Plant Development
Plants, Genetically Modified
Plant Proteins
Plant Leaves
Plant Roots
Arabidopsis
Arabidopsis Proteins
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
Plant Growth Regulators
Indoleacetic Acids
Plant Extracts
Meristem
Plant Stems
Seeds
Plants, Medicinal
Cytokinins
Hypocotyl
The region of the stem beneath the stalks of the seed leaves (cotyledons) and directly above the young root of the embryo plant. It grows rapidly in seedlings showing epigeal germination and lifts the cotyledons above the soil surface. In this region (the transition zone) the arrangement of vascular bundles in the root changes to that of the stem. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
Tobacco
RNA, Plant
Plants
Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.
Germination
The initial stages of the growth of SEEDS into a SEEDLINGS. The embryonic shoot (plumule) and embryonic PLANT ROOTS (radicle) emerge and grow upwards and downwards respectively. Food reserves for germination come from endosperm tissue within the seed and/or from the seed leaves (COTYLEDON). (Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
Plant Epidermis
Plant Physiological Phenomena
Mutation
Lycopersicon esculentum
Phenotype
Gibberellins
Zea mays
Abscisic Acid
Amino Acid Sequence
Plant Immunity
Plants, Edible
An organism of the vegetable kingdom suitable by nature for use as a food, especially by human beings. Not all parts of any given plant are edible but all parts of edible plants have been known to figure as raw or cooked food: leaves, roots, tubers, stems, seeds, buds, fruits, and flowers. The most commonly edible parts of plants are FRUIT, usually sweet, fleshy, and succulent. Most edible plants are commonly cultivated for their nutritional value and are referred to as VEGETABLES.
Cotyledon
A part of the embryo in a seed plant. The number of cotyledons is an important feature in classifying plants. In seeds without an endosperm, they store food which is used in germination. In some plants, they emerge above the soil surface and become the first photosynthetic leaves. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
Brassinosteroids
Oryza sativa
Plant Infertility
Plastids
Steroids, Heterocyclic
Plant Stomata
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
Droughts
Angiosperms
Members of the group of vascular plants which bear flowers. They are differentiated from GYMNOSPERMS by their production of seeds within a closed chamber (OVARY, PLANT). The Angiosperms division is composed of two classes, the monocotyledons (Liliopsida) and dicotyledons (Magnoliopsida). Angiosperms represent approximately 80% of all known living plants.
Oxylipins
Stress, Physiological
Ethylenes
Base Sequence
Salicylic Acid
Cholestanols
Sequence Alignment
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
Multigene Family
A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Models, Biological
Signal Transduction
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
Salt-Tolerance
Biomass
Protoplasts
Chromosomes, Plant
Plant Vascular Bundle
Transcription Factors
Bryopsida
A class of plants within the Bryophyta comprising the mosses, which are found in both damp (including freshwater) and drier situations. Mosses possess erect or prostrate leafless stems, which give rise to leafless stalks bearing capsules. Spores formed in the capsules are released and grow to produce new plants. (Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990). Many small plants bearing the name moss are in fact not mosses. The "moss" found on the north side of trees is actually a green alga (CHLOROPHYTA). Irish moss is really a red alga (RHODOPHYTA). Beard lichen (beard moss), Iceland moss, oak moss, and reindeer moss are actually LICHENS. Spanish moss is a common name for both LICHENS and an air plant (TILLANDSIA usneoides) of the pineapple family. Club moss is an evergreen herb of the family LYCOPODIACEAE.
Chloroplasts
Plant cell inclusion bodies that contain the photosynthetic pigment CHLOROPHYLL, which is associated with the membrane of THYLAKOIDS. Chloroplasts occur in cells of leaves and young stems of plants. They are also found in some forms of PHYTOPLANKTON such as HAPTOPHYTA; DINOFLAGELLATES; DIATOMS; and CRYPTOPHYTA.
Xylem
Plasmodesmata
Tryptophan Transaminase
Photosynthesis
The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds. Photosynthesis comprises two separate processes: the light reactions and the dark reactions. In higher plants; GREEN ALGAE; and CYANOBACTERIA; NADPH and ATP formed by the light reactions drive the dark reactions which result in the fixation of carbon dioxide. (from Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2001)
Solanum tuberosum
Disease Resistance
Cell Wall
MADS Domain Proteins
A superfamily of proteins that share a highly conserved MADS domain sequence motif. The term MADS refers to the first four members which were MCM1 PROTEIN; AGAMOUS 1 PROTEIN; DEFICIENS PROTEIN; and SERUM RESPONSE FACTOR. Many MADS domain proteins have been found in species from all eukaryotic kingdoms. They play an important role in development, especially in plants where they have an important role in flower development.
Gene Expression Profiling
Genetic Complementation Test
Phytochrome B
A plant photo regulatory protein that exists in two forms that are reversibly interconvertible by LIGHT. In response to light it moves to the CELL NUCLEUS and regulates transcription of target genes. Phytochrome B plays an important role in shade avoidance and mediates plant de-etiolation in red light.
Hydroponics
Fabaceae
The large family of plants characterized by pods. Some are edible and some cause LATHYRISM or FAVISM and other forms of poisoning. Other species yield useful materials like gums from ACACIA and various LECTINS like PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS from PHASEOLUS. Many of them harbor NITROGEN FIXATION bacteria on their roots. Many but not all species of "beans" belong to this family.
Symbiosis
Medicago truncatula
Mutagenesis, Insertional
Mutagenesis where the mutation is caused by the introduction of foreign DNA sequences into a gene or extragenic sequence. This may occur spontaneously in vivo or be experimentally induced in vivo or in vitro. Proviral DNA insertions into or adjacent to a cellular proto-oncogene can interrupt GENETIC TRANSLATION of the coding sequences or interfere with recognition of regulatory elements and cause unregulated expression of the proto-oncogene resulting in tumor formation.
Soil
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
MicroRNAs
Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs, 21-25 nucleotides in length generated from single-stranded microRNA gene transcripts by the same RIBONUCLEASE III, Dicer, that produces small interfering RNAs (RNA, SMALL INTERFERING). They become part of the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX and repress the translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) of target RNA by binding to homologous 3'UTR region as an imperfect match. The small temporal RNAs (stRNAs), let-7 and lin-4, from C. elegans, are the first 2 miRNAs discovered, and are from a class of miRNAs involved in developmental timing.
Phytoplasma
A genus of minute bacteria in the family ACHOLEPLASMATACEAE that inhabit phloem sieve elements of infected PLANTS and cause symptoms such as yellowing, phyllody, and witches' brooms. Organisms lack a CELL WALL and thus are similar to MYCOPLASMA in animals. They are transmitted by over 100 species of INSECTS especially leafhoppers, planthoppers, and PSYLLIDS.
Inflorescence
Salinity
Two-Hybrid System Techniques
Screening techniques first developed in yeast to identify genes encoding interacting proteins. Variations are used to evaluate interplay between proteins and other molecules. Two-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for protein-protein interactions, one-hybrid for DNA-protein interactions, three-hybrid interactions for RNA-protein interactions or ligand-based interactions. Reverse n-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for mutations or other small molecules that dissociate known interactions.
Triticum
Plant Poisoning
Gene Silencing
Naphthaleneacetic Acids
Gossypium
Plant Transpiration
Phytochrome A
Morphogenesis
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid
Peas
beta-Fructofuranosidase
Nitrogen
Biosynthetic Pathways
Plant Tumors
Anthocyanins
Chlorophyll
Adaptation, Physiological
Protein Transport
Transformation, Genetic
Lignin
The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Conserved Sequence
Soybeans
Evolution, Molecular
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
Photoperiod
DNA Primers
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
DNA, Complementary
F-Box Proteins
A family of proteins that share the F-BOX MOTIF and are involved in protein-protein interactions. They play an important role in process of protein ubiquition by associating with a variety of substrates and then associating into SCF UBIQUITIN LIGASE complexes. They are held in the ubiquitin-ligase complex via binding to SKP DOMAIN PROTEINS.
Phototropism
Membrane Transport Proteins
Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
Species Specificity
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
Biological Transport
Gene Expression
Environment
Promoter Regions, Genetic
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Water
Green Fluorescent Proteins
Transcription, Genetic
Plant Nectar
Sugar-rich liquid produced in plant glands called nectaries. It is either produced in flowers or other plant structures, providing a source of attraction for pollinating insects and animals, as well as being a nutrient source to animal mutualists which provide protection of plants against herbivores.
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
Alleles
Cotton Fiber
DNA, Antisense
DNA that is complementary to the sense strand. (The sense strand has the same sequence as the mRNA transcript. The antisense strand is the template for mRNA synthesis.) Synthetic antisense DNAs are used to hybridize to complementary sequences in target RNAs or DNAs to effect the functioning of specific genes for investigative or therapeutic purposes.
Cloning, Molecular
Phloem
Plant tissue that carries nutrients, especially sucrose, by turgor pressure. Movement is bidirectional, in contrast to XYLEM where it is only upward. Phloem originates and grows outwards from meristematic cells (MERISTEM) in the vascular cambium. P-proteins, a type of LECTINS, are characteristically found in phloem.
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.
Cryptochromes
Flavoproteins that function as circadian rhythm signaling proteins in ANIMALS and as blue-light photoreceptors in PLANTS. They are structurally-related to DNA PHOTOLYASES and it is believed that both classes of proteins may have originated from an earlier protein that played a role in protecting primitive organisms from the cyclical exposure to UV LIGHT.
Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors
Protein Structure, Tertiary
The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
Crops, Agricultural
Gene Knockout Techniques
Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
Protein Binding
Medicine, Traditional
Protein Kinases
Ecosystem
Waxes
A plastic substance deposited by insects or obtained from plants. Waxes are esters of various fatty acids with higher, usually monohydric alcohols. The wax of pharmacy is principally yellow wax (beeswax), the material of which honeycomb is made. It consists chiefly of cerotic acid and myricin and is used in making ointments, cerates, etc. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Root Nodules, Plant
Populus
Homeodomain Proteins
RNA Interference
A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.
Plant Lectins
Protein or glycoprotein substances of plant origin that bind to sugar moieties in cell walls or membranes. Some carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (ENZYMES) from PLANTS also bind to carbohydrates, however they are not considered lectins. Many plant lectins change the physiology of the membrane of BLOOD CELLS to cause agglutination, mitosis, or other biochemical changes. They may play a role in plant defense mechanisms.
Mycorrhizae
Symbiotic combination (dual organism) of the MYCELIUM of FUNGI with the roots of plants (PLANT ROOTS). The roots of almost all higher plants exhibit this mutually beneficial relationship, whereby the fungus supplies water and mineral salts to the plant, and the plant supplies CARBOHYDRATES to the fungus. There are two major types of mycorrhizae: ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae.
Vitis
Poaceae
Vacuoles
Pollen Tube
Brassica
Oxidoreductases
The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)
Methylation
Cell Division
Polycomb-Group Proteins
Organ Specificity
Temperature
Chromosome Mapping
Repressor Proteins
Sexual dimorphism in white campion: complex control of carpel number is revealed by y chromosome deletions. (1/1066)
Sexual dimorphism in the dioecious plant white campion (Silene latifolia = Melandrium album) is under the control of two main regions on the Y chromosome. One such region, encoding the gynoecium-suppressing function (GSF), is responsible for the arrest of carpel initiation in male flowers. To generate chromosomal deletions, we used pollen irradiation in male plants to produce hermaphroditic mutants (bsx mutants) in which carpel development was restored. The mutants resulted from alterations in at least two GSF chromosomal regions, one autosomal and one located on the distal half of the (p)-arm of the Y chromosome. The two mutations affected carpel development independently, each mutation showing incomplete penetrance and variegation, albeit at significantly different levels. During successive meiotic generations, a progressive increase in penetrance and a reduction in variegation levels were observed and quantified at the level of the Y-linked GSF (GSF-Y). Possible mechanisms are proposed to explain the behavior of the bsx mutations: epigenetic regulation or/and second-site mutation of modifier genes. In addition, studies on the inheritance of the hermaphroditic trait showed that, unlike wild-type Y chromosomes, deleted Y chromosomes can be transmitted through both the male and the female lines. Altogether, these findings bring experimental support, on the one hand, to the existence on the Y chromosome of genic meiotic drive function(s) and, on the other hand, to models that consider that dioecy evolved through multiple mutation events. As such, the GSF is actually a system containing more than one locus and whose primary component is located on the Y chromosome. (+info)Sexual dimorphism in white campion: deletion on the Y chromosome results in a floral asexual phenotype. (2/1066)
White campion is a dioecious plant with heteromorphic X and Y sex chromosomes. In male plants, a filamentous structure replaces the pistil, while in female plants the stamens degenerate early in flower development. Asexual (asx) mutants, cumulating the two developmental defects that characterize the sexual dimorphism in this species, were produced by gamma ray irradiation of pollen and screening in the M1 generation. The mutants harbor a novel type of mutation affecting an early function in sporogenous/parietal cell differentiation within the anther. The function is called stamen-promoting function (SPF). The mutants are shown to result from interstitial deletions on the Y chromosome. We present evidence that such deletions tentatively cover the central domain on the (p)-arm of the Y chromosome (Y2 region). By comparing stamen development in wild-type female and asx mutant flowers we show that they share the same block in anther development, which results in the production of vestigial anthers. The data suggest that the SPF, a key function(s) controlling the sporogenous/parietal specialization in premeiotic anthers, is genuinely missing in females (XX constitution). We argue that this is the earliest function in the male program that is Y-linked and is likely responsible for "male dimorphism" (sexual dimorphism in the third floral whorl) in white campion. More generally, the reported results improve our knowledge of the structural and functional organization of the Y chromosome and favor the view that sex determination in this species results primarily from a trigger signal on the Y chromosome (Y1 region) that suppresses female development. The default state is therefore the ancestral hermaphroditic state. (+info)Male gametic cell-specific gene expression in flowering plants. (3/1066)
The role of the male gamete-the sperm cell-in the process of fertilization is to recognize, adhere to, and fuse with the female gamete. These highly specialized functions are expected to be controlled by activation of a unique set of genes. However, male gametic cells traditionally have been regarded as transcriptionally quiescent because of highly condensed chromatin and a very reduced amount of cytoplasm. Here, we provide evidence for male gamete-specific gene expression in flowering plants. We identified and characterized a gene, LGC1, which was shown to be expressed exclusively in the male gametic cells. The gene product of LGC1 was localized at the surface of male gametic cells, suggesting a possible role in sperm-egg interactions. These findings represent an important step toward defining the molecular mechanisms of male gamete development and the cellular processes involved in fertilization of flowering plants. (+info)The auxin-insensitive bodenlos mutation affects primary root formation and apical-basal patterning in the Arabidopsis embryo. (4/1066)
In Arabidopsis embryogenesis, the primary root meristem originates from descendants of both the apical and the basal daughter cell of the zygote. We have isolated a mutant of a new gene named BODENLOS (BDL) in which the primary root meristem is not formed whereas post-embryonic roots develop and bdl seedlings give rise to fertile adult plants. Some bdl seedlings lacked not only the root but also the hypocotyl, thus resembling monopteros (mp) seedlings. In addition, bdl seedlings were insensitive to the auxin analogue 2,4-D, as determined by comparison with auxin resistant1 (axr1) seedlings. bdl embryos deviated from normal development as early as the two-cell stage at which the apical daughter cell of the zygote had divided horizontally instead of vertically. Subsequently, the uppermost derivative of the basal daughter cell, which is normally destined to become the hypophysis, divided abnormally and failed to generate the quiescent centre of the root meristem and the central root cap. We also analysed double mutants. bdl mp embryos closely resembled the two single mutants, bdl and mp, at early stages, while bdl mp seedlings essentially consisted of hypocotyl but did form primary leaves. bdl axr1 embryos approached the mp phenotype at later stages, and bdl axr1 seedlings resembled mp seedlings. Our results suggest that BDL is involved in auxin-mediated processes of apical-basal patterning in the Arabidopsis embryo. (+info)The maize rough sheath2 gene and leaf development programs in monocot and dicot plants. (5/1066)
Leaves of higher plants develop in a sequential manner from the shoot apical meristem. Previously it was determined that perturbed leaf development in maize rough sheath2 (rs2) mutant plants results from ectopic expression of knotted1-like (knox) homeobox genes. Here, the rs2 gene sequence was found to be similar to the Antirrhinum PHANTASTICA (PHAN) gene sequence, which encodes a Myb-like transcription factor. RS2 and PHAN are both required to prevent the accumulation of knox gene products in maize and Antirrhinum leaves, respectively. However, rs2 and phan mutant phenotypes differ, highlighting fundamental differences in monocot and dicot leaf development programs. (+info)Evidence suggesting protein tyrosine phosphorylation in plants depends on the developmental conditions. (6/1066)
Protein tyrosine phosphorylation plays a central role in a variety of signal transduction pathways regulating animal cell growth and differentiation, but its relevance and role in plants are controversial and still largely unknown. We report here that a large number of proteins from all plant subcellular fractions are recognized by recombinant, highly specific, anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation patterns vary among different adult plant tissues or somatic embryo stages and somatic embryogenesis is blocked in vivo by a cell-permeable tyrosyl-phosphorylation inhibitor, demonstrating the involvement of protein tyrosine phosphorylation in control of specific steps in plant development. (+info)RESPONSIVE-TO-ANTAGONIST1, a Menkes/Wilson disease-related copper transporter, is required for ethylene signaling in Arabidopsis. (7/1066)
Ethylene is an important regulator of plant growth. We identified an Arabidopsis mutant, responsive-to-antagonist1 (ran1), that shows ethylene phenotypes in response to treatment with trans-cyclooctene, a potent receptor antagonist. Genetic epistasis studies revealed an early requirement for RAN1 in the ethylene pathway. RAN1 was cloned and found to encode a protein with similarity to copper-transporting P-type ATPases, including the human Menkes/Wilson proteins and yeast Ccc2p. Expression of RAN1 complemented the defects of a ccc2delta mutant, demonstrating its function as a copper transporter. Transgenic CaMV 35S::RAN1 plants showed constitutive expression of ethylene responses, due to cosuppression of RAN1. These results provide an in planta demonstration that ethylene signaling requires copper and reveal that RAN1 acts by delivering copper to create functional hormone receptors. (+info)Characterization of homeodomain-leucine zipper genes in the fern Ceratopteris richardii and the evolution of the homeodomain-leucine zipper gene family in vascular plants. (8/1066)
The homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) genes encode transcription factors that are characterized by the presence of both a homeodomain and a leucine zipper motif. They belong to the homeobox gene superfamily and have been reported only from flowering plants. This article is the first report on the ferm HD-Zip genes (named Crhb1-Crhb11) isolated from the homosporous ferm Ceratopteris richardii. Phylogenetic analyses of the II Crhb genes with previously reported angiosperm HD-Zip genes show that the Crhb genes belong to three of the four different angiosperm HD-Zip subfamilies (HD-Zip I, II, and IV), indicating that these subfamilies of HD-Zip genes originated before the diversification of the ferm and seed plant lineages. The Crhb4-Crhb8 and Crhb11 genes belong to the HD-Zip I subfamily but differ from angiosperm HD-Zip I genes by the presence of a seven-amino-acid indel in the leucine zipper motif. By the northern analyses, Crhb1 and Crhb3 were expressed only in gametophyte tissue. Expression of Crhb2 and Crhb11 genes could not be detected in any tissue examined, while all other Crhb genes were expressed in most sporophytic and gametophytic tissues. Although the functions of the Crhb genes in Ceratopteris are unknown, their patterns of expression suggest that they regulate developmental or physiological processes common to both the gametophyte and the sporophyte generations of the fern. Differences in the expression of Crhb1 between male gametophytes and male-hermaphrodite mixed populations of gametophytes suggests that the Crhb1 gene is involved in gametophytic sex determination. (+info)
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The structure and development of the rest of the embryo varies by group of plants. Since all land plants create embryos, they ... distinguishes land plants from other types of plants, such as algae, which do not produce embryos. Embryos from numerous plant ... Plant Development". biology.kenyon.edu. Retrieved 2019-11-09. Hove, Colette A. ten; Lu, Kuan-Ju; Weijers, Dolf (2015-02-01). " ... Embryo loss Plant embryogenesis Pregnancy Prenatal development In vitro fertilisation Proembryo Miscarriage Abortion ἔμβρυον ...
Lateral shoot
Breuninger, Holger; Lenhard, Michael (2010). "Control of Tissue and Organ Growth in Plants". Plant Development. Current Topics ... As a plant grows it requires more energy, it also is required to out-compete nearby plants for this energy. One of the ways a ... That is to say, the more lateral shoots a plant develops, the more foliage the plant can support increases how much ... Through testing with Arabidopsis thaliana (A plant considered a model organism for plant genetic studies) genes including MAX1 ...
Megaspore
Yadegaria, Ramin; Gary N. Drewsb (2004-04-09). "Female Gametophyte Development". The Plant Cell. 16 (Suppl): S133-S141, ... Heterosporous plants include the following: seed plants (gymnosperms and flowering plants) water ferns (Salviniales) ... Megaspores, also called macrospores, are a type of spore that is present in heterosporous plants. These plants have two spore ... Raven, Peter H.; Evert, Ray Franklin.; Eichhorn, Susan E. (2005). Biology of Plants. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167- ...
Alternation of generations
"Physiology of Development". Plant physiology. Berlin: Springer. pp. 288-291. ISBN 978-3-540-58016-4. Unless otherwise indicated ... In other plants, such as hazel, some flowers have only stamens, others only carpels, but the same plant (i.e. sporophyte) has ... Evolutionary history of plants#life cycles - The origin and diversification of plants through geologic time: Evolutionary ... It is dioicous: male plants produce only antheridia in terminal rosettes, female plants produce only archegonia in the form of ...
Megagametogenesis
Yadegari R, Drews GN (2004-06-01). "Female gametophyte development". The Plant Cell. 16 Suppl (suppl 1): S133-41. doi:10.1105/ ... In eudicot plants, the entire process happens inside the ovule of a plant. The details of the process vary by species, but the ... "Plant Physiology, Sixth Edition". 6e.plantphys.net. Retrieved 2019-03-28. Willemse MT, van Went JL (1984). Johri BM (ed.). The ... Plants exhibit three main types of megagametogenesis. The number of haploid nuclei in the functional megaspore that is involved ...
Réunion
Journal of Plant Development. 16. "History of Roses: Bourbon Roses" (PDF). American Rose Society. INSEE. "Données harmonisées ... This budget is also partly funded by the state, the region, the department, and the European Union for some development and ...
Peziza domiciliana
Journal of Plant Development. 17: 63-8. ISSN 2065-3158. Pegler DN, Spooner BM, Lewis Smith RI (1980). "Higher fungi of ... "Macromycetes identified on the construction wood of historical monuments from Moldavia and causes of their development" (PDF). ...
Cluster root
Physiology and development" (PDF). Plant Physiology. 121 (2): 317-323. doi:10.1104/pp.121.2.317. PMC 1539228. PMID 10517822. ... As a result, plants with proteoid roots can grow in soil that is very low in nutrients, such as the phosphorus-deficient native ... Many plants with proteoid roots have economic value. Cultivated crops with proteoid roots include Lupinus and Macadamia. ... They were first described by Adolf Engler in 1894, after he discovered them on plants of the family Proteaceae growing in ...
Membrane transport protein
Plant Physiology and Development. Sinauer Associates, 2015. ISBN 978-1-60535-255-8. pp. 151. Kent, Michael. Advanced Biology. ... Assmann, Sarah (2015). "Solute Transport". In Taiz, Lincoln; Zeiger, Edward (eds.). Plant Physiology and Development. Sinauer. ...
Vernalization
Taiz, Lincoln; Murphy, Angus (2015). Plant Physiology and Development. Sunderland, Massachusetts (USA): Sinauer Associates. p. ... Gassner was the first to systematically differentiate the specific requirements of winter plants from those of summer plants, ... After vernalization, plants have acquired the ability to flower, but they may require additional seasonal cues or weeks of ... Many plants grown in temperate climates require vernalization and must experience a period of low winter temperature to ...
Ustic
"Soil Genesis and Development". Plant & Soil Sciences. Retrieved 20 October 2014. Tim, Kettler. "Soil Genesis and Development, ... at times in which conditions are suitable for plant growth. A suborder of Mollisol, the ustic moisture regime is wetter than ... limiting the period during which grain can be harvested and re-planted. Consequently, these regions require rapid sowing, ... Lesson 6 - Global Soil Resources and Distribution". Plant & Soil Sciences eLibrary. National Science Publisher. Retrieved 17 ...
Deciduous
Srivastava, Lalit M. (2002). Plant growth and development. Hormones and environment. Amsterdam: Academic Press. p. 476. ISBN 0- ... Plants that are intermediate may be called semi-deciduous; they lose old foliage as new growth begins. Other plants are semi- ... The cells are sensitive to a plant hormone called auxin that is produced by the leaf and other parts of the plant. When auxin ... Plants with deciduous foliage have advantages and disadvantages compared to plants with evergreen foliage. Since deciduous ...
Eliezer (Eduardo) Zeiger
"Plant Physiology and Development" textbook published by Oxford University Press, which is a widely used upper-division plant ... Plant Physiology and Development Taiz, L.; Zeiger, E.; Møller, I; Murphy, A. (2014) Oxford University Press. 6th edition. " ... "Plant Physiology and Development; Angus Murphy - Oxford University Press". global.oup.com. Retrieved 16 July 2017. "Eduardo ... 100 scientific papers on the subjects of photothynsesis and the sensory transduction of internal and external signals in plant ...
Endodermis
ISBN 978-0-534-38061-8. Taiz and Zeiger (2015). Plant Physiology and Development. Sunderland, Massachusetts U.S.A: Sinauer ... The Plant Cell 14:47-56 Gifford, Ernest M. & Foster, Adriance S. (1988). Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants, (3rd ed ... This allows the plant to control to some degree the movement of water and to selectively uptake or prevent the passage of ions ... In most seed plants, especially woody types, an endodermis is absent from the stems but is present in roots. The endodermis ...
Mass flow (life sciences)
Taiz, Lincoln; Zeiger, Eduardo; Moller, Ian Max; Murphy, Angus (2015). Plant Physiology and Development. Sunderland, MA: ... In general, bulk flow in plant biology typically refers to the movement of water from the soil up through the plant to the leaf ... sound can be used to measure the rate of cavitation within the plant . Plants[which?] do, however, have physiological ... Examples of mass flow include blood circulation and transport of water in vascular plant tissues. Mass flow is not to be ...
Root cap
Burgess, Jeremy (1985-05-16). Introduction to Plant Cell Development. CUP Archive. ISBN 9780521316118. Kuya, Noriyuki; Sato, ... The root cap is absent in some parasitic plants and some aquatic plants, in which a sac-like structure called the root pocket ... The root cap is a type of tissue at the tip of a plant root. It is also called calyptra. Root caps contain statocytes which are ... The root cap protects the growing tip in plants. It secretes mucilage to ease the movement of the root through soil, and may ...
The Northshore
"Green Water Treatment Plant Redevelopment , Economic Development , AustinTexas.gov - The Official Website of the City of Austin ... The Northshore is part of the redevelopment of the former Green Water Treatment Plant site in downtown Austin. The tower was ...
Przemysław Prusinkiewicz
... plant development and the branching architecture of plant development. Prusinkiewicz, Przemysław; James Hanan (1989). ... "Modelling plant growth and development". Current Opinion in Plant Biology. 7 (1): 79-83. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2003.11.007. PMID ... Hensel argued that the Calgary team's computational plant models or "virtual plants" which culminated in software they ... Prusinkiewicz's main work is on the modeling of plant growth through such grammars. Prusinkiewicz received his PhD from the ...
Pit (botany)
Charles B. Beck (2010). An Introduction to Plant Structure and Development: Plant Anatomy for the Twenty-First Century (second ... Introduction to Plant Cell Development. CUP Archive. p. 91. ISBN 9780521316118. Ray F. Evert (2006). Esau's Plant Anatomy: ... Katherine Easu (1977). Anatomy of Seed Plants. Plant Anatomy (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 51. ISBN 0-471-24520-8. B. A. ... Meristems, Cells, and Tissues of the Plant Body: Their Structure, Function, and Development (third, illustrated ed.). John ...
Geastrum fimbriatum
2011). "Systematics studies on Geastrum species from Jammu province". Journal of Plant Development Sciences. 3 (1/2): 61-5. ...
Phytomer
Initially, a young plant will only produce phytomers at its apical meristems but later in development, secondary meristems will ... Howell, S.H. (1998). Molecular Genetics of Plant Development. Cambridge University Press 104. ISBN 0-521-58784-0 McMaster, G. S ... Phytomers are functional units of a plant, continually produced by root and shoot meristems throughout a plant's vegetative ... Phytomers, phyllochrons, phenology and temperate cereal development. J. Agric. Sci. 143, 137 (2005). v t e. ...
12th edition of Systema Naturae
ISBN 978-0-12-257305-7. Clive Anthony Stace (1991). "The development of plant taxonomy". Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics (2nd ... Volume 2 covered Regnum Vegetabile - the plant kingdom; it comprised 736 pages and appeared in 1767, with an additional 142- ...
Lateral root
Signaling is important for the overall development and growth of a plant, including the production of lateral roots. Several ... The protein PIN8 significantly influences the development of lateral roots in a plant. When a nonfunctional mutant of the ... alf3, which inhibits the development of plant organs shortly after later root emergence. The results from these mutants ... Auxin is responsible for generating concentration gradients to allow for proper plant development. As of 2020, one auxin ...
Photomorphogenesis
Some plants rely on light signals to determine when to switch from the vegetative to the flowering stage of plant development. ... There are at least three stages of plant development where photomorphogenesis occurs: seed germination, seedling development, ... plant growth and many other processes essential to plant development. The UV-B photoreceptor, UV Resistance Locus8 (UVR8) ... Light has profound effects on the development of plants. The most striking effects of light are observed when a germinating ...
Chloroplast DNA
Burgess J (1989). An introduction to plant cell development. Cambridge: Cambridge university press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-521-31611 ... Basal land plants such as liverworts, mosses and ferns have hundreds of different editing sites while flowering plants ... Inverted repeats in plants tend to be at the upper end of this range, each being 20,000-25,000 base pairs long. The inverted ... In land plants, some 11-14% of the DNA in their nuclei can be traced back to the chloroplast, up to 18% in Arabidopsis, ...
Telophase
ISBN 978-0-8153-4432-2. Inzé D (2007). Cell Cycle Control and Plant Development. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 99- ...
Illinois Soil Nitrogen Test
Nitrogen is essential for plant development. Indeed, for crops that are destined to be food for farm animal or human ... With respect to corn and soybeans, the optimal range for plant growth appears to be around 225 to 240 mg/Kg. Some form of ... The ISNT is a new (2007) method for measuring nitrogen available for plant uptake. ISNT estimates the amount of nitrogen ... is a method for measuring the amount of Nitrogen in soil that is available for use by plants as a nutrient. The test predicts ...
Nitrate reductase
Taiz L, Zeiger E, Moller IM, Murphy A (2014). Plant Physiology and Development (6 ed.). Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, Inc ... Tischner R (October 2000). "Nitrate uptake and reduction in higher and lower plants". Plant, Cell and Environment. 23 (10): ... Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology. 50 (1): 277-303. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.50.1.277. PMID ... When the plant is under stress, instead of reducing nitrate via NR to be incorporated into amino acids, the nitrate is reduced ...
Beronda Montgomery
Montgomery B (Summer 2017). "Three Sisters and Integrative Faculty Development". Plant Science Bulletin. 63 (2). Botanical ... She then went on to complete her PhD in Plant Biology at the University of California, Davis. She later became a postdoctoral ... "Lessons from Plants - Beronda L. Montgomery". Harvard University Press. Retrieved 2021-01-27. "NSF Award Search: Award#0643516 ... Lessons from Plants, Harvard University Press, April 2021. National Science Foundation CAREER Award, 2007 Michigan State ...
Murashige and Skoog medium
Plant Tissue Culture,Development and Biotechnology. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 186. ISBN 1-4200-8326-0. Murashige, T; Skoog, F ( ... is a plant growth medium used in the laboratories for cultivation of plant cell culture. MSO was invented by plant scientists ... Along with its modifications, it is the most commonly used medium in plant tissue culture experiments in the laboratory. As ... analysis of juiced tobacco and ashed tobacco revealed higher concentrations of specific minerals in plant tissues than were ...
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
Devices and instruments used to trap or kill pests or plant life, but not including equipment used to apply pesticides when ... as wartime research and development produced many chemicals with newly discovered insecticidal properties.[4] Widespread usage ... The Endangered Species Act protects and promotes animal and plant recovery of ones in danger of extinction due to human ... Under this act the EPA must also consider the dangers of animals and plants when registering a new pesticide. The pesticide ...
Baytown, Texas
"Economic Development". Cushman & Wakefield. Retrieved September 4, 2015.. *^ "U.S. Refineries* Operable Capacity". Department ... The plant was officially closed in July 1986, due to a poor economic climate and the decline of American steel in the 1980s. ... Exxon-Mobil is still one of the major employers in the city and now runs over 10 plants in the area including a newly announced ... The Cedar Bayou plant, in operation since 1963, is Chevron Phillips Chemical's largest manufacturing site in the United States. ...
Vistula
The climate of the Vistula valley, its plants, animals, and its very character changed considerably during the process of ... and economic development followed.[15] ...
Trade union
Kjellberg, Anders (2017) The Membership Development of Swedish Trade Unions and Union Confederations Since the End of the ... Collective bargaining was first recognized in 1945, after the strike by the United Auto Workers at the General Motors' plant in ... The development of trade unionism in Great Britain and Germany, 1880-1914 (Taylor & Francis, 1985). ... "From Development to Empowerment: The Self-Employed Women's Association in India". International Journal of Politics, Culture, ...
Liquefied natural gas
Cost of LNG plants[edit]. For an extended period of time, design improvements in liquefaction plants and tankers had the effect ... "Development of the High-Pressure Direct-Injection ISX G Natural Gas Engine" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March ... These plants are typically called LNG Peak Shaving Plants as the purpose is to shave off part of the peak demand from what is ... Small-scale liquefaction plants[edit]. Small-scale liquefaction plants are suitable for peakshaving on natural gas pipelines, ...
Agrifirm
... the plants in Utrecht, Oss and Drachten produce cattle feed while plants located in Maasbracht and Wanssum produce both pork ... ensure farmers and horticulturalists about the continuity of their business within the current economic and social development ... Besides, it operated as a bank as well as a plant for artificial insemination. The original function of the company was ... Agrifirm operates in several locations including many factories: the plant in Meppel produces poultry feed; in Veghel and ...
Eating
Development in humans[edit]. This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to ... Since plants and meat are digested differently, there is a preference for one over the other, as in bears where some species ... are varied and often include nectar, fruit, plants, seeds, carrion, and various small animals, including other birds.[43] ... Animals and other heterotrophs must eat in order to survive - carnivores eat other animals, herbivores eat plants, omnivores ...
Food web
... because aquatic plants are not as productive as long-lived terrestrial plants such as trees. Ecological trophic pyramids are ... development, and vitality. Food webs depict the pathways of mineral nutrient cycling as they flow through organisms.[4][16] ... not all plant material is edible and the nutritional quality or antiherbivore defenses of plants (structural and chemical) ... Plants generally have the greatest biomass. Names of trophic categories are shown to the right of the pyramid. Some ecosystems ...
Alternative medicine
De Smet, Peter A.G.M. (December 1997). "The Role of Plant-Derived Drugs and Herbal Medicines in Healthcare". Drugs. 54 (6): 801 ... There have been significant developments in how CAMs should be assessed prior to re-sale in the United Kingdom and the European ... Young, J.H. (1998). "The Development of the Office of Alternative Medicine in the National Institutes of Health, 1991-1996". ... Ayurveda stresses the use of plant-based medicines and treatments, with some animal products, and added minerals, including ...
Quantitative trait locus
... however the practice had previously been widely employed in the development of agriculture to obtain livestock or plants with ... Jannink, J; Bink, Mc; Jansen, Rc (August 2001). "Using complex plant pedigrees to map valuable genes". Trends in Plant Science ... In a recent development, classical QTL analyses were combined with gene expression profiling i.e. by DNA microarrays. Such ... Plant Breeding and Genomics on eXtension.org. *INTERSNP - a software for genome-wide interaction analysis (GWIA) of case- ...
Αμινά Γκουρίμπ - Βικιπαίδεια
Biodiversity towards drugs development (2005). *Booklet on 'Medicinal Plants at the state House, Le Réduit' (2005) ... Gurib-Fakim, A.. Medicinal plants: traditions of yesterday and drugs of tomorrow.. doi:10.1016/j.mam.2005.07.008. ... Gurib-Fakim, A.; Mahomoodally, M. F.. African Flora as Potential Sources of Medicinal Plants : Towards the Chemotherapy of ... Medicinal Plants of the Indian Ocean Islands (2004). *Guide illustré de la Flore de Maurice et des îles de l'Océan Indien (2004 ...
Natural farming
... adversely affecting most plants, including trees and vegetables. For plants to thrive a certain quantity of organic matter ( ... Stephen Morse; Michael Stockin (1995). People and Environment: Development for the Future. Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 978-1- ... Periodically ground layer plants including weeds may be cut and left on the surface, returning their nutrients to the soil, ... Tilling uproots all the plants in the area, turning their roots into food for bacteria and fungi. This damages their ability to ...
Nowruz
It's a tradition for people to plant trees, dredge irrigation canals, clean houses and prepare scrumptious food for guests ... The Judaic tradition " Jewish myth and legend " Sources and development " Myth and legend in the Persian period. "Encyclopædia ... Also Changes to 23-24 March Dialogue on Financing for Development - Meetings Coverage and Press Releases". UN.org. Retrieved 20 ... Also Changes to 23-24 March Dialogue on Financing for Development". UN.org. 23 February 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-06.. ...
Vinca alkaloid
... s are a set of anti-mitotic and anti-microtubule alkaloid agents originally derived from the periwinkle plant ... and Key Analogues and Development of Inspired Methodology Suitable for the Systematic Study of Their Structure-Function ... Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. VI. Springer-Verlag. pp. 46-55. ISBN 9783540563914.. ... Cooper, Raymond; Deakin, Jeffrey John (2016). "Africa's gift to the world". Botanical Miracles: Chemistry of Plants That ...
Group 3 element
Greenwood, Norman N. (1997). "Recent developments concerning the discovery of elements 101-111". Pure Appl. Chem. 69 (1): 179- ... all coming from tiny amounts taken by plants. Soluble lutetium salts are mildly toxic, but insoluble ones are not.[83] ... Yttrium can be found in edible plants in concentrations between 20 ppm and 100 ppm (fresh weight), with cabbage having the ... largest amount.[82] With up to 700 ppm, the seeds of woody plants have the highest known concentrations.[82] ...
Sweet pea
The plants are also available later in the season, as young plants or plugs. They are grown up canes, with the new shoots being ... Horticultural development[edit]. Scottish nurseryman Henry Eckford (1823-1905) cross-bred and developed the sweet pea, turning ... The sweet pea plant does suffer from some pests, the most common being aphids. These insects suck the sap out of the plants, ... Because of this, growers are encouraged to plant sweet peas away from fruit trees among other plants prone to early dieback or ...
Leaf
Rudall, Paula J. (2007). Anatomy of flowering plants: an introduction to structure and development (3rd ed.). Cambridge: ... 2011) [1984-2000]. The European Garden Flora, Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification of Plants Cultivated in Europe ... Esau, Katherine (2006) [1953]. Evert, Ray F (ed.). Esau's Plant Anatomy: Meristems, Cells, and Tissues of the Plant Body: Their ... Haupt, Arthur Wing (1953). Plant morphology. McGraw-Hill.. *. Hawthorne, William; Lawrence, Anna (2013). Plant Identification: ...
Ebola
Developments in Biologicals. 135. pp. 211-18. doi:10.1159/000178495. ISBN 978-3-318-02365-7. . PMID 23689899.. ... Of 24 plant and 19 vertebrate species experimentally inoculated with EBOV, only bats became infected.[86] The bats displayed no ... Developments in organ-on-a-chip technology have led to a chip-based model for Ebola haemorrhagic syndrome.[262] ... The length of time between exposure to the virus and the development of symptoms (incubation period) is between two and 21 days ...
Carol Fowler Durham
"C.I.P.E. Faculty Development Institute". NC AHEC.. *^ a b Brewer E, Rost E, Cozart R, Davidson G, Durham C, Hobbs GW, Joyner BL ... BioMérieux opened a plant in the Research Triangle Park that will focus on production of bottled sepsis blood cultures in 2017 ... The North Carolina AHEC sponsored a Faculty Development Institute with Drs. Durham and Gwen Sherwood providing webinars to ... "Biomerieux plant in Durham only one that produces sepsis blood culture bottle (+ video)". WRAL-TV.. ...
Cauliflower
"American Society of Plant Biologists Annual Meeting. p. 628.. *^ a b c "Production/Crops, Quantities by Country for ... Sharma, S.R.; Singh, P.K.; Chable, V. Tripathi, S.K. (2004). "A review of hybrid cauliflower development". Journal of New Seeds ... water-soluble pigments that are found in many other plants and plant-based products, such as red cabbage and red wine.[18] ... In the 1st century AD, Pliny included what he called cyma among his descriptions of cultivated plants in Natural History: "Ex ...
Amphibian - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
While underwater they like to hide near aquatic plants and rocks. Tree and dart frogs like to live in forests on trees, plants ... Development[change , change source]. Some amphibians, such as the common coquí, lay eggs out of water (in this case, on palm ... Frog, toad and newt tadpoles eat plants such as algae and pondweed or filter feed. When they get older, they may start to feed ... They may wrap their eggs around plants in the water. They do this so their eggs will not drift away.[15]p8 ...
Mallard
... plant matter, while laying females ate 71.9% animal matter and only 28.1% plant matter.[66] Plants generally make up the larger ... sensitive species of waterfowl before development.[100] The release of feral mallards in areas where they are not native ... The mallard usually feeds by dabbling for plant food or grazing; there are reports of it eating frogs.[69] However, in 2017 a ... plant matter, most notably the grass Echinochloa crus-galli, and nonlaying females ate 37.0% animal matter and 63.0% ...
Paleolithic
The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic (/ˌpæliəˈlɪθɪk/) is a period in human prehistory distinguished by the original development of ... In general, their actual diet in the wild is about 95% plant-based, with the remaining 5% filled with insects, eggs, and baby ... Vincent W. Fallio (2006). New Developments in Consciousness Research. New York, United States: Nova Publishers. ISBN 1-60021- ... During the Paleolithic, hominins grouped together in small societies such as bands, and subsisted by gathering plants and ...
Chloroplast DNA
Burgess J (1989). An introduction to plant cell development. Cambridge: Cambridge university press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-521-31611 ... Basal land plants such as liverworts, mosses and ferns have hundreds of different editing sites while flowering plants ... Plant Biochemistry (3rd ed.). Academic Press. 2005. p. 517. ISBN 9780120883912. .. *^ Biology 8th Edition Campbell & Reece. ... In land plants, some 11-14% of the DNA in their nuclei can be traced back to the chloroplast,[32] up to 18% in Arabidopsis, ...
Acne
Infection with the parasitic mite Demodex is associated with the development of acne.[30][51] It is unclear whether eradication ... Numerous other plant-derived therapies have demonstrated positive effects against acne (e.g., basil oil and oligosaccharides ... The anaerobic bacterial species Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes) contributes to the development of acne, ... Orion E, Wolf R (November-December 2014). "Psychologic factors in the development of facial dermatoses". Clinics in Dermatology ...
Darwin Medal - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In recognition of their major contributions to plant physiology including fundamental studies on insectivorous plants, much of ... In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the development of biology. 1948. Ronald Fisher. In recognition of his ... For his research on the population biology and evolution of plants which has greatly improved understanding of the adaptation ... for their ground-breaking discoveries about the control of flower development. They have combined molecular and genetic ...
Barnacle
"Barnacles: Structure, Function, Development and Evolution. Springer. pp. 197-246. ISBN 978-0-412-44420-3. .. ... Mechanism of Fertilization: Plants to Humans, edited by Brian Dale *^ "Shore life". Encarta Encyclopedia 2005 DVD.. ... Molares, José; Freire, Juan (December 2003). "Development and perspectives for community-based management of the goose barnacle ... Development. 38 (5): 361-375. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2009.04.002. PMID 19376268.. ...
Paranthropus boisei
Journal of Eastern African Research and Development. East African Literature Bureau. 1974. p. 129. The mandible was discovered ... boisei consumed larger quantities of plant matter than any other hominin studied to date.[10] ...
Obnoviteľný zdroj energie - Wikipédia
Sustainable Development Committee (2007). Sustainable Energy in our public schools. *↑ Potentials and costs for renewable ... binary plant) horúca voda preteká cez tepelné výmenníky tak, že uvádza do varu organickú kvapalinu, ktorá poháňa turbínu. ... Viacej pod pojmom renewable energy development. Referencie[upraviť , upraviť kód]. *↑ (EN)Renewables 2007 Global Status Report ... Largest solar power plant in a generation to be built in Nevada. ... Solar Trough Power Plants (PDF). *↑ Calpine Corporation - The ...
Octopus
Mann, T. (2012). Spermatophores: Development, Structure, Biochemical Attributes and Role in the Transfer of Spermatozoa. ... while at the same time mimicking plant matter.[78] This form of locomotion allows these octopuses to move quickly away from a ...
Plant development - Wikipedia
Plant growth and development are mediated by specific plant hormones and plant growth regulators (PGRs) (Ross et al. 1983). ... Important structures in plant development are buds, shoots, roots, leaves, and flowers; plants produce these tissues and ... There are three physiological developments that must occur in order for this to take place: firstly, the plant must pass from ... In seed plants, the embryo will develop one or more "seed leaves" (cotyledons). By the end of embryogenesis, the young plant ...
Physical plant and development program
Physical plant and development program * 1. ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION OF SCHOOLS MEM 644Presented by:LOVELY ANN F. HEZOLI ... Physical Plant and Facilities in Ed... by pops macalino 26822 views * Physical plan and facilities develo... by Ramil Gallardo ... 5. Physical Plant (or known as physical facilities) for education comprises lands, buildings and furniture. It includes ... completes the strategy development process through the establishment of an implementable plan that incorporates the key ...
Westinghouse Atomic Power Development Plant | NIOSH | CDC
Public Comments on Westinghouse Atomic Power Development Plant Documents. How to Submit Comments. Comments on Westinghouse ... All Atomic Weapons Employer (AWE) employees who worked at Westinghouse Atomic Power Development Plant in East Pittsburgh, ... Federal Register Notice Announcing that a Westinghouse Atomic Power Development Plant SEC Petition has met the Minimum ... To date, there are no open/active SEC petitions from Westinghouse Atomic Power Development Plant. ...
Epigenetics of plant growth and development - Wikipedia
Long day plants flower with a short night, while short day plants require uninterrupted darkness. Some plants are restricted to ... 2014). Flowering is a pivotal step in plant development. Numerous epigenetic factors contribute to the regulation of flowering ... These components are crucial to general plant growth and are the harbingers of development. Meristematic tissue apparently ... Histone deacetylase genes in Arabidopsis development. Integr Plant Biol. 2008;50:875-85. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00704.x ...
Sewer Gas Accelerates Plant Growth, Development - Redorbit
Ward said larger plants would have had a better chance at survival, so it makes sense that small dose of the deadly compound ... For the wheat plants, researchers observed the seeds germinating in one to two days instead of four or five. For peas and beans ... However, according to a new study in the open access journal PLOS ONE, very low doses of the pungent compound spur plant growth ... When plants typically grow larger, they do so by elongating their existing cells. However, the researchers found the hydrogen ...
Dasheen Plant Could Be The Root Of Caribbean Development
Stories are told of African slaves foraging for the large, elephant ear leaves of the dasheen plant to make a stew called ... Given that the entire plant, from leaves to roots, can be utilised in cooking, there is minimal post-harvest waste, which means ... Dasheen is also a climate resilient plant, with an ability to flourish during heavy floods. There are also varieties of the ... it would be advantageous for the countries of the Caribbean to adopt a similar sense of reverence for the dasheen plant as the ...
Developments in Plant Breeding
Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Research : USDA ARS
The Plant Stress and Germplasm Research Development unit is dedicated to research regarding thermal and water stress on plants ... The Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Research is located in Lubbock, TX and is part of the Plains Area.. The Research ... The mission of Plant Stress and Germplasm Development research unit is to conduct fundamental and applied research on the ... response of plants to thermal and water stress and to develop, through traditional and molecular approaches, appropriate ...
Plant development - The activity of meristems | Britannica.com
Meristems may be classified according to their location in the plant and their special functions. One important distinction is ... vascular plants grow and develop through the activity of organ-forming regions, the growing points. The mechanical support and ... Correlations in plant development*Coordination of shoot and root development. *Determination of mature form*Internal control of ... Later development: the sporophyte plant body*Continuation of organ formation*The activity of meristems ...
Plant Growth and Development
... Drought Basics. > Grasses and Drought. > Plant Growth and Development. ... Overgrazing reduces the ability of plants to extract soil water. Additionally, reductions in plant cover caused by overgrazing ... Growth of plant parts is reduced or delayed when green leaf area is removed. Grazing pastures every year at the same time, when ... Green plants convert solar energy to chemical energy by the process of photosynthesis. This reaction is directly or indirectly ...
Controlled cell death, plant survival and development. - PubMed - NCBI
Development of Plant Growth Guide and Light Distribution System
We normally accept natural plant growth habits and design a growing system to accommodate their growth. Selection of dwarf ... Citation: Takashima, Y., "Development of Plant Growth Guide and Light Distribution System," SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-2458, ... Development of Plant Growth Guide and Light Distribution System 2003-01-2458. ... If the plant growth habit was altered in such a manner so that the growing density increases without sacrificing productivity, ...
WOHA completes plant-filled Sky Green development in Taichung
... this green mixed-use development is meant to spark a wave of added green space and sustainable design in the city. ... True to the developments name, the buildings are also engineered with protruding balconies to accommodate sky gardens and even ... Following the exhibition, property developer Golden Jade tapped WOHA to design a green mixed-use development in the heart of ... As the first high-density development in Taichung that also provides high amenity with its recreational facilities and ample ...
Plant development - Nutritional dependence of the embryo | Britannica.com
Plant development - Nutritional dependence of the embryo: During their early growth, the embryos of all vascular plants exist ... which remains embedded in the tissues of the gametophyte throughout early development ... science/plant-development", "shareUrl": "https://www.britannica.com/science/plant-development", "title": "Plant development" ," ... Correlations in plant development*Coordination of shoot and root development. *Determination of mature form*Internal control of ...
Peptide signaling in plant development. - PubMed - NCBI
Here, we discuss two major plant peptide families which have central roles in plant development: the CLAVATA3/ENDOSPERM ... Peptide signaling in plant development.. Katsir L1, Davies KA, Bergmann DC, Laux T. ... In plant development, peptide signals relay information coordinating cell proliferation and differentiation. These peptides are ... STOMAGEN promotes stomatal development and may compete with EPF1 and EPF2 to do so. CHAL inhibits stomatal development through ...
Tobacco Plants and Drug Development
... but today biopharming has changed the nature of the plants themselves, making use of gene therapy to produce transgenic plants ... The first plant to be used to produce a recombinant antibody, back in 1988, was the tobacco plant. Other plants have also been ... Tobacco Plants and Drug Development. News-Medical. https://www.news-medical.net/health/Tobacco-Plants-and-Drug-Development. ... Tobacco Plants and Drug Development. News-Medical. 30 May 2020. ,https://www.news-medical.net/health/Tobacco-Plants-and-Drug- ...
Discovering how respiration affects plant development
This UWA research project uses knockout and overexpressing lines of plant specific complex II subunits to characterise their ... Discovering how respiration affects plant development. This research project uses knockout and overexpressing lines of plant ... Deciphering chemical signaling processes during plant development. This UWA research project investigates how plants use ... Exploiting chemical signals to boost plant performance. Understanding how plants perceive and respond to changes in their ...
NASA - Molecular Biology of Plant Development in the Space Flight Environment
Molecular Biology of Plant Development in the Space Flight Environment (CARA) - 09.05.18. Overview , Description , Applications ... Some of the plants are also imaged with the Light Microscopy Module on orbit, and at the end of the experiment, all plants are ... Molecular Biology of Plant Development in the Space Flight Environment (Characterizing Arabidopsis Root Attractions (CARA) ... This knowledge can contribute to the development of plants that are better adapted to spaceflight and other altered gravity ...
Shining a light on plant growth and development | EurekAlert! Science News
Riverside have identified the portion of a plant photoreceptor responsible for light-dependent changes in gene expression, as ... Shining a light on plant growth and development UCR researchers have discovered how plants respond to changes in light at the ... Phytochromes control plant growth and development by changing the amount or stability of another group of proteins called ... "Now that we understand how light is causing changes in growth and development, we can engineer plants to be blind to their ...
Plant Abiotic Stress | Plant Development | Plant Science | Life Sciences | Subjects | Wiley
Motoaki Seki, Junko Ishida, Maiko Nakajima et al, Plant Mutation Exploration Team, Plant Functional Genomics Research Group, ... 2. Plant cuticle function as a barrier to water loss.. S. Mark Goodwin and Matthew A. Jenks, Department of Horticulture and ... 3. Plant adaptive responses to salinity stress.. Miguel A. Botella and Abel Rosado, Depart. Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, ... 7. Plant responses to herbicides.. William E. Dyer and Stephen C. Weller, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture ...
RHS Level 2 Plant growth, propagation & development / RHS Gardening
... learning outcomes and resources for the RHS level 2 certificate in the principles of plant growth, propagation & development ... When I started I could only identify a few plants by common name and now its great to be able to identify loads of plants by ... RHS Hyde Hall Orchid & Plant Show. 18-20 June 2021. RHS Hyde Hall Orchid & Plant Show ... You will have gained a range of horticultural knowledge relevant to employment in various roles in commercial plant production ...
Pharmaceutical Process Development & Pilot Plants | AIChE
Pharmaceutical pilot plants are a valuable resource for ensuring efficient process scale-up and tech transfer to commercial ... This session will showcase a variety of strategies for pilot plant design, operation, and even outsourcing that enhance ... pharmaceutical process development. Case studies on implementation of Process Analytical Technologies (PAT) in a pilot plant ... 107d) Continuous Distillation Operations and Application of the Wiped Film Evaporator (WFE) to Pharmaceutical Pilot Plant ...
Pilot Plant Testing and Development | Mining | SGS
Successful pilot plant solutions positively impact the commercial process and investment decisions that you make. SGS is a ... Home › Mining › Production and Plant Services › Oil Sands › Pilot Plant Testing and Development ... Mining Pilot Plant Testing and Development. Successful pilot plant solutions have a significant positive impact on the ... Pilot Plant Support. SGS technical experts provide technical support throughout the lifecycle of your pilot plant, including:. ...
Implementation & Capacity Development
- International Plant Protection Convention
The Convention also encourages participation in regional plant protection organizations as the basis for cooperation in ... the Convention encourages support to developing countries in order to improve the effectiveness of their National Plant ... Implementation and Capacity Development Projects * IPPC Global Project on Capacity Development under the framework of the FAO- ... Calls on Implementation and Capacity Development Activities * Consultation on Implementation and Capacity Development Documents ...
Peptide Regulators of Plant Development | Science Signaling
2.5 Flower development - Whole-Plant Structure | Coursera
Understanding Plants - Part II: Fundamentals of Plant Biology. 2000+ courses from schools like Stanford and Yale - no ... well first learn about the structure-function of plants and of plant cells. Then well try to understand how plants grow and ... If you havent taken it already, you may also be interested in my other course - What A Plant Knows, which examines how plants ... Once we know how plants grow and develop, well then delve into understanding photosynthesis - how plants take carbon dioxide ...
The Development of Plant Proteins in the European Union - Opportunities and challenges | European Commission
The Development of Plant Protein in the European Union - Rudolf Mögele (Department for Agriculture and Rural Development). ... Conference report - The development of plant proteins in the European Union. English (220.4 KB - PDF) ... The Conference on the Development of Plant Proteins in the European Union on 22-23 November 2018 in Vienna was co-hosted by the ... The Development of Plant Proteins in the European Union - Opportunities and challenges ...
Development of Knowledge Portals for Nuclear Power Plants | IAEA
Russia: The L'Oréal plant committed to sustainable development
... this plant was initially 10 000 m2. In 2015, the Group decided to expand the plant, creating 13,700 m2 of additional space. The ... LOréal built its plant in Russia in 2010, in the Vorsino industrial park in the Kaluga region, located 85 km south of Moscow. ... In addition, LOréal has installed solar panels that generate 10% of the energy consumed by the Vorsino plant on average, per ... With the expansion of its plant in Russia, LOréal has put in place measures to improve its environmental performance, ...
Power Plant for Garraf Development Facility Operation Project
ArabidopsisGrowthPhysiologyAuxinBiologySpeciesHormonesGeneDevelopmentalProteinsOrgansTissuesMolecularProteinPhotosynthesisHttpsCellsPhysiologicalSignalingVascular plantsRegulateProcessesResearchers2001BiomassGenesMechanismsGeneticAgricultureInteractionsResearch2019BiotechnologySeedsRootsLeaf developmentCultivar developmentCropsSustainableGeneticsPathogensPathways in plantsMeristem activityBacteriaResponses2018GrownCytokininMorphologyPilot PlantRoles in plant developmentRootCellNitrogenTransgenicHigher PlantsHigh-density1988
Arabidopsis14
- A) Scheme of Arabidopsis stomatal development illustrated in isolated cells, and in the context of the developing leaf below. (nih.gov)
- Characterizing Arabidopsis Root Attractions (CARA) builds upon the previously flown Plant Growth Investigations in Microgravity (PGIM) experiment which flew on STS-93, the Biological Research in Canisters (BRIC)-16 experiment which flew on STS-131, and the Transgenic Arabidopsis Gene Expression System (TAGES) experiment which flew in the Advanced Biological Research System (ABRS) during Increments 19-24. (nasa.gov)
- Molecular Biology of Plant Development in the Space Flight Environment (Characterizing Arabidopsis Root Attractions (CARA) explores the molecular biology guiding the altered growth of plants, specifically roots, in space flight. (nasa.gov)
- Characterizing Arabidopsis Root Attractions (CARA) specifically addresses the signaling mechanisms that influence root growth in Arabidopsis plants grown without gravity, and how that changes with or without light. (nasa.gov)
- The research was done in Arabidopsis thaliana, a small flowering plant that is widely used by biologists as a model species because it is easy to grow and study. (eurekalert.org)
- reviewed the early ovule development with a focus on the formation of the CMM and the initiation of ovule primordia in Arabidopsis . (frontiersin.org)
- Comparative analyses of WOX4 transcription and function are presented in Arabidopsis ( Arabidopsis thaliana ), a simple-leafed plant with collateral vasculature, and in tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ), a dissected-leafed species with bicollateral venation. (plantphysiol.org)
- RNA interference-induced down-regulation of WOX4 in Arabidopsis generated small plants whose vascular bundles accumulated undifferentiated ground tissue and exhibited severe reductions in differentiated xylem and phloem. (plantphysiol.org)
- That first year at university was, academically, "a total disaster," she says, but she found her groove the following year, doing research on Arabidopsis thaliana in a plant pathology lab headed by Robin Cameron, now at McMaster University. (the-scientist.com)
- Brady remained at U of T for graduate school, joining the lab of Peter McCourt and initially looking for Arabidopsis genes encoding proteins that interact with the plant hormone abscisic acid. (the-scientist.com)
- In Benfey's lab, Brady's research involved analyzing the mRNAs present in individual cell types in Arabidopsis roots during different stages of development to reveal the patterns of gene expression that enabled their growth and maturation. (the-scientist.com)
- To study the regulation of plant meristem activity and cell proliferation, we have examined the tissue-specific accumulation of cdc2 transcripts in Arabidopsis thaliana and the related crucifer radish (Raphanus sativus) by in situ hybridization using A. thaliana cdc2 cDNA sequences as a probe. (pnas.org)
- Imprinted genes have been identified in maize and Arabidopsis thaliana , but crosses in a variety of species suggest that the effect of imprinting on seed development is widespread throughout the angiosperms. (plantcell.org)
- To see whether this gene is also essential for syncytium development, the role of ENOD40 was investigated in the non-legumes tomato and Arabidopsis upon cyst nematode infection. (wur.nl)
Growth71
- In addition to growth by cell division, a plant may grow through cell elongation. (wikipedia.org)
- Plant growth and development are mediated by specific plant hormones and plant growth regulators (PGRs) (Ross et al. (wikipedia.org)
- In 1918, Gassner published findings that noted the necessity of a cold phase in order for proper plant growth. (wikipedia.org)
- Meanwhile, Garner and Allard examined the importance of the duration of light exposure to plant growth in 1920. (wikipedia.org)
- 2014). Germination is the early growth of a plant from a seed. (wikipedia.org)
- However, according to a new study in the open access journal PLOS ONE , very low doses of the pungent compound spur plant growth. (redorbit.com)
- According to Dooley´s advisor Peter Ward, a UW professor of biology, the rapid plant growth brought on by small concentrations of hydrogen sulfide could be the result of a genetic mechanism that allowed plants to survive these mass extinction events. (redorbit.com)
- Ward said larger plants would have had a better chance at survival, so it makes sense that small dose of the deadly compound would spur growth. (redorbit.com)
- Why is Soil Water Important to Plant Growth? (unl.edu)
- Carbohydrates produced from photosynthesis provide energy for all plant growth and maintenance. (unl.edu)
- When air temperatures are favorable for plant growth, soil water is the limiting factor for photosynthesis. (unl.edu)
- Rapid growth does not occur in all plant parts simultaneously. (unl.edu)
- Growth of plant parts is reduced or delayed when green leaf area is removed. (unl.edu)
- We normally accept natural plant growth habits and design a growing system to accommodate their growth. (sae.org)
- If the plant growth habit was altered in such a manner so that the growing density increases without sacrificing productivity, greater efficiency can be achieved. (sae.org)
- Presently, new modifications are being made to double the growing density by dividing the existing growth chamber to two separate chambers so that two plants can be grown. (sae.org)
- But the growth guide and light distribution system had to be developed first to determine the (Pinch Roller) plant spacing. (sae.org)
- Monocot plants usually have higher efficiency in photosynthesis mainly due to its growth characteristics allowing better light penetration without shading other foliage. (sae.org)
- Takashima, Y., "Development of Plant Growth Guide and Light Distribution System," SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-2458, 2003, https://doi.org/10.4271/2003-01-2458 . (sae.org)
- During their early growth, the embryos of all vascular plants exist as virtual parasites depending for nutrition on either the gametophyte or the previous sporophyte generation through the agency of the gametophyte or, in the special case of the angiosperms, upon an initially triploid tissue, the endosperm, which is itself nourished by the parent sporophyte. (britannica.com)
- Tobacco is preferred as the host plant because of its rapid growth and high volume of production. (news-medical.net)
- This is allowed to proliferate and the plant expresses the recombinant protein, being stimulated to grow rapidly using controlled plant growth stimulators. (news-medical.net)
- We have recently shown that beyond its role in respiration, this protein complex is also involved in defence signalling in plants by helping plants to respond to invading organisms like pathogenic fungi and it also alter the growth of roots. (edu.au)
- Scientists are getting to the root of plant growth in space. (nasa.gov)
- Auxin is a plant growth hormone that helps guide the direction of root growth. (nasa.gov)
- However, space-grown plants show differences in root-tip distribution of cytokinin, a plant hormone that often works in concert with auxin to regulate cell division and tissue growth. (nasa.gov)
- Spaceflight also causes changes in the expression of many genes that are regulated by auxin and other plant hormones, as well as genes that regulate the size and shapes of cells that influence root growth patterns. (nasa.gov)
- These findings suggest that it may be possible to eliminate certain unnecessary environmental responses by genetic modification to produce plant varieties better adapted for growth in microgravity (Paul, 2017). (nasa.gov)
- Plants experiencing space flight are quite normal in appearance but can exhibit growth habits distinctly different from plants on earth. (nasa.gov)
- Scientists at UC Riverside have identified the molecular mechanism by which photoreceptors called phytochromes control plant growth and development. (eurekalert.org)
- Phytochromes control plant growth and development by changing the amount or stability of another group of proteins called transcription factors whose job is to turn genes on and off. (eurekalert.org)
- Now that we understand how light is causing changes in growth and development, we can engineer plants to be blind to their neighbors, so we can plant them more densely without seeing a decrease in yield," Chen said. (eurekalert.org)
- This book focuses on stress caused by the inanimate components of the environment associated with climatic, edaphic and physiographic factors that substantially limit plant growth and survival. (wiley.com)
- Plant growth and development is controlled by various environmental cues that are sensed by the plant via various signal transduction pathways coupled to specific response. (springer.com)
- This volume highlights some of the examples of the plant signal transduction machinery opening new vistas in research on plant growth and development. (springer.com)
- This module will centre on the study of growth and development processes in higher plants both at the level of the cell and the whole organisms and in relation to the environment. (southampton.ac.uk)
- The major growth and development features of the plant will be discussed as will impacts of abiotic and biotic stress. (southampton.ac.uk)
- The phytohormone cytokinin plays diverse roles in plant development, influencing many agriculturally important processes, including growth, nutrient responses and the response to biotic and abiotic stresses. (biologists.org)
- 1955 ), and subsequent studies identified the cytokinin zeatin as an endogenous plant growth regulator ( Letham, 1973 ). (biologists.org)
- Early hypotheses about auxin transport posited that the hormone was produced in young leaves and shoot tips and worked its way "down" the plant into stems and roots to promote plant development and growth. (eurekalert.org)
- For example, specific recognition responses in plants trigger formation of the hypersensitive response and activation of host defense mechanisms, resulting in restriction of pathogen growth and disease development. (pnas.org)
- Current knowledge of the spatiotemporal control of brassinosteroid function in plants, focusing on primary root development and growth, stem cell self-renewal and death, and adaptation to environmental stress, is summarized in this Review from Ana Caño-Delgado and team. (biologists.org)
- The idea of the conference 'Physiology, Growth and Development of Plants and Cells in Culture' (Lancaster, 1992) was to introduce specialists in different areas of plant physiology to micropropagators, with the express aims of disseminating as wide a range of information to as large a number of participants as possible, and beginning new discussions on the constraints and potentials affecting the development of in vitro plant production methods. (worldcat.org)
- A method of controlling growth and development of plants is provided herein. (google.com)
- More particularly, a method of controlling growth and development of potato plants by increasing or decreasing the expression of a gene encoding calmodulin is set forth. (google.com)
- Transgenic potato plants carrying sense nucleic acid constructs of pPCM-1, a cDNA clone of potato calmodulin, exhibit unexpected increased shoot and tuber growth, whereas plants carrying antisense nucleic acid constructs exhibit decreased shoot and tuber growth. (google.com)
- The present invention relates to a method of controlling growth and development of plants. (google.com)
- More particularly, this invention relates to a method of controlling growth and development of potato plants by increasing or decreasing the expression of a gene encoding calmodulin. (google.com)
- Plant Growth and Development (McGraw-Hill, New York) (1975). (google.com)
- A structured controlled vocabulary for describing cereal plant development and growth stages. (bioontology.org)
- The introductory session considered the coordinating role of hormones in plant growth and development, and focused on hormone action at the molecular level, including their binding to receptors and their control of gene expression. (weltbild.de)
- All these approaches consolidated the central importance of hormones in plant growth. (weltbild.de)
- In New York, Cornell researchers have shown multiple benefits to plant growth and nutrition when they investigated the effect of soy flour, a plant-derived biostimulant, on coated broccoli seed . (biofuelsdigest.com)
- Results showed enhanced plant growth and development through measurements of biomass, plant height, leaf area, leaf development, and chlorophyll content. (biofuelsdigest.com)
- Soy flour-coated seeds had greater seedling root and shoot growth compared with the noncoated control, and soy flour applied at 30%, 40%, and 50% in the coating formulation increased the total nitrogen per plant compared with the noncoated control. (biofuelsdigest.com)
- The course deals with developmental biology of plants and environmental constrains upon plant growth. (umu.se)
- Apply knowledge about the anatomy of primary and secondary growth and to distinguish molecular processes controlling cell division cell elongation and polarity establishment during plant growth and development. (umu.se)
- Apply knowledge about synthesis, transport and signal transduction of plant hormones and its importance for growth and development in plants. (umu.se)
- Apply knowledge about light perception and signaling as well as circadian control and its importance for growth and development in plants. (umu.se)
- Apply knowledge about environmental perception and signaling and its importance for growth and development in plants. (umu.se)
- 1998 ). Similarly, NO signalling in plants modulates a variety of physiological systems, from adaptive responses to germination, root growth and dynamics of stomatal aperture control. (wiley.com)
- However, isotopic labeling with deuterium ((2)H) in higher plants at the level of 40% and higher is complicated by both physiological responses, particularly water exchange through transpiration, and inhibitory effects of D2O on germination, rooting, and growth. (nih.gov)
- Growth in individual chambers under continuous air perfusion with dried sterile-filtered air enables long-term cultivation of multiple plants at different D2O concentrations. (nih.gov)
- Economic development creates opportunities to grow state, local and metro areas, which are essential for economic growth, improved quality of life and community development. (businessfacilities.com)
- The scientists at the University of Delhi have shown that inserting a bacterial gene that makes a protein named Cry1Ac into genomes of plants appears to cause developmental defects, growth retardation and sterility in the plants. (globalresearch.ca)
- This simple and fully automated non-invasive screening methodology allows to simultaneously monitoring stress-induced changes in photosynthetic yield and plant growth. (europa.eu)
- In this sense, for each selected line we could determine the specificity of the response that means, the type of stress to which the auxin-related line show improved or suboptimal effect on root or shoot growth and photosynthesis in comparison to wild type plants. (europa.eu)
- Our results contribute to the understanding of stress-induced root growth and root development retardation effect. (europa.eu)
- The real biological potential of the selected genes was tested through the selection of mutants or overexpressing lines and further functional assessments via a screening methodology in which root and shoot growth and changes in photosystem II photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and photochemical quenching are used to determine the plant stress response. (europa.eu)
- Mutant for the auxin responsive protein IAA1 shows altered photosynthetic response and wild type effect on root and shoot growth upon stress, while mutants for IAA19 affect only plant growth. (europa.eu)
- Moreover, under stress the absence of the auxin response factors ARF6 or ARF7impact on plant growth and photosynthesis, while arf9 mutants specifically affect stress-induced growth retardation. (europa.eu)
Physiology4
- Plant Physiology 173:2029-2040. (edu.au)
- The book is directed at researchers and professionals in plant physiology, cell biology and molecular biology, in both the academic and industrial sectors. (wiley.com)
- In the final session, three speakers suggested some promising avenues for future research into the physiology, biochemistry, and molecular biology of plant hormones. (weltbild.de)
- Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Plant Physiology. (diva-portal.org)
Auxin24
- Two experiments on the International Space Station found normal distribution of auxin in the roots of space-grown plants, suggesting weightlessness does not affect this system. (nasa.gov)
- At later stages of the gynoecium development, auxin biosynthesis at the apex may be critical to formation of the style and stigma. (frontiersin.org)
- Their analysis of these genes suggests that the NGA proteins regulate gynoecial development via the control of auxin homeostasis. (frontiersin.org)
- Cytokinins were discovered in a search for factors that promote cell proliferation in cultured plant cells in concert with a second phytohormone, auxin. (biologists.org)
- Thus, specification of vascular fate in leaf primordia is dependent upon appropriate auxin transport, localization, and signaling, implicating auxin as a predominant patterning factor during early vascular development. (plantphysiol.org)
- A study in Developmental Cell shows the importance of the interplay between local production and transport of the key hormone auxin to plant development. (eurekalert.org)
- The study sheds light on the importance of when and where the plant hormone auxin is produced and explores the interplay between auxin synthesis and transport that moves auxin throughout the plant. (eurekalert.org)
- Specifically, the research shows that local auxin production is required to keep plants healthy. (eurekalert.org)
- That is, roots will degenerate if auxin is not produced in the root, or flowers will be sterile if auxin is not made at the right place and the right time in the flower, despite the fact that the hormone can be transported throughout the plant. (eurekalert.org)
- We knew how auxin was transported within the plant and how plants respond to auxin, but surprisingly we didn't know until recently how and where auxin is produced by the plant," said Javier Brumos, an NC State post-doctoral researcher and first author of a paper describing the research. (eurekalert.org)
- That led to the question of how important local production of auxin in the root - that is, auxin that moves from root cell to root cell rather than being transported from the shoot - is to plant development," Brumos said. (eurekalert.org)
- Using a variety of elegant experiments on Arabadopsis, or mustard weed, the NC State researchers showed the importance of local auxin production in plant roots. (eurekalert.org)
- First, the researchers created hybrid plants by grafting healthy, auxin-producing shoots onto roots that didn't produce auxin to see whether auxin could be transported from shoot to root to keep roots healthy. (eurekalert.org)
- It turns out that plants may choose to make auxin in the place where they want it to accumulate rather than always bring auxin from other parts of the plant," said Anna Stepanova, an assistant professor in the Department of Plant and Microbial Biology at NC State and corresponding author of the paper. (eurekalert.org)
- If there is no local auxin in the root, the plant loses its root meristematic activity and the root degenerates. (eurekalert.org)
- Again, plants with root-made auxin had viable roots, while plants reliant on auxin transport from shoots had faulty roots. (eurekalert.org)
- The researchers also examined the role of local auxin in flowers and leaves and again saw that the sites of the biosynthesis of this hormone are critical, in this case, for full fertility and normal leaf development. (eurekalert.org)
- The take-home message of this study is that local auxin production and transport work together to keep plants healthy. (eurekalert.org)
- In lower plants like mosses, auxin and cytokinin regulate the creation and the stability of the differentiated state of various cell types. (portlandpress.com)
- In fact, most of the major plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and strigolactones, control both lateral root formation and nodule organogenesis, but often in an opposite manner. (mdpi.com)
- Through this method, we deciphered some components of the ROS-auxin regulatory network involved in plant stress adaptation. (europa.eu)
- By using cell biology tools, the effect of ROS accumulation upon oxidative stress on the underlying mechanisms controlling auxin-dependent root apical meristem activity and lateral root development and on the subcellular trafficking mechanisms controlling PIN polarity and degradation was inferred. (europa.eu)
- Altered auxin homeostasis in pin6-2 and 35S:PIN6 plants is associated to altered rosette shape, and results in significantly improved water retention under salt stress treatments. (europa.eu)
- A local accumulation of auxin is crucial for syncytium development.Analysis of cellulase expression patterns in tomato revealed that two auxin-inducible members (LECel7 and LE-Cel8) were speci¿ cally up-regulated during the onset of syncytium development. (wur.nl)
Biology9
- Current Opinion in Plant Biology 16:344-9. (edu.au)
- I am a protein biochemist focused on plant biology in the School of Molecular Sciences. (edu.au)
- I am the Director of the ARC Centre of Excellent in Plant Energy Biology. (edu.au)
- However, the current model in plants is that the photoreceptor uses the N-terminal module both to sense and respond to environmental light cues," said Chen, who is also a member of UCR's Institute for Integrated Genome Biology (IIGB). (eurekalert.org)
- This class is aimed at people interested in understanding the basic science of plant biology. (coursera.org)
- An emerging topic in plant biology is whether plants display analogous elements of mammalian programmed cell death during development and defense against pathogen attack. (pnas.org)
- 90 ECTS credits, of which at least 15 ECTS credits are in the main area of chemistry and 60 ECTS credits in the main area of biology where at least 30 ECTS credits should be in plant biology and cell- and molecular biology. (umu.se)
- 1998 ). While the study of NO biology in plants has thus been somewhat of a 'slow-burn', the field is now gathering significant momentum. (wiley.com)
- The aim of this EMBO Workshop is to support the development of new scientific concepts and experimental approaches for exploring the mechanisms, control and role of intercellular communication in developmental plant biology and crop diseases. (embo.org)
Species13
- The form of leaves produced near the base of the branch differs from leaves produced at the tip of the plant, and this difference is consistent from branch to branch on a given plant and in a given species. (wikipedia.org)
- Research on plants looks at several species. (wikipedia.org)
- The 11 articles within this special research topic focus on the molecular mechanisms of early fruit development and span a diversity of species and experimental approaches. (frontiersin.org)
- The orthologues of ScATGs that function for autophagosome formation are conserved in plant species, and therefore the studies using the mutants of these ATG genes in model plants has helped develop our understanding of plant autophagy. (frontiersin.org)
- The function of the WOX4 gene is previously undescribed in any plant species. (plantphysiol.org)
- The team collected debris, including seeds, from the air-intake grilles of refrigerated shipping containers and found that the greenspaces on-site at the Garden City Terminal, the Port of Savannah's container-handling facility, were significantly different from other local plant inventories, with significantly higher numbers of nonnative plant species present. (fed.us)
- The development of EST-SSR markers has become a fast and relatively inexpensive way but it is limited to species for which this type of database exists. (scielo.br)
- For example, in a greenhouse heated to a minimum night temperature of 60°F, plants of the same species will flower approximately one month earlier than those in a comparable greenhouse heated to 50°F. Cultural conditions-such as light, irrigation and nutrition-can affect flower initiation. (ufl.edu)
- Currently, more than 500 plant species with various forms, colors, textures, and styles are grown as foliage plants. (ufl.edu)
- By the following century, an estimated 5,000 species of exotic plants had been brought into Europe (Smith and Scarborough 1981). (ufl.edu)
- In the Stanford study, researchers reviewed scientific studies that involved more than 1,400 plant and animal species. (sfgate.com)
- In an analysis of 172 species of plants, birds, butterflies and amphibians, Parmesan found that spring events such as egg-laying or flower-blooming advanced 2.3 days on average each decade. (sfgate.com)
- Numerous references to recent topical literature are included, and new illustrations reflect a wide range of flowering plant species. (google.ca)
Hormones6
- Here, we provide a brief overview of the metabolic pathways that regulate the levels of this group of plant hormones and highlight recent advances in the understanding of cytokinin transport. (biologists.org)
- Signals such as hormones, light, and gravity control diverse physiological processes in plants. (google.com)
- The symposium was convened to assess the evidence for and against the view that plant hormones are endogenous. (weltbild.de)
- In many respects, progress in research on animal hormones seems greater than in the plant sciences and there may well be merit in following progress in animal hormone research as suggested by Professor Leopold. (weltbild.de)
- Focus is on regulation of cell division, meristem activity, plant stem cells, embryogenesis and organogenesis, signal transduction and plant hormones. (umu.se)
- Both legume nodule and lateral root organogenesis involve divisions of the root inner tissues, and both developmental programs are tightly controlled by plant hormones. (mdpi.com)
Gene17
- Plant-derived medicines are common, but today biopharming has changed the nature of the plants themselves, making use of gene therapy to produce transgenic plants which yield non-native proteins targeting deadly viruses like Ebola or HIV, and some cancers. (news-medical.net)
- New plant breeding technologies have made it possible to further exploit the possibilities of the tobacco plant, using CRISPR gene editing, advanced forms of grafting, and temporary expression of certain genes by infiltration. (news-medical.net)
- Once the gene is expressed, the tobacco plant leaves produce plenty of antibody against the antigen introduced via the bacteria. (news-medical.net)
- Because plants have no experience in adapting to microgravity, they may respond with improper changes in gene expression. (nasa.gov)
- This study showed an altered pattern of gene expression in the root tip cells of plants in microgravity relative to ground controls, suggesting that these genes are important to the physiological adaptation of plants to space. (nasa.gov)
- Researchers at the University of California, Riverside have identified the portion of a plant photoreceptor responsible for light-dependent changes in gene expression, as illustrated in a paper published today in Nature Communications . (eurekalert.org)
- Most scientists did not believe the C-terminal module played a role in signaling changes in gene expression in plants, but Chen disagreed. (eurekalert.org)
- The module also considers the relevance of developmental processes in a changing environment, with particular emphasis on the role of model organisms in determining gene function and the manipulation of plant characteristics using biotechnology. (southampton.ac.uk)
- Previous studies have shown that members of the WUSCHEL -related HOMEOBOX ( WOX ) gene family function to organize various initial cell populations during plant development. (plantphysiol.org)
- Cultured plant cells show phenotypic variation, some of which results from epigenetic changes - mitotically heritable but reversible alterations in gene expression that do not result from permanent genetic modifications. (biologists.org)
- 2.A Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries. (plantwithpurpose.org)
- The University of California, Davis, professor is a pioneer in teasing apart the changes in gene expression that drive root development. (the-scientist.com)
- In a second PhD project, Brady built an algorithm to mine transcriptomic data to determine how sequences within the plant's gene promoters related to root development. (the-scientist.com)
- Her lab recently completed a years-long project to map gene expression and regulation in individual tomato cell types-now under review for publication-that she says she expects will be a valuable resource in researchers' efforts "to breed plants that are going to be more able to tolerate harsh environments. (the-scientist.com)
- Apply and analyze gene mapping in plants as well as both forward and reverse genetic methodology in plant model organisms. (umu.se)
- The EMBO workshop will bring together scientists working on plasmodesmata structure and regulation, plant development, defense signaling, gene silencing, and virus movement. (embo.org)
- Indian scientists have discovered that the genetic modification of plants with a gene already used in crops worldwide may severely damage the plants, a surprising finding that may stir a debate on current crop biotechnology science. (globalresearch.ca)
Developmental9
- However, both plants and animals pass through a phylotypic stage that evolved independently and that causes a developmental constraint limiting morphological diversification. (wikipedia.org)
- We discuss how specialization has enabled the CLE peptides to modulate stem cell differentiation in various tissue types, and how differing activities of EPF peptides precisely regulate the stomatal developmental program, and we examine the contributions of these peptide families to plant development from an evolutionary perspective. (nih.gov)
- The removal of damaged organelles is essential for plants throughout various developmental stages as well as to overcome environmental changes that enhance cellular damage, since organelle degradation allows the recycling of derived small molecules, such as amino acids, lipids and nucleic acids. (frontiersin.org)
- During developmental aging or starvation, plants actively degrade organelles in old organs and reuse the released molecules to produce juvenile organs. (frontiersin.org)
- In situ hybridization analyses of Atwox4-RNA interference plants revealed delayed and reduced expression of both the phloem developmental marker ALTERED PHLOEM1 and HOMEOBOX GENE8 , a marker of the vascular procambium. (plantphysiol.org)
- Plants are multicellular organisms and products of tightly regulated developmental programmes that respond to environmental conditions and internal cues. (wur.nl)
- Reprogramming occurs in flowering plants and in mammals, and the similarities and differences illuminate developmental and reproductive strategies. (sciencemag.org)
- Proteases play key roles in plants, maintaining strict protein quality control and degrading specific sets of proteins in response to diverse environmental and developmental stimuli. (diva-portal.org)
- The researchers have themselves shown that if the plants are modified in such a way that the Cry1Ac is confined in their chloroplasts - the site of photosynthesis in plant cells - they do not show any developmental defects. (globalresearch.ca)
Proteins5
- This is different from bioengineering in which plant biological drugs are produced in bioreactors that ferment cultures of animal cells: this method is costly, and biopharming hopes to cut down the cost of producing recombinant antibodies, vaccines, enzymes, and other regulatory proteins to a tenth. (news-medical.net)
- The objective of this project is to use knockout and overexpressing lines of plant specific complex II subunits to characterise their functions at the physiological, proteomic and metabolomic levels and therefore to uncover the hidden role of these proteins and this respiratory pathway in plants. (edu.au)
- The Conference on the Development of Plant Proteins in the European Union on 22-23 November 2018 in Vienna was co-hosted by the Austrian Minister for Sustainability and Tourism, Ms Elisabeth Köstinger and the European Commissioner for Agriculture and Rural Development, Mr Phil Hogan. (europa.eu)
- Around 200 invited experts from the agricultural supply chains for feed and food production, research and advisory networks, and national and regional administrations discussed the main findings of the European Commission's report on the Development of Plant Proteins in the European Union on current plant protein production in the EU and its potential for further development. (europa.eu)
- The genetic, molecular, and biochemical basis of the action of the MADS domain proteins in the plant life cycle are reviewed here. (caltech.edu)
Organs10
- plants produce these tissues and structures throughout their life from meristems located at the tips of organs, or between mature tissues. (wikipedia.org)
- Once the embryo germinates from its seed or parent plant, it begins to produce additional organs (leaves, stems, and roots) through the process of organogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
- This variation is most easily seen in the leaves of a plant, though other organs such as stems and flowers may show similar variation. (wikipedia.org)
- The two major factors determining the forms of plant tissues and organs are the orientation of the planes of cell division and the shapes assumed by the cells as they enlarge. (britannica.com)
- These are the male sexual organs of the plant. (coursera.org)
- Plant shoot organs arise from initial cells that are recruited from meristematic tissues. (plantphysiol.org)
- In higher plants, the shoot apical meristem generates the radially symmetrical stem and also produces, in succession, bilaterally symmetrical lateral organs called leaves. (plantphysiol.org)
- In addition, leaves may also function to perceive and transmit environmental signals to other plant organs. (plantphysiol.org)
- During flower development, high levels of expression were observed in meristems, in the basal regions of developing organs, in the developing vasculature, and associated with rib meristems elaborated late in the development of some floral organs. (pnas.org)
- Indeed, in the rhizobium/legume symbiosis, new root organs, called nodules, are formed by the plant in order to host the rhizobia in protective conditions, optimized for nitrogen fixation. (mdpi.com)
Tissues5
- Thus, a living plant always has embryonic tissues. (wikipedia.org)
- In these groups the young sporophyte produces a multicellular structure, the foot , which remains embedded in the tissues of the gametophyte throughout early development withdrawing nutrients. (britannica.com)
- The plant vasculature provides mechanical support and transports water, nutrients, and signaling molecules to plant tissues. (plantphysiol.org)
- Name two plant tissues in which dead cells are useful. (brainmass.com)
- Meins and Thomas show that in plants regenerated from most C + clones, leaf tissues retained the C + phenotype. (biologists.org)
Molecular8
- While these investigations could somewhat correlate cause and effect as a plant develops, they could not truly explain the mechanisms at work without inspection at the molecular level. (wikipedia.org)
- 2014). Rudimentary comprehensions set precedent for later molecular evaluation and, eventually, a more complete view of how plants operate. (wikipedia.org)
- The mission of Plant Stress and Germplasm Development research unit is to conduct fundamental and applied research on the response of plants to thermal and water stress and to develop, through traditional and molecular approaches, appropriate germplasm to reduce the impact of these stresses on crop yields and product quality. (usda.gov)
- Until now, scientists haven't fully understood the molecular mechanism underlying that process, which allows plants to recognize when they're in the shade and grow toward the sun, and to sense what season it is so they can bloom in spring. (eurekalert.org)
- This module provides an understanding of plant function and development at a molecular, cellular and whole organism level. (southampton.ac.uk)
- The aim of this module is to provide an understanding of plant function and development at a molecular, cellular and whole organism level. (southampton.ac.uk)
- Although this scenario resembles PCD in mammalian systems, specific illustrations of a functionally conserved program in plants exhibiting the hallmark characteristics of PCD are limited and molecular details of this process in plants remain unclear ( 9 ). (pnas.org)
- A wealth of information on plant anatomy and morphology is available in the current and historical literature, and molecular biologists are producing massive amounts of transcriptome and genome data that can be used to gain better insights into the development, evolution, ecology, and physiological function of plant anatomical attributes. (usda.gov)
Protein9
- On the second day of the conference, Minister Köstinger and Commissioner Hogan, together with high-level representatives from the European Parliament and key stakeholders, debated how the existing and future policy framework could support the further unlocking of potential for plant protein production in the European Union. (europa.eu)
- 1. A method for increasing stem and tuber elongation in a potato plant relative to a control plant, comprising the steps of introducing a nucleic acid construct into a potato plant cell and growing the cell into a plant, wherein the nucleic acid construct comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes the protein of Sequence Listing ID No. 2. (google.com)
- 5. A transgenic potato plant comprising a nucleic acid construct, wherein the nucleic acid construct comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes the protein of Sequence Listing ID No. 2, and wherein the nucleotide sequence is isolated from nature or is synthetic. (google.com)
- As in animals, many of the effects of calcium ions in plant cells are mediated by a calcium-binding regulatory protein, calmodulin. (google.com)
- In plants, enzymes such as NAD kinase, Ca 2+ -ATPase, H + -ATPase, quinate:NAD + oxidoreductase and protein kinases have been shown to be regulated by calcium and calmodulin. (google.com)
- Nordic meat processor HKScan is teaming up with a local food firm to develop plant-based protein products. (just-food.com)
- plant-based protein articles below. (businessfacilities.com)
- Several experimental and commercial genetically-modified plants, including GM cotton cultivated in India and other countries, make the Cry1Ac protein which is toxic to some insects. (globalresearch.ca)
- The Indian government had approved commercial cultivation of GM cotton containing Cry1Ac in 2002, and research groups have been trying to equip other plants with this protein. (globalresearch.ca)
Photosynthesis4
- In order to fully comprehend how grasses respond to drought, one must understand what plants need for photosynthesis. (unl.edu)
- Green plants convert solar energy to chemical energy by the process of photosynthesis. (unl.edu)
- Plant cells not directly involved in photosynthesis are completely dependent on the translocation of carbohydrates from green foliage or from storage areas known as sources. (unl.edu)
- Once we know how plants grow and develop, we'll then delve into understanding photosynthesis - how plants take carbon dioxide from the air and water from soil, and turn this into oxygen for us to breathe and sugars for us to eat. (coursera.org)
Https1
- If you haven't taken it already, you may also be interested in my other course - What A Plant Knows, which examines how plants see, smell, hear and feel their environment: https://www.coursera.org/learn/plantknows. (coursera.org)
Cells20
- Not all plant cells grow to the same length. (wikipedia.org)
- When plants typically grow larger, they do so by elongating their existing cells. (redorbit.com)
- However, the researchers found the hydrogen sulfide treatments resulted in smaller and larger numbers of cells, meaning these plants contain more biomass for fuel production. (redorbit.com)
- The benefit of this type of workflow is that the genetic makeup of the plant is not altered permanently, but rather the bacteria express their own genes inside the tobacco host cells. (news-medical.net)
- In this four lecture series, we'll first learn about the structure-function of plants and of plant cells. (coursera.org)
- Recent studies have identified several types of selective autophagy processes in plant cells that degrade specific organelles or unwanted components. (frontiersin.org)
- Selective elimination processes of damaged organelles in plant cells. (frontiersin.org)
- Although PIN1 is the earliest known marker of vascular development, PIN expression in ground cells is not a committed step toward vascular fate. (plantphysiol.org)
- Describe the structure of (1) the cell wall (2) the cell membrane in plant cells How does the structure affect the function? (brainmass.com)
- What is the major structural difference between the upper and lower epidermis in plant cells? (brainmass.com)
- In either case, pathogen challenge can trigger groups of plant cells to die. (pnas.org)
- The hypersensitive response has been defined as rapid, localized death of plant cells associated with resistance to pathogen attack. (pnas.org)
- Visually, this reaction appears as a region of dead cells at the point of pathogen recognition by the plant. (pnas.org)
- One of the few examples of apoptosis in plant disease resistance is described by Ryerson and Heath ( 10 ), where hypersensitive resistance in cowpea to the cowpea rust fungus ( Uromyces vignae ) is accompanied by degradation of host DNA into oligonucleosomal fragments as well as terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated UTP end labeling-positive cells, both common events in PCD. (pnas.org)
- these are called epimutations, and Meins and Thomas now report that epimutations can arise frequently in cultured tobacco plant cells (see p. 6201 ). (biologists.org)
- Brady was intrigued by how plant cells regulate the types of changes in transcription she saw in her postdoc research. (the-scientist.com)
- Photoassimilates such as sugars are transported through phloem sieve element cells in plants. (nih.gov)
- Genetically modified plant cells have been recruited for the production of therapeutic agencies as well as in the creation of expression systems for virus-like particles that could be used as vaccines. (igi-global.com)
- Moreover, microRNAs mimicking the plant ones have the ability to inhibit tumors in mammalian cells. (igi-global.com)
- Even in higher plants, embryonic cells become only roughly committed during shoot meristem formation. (portlandpress.com)
Physiological1
- Physiological roles of organelles autophagy in plant development and crop productivity. (frontiersin.org)
Signaling6
- Peptide signaling in plant development. (nih.gov)
- Belt K, Huang S, Thatcher LF, Casarotto H, Singh KB, Van Aken O, Millar AH (2017) Salicylic Acid-Dependent Plant Stress Signaling via Mitochondrial Succinate Dehydrogenase . (edu.au)
- However, only in plants and the protist Dictyostelium have cytokinins been definitively shown to act in cellular signaling. (biologists.org)
- Proteomics insights into plant signaling and development. (wur.nl)
- Plant development is orchestrated by inter- and intracellular signaling molecules, receptors and transcriptional regulators, which act in a temporal and spatially coordinated manner. (wur.nl)
- Here we review recent advances in proteomics applications used to understand complex cellular signaling processes in plants. (wur.nl)
Vascular plants4
- Characteristically, vascular plants grow and develop through the activity of organ-forming regions, the growing points. (britannica.com)
- The primary photosynthetic structures of the earliest vascular plants were branched axes, and the first identifiable leaves in the fossil record are believed to represent modified three-dimensional lateral branch systems ( Zimmerman, 1952 ). (plantphysiol.org)
- Extant vascular plants exhibit an enormous range of leaf forms broadly grouped into two categories, compound and simple leaves. (plantphysiol.org)
- MADS box genes represent a large multigene family in vascular plants. (caltech.edu)
Regulate3
- The botanical fruit is derived from the carpel wall (pericarp) and genes that regulate gynoecium development ultimately affect fruit size, shape, and dispersal mode. (frontiersin.org)
- We have generated transgenic tobacco plants to express animal genes that negatively regulate apoptosis. (pnas.org)
- This special issue aims to showcase the best research covering the chromatin-based and epigenetic mechanisms which regulate development across the plant and animal kingdoms. (biologists.org)
Processes6
- Plants depend on epigenetic processes for proper function. (wikipedia.org)
- Additionally, reductions in plant cover caused by overgrazing and natural defoliation processes, like fire or severe hail, often reduce the amount of rain water that enters the soil because of runoff losses. (unl.edu)
- Thus, the aim of this Research Topic is to extend our understanding of plant autophagy processes that degrade specific organelles during plant development. (frontiersin.org)
- Autophagic turnover processes of plant organelles (including chloroplasts, mitochondria, peroxisomes, ER, oil bodies and nuclei) throughout plant development. (frontiersin.org)
- Another source is resident soil organic P, which becomes plant-available via root and microorganism processes. (thefreelibrary.com)
- This suggests that the sensitivity of legume plants to some phytohormones could be linked to the antagonism that exists between the processes of nodulation and lateral root formation. (mdpi.com)
Researchers10
- For the wheat plants, researchers observed the seeds germinating in one to two days instead of four or five. (redorbit.com)
- We hope that this Research Topic will successfully show the recent advances of the studies on the role of plant selective autophagy throughout plant development, and help a large number of researchers to explore new avenues towards the further development of related fields. (frontiersin.org)
- USDA Forest Service researchers partnered with the U.S. Customs & Border Protection, Agriculture Program (Dept. of Homeland Security), other state and federal agencies, and the Georgia Ports Authority at the Port of Savannah to examine if the plant community on-site differed greatly from nearby sites due to escaping nonnative seeds and continual heavy-equipment disturbance. (fed.us)
- Highlighting the recent developments in fungus-plant interactions, this volume is indispensable for researchers, lecturers and students in microbiology, mycology and plant sciences, including plant pathology. (springer.com)
- This book will be of interest to many readers, researchers and scientists who can find this information useful for the advancement of their research works towards a better understanding of physical methods in plant and mushroom development. (intechopen.com)
- The insights are clear enough that non-plant breeding majoring students will find it useful to learn about the subject, while advanced level students and researchers and practitioners will find practical examples that help them implement their work. (researchandmarkets.com)
- The Delhi researchers say such observations may have been overlooked in the past as most previous studies were aimed at finding plant varieties that can be genetically altered just enough so that they are suitable for cultivation. (globalresearch.ca)
- Natural News ) With the number of Alzheimer's disease (AD) sufferers seen to quadruple by the year 2050 , researchers are looking for safe and effective methods to prevent the condition's development and progression. (naturalnews.com)
- Keeping this in mind, the researchers looked at Sarcocephalus latifolius , a plant that has long been used as an herbal treatment in Africa for a wide variety of diseases. (naturalnews.com)
- The researchers obtained extracts from the plant, which they fractionated between n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. (naturalnews.com)
20011
- The wholesale value of foliage plants in the U.S. rose from $29 million in 1969 to $585 million in 2001. (ufl.edu)
Biomass2
- This study develops the emission factor of non-CO 2 gas released from combined heat and power plants that use biomass. (hindawi.com)
- Therefore, developing non-CO 2 emission factor of biomass-using circulating fluidized bed (CFB) power plants, which is appropriate for the domestic circumstances would ensure very important basic data for the estimation and forecast of greenhouse gas emission and emission reduction plans. (hindawi.com)
Genes6
- Some of the plants are also imaged with the Light Microscopy Module on orbit, and at the end of the experiment, all plants are harvested by the astronaut, and preserved for their return to Earth in order to evaluate genes associated with plant responses on orbit. (nasa.gov)
- Notably, while some plant varieties expressed more genes to adjust, some varieties expressed less. (nasa.gov)
- Further, these animal antiapoptotic genes function in plants and should be useful to delineate resistance pathways. (pnas.org)
- One of her findings, Benfey notes, is that not only are there genes that are turned on and stay on during development, but also "an oscillating set of genes that would turn on and turn off again, and then turn back on again. (the-scientist.com)
- In angiosperms, many of the genes of the MADS family are involved in different steps of flower development, most notably in the determination of floral meristem and organ identity. (caltech.edu)
- The roles that MADS box genes play, however, are not restricted to control the development of the plant reproductive structures. (caltech.edu)
Mechanisms10
- It will also cover plant interactions with other organisms and plant defence mechanisms. (southampton.ac.uk)
- Since the gynoecium, the female floral structure, is the precursor of all or part of the fruit, several articles are focused on mechanisms of gynoecium development. (frontiersin.org)
- We then discuss the mechanisms by which cytokinins signal to influence plant development. (biologists.org)
- 2. Describe two mechanisms that move water from the roots to the upper portions of a plant. (brainmass.com)
- Recent findings show similarities in microbial infection mechanisms of animals, humans, and plants ( 1 - 3 ). (pnas.org)
- Many incompatible plant-pathogen interactions induce hypersensitive lesions and activate host defense mechanisms ( 7 ). (pnas.org)
- In 18 chapters internationally acknowledged authors present reviews on fungal lifestyles, mechanisms of their interactions with their host plants, signal perception and transduction, and plant defense responses directed against attack by fungal pathogens. (springer.com)
- As a result they have evolved unique signalling mechanisms through plasmodesmata that allow rapid communication between different parts of the plant. (embo.org)
- A number of piping components in the secondary system of nuclear power plants are exposed to aging mechanisms such as FAC (Flow-Accelerated Corrosion), cavitation, flashing, SPE (Solid Particle Erosion), LDIE (Liquid Droplet Impingement Erosion), etc. (scirp.org)
- As operating time progresses, carbon steel piping components in the secondary system of nuclear power plants gradually get thinner resulting from aging mechanisms, such as FAC (Flow-Accelerated Corrosion), cavitation, flashing, LDIE (Liquid Droplet Impingement Erosion), and SPE (Solid Particle Erosion). (scirp.org)
Genetic4
- In plants, genetic diversity may be inferred through quantitative (phenotypic ou genotypic traits) and predictive charecteristics. (scielo.br)
- The next two sessions embraced contributions on the experimental manipulation of development by genetic (notably by biochemical mutants), chemical (for example, with gibberellin/biosynthesis inhibitors), and environmental (including drought stress) means. (weltbild.de)
- Plant Genetic Resources 5. (researchandmarkets.com)
- Methods will be developed for detection and diagnostic of specimens from active or passive surveillance activities, farm fields, borders or transitional sites, valuable imported or exported plant genetic material, including suspected bio-crime scenes. (usda.gov)
Agriculture4
- There has been scientific enthusiasm for the study of epigenetics in plants because of their long-standing importance in agriculture. (wikipedia.org)
- Led by 4-H National Headquarters , within USDA's National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA), 4-H is drawing upon its deep experience to help other nations create similar youth development programs. (usda.gov)
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture. (diva-portal.org)
- Plant With Purpose's helps increase income opportunities by increasing farm yields through sustainable agriculture, while expanding opportunities to diversify one's income. (plantwithpurpose.org)
Interactions6
- In many plant-pathogen interactions, plant cell death occurs in both susceptible and resistant host responses. (pnas.org)
- Our data indicate that in compatible plant-pathogen interactions apoptosis-like programmed cell death occurs. (pnas.org)
- Regulation of cell death often is crucial to the outcome of plant-pathogen interactions. (pnas.org)
- Host cell death can occur in both resistant (incompatible) and susceptible (compatible) plant-pathogen interactions, although the mechanism(s) and relevant pathways are poorly understood. (pnas.org)
- and a completely revised new edition of Plant Relationships could be produced, providing an up-to-date overview on mutualistic and pathogenic interactions. (springer.com)
- and, plant-microbe interactions. (wiley.com)
Research11
- The Plant Stress and Germplasm Research Development unit is dedicated to research regarding thermal and water stress on plants and developing germplasm to reduce the impact of these on crop production. (usda.gov)
- The Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Research is located in Lubbock, TX and is part of the Plains Area . (usda.gov)
- My research aims to understand the role respiration plays in the primary carbon and nitrogen metabolism of plants and their response to oxidative stress, and the dynamics of the plant proteome under limiting conditions. (edu.au)
- The first day of the conference consisted of panel discussions on research and innovation, agronomic practices, environmental benefits, supply chain development and market potential in different segments of feed and food production. (europa.eu)
- Plant roots rely on local production of a key hormone that controls many aspects of development and response to environmental changes, according to new research from North Carolina State University. (eurekalert.org)
- The course connects research at Umeå Plant Science Centre. (umu.se)
- We're talking about iconic and threatened plants - cacti, especially, and Mojave yucca," said co-leading author Steve Grodsky, an assistant research ecologist at UC Davis. (ucdavis.edu)
- He has been inducted as a fellow by the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Indian Society of Genetics and Plant Breeding, and Indian Society of Pulses Research and Development. (researchandmarkets.com)
- Research by the Foliage Breeding Program at the UF/IFAS Mid-Florida Research and Education Center (MREC)-Apopka has given plant breeders new techniques to manipulate flowering and pollination in ornamental aroids for hybridization purposes. (ufl.edu)
- At the UF/IFAS MREC in Apopka, research in the aroid-breeding program showed that treatment of Spathiphyllum with gibberellic-acid (GA 3 ) sprays induces plants to flower throughout the year (Henny 1981). (ufl.edu)
- PhysOrg.com) -- Plants and their pollinators are the focus of ground-breaking research by Dr Heather Whitney, recently appointed Lloyds Fellow in the School of Biological Sciences. (phys.org)
20192
- Sosík P., Smolka V., Bradík J., Garzon M. (2019) Modeling Plant Development with M Systems. (springer.com)
- As per Kasetsart University economics lecturer Decharut Sukkumnoed's estimation, in 2019 the total electricity generation capacity in the South would be 3,832MW without a new power plant and usage would peak at 3,256MW. (nationmultimedia.com)
Biotechnology2
- This article describes how with the development of biotechnology, plants have gained again a prominent place as a relatively inexpensive source for the creation of recombinant pharmaceuticals. (igi-global.com)
- Until this point, if you asked someone in the plant biotechnology community what the Cry1Ac toxin does in plants, they would say it kills insects. (globalresearch.ca)
Seeds3
- The team also found watering the seeds less often reduced the effect, while watering them more often killed the plants. (redorbit.com)
- As these grilles take in air, they create a vacuum that can suck up plant seeds, insects, and other debris at the farm or port-of-origin, from the ocean, or at seaport stops along the way. (fed.us)
- To avoid overseeding or underseeding, planting rates should be based on seeds per acre and not pounds per acre. (midwestlabs.com)
Roots1
- Development of a phosphatase activity assay using excised plant roots. (thefreelibrary.com)
Leaf development2
- This is in marked contrast to palm leaf development. (plantphysiol.org)
- Thus, palms and aroids (both monocots) have very different compound leaf development. (plantphysiol.org)
Cultivar development1
- Plant Breeding and Cultivar Development features an optimal balance between classical and modern tools and techniques related to plant breeding. (researchandmarkets.com)
Crops1
- For example, when crops are planted at high density, they compete for light, often growing taller at the expense of yield. (eurekalert.org)
Sustainable14
- The project's integration of green spaces is expected to raise the city's standards for "skyrise greenery" in future sustainable developments. (inhabitat.com)
- WOHA has completed Sky Green, a sustainable, mixed-use development in the heart of Taichung, Taiwan. (inhabitat.com)
- The project is just the beginning of a wave of added green spaces and sustainable development in the city. (inhabitat.com)
- With the expansion of its plant in Russia, L'Oréal has put in place measures to improve its environmental performance, particularly with respect to sustainable water management. (loreal.com)
- Prakairatana said the NHRC did not just actively protect human rights, but also encouraged the government and investors to understand and value human-rights principles, so they could achieve sustainable development and prevent the violation of rights in the first place. (nationmultimedia.com)
- That is, development of a sustainable green chemistry platform for production of acetone and downstream drop-in fuel and commodity products. (biofuelsdigest.com)
- What are the Sustainable Development Goals? (plantwithpurpose.org)
- The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs or Global Goals) are a "blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all" adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 2015. (plantwithpurpose.org)
- As a sustainable development organization, so many of Plant With Purpose's own pursuits overlap with the UN's SDGs. (plantwithpurpose.org)
- Many of the Sustainable Development Goals address issues related to poverty, human well-being, and environmental health, all of which are at the core of Plant With Purpose's mission. (plantwithpurpose.org)
- Here is a breakdown of the Sustainable Development Goals that Plant With Purpose advances through our international programs. (plantwithpurpose.org)
- Of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, 7 are completely shared with Plant With Purpose. (plantwithpurpose.org)
- Our program has demonstrated an ability to reduce poverty by two-thirds in participating communities meeting one of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. (plantwithpurpose.org)
- It's about our need to achieve both climate change goals and sustainable development goals, which include protecting terrestrial ecosystems, at the same time. (ucdavis.edu)
Genetics1
- Genetics in Relation to Plant Breeding 4. (researchandmarkets.com)
Pathogens2
- Plants expressing human Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl, nematode CED-9, or baculovirus Op-IAP transgenes conferred heritable resistance to several necrotrophic fungal pathogens, suggesting that disease development required host-cell death pathways. (pnas.org)
- It will include the assessment of new biomaterial to streamline microbial forensic investigations, diagnostics and screening of plant material potentially carrying unwanted plant pathogens of agricultural biosecurity relevance. (usda.gov)
Pathways in plants1
- An emerging question concerns whether common features exist between programmed cell death pathways in plants and those in other eukaryotes. (pnas.org)
Meristem activity1
- Spatial pattern of cdc2 expression in relation to meristem activity and cell proliferation during plant development. (pnas.org)
Bacteria3
- Chen and his colleagues have been studying a group of photoreceptors called phytochromes that are sensitive to red and far-red light, and are conserved in plants, fungi, and bacteria. (eurekalert.org)
- Many plants can establish symbioses with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, some of which lead to nodulation, including legumes. (mdpi.com)
- In this way, these plants can benefit from the reduction of atmospheric dinitrogen into ammonia by the hosted bacteria, and in exchange the plant provides the rhizobia with a carbon source. (mdpi.com)
Responses6
- The book also addresses the high degree to which plant responses to quite diverse forms of environmental stress are interconnected, describing the ways in which the plant utilizes and integrates many common signals and subsequent pathways to cope with less favorable conditions. (wiley.com)
- 3. Plant adaptive responses to salinity stress. (wiley.com)
- 5. Plant responses to high temperature. (wiley.com)
- 6. Adaptive responses in plants to non-optimal soil pH. (wiley.com)
- 7. Plant responses to herbicides. (wiley.com)
- The responses of the plant to light and the role of phytochrome will be considered, as will the changes occurring at the onset of senescence. (southampton.ac.uk)
20181
- As of 2018, a total of 24 nuclear power plants are operating in Korea. (scirp.org)
Grown5
- Vacuum infiltration consists of soaking tobacco plants, which have grown for five weeks, in a liquid containing the bacterium which carries the antigen of interest. (news-medical.net)
- Over the past decade, our understanding of plant adaptation to environmental stress has grown considerably. (wiley.com)
- Chinese evergreen ( Aglaonema modestum ) and rubber plant ( Ficus elastica ) were commercially grown in Florida by the 1930s. (ufl.edu)
- Foliage plants, if defined literally, would include all plants grown for their attractive leaves rather than for their flowers or fruits. (ufl.edu)
- Moreover, pin6-2 and 35S:PIN6 plants grown on soil display decreased CO2 fixation rates and lower stomatal closure after 11 days of watering with 150 mM NaCl. (europa.eu)
Cytokinin2
- Cytokinin levels in plants are regulated by biosynthesis and inactivation pathways. (biologists.org)
- In higher plants, the most prevalent cytokinin is zeatin, which can occur in both trans and cis configurations. (biologists.org)
Morphology1
- She has published more than 150 peer-reviewed papers, using comparative floral and pollen morphology, anatomy and embryology to explore evolution across seed plants. (google.ca)
Pilot Plant10
- This session will showcase a variety of strategies for pilot plant design, operation, and even outsourcing that enhance pharmaceutical process development. (aiche.org)
- Case studies on implementation of Process Analytical Technologies (PAT) in a pilot plant environment are also especially encouraged. (aiche.org)
- Successful pilot plant solutions have a significant positive impact on the commercial process and investment decisions that you make. (sgs.com)
- We have successfully shown our ability to run a productive pilot plant project with rigorous project management protocols, a skilled project manager and knowledgeable operators with extensive experience. (sgs.com)
- The objective of your oil sands pilot plant program should be to examine ways to improve recovery, process efficiency, process costs, product quality and product handling characteristics or to establish confidence for financers, shareholders, managers or other key stakeholders in the project. (sgs.com)
- SGS takes a team approach to pilot plant testing. (sgs.com)
- SGS creates a detailed flowsheet, material balance and a pilot plant support requirements plan. (sgs.com)
- The recording of pilot plant analytical data must be consistent and accurate throughout the life of your project. (sgs.com)
- At the completion of your pilot plant operation, we complete and report all relevant data quickly and accurately, allowing you to make informed operational decisions. (sgs.com)
- Coskata will begin providing GM with ethanol from its pilot plant by the fourth quarter of this year. (areadevelopment.com)
Roles in plant development1
- Here, we discuss two major plant peptide families which have central roles in plant development: the CLAVATA3/ENDOSPERM SURROUNDING REGION (CLE) peptide family and the EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR (EPF) family. (nih.gov)
Root4
- This teacher-led Discovery Box contains an abundance of plants and items made from them, including rat root, sage, a wicker basket, a model birch bark canoe, berries, and more. (wdm.ca)
- There was strong hybridization throughout the pericycle, and a further localized accumulation of cdc2 transcripts was observed in the initial stages of the activation of a new meristem at sites of lateral root development. (pnas.org)
- Root also said she expected that any damaging effects of climatic change would be unnoticeable amid the enormous habitat destruction in modern times caused by development, pollution and other human activities. (sfgate.com)
- Thoroughly revised and updated throughout, the book covers all aspects of comparative plant structure and development, arranged in a series of chapters on the stem, root, leaf, flower, seed and fruit. (google.ca)
Cell8
- A vascular plant begins from a single celled zygote, formed by fertilisation of an egg cell by a sperm cell. (wikipedia.org)
- Controlled cell death, plant survival and development. (nih.gov)
- In plant development, peptide signals relay information coordinating cell proliferation and differentiation. (nih.gov)
- The selective permeability of a plant cell's plasma membrane controls the movement of solutes between the cell and the extracellular solution. (brainmass.com)
- Several studies indicate that cell death during hypersensitive response involves activation of a plant-encoded pathway for cell death. (pnas.org)
- Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on Plant Cell. (plantcell.org)
- Message Body (Your Name) thought you would like to see the Plant Cell web site. (plantcell.org)
- The recruitment of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes by the nematode results in an expansion of the syncytium towards the vascular bundle via a so-called cortical bridge. (wur.nl)
Nitrogen2
- Masoume Amirkhani, corresponding author of the study said, "This biostimulant is a natural plant material and could be adopted for organic crop production, and may also reduce the need for high levels of nitrogen fertilizer, as the biostimulant can enhance nitrogen uptake efficiency. (biofuelsdigest.com)
- FAIRFIELD, Ill., Dec. 19, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- Ohio Valley Resources LLC (OVR) has entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with Tierra Del Fuego Power & Chemical Company Ltd (TEQSA) for the development of the proposed nitrogen fertilizer plant in Spencer County, Indiana , north of Rockport. (prnewswire.com)
Transgenic4
- In addition, the transgenic tobacco plants displayed resistance to a necrogenic virus. (pnas.org)
- We also show that discrete DNA fragmentation (laddering) occurred in susceptible tobacco during fungal infection, but does not occur in transgenic-resistant plants. (pnas.org)
- Transgenic potato plants carrying sense nucleic acid constructs. (google.com)
- 4. A transgenic potato plant produced by the method of claim 2. (google.com)
Higher Plants1
- 2012), this has not been demonstrated for higher plants. (thefreelibrary.com)
High-density1
- As the first high-density development in Taichung that also provides high amenity with its recreational facilities and ample integrated green spaces, Sky Green will be influential in defining the new benchmark of sustainability and skyrise greenery for the city's future developments. (inhabitat.com)
19881
- The first plant to be used to produce a recombinant antibody, back in 1988, was the tobacco plant. (news-medical.net)