Carolina Farm CreditPlanting New Roots in Carolina Farm Credit 2022-06-02 | Carolina Farm Credit
Planting New Roots in Carolina Farm Credit. Hello, everyone! My name is Alyson Biddix, and I am a Summer Loan Officer Intern in ... Planting New Roots in Carolina Farm Credit ...
https://carolinafarmcredit.com/blog/planting-new-roots-carolina-farm-credit

No FAQ available that match "plant roots"

Roots of Wisdom: Mid-season a good time to plant new crop
Roots of Wisdom: Mid-season a good time to plant new crop (hollandsentinel.com)
Investigation of fungal root colonizers of the invasive plant Vincetoxicum rossicum and co-occurring local native plants in a...
Investigation of fungal root colonizers of the invasive plant Vincetoxicum rossicum and co-occurring local native plants in a... (natureconservation.pensoft.net)
Philodendron 'Painted Lady' | Rooted Plant Co.
Philodendron 'Painted Lady' | Rooted Plant Co. (rootedplantco.com)
Kora Rattan Table | Rooted Plant Co.
Kora Rattan Table | Rooted Plant Co. (rootedplantco.com)
Sweetwater neighborhood in Apex | Rooted Plant Supply
Sweetwater neighborhood in Apex | Rooted Plant Supply (rootedplantsupply.com)
Cissus Rhombifolia - Grape Ivy | Rooted Plant Co.
Cissus Rhombifolia - Grape Ivy | Rooted Plant Co. (rootedplantco.com)
Scindapsus Pictus 'Jade Satin' | Rooted Plant Co.
Scindapsus Pictus 'Jade Satin' | Rooted Plant Co. (rootedplantco.com)
Shedding new light on leaf formation - The University of Nottingham
Shedding new light on leaf formation - The University of Nottingham (nottingham.ac.uk)
Elon University / Today at Elon / Students celebrate African roots at Donning of the Kente
Elon University / Today at Elon / Students celebrate African roots at Donning of the Kente (elon.edu)
Little bird wall planter | Root Bound Plant Shop
Little bird wall planter | Root Bound Plant Shop (rootbound.ca)
Not Coffee - Lake & Oat | Rooted Plant Based Eating
Not Coffee - Lake & Oat | Rooted Plant Based Eating (rootedmidland.ca)
Man Nearly Murdered For Using A Plant Gets Paltry Compensation | Strike-The-Root: A Journal Of Liberty
Man Nearly Murdered For Using A Plant Gets Paltry Compensation | Strike-The-Root: A Journal Of Liberty (strike-the-root.com)
Expand Your Horizons with the Lantana Plant | Properly Rooted
Expand Your Horizons with the Lantana Plant | Properly Rooted (properlyrooted.com)
African Mask alocasia 4 inch | Root Bound Plant Shop
African Mask alocasia 4 inch | Root Bound Plant Shop (rootbound.ca)
Plant a tree | Metro
Plant a tree | Metro (oregonmetro.gov)
News Flash • Marietta, GA • CivicEngage
News Flash • Marietta, GA • CivicEngage (mariettaga.gov)
Jade Plant Growing Aerial Roots (Tips to Deal with Them) - Garden For Indoor
Jade Plant Growing Aerial Roots (Tips to Deal with Them) - Garden For Indoor (gardenforindoor.com)
Eyelashdance™ Lowest price! Only $3.9 each! !Plant Root Growing Box
Eyelashdance™ Lowest price! Only $3.9 each! !Plant Root Growing Box (eyelashdance.com)
Lorde Archives - Chicago Reader
Lorde Archives - Chicago Reader (chicagoreader.com)
PrettyInGreenPlants - Etsy
PrettyInGreenPlants - Etsy (etsy.com)
Sprout and About Large planter BLU 7 inch | Root Bound Plant Shop
Sprout and About Large planter BLU 7 inch | Root Bound Plant Shop (rootbound.ca)
Happy Holidaze Fall Blanket l Mexican Blanket l Throw | Rooted Plant Co.
Happy Holidaze Fall Blanket l Mexican Blanket l Throw | Rooted Plant Co. (rootedplantco.com)
Plant Therapy: Ginger Root CO2 10 ml | Earth Blossoms Inc. DBA Earthpothecary
Plant Therapy: Ginger Root CO2 10 ml | Earth Blossoms Inc. DBA Earthpothecary (earthpothecary.com)
Horticulture Source - Page 3 - Hydroponic Gardening Marketplace
Horticulture Source - Page 3 - Hydroponic Gardening Marketplace (horticulturesource.com)
Book Excerpts - Truthdig
Book Excerpts - Truthdig (truthdig.com)
News and Media | Page 38 | OU Law
News and Media | Page 38 | OU Law (law.ou.edu)
PDF] A global analysis of root distributions for terrestrial biomes | Semantic Scholar
PDF] A global analysis of root distributions for terrestrial biomes | Semantic Scholar (semanticscholar.org)
New In
New In (iwantoneofthose.com)
6 Trendy Plant Products to Try Now
6 Trendy Plant Products to Try Now (thespruce.com)
Sound:Tracks - Concerts Archives - cphdox
Sound:Tracks - Concerts Archives - cphdox (cphdox.dk)
Ground Culinary Photos Stock Photos, Pictures & Royalty-Free Images - iStock
Ground Culinary Photos Stock Photos, Pictures & Royalty-Free Images - iStock (istockphoto.com)