Plant growth regulators. Medical search

Any of the hormones produced naturally in plants and active in controlling growth and other functions. There are three primary classes: auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins.

Compounds that differ from COUMARINS in having the positions of the ring and ketone oxygens reversed so the keto oxygen is at the 1-position of the molecule.

The usually underground portions of a plant that serve as support, store food, and through which water and mineral nutrients enter the plant. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982; Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

Yellow discoloration of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA in the NEWBORN. It is a sign of NEONATAL HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Most cases are transient self-limiting (PHYSIOLOGICAL NEONATAL JAUNDICE) occurring in the first week of life, but some can be a sign of pathological disorders, particularly LIVER DISEASES.

Plant hormones that promote the separation of daughter cells after mitotic division of a parent cell. Frequently they are purine derivatives.

Acetic acid derivatives of the heterocyclic compound indole. (Merck Index, 11th ed)

Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including HYDROCEPHALUS; BRAIN EDEMA; intracranial masses; severe systemic HYPERTENSION; PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI; and other disorders.

Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.

A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.

A class of plant growth hormone isolated from cultures of Gibberella fujikuroi, a fungus causing Bakanae disease in rice. There are many different members of the family as well as mixtures of multiple members; all are diterpenoid acids based on the gibberellane skeleton.

PLANTS, or their progeny, whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in plants.

Proteins that originate from plants species belonging to the genus ARABIDOPSIS. The most intensely studied species of Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis thaliana, is commonly used in laboratory experiments.

Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.

An insect growth regulator which interferes with the formation of the insect cuticle. It is effective in the control of mosquitoes and flies.

Juvenile hormone analog and insect growth regulator used to control insects by disrupting metamorphosis. Has been effective in controlling mosquito larvae.

The functional hereditary units of PLANTS.

An integrin alpha subunit that binds COLLAGEN and LAMININ though its I domain. It combines with INTEGRIN BETA1 to form the heterodimer INTEGRIN ALPHA1BETA1.

Compounds, either natural or synthetic, which block development of the growing insect.

A furanyl adenine found in PLANTS and FUNGI. It has plant growth regulation effects.

Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of plants.

Fibrous, bony, cartilaginous and osteocartilaginous fragments in a synovial joint. Major causes are osteochondritis dissecans, synovial chondromatosis, osteophytes, fractured articular surfaces and damaged menisci.

Very young plant after GERMINATION of SEEDS.

Plants whose roots, leaves, seeds, bark, or other constituent parts possess therapeutic, tonic, purgative, curative or other pharmacologic attributes, when administered to man or animals.

Basic functional unit of plants.

The encapsulated embryos of flowering plants. They are used as is or for animal feed because of the high content of concentrated nutrients like starches, proteins, and fats. Rapeseed, cottonseed, and sunflower seed are also produced for the oils (fats) they yield.

A genus of white-spored mushrooms in the family Tricholomataceae. They form symbiotic partnerships (MYCORRHIZAE) with trees.

The initial stages of the growth of SEEDS into a SEEDLINGS. The embryonic shoot (plumule) and embryonic PLANT ROOTS (radicle) emerge and grow upwards and downwards respectively. Food reserves for germination come from endosperm tissue within the seed and/or from the seed leaves (COTYLEDON). (Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

A group of plant cells that are capable of dividing infinitely and whose main function is the production of new growth at the growing tip of a root or stem. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.

Derivatives of ethylene, a simple organic gas of biological origin with many industrial and biological use.

The genetic complement of a plant (PLANTS) as represented in its DNA.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

The parts of plants, including SEEDS.

A CCN protein family member found at high levels in NEPHROBLASTOMA cells. It is found both intracellularly and in the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX and may play a role in the regulation of CELL PROLIFERATION and EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX synthesis.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE. Members contain NICOTINE and other biologically active chemicals; its dried leaves are used for SMOKING.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

A family of zinc finger transcription factors that share homology with Kruppel protein, Drosophila. They contain a highly conserved seven amino acid spacer sequence in between their ZINC FINGER MOTIFS.

Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

Signal molecules that are involved in the control of cell growth and differentiation.

The unconsolidated mineral or organic matter on the surface of the earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants.

An endosymbiont that is either a bacterium or fungus living part of its life in a plant. Endophytes can benefit host plants by preventing pathogenic organisms from colonizing them.

The inherent or induced capacity of plants to withstand or ward off biological attack by pathogens.

The immediate physical zone surrounding plant roots that include the plant roots. It is an area of intense and complex biological activity involving plants, microorganisms, other soil organisms, and the soil.

The reproductive organs of plants.

Closable openings in the epidermis of plants on the underside of leaves. They allow the exchange of gases between the internal tissues of the plant and the outside atmosphere.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

A thin layer of cells forming the outer integument of seed plants and ferns. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

Endogenous or exogenous substances which inhibit the normal growth of human and animal cells or micro-organisms, as distinguished from those affecting plant growth (= PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS).

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

A membrane protein homologous to the ERM (Ezrin-Radixin-Moesin) family of cytoskeleton-associated proteins which regulate physical properties of membranes. Alterations in neurofibromin 2 are the cause of NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 2.

The region of the stem beneath the stalks of the seed leaves (cotyledons) and directly above the young root of the embryo plant. It grows rapidly in seedlings showing epigeal germination and lifts the cotyledons above the soil surface. In this region (the transition zone) the arrangement of vascular bundles in the root changes to that of the stem. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

A plant species of the family SOLANACEAE, native of South America, widely cultivated for their edible, fleshy, usually red fruit.

The relationship between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other or a relationship between different species where both of the organisms in question benefit from the presence of the other.

A plant species of the family POACEAE. It is a tall grass grown for its EDIBLE GRAIN, corn, used as food and animal FODDER.

A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.

The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.

The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds. Photosynthesis comprises two separate processes: the light reactions and the dark reactions. In higher plants; GREEN ALGAE; and CYANOBACTERIA; NADPH and ATP formed by the light reactions drive the dark reactions which result in the fixation of carbon dioxide. (from Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2001)

Eighteen-carbon cyclopentyl polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from ALPHA-LINOLENIC ACID via an oxidative pathway analogous to the EICOSANOIDS in animals. Biosynthesis is inhibited by SALICYLATES. A key member, jasmonic acid of PLANTS, plays a similar role to ARACHIDONIC ACID in animals.

The loss of water vapor by plants to the atmosphere. It occurs mainly from the leaves through pores (stomata) whose primary function is gas exchange. The water is replaced by a continuous column of water moving upwards from the roots within the xylem vessels. (Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the soil. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.

Plant steroids ubiquitously distributed throughout the plant kingdom. They play essential roles in modulating growth and differentiation of cells at nanomolar to micromolar concentrations.

An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.

Symbiotic combination (dual organism) of the MYCELIUM of FUNGI with the roots of plants (PLANT ROOTS). The roots of almost all higher plants exhibit this mutually beneficial relationship, whereby the fungus supplies water and mineral salts to the plant, and the plant supplies CARBOHYDRATES to the fungus. There are two major types of mycorrhizae: ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae.

Members of the group of vascular plants which bear flowers. They are differentiated from GYMNOSPERMS by their production of seeds within a closed chamber (OVARY, PLANT). The Angiosperms division is composed of two classes, the monocotyledons (Liliopsida) and dicotyledons (Magnoliopsida). Angiosperms represent approximately 80% of all known living plants.

Prolonged dry periods in natural climate cycle. They are slow-onset phenomena caused by rainfall deficit combined with other predisposing factors.

A CCN protein family member that regulates a variety of extracellular functions including CELL ADHESION; CELL MIGRATION; and EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX synthesis. It may play an important role in the development of branched CAPILLARIES during EMBRYOGENESIS.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

Annual cereal grass of the family POACEAE and its edible starchy grain, rice, which is the staple food of roughly one-half of the world's population.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The unfavorable effect of environmental factors (stressors) on the physiological functions of an organism. Prolonged unresolved physiological stress can affect HOMEOSTASIS of the organism, and may lead to damaging or pathological conditions.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Genes which regulate or circumscribe the activity of other genes; specifically, genes which code for PROTEINS or RNAs which have GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION functions.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals.

Any of the various plants of the genus Lactuca, especially L. sativa, cultivated for its edible leaves. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)

Insurance providing coverage for dental care.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

The study of the origin, structure, development, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of plants.

A part of the embryo in a seed plant. The number of cotyledons is an important feature in classifying plants. In seeds without an endosperm, they store food which is used in germination. In some plants, they emerge above the soil surface and become the first photosynthetic leaves. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) frequently found in tropical and subtropical regions. YELLOW FEVER and DENGUE are two of the diseases that can be transmitted by species of this genus.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Knobbed structures formed from and attached to plant roots, especially of LEGUMES, which result from symbiotic infection by nitrogen fixing bacteria such as RHIZOBIUM or FRANKIA. Root nodules are structures related to MYCORRHIZAE formed by symbiotic associations with fungi.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Degree of saltiness, which is largely the OSMOLAR CONCENTRATION of SODIUM CHLORIDE plus any other SALTS present. It is an ecological factor of considerable importance, influencing the types of organisms that live in an ENVIRONMENT.

A compound obtained from the bark of the white willow and wintergreen leaves. It has bacteriostatic, fungicidal, and keratolytic actions.

The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.

Regulatory proteins and peptides that are signaling molecules involved in the process of PARACRINE COMMUNICATION. They are generally considered factors that are expressed by one cell and are responded to by receptors on another nearby cell. They are distinguished from HORMONES in that their actions are local rather than distal.

A large family of narrow-leaved herbaceous grasses of the order Cyperales, subclass Commelinidae, class Liliopsida (monocotyledons). Food grains (EDIBLE GRAIN) come from members of this family. RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, SEASONAL can be induced by POLLEN of many of the grasses.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

Steroidal compounds in which one or more carbon atoms in the steroid ring system have been substituted with non-carbon atoms.

The large family of plants characterized by pods. Some are edible and some cause LATHYRISM or FAVISM and other forms of poisoning. Other species yield useful materials like gums from ACACIA and various LECTINS like PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS from PHASEOLUS. Many of them harbor NITROGEN FIXATION bacteria on their roots. Many but not all species of "beans" belong to this family.

Complex nucleoprotein structures which contain the genomic DNA and are part of the CELL NUCLEUS of PLANTS.

Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.

A chloride channel that regulates secretion in many exocrine tissues. Abnormalities in the CFTR gene have been shown to cause cystic fibrosis. (Hum Genet 1994;93(4):364-8)

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.

A CCN protein family member that regulates a variety of extracellular functions including CELL ADHESION; CELL MIGRATION; and EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX synthesis. It is found in hypertrophic CHONDROCYTES where it may play a role in CHONDROGENESIS and endochondral ossification.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-carbon bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. This subclass contains the DECARBOXYLASES, the ALDEHYDE-LYASES, and the OXO-ACID-LYASES. EC 4.1.

The act of feeding on plants by animals.

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A technique for growing plants in culture solutions rather than in soil. The roots are immersed in an aerated solution containing the correct proportions of essential mineral salts. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

A plant species of the genus SOLANUM, family SOLANACEAE. The starchy roots are used as food. SOLANINE is found in green parts.

A plant genus of the family Cruciferae. It contains many species and cultivars used as food including cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, Brussel sprouts, kale, collard greens, MUSTARD PLANT; (B. alba, B. junica, and B. nigra), turnips (BRASSICA NAPUS) and rapeseed (BRASSICA RAPA).

The physiological processes, properties, and states characteristic of plants.

A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.

The non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its ENVIRONMENT.

Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

A creeping annual plant species of the CUCURBITACEAE family. It has a rough succulent, trailing stem and hairy leaves with three to five pointed lobes.

Biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid in Azospirillum brasilense. Insights from quantum chemistry. (1/2256)

Quantum chemical methods AM1 and PM3 and chromatographic methods were used to qualitatively characterize pathways of bacterial production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The standard free energy changes (delta G(o)'sum) for the synthesis of tryptophan (Trp) from chorismic acid via anthranilic acid and indole were calculated, as were those for several possible pathways for the synthesis of IAA from Trp, namely via indole-3-acetamide (IAM), indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPyA), and indole-3-acetonitrile (IAN). The delta G(o)'sum for Trp synthesis from chorismic acid was -402 (-434) kJ.mol-1 (values in parentheses were calculated by PM3). The delta G(o)'sum for IAA synthesis from Trp were -565 (-548) kJ.mol-1 for the IAN pathway, -481 (-506) kJ.mol-1 for the IAM pathway, and -289 (-306) kJ.mol-1 for the IPyA pathway. By HPLC analysis, the possibility was assessed that indole, anthranilic acid, and Trp might be utilized as precursors for IAA synthesis by Azospirillum brasilense strain Sp 245. The results indicate that there is a high motive force for Trp synthesis from chorismic acid and for IAA synthesis from Trp, and make it unlikely that anthranilic acid and indole act as the precursors to IAA in a Trp-independent pathway. (+info)

Formation of lipoxygenase-pathway-derived aldehydes in barley leaves upon methyl jasmonate treatment. (2/2256)

In barley leaves, the application of jasmonates leads to dramatic alterations of gene expression. Among the up-regulated gene products lipoxygenases occur abundantly. Here, at least four of them were identified as 13-lipoxygenases exhibiting acidic pH optima between pH 5.0 and 6.5. (13S,9Z,11E,15Z)-13-hydroxy-9,11,15-octadecatrienoic acid was found to be the main endogenous lipoxygenase-derived polyenoic fatty acid derivative indicating 13-lipoxygenase activity in vivo. Moreover, upon methyl jasmonate treatment > 78% of the fatty acid hydroperoxides are metabolized by hydroperoxide lyase activity resulting in the endogenous occurrence of volatile aldehydes. (2E)-4-Hydroxy-2-hexenal, hexanal and (3Z)- plus (2E)-hexenal were identified as 2,4-dinitro-phenylhydrazones using HPLC and identification was confirmed by GC/MS analysis. This is the first proof that (2E)-4-hydroxy-2-hexenal is formed in plants under physiological conditions. Quantification of (2E)-4-hydroxy-2-hexenal, hexanal and hexenals upon methyl jasmonate treatment of barley leaf segments revealed that hexenals were the major aldehydes peaking at 24 h after methyl jasmonate treatment. Their endogenous content increased from 1.6 nmol.g-1 fresh weight to 45 nmol.g-1 fresh weight in methyl-jasmonate-treated leaf segments, whereas (2E)-4-hydroxy-2-hexenal, peaking at 48 h of methyl jasmonate treatment increased from 9 to 15 nmol.g-1 fresh weight. Similar to the hexenals, hexanal reached its maximal amount 24 h after methyl jasmonate treatment, but increased from 0.6 to 3.0 nmol.g-1 fresh weight. In addition to the classical leaf aldehydes, (2E)-4-hydroxy-2-hexenal was detected, thereby raising the question of whether it functions in the degradation of chloroplast membrane constituents, which takes place after methyl jasmonate treatment. (+info)

Molecular cloning and ethylene-inducible expression of Chib1 chitinase from soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). (3/2256)

A soybean seed-specific PR-8 chitinase, named Chib2, has a markedly extended C-terminal segment compared to other plant Chib1 homologues of the PR-8 chitinase family known to date. To further characterize the molecular structure and the expression pattern of this chitinase family, we cloned two typical Chib1-similar cDNAs (Chib1-1 and Chib1-2) from soybeans by PCR-cloning techniques. The deduced primary sequence of Chib1-1 chitinase is composed of a signal peptide segment (26 amino acid residues) and a mature 273 amino acid sequence (calculated molecular mass 28,794, calculated pI 3.7). This Chib1-1 enzyme is more than 90% identical to Chib1-2 chitinase but is below 50% identical to Chib2 enzyme. Thus, we confirmed the occurrence of two distinct classes, Chib1 and Chib2 in the plant PR-8 chitinase family. The Chib1 genes, interrupted by one intron, were found to be up-regulated in response to ethylene in stems and leaves, but scarcely expressed in developing soybean seeds. Chib1 chitinases may be responsible for protecting the plant body from various pathogenic attacks. (+info)

An allele of the ripening-specific 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase gene (ACS1) in apple fruit with a long storage life. (4/2256)

An allele of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase gene (Md-ACS1), the transcript and translated product of which have been identified in ripening apples (Malus domestica), was isolated from a genomic library of the apple cultivar, Golden Delicious. The predicted coding region of this allele (ACS1-2) showed that seven nucleotide substitutions in the corresponding region of ACS1-1 resulted in just one amino acid transition. A 162-bp sequence characterized as a short interspersed repetitive element retrotransposon was inserted in the 5'-flanking region of ACS1-2 corresponding to position -781 in ACS1-1. The XhoI site located near the 3' end of the predicted coding region of ACS1-2 was absent from the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction product, revealing that exclusive transcription from ACS1-1 occurs during ripening of cv Golden Delicious fruit. DNA gel-blot and polymerase chain reaction analyses of genomic DNAs showed clearly that apple cultivars were either heterozygous for ACS1-1 and ACS1-2 or homozygous for each type. RNA gel-blot analysis of the ACS1-2 homozygous Fuji apple, which produces little ethylene and has a long storage life, demonstrated that the level of transcription from ACS1-2 during the ripening stage was very low. (+info)

The auxin-binding protein Nt-ERabp1 alone activates an auxin-like transduction pathway. (5/2256)

Hyperpolarization of tobacco protoplasts is amongst the earliest auxin responses described. It has been proposed that the auxin-binding protein, ABP1, or a related protein could be involved in the first step of auxin perception at the plasma membrane. Using for the first time homologous conditions for interaction between the protein Nt-ERabp1 or a synthetic peptide corresponding to the C-terminus and tobacco protoplasts, we have demonstrated that both can induce the hyperpolarization response. The results show that Nt-ERabp1 or the C-terminal peptide alone activates the auxin pathway from the outer face of the plasma membrane. (+info)

Foliar modifications induced by inhibition of polar transport of auxin. (6/2256)

The effects of auxin polar transport inhibitors, 9-hydroxy-fluorene-9-carboxylic acid (HFCA); 2, 3, 5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) and trans-cinnamic acid (CA) on leaf pattern formation were investigated with shoots formed from cultured leaf explants of tobacco and cultured pedicel explants of Orychophragmus violaceus, and the seedlings of tobacco and Brassica chinensis. Although the effective concentration varies with the inhibitors used, all of the inhibitors induced the formation of trumpet-shaped and/or fused leaves. The frequency of trumpet-shaped leaf formation was related to the concentration of inhibitors in the medium. Histological observation of tobacco seedlings showed that there was only one main vascular bundle and several minor vascular bundles in normal leaves of the control, but there were several vascular bundles of more or less the same size in the trumpet-shaped leaves of treated ones. These results indicated that auxin polar transport played an important role on bilateral symmetry of leaf growth. (+info)

Induction of ascorbate peroxidase by ethylene and hydrogen peroxide during growth of cultured soybean cells. (7/2256)

In cultured soybean cells, a transient ethylene burst in the pre-stationary phase was followed by an induction of ascorbate peroxidase (AsPOX) in the stationary phase. Treatment of cells with the ethylene antagonist, silver thiosulfate (STS), resulted in the suppression of enzyme activity. Application of the ethylene releasing agent 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (CEPA) in the medium led to an increased enzyme activity when treated in the pre-stationary phase. On the contrary, a remarkable inhibitory effect on enzyme activity was elicited by 1,3-dimethyl-2-thiourea (DMTU), trapping the hydrogen peroxide generated when treated in the stationary phase. Likewise, a steady level of AsPOX transcript was reduced by STS treatment. Furthermore, its effect appeared to be more rapid and prominent during the pre-stationary phase. It is suggested that the induction of AsPOX in cultured soybean cells during the stationary phase could result, at least in part, by the hydrogen peroxide generated as a result of preceding ethylene production. (+info)

Gene for a protein capable of enhancing lateral root formation. (8/2256)

Analysis of genes preferentially expressed in hairy roots caused by infection with Agrobacterium rhizogenes has provided insights into the regulation of lateral root formation. A hairy root preferential cDNA, HR7, has been cloned from hairy roots of Hyoscyamus niger. HR7 encodes a novel protein partially homologous to a metallocarboxypeptidase inhibitor and is expressed exclusively in the primordium and base of lateral roots in hairy roots. Overexpression of HR7 in transgenic roots of H. niger dramatically enhances the frequency of lateral root formation. The results of this study indicate that expression of HR7 plays a critical role in initiating lateral root formation. (+info)

They were discovered in the 1940s after a long study of the plant growth regulator auxin. Synthetic auxins mimic this plant ... "Plant Growth Regulators - Auxins". CliniSciences. Retrieved 27 October 2022. Fluazifop. Herbiguide.com.au. Retrieved 2013-03-05 ... Modern herbicides are often synthetic mimics of natural plant hormones which interfere with growth of the target plants. The ... Selective herbicides control or suppress certain plants without affecting the growth of other plants species. Selectivity may ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbicide

... through manipulation of growth regulators in vitro (7 ed.). Plant Cell Reports. ISBN 978-1-4020-4584-4. "Pampas Grass ... through manipulation of growth regulators in vitro". Plant Cell Reports. 14 (11): 689-93. doi:10.1007/BF00232648. PMID 24186623 ... The plant also competes with other native plants by monopolizing resources like shade, sunlight, and ground nutrients. Because ... Also, planting or seeding desirable, non-invasive plants can provide competition to reduce germination and seedling ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortaderia_selloana

2,6-DIPN is plant growth regulator. It helps inhibit the sprouting of potatoes during storage, especially in combination with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,6-Diisopropylnaphthalene

... is used as a plant growth regulator, primarily used as a branching agent. When it is taken up by a plant, dikegulac sodium is ... Plant Growth Regulation (Proceedings in Life Sciences). International Conference on Plant Growth Substances, 9th. Springer ... "Augeo Plant Growth Regulator" (PDF). OHP, Inc. Retrieved 2017-01-07. "Pinscher , ArborSystems". www.arborsystems.com. Retrieved ... "Atrimmec Plant Growth Regulator". www.gordonsprofessional.com. Retrieved 2017-01-08. Drahl, Carmen (2009-12-14). "Ginkgogate: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diprogulic_acid

"Sumagic Plant Growth Regulator" (PDF). Valent. 2010. Retrieved 2017-01-02. "Sunny Plant Growth Regulator" (PDF). Sumitomo ... "Growth Regulators for Containerized Herbaceous Perennial Plants" (PDF). Ball Publishing. 2016. Retrieved 2017-01-02. "Concise ... Uniconazole is a triazole chemical used as a plant growth retardant. It is active on a wide range of plants and acts by ... The following products labeled for application to ornamental plants as plant growth retardants in the United States contain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniconazole

Essential Regulators of Plant Growth and Development". Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology. 49: 427- ... "Effect of brassinolide and other growth regulators on the germination and growth of pollen tubes of "Prunus avium" using a ... It had further positive impacts on increasing plant growth parameters via their integral role in decreasing oxidative stress ... When the developed plants fresh weight was analyzed the treated seeds outperformed plants grown on saline and non-saline medium ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassinosteroid

Essential Regulators of Plant Growth and Development". Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology. Annual ... and was subsequently discovered in many other plant organs. 24-Epibrassinolide is essential for proper plant development growth ... 24-Epibrassinolide is a type of brassinosteroid, a natural occurring plant hormone. It was first discovered 1979 as a growth ... a plant growth-promoting steroid isolated from Brassica napus pollen". Nature. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 281 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24-Epibrassinolide

"Researchers Discover Natural Insect Growth Regulators in Plants". Entomology Today. January 28, 2015. "Discovery by UC ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Raikhel

Latimer, Joyce G. (2022). "Growth Regulators for Containerized Herbaceous Perennial Plants" (PDF). GrowerTalks. Ball Publishing ... Rademacher, W.; Fritsch, H.; Graebe, J.E.; Sauter, H.; Jung, J. (1987). "Tetcyclacis and triazole-type plant growth retardants ... In addition, paclobutrazol, uniconazole, flutriafol [de], and triadimefon are used as plant growth retardants. Brassinazole ... Due to spreading resistance of plant pathogens towards fungicides of the strobilurin class, control of fungi such as Septoria ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triazole

Herbicides and plant growth regulators. Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 662-. ISBN 978-0-85404-494-8. Retrieved 25 May 2012. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metribuzin

... is a plant growth regulator. It has been approved for use on kiwifruit and grapes in the United States, and it ... Plant growth regulators, Chloropyridines, All stub articles, Organic compound stubs, Agriculture stubs, Botany stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forchlorfenuron

... is a plant growth regulator. Upon metabolism by the plant, it is converted into ethylene, a potent regulator of plant ... Ethephon often used on wheat, coffee, tobacco, cotton, and rice in order to help the plant's fruit reach ripeness more quickly ... and any ethephon used on the plant is converted very quickly to ethylene. The use of this chemical is allowed in the European ... growth and ripeness. It is also a butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethephon

... s are a group of plant growth regulators found in the smoke of burning plant material. Karrikins help stimulate seed ... 2009-10-01). "Karrikins: A new family of plant growth regulators in smoke". Plant Science. 177 (4): 252-256. doi:10.1016/j. ... "Potential of Karrikins as Novel Plant Growth Regulators in Agriculture". Plants. 9 (1): 43. doi:10.3390/plants9010043. PMC ... which enhances plant growth and leads to an increase in plant branching. Smoke from wildfires or bushfires has been known for a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karrikin

... (TDZ) is a plant growth regulator. The synthesis routes and their use as plant growth regulating agent were ... A potent regulator ofin vitro plant morphogenesis". In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant. 34 (4): 267-275. doi: ... Huetteman, Carl A.; Preece, John E. (1993). "Thidiazuron: A potent cytokinin for woody plant tissue culture". Plant Cell, ... without affecting the growth and maturation of the plant. This facilitates mechanical harvesting. It also accelerates the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thidiazuron

Sitinjak, Rama Riana; Pandiangan, Dingse (2014). "THE EFFECT OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR TRIACONTANOL TO THE GROWTH OF CACAO ... A potent plant growth regulator in agriculture". Journal of Plant Interactions. 7 (2): 129-142. doi:10.1080/17429145.2011. ... 1-Triacontanol is a natural plant growth regulator. It has been widely used to enhance the yield of various crops around the ... Triacontanol as a plant growth regulator. Horticultural Science, 18: 654-662. Nelson, N. ( 1944 ). A photometric adaptation of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-Triacontanol

There is the possibility to add plant growth regulators, e.g. Indole-3butyric acid, to increase the biomass production ... The association with mycorrhiza can increase the growth and yield of the plant. J. gendarussa was proved to contain several ... The plant was proved to have both anti-microbial and anti-fungal action on selected pathogen strains, and therefore this plant ... The plant is already used as traditional contraceptive method in Indonesia. The plant compound Patentiflorin A contained in J. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justicia_gendarussa

They occur widely in the drugs, herbicides, plant growth regulators, and dyestuffs. Industrially the compound is produced by ... doi:10.1107/S0567740879003575 Buecker, Brad (1997). Power Plant Water Chemistry A Practical Guide. PennWell Publishing Company ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrazide

Signal transduction, Plant hormones, Gaseous signaling molecules, Plant growth regulators, Plant physiology). ... Ethylene signaling pathway is a signal transduction in plant cells to regulate important growth and developmental processes. ... Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 34 (4): 809-827. doi:10.1007/s00344-015-9522-9. S2CID 14775439. Gallie, Daniel R. (2015). " ... Acting as a plant hormone, the gas ethylene is responsible for promoting the germination of seeds, ripening of fruits, the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene_signaling_pathway

... plant damage-associated molecular patterns and regulators of growth and development". Frontiers in Plant Science. 4 (49): 49. ... Phytopathogenic fungi expose plant cell walls to cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) like PGs. In response, most plants have ... Pectin is one of the three polysaccharides present in the plant cell wall, and it plays a role in maintaining the barrier ... Pollen Exo-PGs play a role in enabling pollen tube elongation since pectin rearrangement is necessary for the growth of pollen ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygalacturonase

... plant growth regulator and/or biostimulator during stress?". Trends in Plant Science. Elsevier. 19 (12): 789-97. doi:10.1016/j. ... Rather, melatonin performs important roles in plants as a growth regulator, as well as environmental stress protector. It is ... Although a role for melatonin as a plant hormone has not been clearly established, its involvement in processes such as growth ... Arnao MB, Hernández-Ruiz J (May 2006). "The physiological function of melatonin in plants". Plant Signaling & Behavior. 1 (3): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melatonin

Hepler, Peter (2005). "Calcium: An essential regulator of plant growth and development". The Plant Cell. 17 (8): 2142-2155. doi ... a central regulator of plant growth and development". Plant Cell. 17 (8): 2142-55. doi:10.1105/tpc.105.032508. PMC 1182479. ... Hepler has shown that calcium ions are a central regulator of plant growth and development specifically demonstrating that ... He has been on the editorial boards of the Annual Review Plant Physiology, Plant and Cell Physiology, the Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_K._Hepler

... plant growth regulator and/or biostimulator during stress?". Trends in Plant Science. Elsevier. 19 (12): 789-797. doi:10.1016/j ... Bullis, Kevin (December 2015). "Speeding Plant Growth to Feed the World , MIT Technology Review". MIT Technology Review. ... The Chinese scientists put recombinant HSA protein promoters into 25 rice plants using Agrobacterium. Out of the 25 plants, ... As of 2021, salt-tolerant "seawater" rice in China had been planted on 400,000 ha (990,000 acres) in soils with up to 4 grams ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_rice

Analytical Methods for Pesticides and Plant Growth Regulators. Academic Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-4832-2090-1. Archived from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permethrin

Yanagawa, H; Kato, T; Kitahara, Y (1973). "Asparagusic acid-S-oxides, new plant growth regulators in etiolated young asparagus ... A variety of acyclic and cyclic thiosulfinates are found in plants, or formed when the plants are cut or crushed. A well-known ... For this reason the mixtures of thiosulfinates from Allium plants can best be separated by HPLC at room temperature rather than ... "The mechanism of radical-trapping antioxidant activity of plant-derived thiosulfinates". Org. Biomol. Chem. 9 (9): 3320-3330. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiosulfinate

"Involvement of plant hormones and plant growth regulators on in vitro somatic embryogenesis". Plant Growth Regulation. 47 (2-3 ... ornamental plant and sewage control plant, and it was widely planted in the south as an animal feed. Beginning in the 1980s, ... The symptoms include steady wilting of the plants and a yellow discoloration of the plant leaves that eventually leads to plant ... The plant invaded Florida in 1890, and an estimated 50 kg/m2 of the plant mass choked Florida's waterways. The clogging of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontederia_crassipes

The application of plant growth regulators further improve the chance of successful propagation. While many cultivated plants ... although this depends on the substrate that the plant is being planted in. Cuttings planted peat perform best in Autumn, while ... There are, however, also plants in Worcester. Plants are found on sandstone slopes or sandy or shale flats. It is common in ... Plants described in 1837, Medicinal plants, Boraginaceae, Flora of South Africa). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobostemon_fruticosus

... chlormequat is classified as a low risk plant growth regulator and it is registered for use on ornamental plants grown in ... Chlormequat is an organic compound with the formula ClCH 2CH 2N(CH 3)+ 3 that is used as a plant growth regulator. It is ... Sørensen, MT; Danielsen, V (February 2006). "Effects of the plant growth regulator, chlormequat, on mammalian fertility". ... Chlormequat chloride (ChemSpider) Wilhelm Rademacher, Lutz Brahm "Plant Growth Regulators" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlormequat

Desta, Bizuayehu; Amare, Getachew (January 7, 2021). "Paclobutrazol as a plant growth regulator". Chemical and Biological ... Latimer, Joyce G. (2022). "Growth Regulators for Containerized Herbaceous Perennial Plants" (PDF). GrowerTalks. Ball Publishing ... As an antagonist of gibberellin biosynthesis, PBZ has a growth retardant effect on most plant species. It is absorbed by plant ... Plant growth regulators, Commons category link is on Wikidata). ... A single application of the growth regulator can give season- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paclobutrazol

The mechanism of apical dominance is based on auxins, types of plant growth regulators. These are produced in the apical ... Primary growth gives rise to the apical part of many plants. The growth of nitrogen-fixing root nodules on legume plants such ... This is the primary growth. Primary growth leads to lengthening of the plant body and organ formation. All plant organs arise ... Such plants are called arboraceous. This does not occur in plants that do not go through secondary growth (known as herbaceous ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meristem

Rungruchkanont, K., & Promchot, T. (2016, March). Role of plant growth regulators on fruit set and embryo culture of ... Plants described in 1888, Lithophytic orchids, All stub articles, Phalaenopsis stubs). ... Retrieved May 25, 2022, from https://cites.org/eng/taxonomy/term/33584 "Phalaenopsis buyssoniana Rchb.f. , Plants of the World ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalaenopsis_buyssoniana

In 2019 NJDEP filed lawsuits against the owners of two plants that had manufactured PFASs, and two plants that were cited for ... The mechanisms now diverge, with one pathway suggesting elevated estradiol levels increase Tissue Growth Factor alpha (TGF ... However, 3M suppressed revelation of these facts to the public or to regulators.[124] ... People who work at fluorochemical production plants and in manufacturing industries that use PFASs in the industrial process ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per-_and_polyfluoroalkyl_substances

Double lines: pathways not in humans (occurs in e.g. plants, fungi, prokaryotes). Orange nodes: carbohydrate metabolism. Violet ... Pisithkul T, Patel NM, Amador-Noguez D (April 2015). "Post-translational modifications as key regulators of bacterial metabolic ... rather than because of the uncontrolled growth of cells. A number of theories have been advanced to explain the Warburg effect ... which is found in most plants, some bacteria, archea, and protists, but not in animals. This enzyme uses pyrophosphate (PPi) as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis

For the same concept in botany, see Plant-induced systemic resistance.. The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired ... systemic cells and processes that eliminate pathogens or prevent their growth. The acquired immune system is one of the two ... have been identified as important negative regulators of adaptive immunity as they limit and suppress the immune system to ... is the most important defense system of invertebrates and plants. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_immune_system

When injected into plants, these proteins can enter the nucleus of the plant cell, bind plant promoter sequences, and activate ... C-terminal effector domain of the bipartite response regulators InterPro: IPR001789 Pfam PF00072 SCOP 46894 ... Groups of TFs function in a coordinated fashion to direct cell division, cell growth, and cell death throughout life; cell ... 4.4.1 Family: Regulators of differentiation; includes (Mef2). *4.4.2 Family: Responders to external signals, SRF (serum ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_factors

Plant growth and developmentEdit. In Arabidopsis, the protein DWF1 plays an enzymatic role in the biosynthesis of ... For instance, the CaM-binding protein kinase in tobacco acts as a negative regulator of flowering. However, these CaM-binding ... increased GABA levels can essentially affect plant development. Therefore, external stress can affect plant growth and ... Plant examplesEdit. SorghumEdit. The plant sorghum is well established model organism and can adapt in hot and dry environments ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calmodulin

When he retired in 1973, the company had 82 plants, 31,000 employees and $800 million in sales. ... and international growth. David Farr succeeded him as chairman, who was also the CEO until 2021. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Electric

Michele Boldrin (born 1956), Italian-American economist, expert in economic growth. *Tim Bollerslev (born 1958), Danish ... Arnold Plant (1898-1978), English economist. *Plato (Platon, 428/427 or 424/423 - 348/347 BCE), Greek philosopher ... Randall Dodd (living), American policy regulator. *Jennifer Doleac (living), American economist. *Evsey Domar (1914-1997), ... Robert Solow (born 1924), American economist and growth theorist. *Werner Sombart (1863-1941), German economist and sociologist ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_economists

a b Kirschbaum, M.U.F. (1999) The effect of climate change on forest growth in Australia. In: Impacts of Global Change on ... "Clean Energy Regulator Act 2011". www.legislation.gov.au. Retrieved 3 June 2022.. ... Paleoclimatic records indicate that during glacial maxima Australia was extremely arid,[182] with plant pollen fossils showing ... Further urban growth increases the number of hot nights even further.[113] Hot nights increase deaths amongst the elderly.[113] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming_on_Australia

... and plants that through mutations have lost the ability to synthesize α-tocopherol demonstrate normal growth. However, under ... Vitamin E affects gene expression[22] and is an enzyme activity regulator, such as for protein kinase C (PKC) - which plays a ... As to why plants synthesize tocochromanols, the major reason appears to be for antioxidant activity. Different parts of plants ... and promotes successful germination and seedling growth.[26] Gamma-tocopherol dominates in seeds of most plant species, but ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervitaminosis_E

The Political Economy Of Aerospace Industries: A Key Driver of Growth and International Competitiveness? (Edward Elgar, 2014); ... An Airbus A321 on final assembly line 3 in the Airbus plant at Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport ... and Embraer confirmed to be discussing a potential combination with a transaction subject to Brazilian government regulators, ... contributed to employment growth as the U.S. aerospace industry captured 72 percent of world aerospace market. By 1999 U.S. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_industry

Biotic factors also affect plant growth. Plants can be so crowded that no single individual produces normal growth, causing ... a master regulator of the DNA damage response in plants". Genes and Genetic Systems. 90 (4): 209-216. doi:10.1266/ggs.15-00011 ... Factors affecting growth. The genome of a plant controls its growth. For example, selected varieties or genotypes of wheat grow ... Plants in the strictest sense include the liverworts, hornworts, mosses, and vascular plants, as well as fossil plants similar ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants

Seckback J (1982). "Ferreting out the secrets of plant ferritin - A review". Journal of Plant Nutrition. 5 (4-7): 369-394. doi: ... Ferritin is used in materials science as a precursor in making iron nanoparticles for carbon nanotube growth by chemical vapor ... Endotoxins are an up-regulator of the gene coding for ferritin, thus causing the concentration of ferritin to rise. By contrast ... Plants and bacteria have a single ferritin; it most closely resembles the vertebrate H-type.[11] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferritin

The deepwater extraction plants are less disturbed by local militant attacks and seizures, due to civil conflicts, and sabotage ... Projected growth in livestock production in least developed, other developing and developed countries". doi:10.1787/ ... the country's oil industry's regulator mentioned that oil theft accounted for 108,000 barrels a day, which is about 7% of total ... After that, the economy of Nigeria might have been expected to experience strong growth. However, competition for the profits ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria

"Continental crustal growth and the supercontinental cycle: evidence from the Central Asian Orogenic Belt". Journal of Asian ... "Interdependency between animal and plant species". BBC Bitesize. BBC. səh. 3. 2019-06-27 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə ... "Atmospheric pressure as a natural climate regulator for a terrestrial planet with a biosphere" (PDF). Proceedings of the ... "The persistent myth of crustal growth" (PDF). Australian Journal of Earth Sciences. 38 (5). 1991: 613-30. Bibcode:1991AuJES.. ...

https://az.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yer_planeti

Whereas G proteins are activated by G protein-coupled receptors, they are inactivated by RGS proteins (for "Regulator of G ... growth factors, drugs, and other endogenous ligands. Approximately 150 of the GPCRs found in the human genome still have ... A group of proteins called Regulator of G protein signalling (RGSs), act as GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), are specific for ... Plant Light-Harvesting Complex. *Orange Carotenoid Protein. *Phycobiliprotein. *Photosynthetic Reaction Centers. *Phytochrome ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein

On 20 July 1990, a bomb planted by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) exploded in the men's toilets behind the ... Just as London enjoyed growth through international trade, the rest of Great Britain also benefited from the economic boom. Two ... as well as more-established companies join AIM seeking access to growth capital. The AIM is classified as a Multilateral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange

In animals or plants, most mutations are neutral, given that the vast majority of their genomes is either non-coding or ... This is especially useful studying diseases in adults by allowing expression after a certain period of growth, thus eliminating ... "Alu elements as regulators of gene expression". Nucleic Acids Research. 34 (19): 5491-7. doi:10.1093/nar/gkl706. PMC 1636486 ... With plants, some somatic mutations can be propagated without the need for seed production, for example, by grafting and stem ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_mutation

Kraft had operated the plant since the early 1920s.[84] In response, VanderSloot bought a $1 million interest in the plant, and ... Between 1991 and 1997, Melaleuca was investigated by Michigan regulators, the Idaho attorney general's office, and the U.S. ... "Melaleuca: Healthy products, healthy growth". Southeast Idaho Business Journal. Retrieved September 25, 2015 ... He promised that all five hundred people whose jobs depended on the plant would remain employed and leased the plant to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_L._VanderSloot

Limitations due to growth[edit]. Inflation, high domestic interest rates, and economic growth pushed India's IT salaries 10-15 ... "PLANTS SEEN NEAR SOURCE OF SUPPLY; Shift of the Chemical Industry to Sites With Basic Minerals Is Predicted TRANSPORTATION A ... "Offshore insurers creating concerns among regulators". The New York Times. October 19, 1992.. ... Easterly, W. (2002), "Solow's Surprise: Investment is not the Key to Growth", Ch. 3 in The Elusive Quest for Growth, The MIT ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_outsourcing

... or plant life cultivated in aquatic plant farms.[56] [57] Diamonds[edit]. As of 2012, diamond was not traded as a commodity. ... The robust growth of emerging market economies (EMEs, such as Brazil, Russia, India, and China), beginning in the 1990s, " ... In the United States, the principal regulator of commodity and futures markets is the Commodity Futures Trading Commission ( ... The growth in prices of many commodities in 2010 contributed to the increase in the value of commodities funds under management ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodity_markets

... and has also produced biosynthetic human growth hormone since 1985; the plant was owned by The Distillers Company after the war ... who make medical gas controllers and diving regulators, are on the A599 near the M6 Haydock Island; to the north-west is a ... Vauxhall's plant in Ellesmere Port exports 88% of its cars, although many of the components are imported, and has made over 5 ... Bentley Motors (owned by Volkswagen since 1998) have their main plant in the west of the town between the A530 and A532, next ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_England

... , often known by the brand name Fazor is a plant growth regulator that reduces growth through preventing cell ... Nooden, Larry D. (February 1969). "The Mode of Action of Maleic Hydrazide: Inhibition of Growth". Physiologia Plantarum. 22 (2 ... Schoene, D. L.; Hoffmann, O. L. (1949-06-10). "Maleic Hydrazide, a Unique Growth Regulant". Science. 109 (2841): 588-590. ... Plant growth regulators). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maleic_hydrazide

Large scale industrial plants were established based on New Zealand's abundant natural gas. A new range of products for export ... After successfully containing the virus, the New Zealand economy had sharp growth in what is known as a V-shaped recovery and ... Trade agreements establish rules by which trade can take place and ensure regulators and officials in countries New Zealand is ... High commodity prices are expected to provide a considerable boost to nominal GDP growth in the near term. In 2013, the economy ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_New_Zealand

Boeing, which delivered the U.S. Air Force's last C-17 in September 2013, plans to close the Long Beach plant by the end of ... Scott, Alwyn, "UPDATE 3-U.S. regulators give Amazon go-ahead for drone tests," Reuters, 19 March 2015, 7:57 p.m. EDT. Anonymous ... Cuba has seen dramatic growth in commercial airline flights during 2015, with 18 percent more than in 2014 in aviation#2014. ... Local residents claim the dead were civilians working in a bottling plant, but the coalition responds that the raid killed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_in_aviation

... the plant.: 241 This incident and others contributed to a perception that Getty's administration was willing to spend public ... when adjusted for population growth and inflation, government spending fell over Getty's term in office, with non-health care ... 242 It also found that Consumer and Corporate Affairs Minister Connie Osterman had disregarded 1984 warnings from a regulator ... the Gainers loan had initially been made after the government brokered a labour settlement favourable to the plant's management ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Getty

"Covid testing is rip-off, says former regulator". BBC News. 16 August 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021. "UK regulator approves ... "Covid: Vaccine plant bomb hoaxer jailed and Christmas food shortages warning". BBC News. 24 November 2021. Retrieved 27 ... "Rapid house price growth continues in September, says Nationwide". BBC News. 30 September 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2021. " ... "Paxlovid: UK medicines regulator approves second Covid antiviral pill". BBC News. 31 December 2021. "Covid booster 88% ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_(July–December_2021)

... which luckily opened the doorways to the city's major growth engine in its earliest years. The second period of growth in Omaha ... Large plants in Omaha included Armour, Cudahy, Swift and Morris, along with several smaller companies. All together they ... Nebraska state regulators granted local phone companies wide latitude to deploy new services rapidly. Furthermore, Omaha's ... Between 2000 and 2005 Omaha's job growth was 0.70 percent. In 2006 the sales tax rate was seven percent, with income tax at ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Omaha,_Nebraska

In some places, like China, for instance, rapid economic growth has led to an imbalance in the modernization of rural and urban ... according to federal regulators, had racked up 315 documented "incidents of safety non-compliance" offshore since 2010.The ... skilled farm workers for up to eight months a year to fill labour shortages on Canadian farms during peak periods of planting, ... Possible developments in the future include a slowdown in the growth of foreign labor. One contributor is a dramatic change in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_worker

Whisker growth is even observable for lead-based solders, albeit on a much smaller scale. Some countries have exempted medical ... It does not apply to fixed industrial plant and tools. Compliance is the responsibility of the company that puts the product on ... Regulators may request this file or, more likely, specific data from it as it will likely be very large.[citation needed] RoHS ... Another potential problem that some lead-free, high tin-based solders may face is the growth of tin whiskers. These thin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_of_Hazardous_Substances_Directive

Pesticide-Related Illnesses Associated with the Use of a Plant Growth Regulator --- Italy, 2001. During January--February 2001 ... a plant growth regulator with hydrogen cyanamide as the active ingredient. These cases were identified during a pilot project ... which is a plant growth regulator designed to stimulate more uniform budbreak following dormancy, resulting in more uniform ...

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Plant growth regulators (PGRs) have been around for decades, but a better understanding of how and when to use them is still ... Plant growth regulators (PGRs) have been around for decades, but a better understanding of how and when to use them is still ... Two of these classes suppress growth by blocking the production of a plant hormone called gibberellic acid (GA). GA promotes ... Once inside the plant, the PGR breaks down faster at higher temperatures, making the longevity of suppression very weather ...

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However, limited research works have been conducted to investigate the potential benefits of exogenous application of plant growth regulators (PGRs) in cowpea grown under water stress conditions. (uky.edu)
Plant growth regulators (PGRs) have been around for decades, but a better understanding of how and when to use them is still evolving. (golfcoursetrades.com)
Horticulture evolved as the new growth avenue for the PGRs market and the rapidly growing horticulture acreage is likely to spur the growth of the market. (icrowdnewswire.com)
Also, countries such as Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam are posting rapid growth in the market owing to increasing awareness towards productivity benefits of PGRs and increasing demand for agrochemicals. (icrowdnewswire.com)
The global plant growth regulators market is highly fragmented with a large number of companies offering a wide range of PGRs. (icrowdnewswire.com)
Synthetically build PGRs are also available in market which has shown an when applied in right quantities or concentrations has improved the factors like fruit quality, plant growth and has also affected the various physiological disorders, and have improved the market value of fruits. (botanyjournals.com)
Growth Regulators (PGRs) have been around for a long time and have been an important part of the professional turf and sports industry. (lawn-care-academy.com)
For maximum benefit from a plant growth regulator (PGR) program, the first step is to have a good understanding of how PGRs work and what they can do to maximize yield and make harvest operations more manageable. (phytogencottonseed.com)
Mepiquat-based PGRs inhibit vegetative hormone production, and the plant is in constant production of these hormones through mid- to late bloom. (phytogencottonseed.com)

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different plant growth regulators on the endogenous hormone content of young 'Korla' fragrant pear fruit. (ashs.org)
Plant Growth Regulators act at multiple sites in a plant to disrupt hormone balance. (discountskatewear.com)
Two of these classes suppress growth by blocking the production of a plant hormone called gibberellic acid (GA). GA promotes plant cell division and elongation, so lower levels result in lower growth rates. (golfcoursetrades.com)
Pramaxis acts by slowing down production of gibberellic acid, a hormone in plants that causes cell elongation. (lawnpropesticides.com)
With plants, growth regulators are designed to stimulate a specific plant function or mimic a plant hormone that will help, hinder, or change the pattern of plant growth. (lawn-care-academy.com)
Warranty, some of the benifits offered like, stimulates plant growth (Increased biomass production) by Increasing mitochondrial respiration, converts vegetative growth process to reproduction process by channelizing plant hormone and enzyme systems, prevents premature aging of crop by maintaining proper nourishment of the tissues, increases yield and improves quality of plants, improves nutrient uptake through the leaves and roots and improves the effectiveness of pesticides. (maxeemabiotech.in)
identified ethylene as a natural plant hormone. (brainkart.com)
As a known antagonist of the plant hormone gibberellin, PBZ is quickly absorbed by the roots and stems, but not as much through the leaves. (maximumyield.com)
Plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH) 2 D) is tightly controlled by plasma parathyroid hormone (PTH), serum calcium, serum phosphate, and fibroblast-like growth factor 23 (FGF-23). (medscape.com)

Paclobutrazol (PBZ) is a plant growth regulator (PGR) and also a fungicide. (maximumyield.com)

There are even insecticides that are actually bio-friendly insect growth regulators. (lawn-care-academy.com)

Derived from CAB Abstracts , the original applied life sciences database, coverage includes the use of growth regulators in plant propagation and crop management, and their involvement in physiological processes. (cabi.org)
Plant growth regulators are widely in use in farming practices owing to their potential impact on plant growth, health, and overall productivity of the crop. (icrowdnewswire.com)
Crop growth depends on calendar date, temperatures, and other environmental factors that are often unpredictable. (msstate.edu)
Remember, cotton growers are managing a perennial-natured plant as an annual crop. (phytogencottonseed.com)
It is suitable for all crop and helps in rapid & extensive root growth. (globaltradingco.co.in)
AgriNova New Zealand, Ltd., also known as Grochem New Zealand, has been acquired by ADAMA Ltd. Crop protection products, plant growth regulators, biosolutions, and plant nutrition are all goods that Grochem develops, produces, and distributes, largely in the horticulture market. (igrownews.com)
The crop can be typically under-seeded to flax or planted without a nurse crop. (brettyoung.ca)
From scouting and selection of production fields, fertility programs, pest management and growth regulator recommendations to swathing, harvest timing and cover crop management, a dedicated Seed Production Specialist is with you every step of the way to help maximize returns. (brettyoung.ca)
How efficiently roots use water and nutrients determine the productivity of a plant or crop. (cid-inc.com)
Potassium is the third major plant and crop nutrient after nitrogen and phosphorus. (zhfertilizer.com)

It is important to review the herbicide history of the field before planting. (brettyoung.ca)

Using the natural plant growth regulators for germination can be used to accelerate growth. (uns.ac.id)

Systemic plant growth regulator that slows above ground vegetative growth - reducing pruning and enhancing fine root hair growth. (arborjet.com)
Using the same products, early to mid-bloom rates range from 8 to 16 ounces per acre and could require additional treatments if vegetative growth continues. (msstate.edu)
In cotton, mepiquat chloride and mepiquat pentaborate are used to limit vegetative growth. (phytogencottonseed.com)
Understanding the factors that affect vegetative growth helps you make better decisions on when and how much PGR to use. (phytogencottonseed.com)

The aim of the Cereals Challenge, which will be exhibited at the Cereals event on June 15-16, is to grow and manage a plot of wheat for a year, paying particular attention to fungicides, plant growth regulators, nitrogen and herbicides. (harper-adams.ac.uk)

Studies revealed that the exogenous application of plant hormones has been found to alleviate the negative effects of various abiotic stresses. (uky.edu)
Brassinosteroids - Plant counterparts to animal steroid hormones? (ncsu.edu)
Brassinosteroids: Steroidal plant hormones. (ncsu.edu)
Plant hormones: Brassinosteroids in the spotlight. (ncsu.edu)
Plants produce some kinds of natural regulators (endogenous) referred to as plant hormones, while synthetic formulations are called growth regulators. (icrowdnewswire.com)
Plant hormones can be synthesized in any plant part including stems, roots, and buds, and are translocated to another part to cause a physiological response. (icrowdnewswire.com)
Auxin, one of the key plant hormones is produced in the stem tip and moves to the darker side of the plant to promote cell elongation. (icrowdnewswire.com)
Product categories of Plant Growth Regulator , we are specialized manufacturers from China, Plant Growth Regulator , Lawn Growth Inhibitor suppliers/factory, wholesale high-quality products of Plant Growth Hormones R & D and manufacturing, we have the perfect after-sales service and technical support. (nbfungicide.com)
for endogenous, naturally-occurring plant growth regulators USE plant hormones. (usda.gov)
Any of the hormones produced naturally in plants and active in controlling growth and other functions. (bvsalud.org)

Brassinosteroid/abscisic acid antagonism in balancing growth and stress. (ncsu.edu)
Growth inhibitors include gibberellins, cytokinins and auxins, whereas growth retardants include abscisic acid and ethylene. (botanyjournals.com)
The project is concerned with the total synthesis of plant growth regulators related to abscisic acid (ABA). (londonmet.ac.uk)

BIOVIT® is a plant growth regulator which enhance germination of paddy seed by supplying high amount of absorbed oxygen required for germination process. (agrichem.com.my)
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of plant growth regulators and shading on seed germination of macadamia nut trees. (ufu.br)

Plant Growth Regulator Abstracts brings you the latest information on the role of chemicals, including gibberellins, auxins, cytokinins, ethylene and various other growth stimulators and inhibitors, in the regulation of plant growth and development. (cabi.org)
Natural PGR's can be extracted from some plants such shallot as a source of auxin, banana hump as a source of cytokinins, and bamboo shoots as a source of giberellin.The purpose of this study was to determine the types of natural PGR's that have good effect on the growth of nutmeg seedling. (uns.ac.id)

This publication offers fertilizer suggestions for a variety of crops, including field, pasture and hay crops, tree fruit, small fruit, ornamental plants and vegetable crops. (ncsu.edu)
The Exora Plant Growth Regulator increases the phosphorus uptake by plants, decreases the fertilizer dosages and helps better growth and higher yield of crops. (globaltradingco.co.in)
We are leading china manufacturers and suppliers of all forms of potassium nitrate fertilizers for plants so you can buy potassium nitrate fertilizer like Potassium Sulphate, Potassium Nitrate , Potassium Chloride , Monopotassium Phosphate, sulfate fertilizers among others so if you want to buy potassium fertilizers online, you can buy from us because we have potassium fertilizer for sale. (zhfertilizer.com)

To improve fruit ripening, leaf ripening, and seed propagation, the agricultural practice involving the use of natural growth regulators has been gaining strong demand in the cultivation of organic fruits and cash crops. (marketsandmarkets.com)
Citadel provides effective PGR activity on a broad range of containerized crops, such as poinsettia, geraniums, azaleas, hibiscus, bedding plants and other herbaceous and woody ornamentals. (seedworldusa.com)
It gives excellent protection against a wide variety of fungal infections in crops both at the seeding stage and in mature plants. (agritell.com)

Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Rooting and Sprouting of Different Stem Cuttings of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. (masujournal.org)
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of plant growth regulators on rooting and sprouting of different stem cuttings in guava under mist chamber condition at Horticultural College and Research Institute, Periyakulam, Tamil Nadu. (masujournal.org)
The treated cuttings should be planted with the help of some stick to make a hole, so as to avoid the removal of the solution from the basal end of cutting. (horticultureguruji.in)
Effect of plant growth regulators on rooting in cuttings of fig (ficus carica) cv. (envirobiotechjournals.com)
In order to estimate the effect of plant growth regulators on rooting in cuttings of Fig, the present investigation was conducted at Main garden of Department of Horticulture Dr.Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola during the year 2009-2010. (envirobiotechjournals.com)

Plant growth regulators control or regulate a plant s growth processes, including the formation of leaves and flowers, elongation of stems, development and ripening of fruits. (marketsandmarkets.com)
By slowing cell elongation, vertical shoot growth above soil is slowed and the lateral growth of tillers, rhizomes, stolons and roots is increased, providing an added base for when weather gets tough. (lawnpropesticides.com)
By inhibiting the biosynthesis of gibberellins, Citadel reduces plant height by limiting internode elongation. (seedworldusa.com)
Background: Gibberellic acid (GA3) affects many mechanisms of plant growth including stem elongation by stimulating rapid cell division and elongation, flowering, fruit development and breaking dormancy. (who.int)

154 pages report] The plant growth regulators market was valued at USD 1.98 billion in 2016 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 6.8% from 2017, to reach USD 2.93 billion by 2022. (marketsandmarkets.com)
Comparison of Ochroma lagopus Swartz growth and soil ecological effects under different cultivation modes[J]. Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology, 2022, 43(1): 12−18. (sjfsci.com)
Seven laboratories using different test methodology, quantified influent wastewater collected from 87 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in all nine South African provinces for SARS-CoV-2 from 01 June 2021 to 31 May 2022 inclusive, during the 3rd and 4th waves of COVID-19. (cdc.gov)

Plant growth regulators are organic compounds which are generally produce by plant itself which influence the fruit physical and chemicals parameters like colour, texture, taste, TSS etc. (botanyjournals.com)
In the plant regulatory assay, the isolated compounds ( 1 - 7 ) and the chemically prepared compounds ( 8 - 10 ) were evaluated their biological activity against the lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ) growth. (fujiorganics.com)
Compounds 1 and 3 - 10 showed the significant regulatory activity of lettuce growth. (fujiorganics.com)
View of Effect of plant growth regulators on biochemical compounds of tangerine (Citrus unshiu Marc. (potravinarstvo.com)
This experiment was conducted in Biology Department, Science College, University of Al- Anbar in 2018 season, to test the inhibition activity of gibberillic acid and antibiotic, pencillin against tomato mosaic virus.Two compounds were used to investigate resistance induction in tomato plants against the tomato mosaic virus (ToMV). (edu.iq)
The innovative formulation uses a plant-derived solvent as a proactive measure to reduce organic compounds and petroleum distillates, reduce odor and improve overall performance. (seedranch.com)

The Plant Pathology Journal 2021;37(1):72-78. (ppjonline.org)

The Act establishes a negligence standard for farmers who pollute the land, waters, air, or other resources of the state through application or use of fertilizers, plant growth regulators, or pesticides. (gsu.edu)
It is difficult to categorize biostimulants as fertilizers or as pesticides, as they enhance the overall well-being of plants. (sathguru.com)

So the present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of exogenous application of certain plant growth regulators to mitigate water stress in cowpea, to find out an effective plant growth regulator for drought management and to assess the response of cowpea to these plant growth regulators. (uky.edu)
Pramaxis MEC Plant Growth Regulator promotes denser, healthier turf that is able to better withstand stresses such as heat, drought, and diseases. (lawnpropesticides.com)
PBZ also helps a plant become more drought resistant, produce rich greener leaves, a higher resistance to fungus and some bacterial infections. (maximumyield.com)
ranging from drought to disease, and will therefore produce healthier plants. (prairieserf.com)
Root architecture depends on hydrology and will differ in places with drought compared to plants growing in wetlands, for example. (cid-inc.com)

Almost all plant tissues produce ethylene gas in minute quantities. (brainkart.com)
Ethylene can easily diffuse inside the plant through intercellular spaces. (brainkart.com)
This technique helps in the detection of exact amount of ethylene from different plant tissues like lemon and orange. (brainkart.com)
The growth of fruits is stimulated by ethylene in some plants. (brainkart.com)

This report describes the adverse health effects of hydrogen cyanamide, the active ingredient in Dormex ® , which is a plant growth regulator designed to stimulate more uniform budbreak following dormancy, resulting in more uniform flowering and maturity at harvest. (cdc.gov)

Plant growth regulators (PGR) are natural formulations or synthetic chemicals that are used to modify plant growth and development. (icrowdnewswire.com)
Paclobutrazol is a synthetic chemical product that inhibits the top growth on a plant while encouraging root growth. (maximumyield.com)

Asia Pacific region evolved as the largest market for plant growth regulators with a share of 40% in the global sales revenue in 2020. (icrowdnewswire.com)

Water stress hampers important physiological and biochemical mechanisms leading to reduction in plant growth and yield. (uky.edu)

In vitro flowering and micropropagation are useful for plant breeding programs and commercial production of important ornamental plants. (eurekamag.com)
Here, a protocol was developed for flowering and high frequency in vitro micropropagation of E. grandiflorum, an ornamental plant. (eurekamag.com)
Micropropagation is an effective tools for propagation of ornamental plants in large scale. (eurekamag.com)
Turf & Ornamental Plant Growth Regulators. (industrialvm.com)
Some plant growth regulators are also labeled for ornamental trees and shrubs for maintaining their shape longer. (lawn-care-academy.com)
Hammer Head Ornamental Plant Growth Regulator, which is the ultimate flower hardener, is available now at Edenz Hydro at either of our convenient Metro Detroit store fronts. (edenzhydro.com)

The largest number of root (14.53 per plant) and root length (3.87 cm per plant) were produced on 0.2 mg L-1 NAA without BA, also 0.2 mg L-1 BA plus 0.2 mg L-1 NAA and 0.2 mg L-1 BA without NAA. (eurekamag.com)
Highest percentage of shoots with roots (100%) and highest mean number of roots produced per shoot (6.5) occurred on medium with 0.2 mgL¹ IBA, while the maximum root length (2.46 cm) was attained on MS medium without plant growth regulator (MSO). (ajol.info)
As a result, cotton often suffers root-development issues, reduced plant stature, and delayed maturity. (msstate.edu)
It stimulates radial growth in stem and root and inhibits linear growth. (brainkart.com)
Growth of lateral roots and root hairs. (brainkart.com)
It shows symbiotic relationship with root produces plant growth and also helps in root prolifertion. (globaltradingco.co.in)
Root and shoot growths are also increased in B. zanthoxyli HS1-treated cabbage, cucumber, and tomato plants, compared with those in mock-treated plants, after application of high salinity solution. (ppjonline.org)
The built-in regulator is proven to reduce water waste and promote healthier root zones, because water is delivered at the optimum pressure for spray nozzles. (siteone.com)

An EC meter, or electrical conductivity meter, is used in hydroponic gardening to measure the electrical conductivity of nutrient solutions to allow adjustment of nutrients, salts, and other elements for healthier plant growth.Taking an EC reading allows an indoor gardener to use a mathematical. (maximumyield.com)

Chemicals Direct produce AuStar, the world's most chemically advanced plant growth regulator delivered to you at the best possible price. (au-star.com)
Chemicals Direct is the world's no.1 brand of plant growth regulator. (au-star.com)
Xi'an Hollysince Biotech Co., Ltd., located in Weiyang District, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China, is a professional researcher and one of the leading manufacturer in the field of pharmaceutical chemicals and plant. (hbfertilizers.com)
Henan Lihao Chem Plant Ltd,built up to offer chemicals and raw materials from China in more than 10 years ago, along with the growth of company size and capacity, we are professional supplier of Plastic raw. (hbfertilizers.com)
These chemicals are generally active at low concentrations and are used to shorten the internodes, thereby growing a small, denser plant. (icrowdnewswire.com)

Risk was also higher in those reporting the use of self-applied insect growth regulators. (manhattandogparks.com)

Salinity is an abiotic influencer to the growth and the efficiency of the algal Symbiodinium that coexists in symbiosis with corals. (edu.qa)
As sessile living-organisms, plants are always exposed to diverse biotic and abiotic stresses. (ppjonline.org)

Some seaweeds are true, flowering plants (an example of these are seagrasses). (listvidz.com)

Pesticides which are used to protect plants are called Plant Protection Products (PPPs). (hse.gov.uk)

IMSEAR at SEARO: Potential Toxicity of Plant Growth Regulator Gibberellic acid (GA3) on the Pancreatic Structures and Functions in the albino rat. (who.int)

Shake the beaker till the growth regulator/chemical is fully dissolved. (horticultureguruji.in)
Sunlight is captured by the plant and the energy particles in sunlight (photons) are used to drive a chemical reaction that produces sugar. (listvidz.com)

Plant Physiology, 163(1), 30–42. (ncsu.edu)
Plant Physiology, 157(1), 120–131. (ncsu.edu)
Plant Physiology, 130(2), 770–783. (ncsu.edu)
Plant Physiology, 122(1), 85–98. (ncsu.edu)
Plant Physiology, 124(2), 751–765. (ncsu.edu)
Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 49(1998), 427–451. (ncsu.edu)
Plant and Cell Physiology, 39(1), 124–130. (ncsu.edu)
Plant Physiology, 111(3), 671–678. (ncsu.edu)
My project focuses on the discovery and utilization of genes for important agronomic traits in sweet potato, as well as the molecular regulator mechanism of plant growth, development and environmental adaptability, involving in many research fields such as biochemistry and molecular biology, genetics, plant physiology, cell biology, and so on. (plantae.org)

Plant Growth Regulator Abstracts is a fully searchable abstracts database of internationally published research. (cabi.org)
Each week, Plant Growth Regulator Abstracts delivers all the new highly-targeted, searchable summaries covering key English and foreign language journal articles, reports, conferences and books about plant growth regulators. (cabi.org)
Plant Growth Regulator Abstracts includes a fully searchable backfile to 1975. (cabi.org)
Plant Growth Regulator Abstracts is updated weekly online, it is also available in print, delivered quarterly. (cabi.org)

Because Pramaxis slows shoot growth, it is an excellent option for use in hard to mow areas and along edges and fences, slowing growth and minimizing the need for string trimming. (lawnpropesticides.com)
Slows shoot growth of the grass plant, reducing maintenance and clipping yields. (lawnpropesticides.com)

According to the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), consumer demand for organically produced goods continues to show double-digit growth, and sales of organic products were valued at USD 28.4 billion, constituted over 4% of the total US food sales in 2014. (marketsandmarkets.com)
Product categories of Plant Growth Regulators , we are specialized manufacturers from China, Plant Growth Regulators , Chlorpyrifos Ethyl suppliers/factory, wholesale high-quality products of Plant Growth Regulators in Horticulture R & D and manufacturing, we have the perfect after-sales service and technical support. (hbfertilizers.com)
Our main products are Health Care Raw Materials, Plant Extracts and Cosmetic Raw. (hbfertilizers.com)
The Exora Plant Growth Regulator offered by us improves nutrients uptake and quality of products. (globaltradingco.co.in)
Grochem's proficiency in biological plant nutrition and PGR is consistent with ADAMA's desire to expand its activities in the rapidly developing biological products sector and broaden its selection of products that promote sustainable food production. (igrownews.com)

By acquiring this company, ADAMA will be able to expand its product line in the New Zealand market and enter related markets for biologicals, plant nutrition, and plant growth regulators (PGR). (igrownews.com)

During January--February 2001, eight cases of acute illness in the county of Ragusa, Italy, were reported to the Italian National Institute for Health (INIH) by the Milan Poison Control Center (MPCC) and were attributed to exposure to Dormex ® , a plant growth regulator with hydrogen cyanamide as the active ingredient. (cdc.gov)

The MSO solvent is less phytotoxic to foliage than petroleum-based formulations, and, therefore, the superior control can be attributed to improved uptake of active ingredient into plants. (seedranch.com)

The key purpose of plant growth regulators is to manage cotton internode length for a more efficient plant to improve production. (msstate.edu)
Once an initial application is made, monitor growth rate closely every 7 to 10 days by observing plant height, as well as the length of the fourth internode from the terminal. (phytogencottonseed.com)
Fourth internode lengths exceeding 3 to 3.5 inches during bloom will require heavier rates of follow-up applications of PGR to control growth and maturity. (phytogencottonseed.com)

This increases the absorption surface of the plant roots. (brainkart.com)

Through the measurement of soil nutrients, soil moisture content, balsa wood DBH growth and volume volume, the sustainable cultivation mode of balsa wood in Xishuangbanna was explored to provide theoretical basis and technical support for the localization of balsa wood raw materials. (sjfsci.com)
Cultivation of soybean with plastic film under light wood forest could significantly increase soil available phosphorus and nitrate nitrogen content, increase soil water storage and promote the sustainable growth of light wood. (sjfsci.com)
As nutrients in our food (i.e. fruits, vegetables, grains, etc.,) originate as nutrients in the soil which are absorbed by plants, we can say that healthy soils literally produce healthy food. (prairieserf.com)
The B. zanthoxyli HS1's soil-drench confers disease resistance on tomato and paprika plants against infection with Ralstonia solanacearum and Phytophthora capsici , respectively. (ppjonline.org)

Paclobutrazol is primarily used to restrict the top growth, but it also helps increase the nutrients a plant receives through stronger and more active roots. (maximumyield.com)
Anaylsis includes monitoring roots for efficient use of water and nutrients, plant health, and symbiosis. (cid-inc.com)

Phosphorus (P) deficiency in tobacco begins as a noticeable stunting when compared to a plant with a sufficient supply of P. Additionally, a P deficient tobacco plant may develop a darker green coloration of the upper foliage. (ncsu.edu)

Anuew Plant Growth Regulator PGR, For Managing Growth, Improving Quality and Appearance of Turfgrass.Anuew Plant. (seedworldusa.com)

Plant growth regulators, especially extracted from seaweeds, have been strongly supported for their natural origin. (marketsandmarkets.com)
Seaweeds are technically not plants but algae. (listvidz.com)

The energy stays in the roots instead of being used for growth, stalk and seed production. (lawn-care-academy.com)
It is formed in almost all plant parts like roots, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds. (brainkart.com)
Since the giant kelp is not a plant, it does not have roots . (listvidz.com)
is not a plant, it does not have roots . (listvidz.com)
Kelp is like a plant - it is photosynthetic and has structures that look like roots (the kelp holdfast), stems (the stipe) and leaves (blades)- but kelp and other algae belong to a separate kingdom of life from plants, called protists. (listvidz.com)
It may look like one, but plants have roots, and seaweed does not. (listvidz.com)
Furthermore, when treating the tomato plant with pencillin the resistance against virus was higher at the concentration 100 ppm than at the concentration 50 ppm, which resulted in the inhibition ratios 63.60 % , 41.59 % respectively.The experiment of immersion Datura roots with gibberellic acid and pencillin showed no differences between the concentration 50 ppm of gibberellic acid and control. (edu.iq)
The importance of roots to plants can be assumed due to the fact that around half of the food produced by a plant is spent on the roots. (cid-inc.com)

Moreover, the pretreatment of B. zanthoxyli HS1 on cabbage plants inhibits the degradation of chloroplast pigments caused by high salinity stresses, whereas the inhibitory effect is not observed in cucumber plants. (ppjonline.org)
These findings suggest that B. zanthoxyli HS1 stain inhibits disease development and confers tolerance to salinity stress on vegetable plants. (ppjonline.org)

Gibberellic acid is a broad-spectrum plant growth regulator with the virtues of safety, high efficacy, and quicker effect. (gulfagriculture.com)

Gardeners first thing they begin to engage in planting seeds and breeding vegetable seedlings. (lacroixx.com)
Seedlings sprout amicably, as the plant begins to bear fruit evenly. (lacroixx.com)
But many gardeners soak the seeds before planting them in containers for seedlings. (lacroixx.com)
Seedlings plants varieties 'Zozulya' need to be watered quite often - once every two days. (lacroixx.com)

The science behind Pramaxis MEC is highly recommended as a first choice in plant growth regulators for turf. (lawnpropesticides.com)
Plant Growth Regulators sprayed on the lawn will slow the growth of labeled turf species by up to 50 percent for up to four weeks. (lawn-care-academy.com)

In subsequent nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electron impact-mass spectrometry (EI-MS) analyses, we identified the compound in the fraction as 1-triacontanol, which is a known regulator of plant growth. (elsevier.com)
Due to the presence of 1-triacontanol, Moso bamboo shoot skin has potential as functional compost that promotes plant growth for agricultural uses. (elsevier.com)

Anatomy21

Organisms22

Chemicals and Drugs44

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment7

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes42

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture10

Information Science4

Health Care5

Biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid in Azospirillum brasilense. Insights from quantum chemistry. (1/2256)

Formation of lipoxygenase-pathway-derived aldehydes in barley leaves upon methyl jasmonate treatment. (2/2256)

Molecular cloning and ethylene-inducible expression of Chib1 chitinase from soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). (3/2256)

An allele of the ripening-specific 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase gene (ACS1) in apple fruit with a long storage life. (4/2256)

The auxin-binding protein Nt-ERabp1 alone activates an auxin-like transduction pathway. (5/2256)

Foliar modifications induced by inhibition of polar transport of auxin. (6/2256)

Induction of ascorbate peroxidase by ethylene and hydrogen peroxide during growth of cultured soybean cells. (7/2256)

Gene for a protein capable of enhancing lateral root formation. (8/2256)

Plant Growth Regulators

Isocoumarins

Plant Roots

Jaundice, Neonatal

Cytokinins

Indoleacetic Acids

Intracranial Hypertension

Plant Proteins

Arabidopsis

Gibberellins

Plants, Genetically Modified

Gene Expression Regulation, Plant

Arabidopsis Proteins

Abscisic Acid

Diflubenzuron

Methoprene

Genes, Plant

Integrin alpha1

Juvenile Hormones

Kinetin

Plant Extracts

DNA, Plant

Joint Loose Bodies

Seedling

Plants, Medicinal

Plant Cells

Seeds

Laccaria

Germination

Meristem

Molecular Sequence Data

Plants

Amino Acid Sequence

Mutation

Cyclopentanes

Ethylenes

Genome, Plant

Signal Transduction

Plant Structures

Nephroblastoma Overexpressed Protein

Phenotype

Insecticides

Base Sequence

Tobacco

Transcription Factors

Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors

Biomass

Cell Division

Growth Substances

Soil

Endophytes

Plant Immunity

Rhizosphere

Flowers

Plant Stomata

RNA, Messenger

Plant Epidermis

Models, Biological

Phylogeny

Growth Inhibitors

Transcription, Genetic

Neurofibromin 2

Hypocotyl

Lycopersicon esculentum

Symbiosis

Zea mays

Sarcoma, Ewing

Gene Expression Profiling

Photosynthesis

Oxylipins

Plant Transpiration

Soil Microbiology

Brassinosteroids

Nitrogen

Mycorrhizae

Angiosperms

Droughts

Cysteine-Rich Protein 61

DNA-Binding Proteins

Oryza sativa