A suspension of killed Yersinia pestis used for immunizing people in enzootic plague areas.
An acute infectious disease caused by YERSINIA PESTIS that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form.
The etiologic agent of PLAGUE in man, rats, ground squirrels, and other rodents.
Proteins secreted from an organism which form membrane-spanning pores in target cells to destroy them. This is in contrast to PORINS and MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS that function within the synthesizing organism and COMPLEMENT immune proteins. These pore forming cytotoxic proteins are a form of primitive cellular defense which are also found in human LYMPHOCYTES.
Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa), antigenic proteins, synthetic constructs, or other bio-molecular derivatives, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases.
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.
Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.
Vaccines in which the infectious microbial nucleic acid components have been destroyed by chemical or physical treatment (e.g., formalin, beta-propiolactone, gamma radiation) without affecting the antigenicity or immunogenicity of the viral coat or bacterial outer membrane proteins.
Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease.
Small synthetic peptides that mimic surface antigens of pathogens and are immunogenic, or vaccines manufactured with the aid of recombinant DNA techniques. The latter vaccines may also be whole viruses whose nucleic acids have been modified.
Recombinant DNA vectors encoding antigens administered for the prevention or treatment of disease. The host cells take up the DNA, express the antigen, and present it to the immune system in a manner similar to that which would occur during natural infection. This induces humoral and cellular immune responses against the encoded antigens. The vector is called naked DNA because there is no need for complex formulations or delivery agents; the plasmid is injected in saline or other buffers.
Two or more vaccines in a single dosage form.
Suspensions of attenuated or killed bacteria administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious bacterial disease.
An order of parasitic, blood-sucking, wingless INSECTS with the common name of fleas.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated HIV or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent or treat AIDS. Some vaccines containing antigens are recombinantly produced.
Vaccines consisting of one or more antigens that stimulate a strong immune response. They are purified from microorganisms or produced by recombinant DNA techniques, or they can be chemically synthesized peptides.

An IgG1 titre to the F1 and V antigens correlates with protection against plague in the mouse model. (1/102)

The objective of this study was to identify an immunological correlate of protection for a two-component subunit vaccine for plague, using a mouse model. The components of the vaccine are the F1 and V antigens of the plague-causing organism, Yersinia pestis, which are coadsorbed to alhydrogel and administered intramuscularly. The optimum molar ratio of the subunits was determined by keeping the dose-level of either subunit constant whilst varying the other and observing the effect on specific antibody titre. A two-fold molar excess of F1 to V, achieved by immunizing with 10 micrograms of each antigen, resulted in optimum antibody titres. The dose of vaccine required to protect against an upper and lower subcutaneous challenge with Y. pestis was determined by administering doses in the range 10 micrograms F1 + 10 micrograms V to 0.01 microgram F1 + 0.01 microgram V in a two-dose regimen. For animals immunized at the 1-microgram dose level or higher with F1 + V, an increase in specific IgG1 titre was observed over the 8 months post-boost and they were fully protected against a subcutaneous challenge with 10(5) colony-forming units (CFU) virulent Y. pestis at this time point. However, immunization with 5 micrograms or more of each subunit was required to achieve protection against challenge with 10(7) CFU Y. pestis. A new finding of this study is that the combined titre of the IgG1 subclass, developed to F1 plus V, correlated significantly (P < 0.05) with protection. The titres of IgG1 in vaccinated mice which correlated with 90%, 50% and 10% protection have been determined and provide a useful model to predict vaccine efficacy in man.  (+info)

Effective protective immunity to Yersinia pestis infection conferred by DNA vaccine coding for derivatives of the F1 capsular antigen. (2/102)

Three plasmids expressing derivatives of the Yersinia pestis capsular F1 antigen were evaluated for their potential as DNA vaccines. These included plasmids expressing the full-length F1, F1 devoid of its putative signal peptide (deF1), and F1 fused to the signal-bearing E3 polypeptide of Semliki Forest virus (E3/F1). Expression of these derivatives in transfected HEK293 cells revealed that deF1 is expressed in the cytosol, E3/F1 is targeted to the secretory cisternae, and the nonmodified F1 is rapidly eliminated from the cell. Intramuscular vaccination of mice with these plasmids revealed that the vector expressing deF1 was the most effective in eliciting anti-F1 antibodies. This response was not limited to specific mouse strains or to the mode of DNA administration, though gene gun-mediated vaccination was by far more effective than intramuscular needle injection. Vaccination of mice with deF1 DNA conferred protection against subcutaneous infection with the virulent Y. pestis Kimberley53 strain, even at challenge amounts as high as 4,000 50% lethal doses. Antibodies appear to play a major role in mediating this protection, as demonstrated by passive transfer of anti-deF1 DNA antiserum. Taken together, these observations indicate that a tailored genetic vaccine based on a bacterial protein can be used to confer protection against plague in mice without resorting to regimens involving the use of purified proteins.  (+info)

A NEW APPROACH TO BACTERIAL VACCINES. (3/102)

Immunizing antigens against only 10 bacterial diseases-cholera, diphtheria, paratyphoid, pertussis, plague, scarlet fever, staphylococcal disease, tetanus, tuberculosis and typhoid-have been licensed for sale in Canada and the United States. Convincing evidence of efficacy is available for only four of these-diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, and pertussis and typhoid vaccines.The principles which determine the efficacy of different immunizing antigens are not always the same. Toxoids, for example, stimulate the formation of antitoxin-producing mechanisms which can neutralize toxins produced by invading organisms, thereby rendering them harmless. Conversely, vaccines stimulate the formation of antibacterial mechanisms which stop the growth of organisms before they can produce disease.Use of enzyme-lysed vaccines for prevention of staphylococcal disease represents a new approach in vaccine research. Animal tests have shown lysed vaccines to be 10 to 100 times less toxic, and about eight times more effective, than whole bacterial vaccines. Studies with lysed vaccines for other diseases are now in progress.  (+info)

Generation of Yersinia pestis attenuated strains by signature-tagged mutagenesis in search of novel vaccine candidates. (4/102)

In a search for novel attenuated vaccine candidates for use against Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, a signature-tagged mutagenesis strategy was used and optimized for a subcutaneously infected mouse model. A library of tagged mutants of the virulent Y. pestis Kimberley53 strain was generated. Screening of 300 mutants through two consecutive cycles resulted in selection of 16 mutant strains that were undetectable in spleens 48 h postinfection. Each of these mutants was evaluated in vivo by assays for competition against the wild-type strain and for virulence following inoculation of 100 CFU (equivalent to 100 50% lethal doses [LD50] of the wild type). A wide spectrum of attenuation was obtained, ranging from avirulent mutants exhibiting competition indices of 10(-5) to 10(-7) to virulent mutants exhibiting a delay in the mean time to death or mutants indistinguishable from the wild type in the two assays. Characterization of the phenotypes and genotypes of the selected mutants led to identification of virulence-associated genes coding for factors involved in global bacterial physiology (e.g., purH, purK, dnaE, and greA) or for hypothetical polypeptides, as well as for the virulence regulator gene lcrF. One of the avirulent mutant strains (LD50, >10(7) CFU) was found to be disrupted in the pcm locus, which is presumably involved in the bacterial response to environmental stress. This Kimberley53pcm mutant was superior to the EV76 live vaccine strain because it induced 10- to 100-fold-higher antibody titers to the protective V and F1 antigens and because it conferred efficacious protective immunity.  (+info)

Flea-borne transmission model to evaluate vaccine efficacy against naturally acquired bubonic plague. (5/102)

A flea-to-mouse transmission model was developed for use in testing new candidate vaccines for the ability to protect against flea-borne plague. The model was used to evaluate a recombinant fusion protein vaccine consisting of the Yersinia pestis F1 and V antigens. After one to three challenges with Y. pestis-infected fleas, 14 of 15 unvaccinated control mice developed plague, with an average septicemia level of 9.2 x 10(8) Y. pestis CFU/ml. None of 15 vaccinated mice developed the disease after similar challenges, and serological testing indicated that transmitted bacteria were eliminated by the immune system before extensive replication and systemic infection could occur. The transmission and development of disease in control mice correlated with the number of bites by blocked fleas but not with the total number of fleabites. The model provides a means to directly assess the efficacy of new vaccines to prevent naturally acquired bubonic plague and to study events at the vector-host interface that lead to dissemination and disease.  (+info)

Intraspecific diversity of Yersinia pestis. (6/102)

Increased interest in the pathogenic potential of Yersinia pestis has emerged because of the potential threats from bioterrorism. Pathogenic potential is based on genetic factors present in a population of microbes, yet most studies evaluating the role of specific genes in virulence have used a limited number of strains. For Y. pestis this issue is complicated by the fact that most strains available for study in the Americas are clonally derived and thus genetically restricted, emanating from a strain of Y. pestis introduced into the United States in 1902 via marine shipping and subsequent spread of this strain throughout North and South America. In countries from the former Soviet Union (FSU), Mongolia, and China there are large areas of enzootic foci of Y. pestis infection containing genetically diverse strains that have been intensely studied by scientists in these countries. However, the results of these investigations are not generally known outside of these countries. Here we describe the variety of methods used in the FSU to classify Y. pestis strains based on genetic and phenotypic variation and show that there is a high level of diversity in these strains not reflected by ones obtained from sylvatic areas and patients in the Americas.  (+info)

Protection of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) against plague after voluntary consumption of baits containing recombinant raccoon poxvirus vaccine. (7/102)

Prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.) are highly susceptible to Yersinia pestis and significant reservoirs of plague for humans in the western United States. A recombinant raccoon poxvirus, expressing the F1 antigen of Y. pestis, was incorporated into a palatable bait and offered to 18 black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) for voluntary consumption; 18 negative control animals received placebo baits. Antibody titers against Y. pestis F1 antigen increased significantly (P < 0.01) in vaccinees, and their survival was significantly higher upon challenge with Y. pestis than that of negative controls (P < 0.01).  (+info)

Antibiotic-free plasmid stabilization by operator-repressor titration for vaccine delivery by using live Salmonella enterica Serovar typhimurium. (8/102)

Live, attenuated bacteria are effective vectors for heterologous antigen delivery. However, loss of heterologous gene-bearing plasmids is problematic, and antibiotics and their resistance genes are not desirable for in vivo DNA vaccine delivery due to biosafety and regulatory concerns. To solve this problem, we engineered the first vaccine delivery strain that has no requirement for antibiotics or other selectable marker genes to maintain the recombinant plasmid. This model strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, SLDAPD, uses operator-repressor titration (ORT) technology, which requires only the short, nonexpressed lacO sequence for selection and maintenance. SLDAPD, recovered from the spleens and Peyer's patches of mice following oral inoculation, was shown to maintain a plasmid that, in contrast, was lost from parental strain SL3261. We also demonstrated successful application of this technology to vaccine development, since SLDAPD carrying a plasmid without an antibiotic resistance gene that expressed the Yersinia pestis F1 antigen was as efficacious in protecting vaccinated mice against plague as the parental SL3261 strain carrying an antibiotic-selected version of this plasmid. Protection of mice against plague by immunization with Salmonella expressing F1 has previously required two or more doses; here we demonstrated for the first time protective immunity after a single oral immunization. This technology can easily be used to convert any suitable attenuated strain to an antibiotic-free ORT strain for recombinant protein vaccine delivery in humans.  (+info)

A plague vaccine is a type of immunization used to protect against the bacterial infection caused by Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague. The vaccine contains killed or weakened forms of the bacteria, which stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies and activate immune cells that can recognize and fight off the infection if the person is exposed to the bacteria in the future.

There are several types of plague vaccines available, including whole-cell killed vaccines, live attenuated vaccines, and subunit vaccines. The choice of vaccine depends on various factors, such as the target population, the route of exposure (e.g., respiratory or cutaneous), and the desired duration of immunity.

Plague vaccines have been used for many years to protect military personnel and individuals at high risk of exposure to plague, such as laboratory workers and people living in areas where plague is endemic. However, their use is not widespread, and they are not currently recommended for general use in the United States or other developed countries.

It's important to note that while plague vaccines can provide some protection against the disease, they are not 100% effective, and other measures such as antibiotics and insect control are also important for preventing and treating plague infections.

Medical Definition:

Plague is a severe and potentially fatal infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. It is primarily a disease of animals but can occasionally be transmitted to humans through flea bites, direct contact with infected animals, or inhalation of respiratory droplets from an infected person or animal.

There are three main clinical manifestations of plague: bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic. Bubonic plague is characterized by painful, swollen lymph nodes (buboes) in the groin, armpits, or neck. Septicemic plague occurs when the bacteria spread throughout the bloodstream, causing severe sepsis and potentially leading to organ failure. Pneumonic plague is the most contagious form of the disease, involving infection of the lungs and transmission through respiratory droplets.

Plague is a zoonotic disease, meaning it primarily affects animals but can be transmitted to humans under certain conditions. The bacteria are typically found in small mammals, such as rodents, and their fleas. Plague is most commonly found in Africa, Asia, and South America, with the majority of human cases reported in Africa.

Early diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic treatment can significantly improve outcomes for plague patients. Public health measures, including surveillance, vector control, and vaccination, are essential for preventing and controlling outbreaks.

"Yersinia pestis" is a bacterial species that is the etiological agent (cause) of plague. Plague is a severe and often fatal infectious disease that can take various forms, including bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic plagues. The bacteria are typically transmitted to humans through the bites of infected fleas, but they can also be spread by direct contact with infected animals or by breathing in droplets from an infected person's cough.

The bacterium is named after Alexandre Yersin, a Swiss-French bacteriologist who discovered it in 1894 during an epidemic of bubonic plague in Hong Kong. The disease has had a significant impact on human history, causing widespread pandemics such as the Justinian Plague in the 6th century and the Black Death in the 14th century, which resulted in millions of deaths across Europe and Asia.

Yersinia pestis is a gram-negative, non-motile, coccobacillus that can survive in various environments, including soil and water. It has several virulence factors that contribute to its ability to cause disease, such as the production of antiphagocytic capsules, the secretion of proteases, and the ability to resist phagocytosis by host immune cells.

Modern antibiotic therapy can effectively treat plague if diagnosed early, but without treatment, the disease can progress rapidly and lead to severe complications or death. Preventive measures include avoiding contact with infected animals, using insect repellent and protective clothing in areas where plague is endemic, and seeking prompt medical attention for any symptoms of infection.

Pore-forming cytotoxic proteins are a group of toxins that can create pores or holes in the membranes of cells, leading to cell damage or death. These toxins are produced by various organisms, including bacteria, fungi, and plants, as a defense mechanism or to help establish an infection.

The pore-forming cytotoxic proteins can be divided into two main categories:

1. Membrane attack complex/perforin (MACPF) domain-containing proteins: These are found in many organisms, including humans. They form pores by oligomerizing, or clustering together, in the target cell membrane. An example of this type of toxin is the perforin protein, which is released by cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells to destroy virus-infected or cancerous cells.
2. Cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs): These are mainly produced by gram-positive bacteria. They bind to cholesterol in the target cell membrane, forming a prepore structure that then undergoes conformational changes to create a pore. An example of a CDC is alpha-hemolysin from Staphylococcus aureus, which can lyse red blood cells and damage various other cell types.

These pore-forming cytotoxic proteins play a significant role in host-pathogen interactions and have implications for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.

A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease. It typically contains an agent that resembles the disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and "remember" it, so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it encounters in the future.

Vaccines can be prophylactic (to prevent or ameliorate the effects of a future infection by a natural or "wild" pathogen), or therapeutic (to fight disease that is already present). The administration of vaccines is called vaccination. Vaccinations are generally administered through needle injections, but can also be administered by mouth or sprayed into the nose.

The term "vaccine" comes from Edward Jenner's 1796 use of cowpox to create immunity to smallpox. The first successful vaccine was developed in 1796 by Edward Jenner, who showed that milkmaids who had contracted cowpox did not get smallpox. He reasoned that exposure to cowpox protected against smallpox and tested his theory by injecting a boy with pus from a cowpox sore and then exposing him to smallpox, which the boy did not contract. The word "vaccine" is derived from Variolae vaccinae (smallpox of the cow), the term devised by Jenner to denote cowpox. He used it in 1798 during a conversation with a fellow physician and later in the title of his 1801 Inquiry.

Bacterial antibodies are a type of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection caused by bacteria. These antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of the bacterial cells, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. Bacterial antibodies can be classified into several types based on their structure and function, including IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE. They play a crucial role in the body's defense against bacterial infections and provide immunity to future infections with the same bacteria.

Bacterial antigens are substances found on the surface or produced by bacteria that can stimulate an immune response in a host organism. These antigens can be proteins, polysaccharides, teichoic acids, lipopolysaccharides, or other molecules that are recognized as foreign by the host's immune system.

When a bacterial antigen is encountered by the host's immune system, it triggers a series of responses aimed at eliminating the bacteria and preventing infection. The host's immune system recognizes the antigen as foreign through the use of specialized receptors called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which are found on various immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils.

Once a bacterial antigen is recognized by the host's immune system, it can stimulate both the innate and adaptive immune responses. The innate immune response involves the activation of inflammatory pathways, the recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection, and the production of antimicrobial peptides.

The adaptive immune response, on the other hand, involves the activation of T cells and B cells, which are specific to the bacterial antigen. These cells can recognize and remember the antigen, allowing for a more rapid and effective response upon subsequent exposures.

Bacterial antigens are important in the development of vaccines, as they can be used to stimulate an immune response without causing disease. By identifying specific bacterial antigens that are associated with virulence or pathogenicity, researchers can develop vaccines that target these antigens and provide protection against infection.

Inactivated vaccines, also known as killed or non-live vaccines, are created by using a version of the virus or bacteria that has been grown in a laboratory and then killed or inactivated with chemicals, heat, or radiation. This process renders the organism unable to cause disease, but still capable of stimulating an immune response when introduced into the body.

Inactivated vaccines are generally considered safer than live attenuated vaccines since they cannot revert back to a virulent form and cause illness. However, they may require multiple doses or booster shots to maintain immunity because the immune response generated by inactivated vaccines is not as robust as that produced by live vaccines. Examples of inactivated vaccines include those for hepatitis A, rabies, and influenza (inactivated flu vaccine).

A viral vaccine is a biological preparation that introduces your body to a specific virus in a way that helps your immune system build up protection against the virus without causing the illness. Viral vaccines can be made from weakened or inactivated forms of the virus, or parts of the virus such as proteins or sugars. Once introduced to the body, the immune system recognizes the virus as foreign and produces an immune response, including the production of antibodies. These antibodies remain in the body and provide immunity against future infection with that specific virus.

Viral vaccines are important tools for preventing infectious diseases caused by viruses, such as influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, polio, hepatitis A and B, rabies, rotavirus, chickenpox, shingles, and some types of cancer. Vaccination programs have led to the control or elimination of many infectious diseases that were once common.

It's important to note that viral vaccines are not effective against bacterial infections, and separate vaccines must be developed for each type of virus. Additionally, because viruses can mutate over time, it is necessary to update some viral vaccines periodically to ensure continued protection.

Synthetic vaccines are artificially produced, designed to stimulate an immune response and provide protection against specific diseases. Unlike traditional vaccines that are derived from weakened or killed pathogens, synthetic vaccines are created using synthetic components, such as synthesized viral proteins, DNA, or RNA. These components mimic the disease-causing agent and trigger an immune response without causing the actual disease. The use of synthetic vaccines offers advantages in terms of safety, consistency, and scalability in production, making them valuable tools for preventing infectious diseases.

I could not find a specific medical definition for "Vaccines, DNA." However, I can provide you with some information about DNA vaccines.

DNA vaccines are a type of vaccine that uses genetically engineered DNA to stimulate an immune response in the body. They work by introducing a small piece of DNA into the body that contains the genetic code for a specific antigen (a substance that triggers an immune response). The cells of the body then use this DNA to produce the antigen, which prompts the immune system to recognize and attack it.

DNA vaccines have several advantages over traditional vaccines. They are relatively easy to produce, can be stored at room temperature, and can be designed to protect against a wide range of diseases. Additionally, because they use DNA to stimulate an immune response, DNA vaccines do not require the growth and culture of viruses or bacteria, which can make them safer than traditional vaccines.

DNA vaccines are still in the experimental stages, and more research is needed to determine their safety and effectiveness. However, they have shown promise in animal studies and are being investigated as a potential tool for preventing a variety of infectious diseases, including influenza, HIV, and cancer.

Combined vaccines are defined in medical terms as vaccines that contain two or more antigens from different diseases, which are given to provide protection against multiple diseases at the same time. This approach reduces the number of injections required and simplifies the immunization schedule, especially during early childhood. Examples of combined vaccines include:

1. DTaP-Hib-IPV (e.g., Pentacel): A vaccine that combines diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease, and poliovirus components in one injection to protect against these five diseases.
2. MMRV (e.g., ProQuad): A vaccine that combines measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (chickenpox) antigens in a single injection to provide immunity against all four diseases.
3. HepA-HepB (e.g., Twinrix): A vaccine that combines hepatitis A and hepatitis B antigens in one injection, providing protection against both types of hepatitis.
4. MenACWY-TT (e.g., MenQuadfi): A vaccine that combines four serogroups of meningococcal bacteria (A, C, W, Y) with tetanus toxoid as a carrier protein in one injection for the prevention of invasive meningococcal disease caused by these serogroups.
5. PCV13-PPSV23 (e.g., Vaxneuvance): A vaccine that combines 13 pneumococcal serotypes with PPSV23, providing protection against a broader range of pneumococcal diseases in adults aged 18 years and older.

Combined vaccines have been thoroughly tested for safety and efficacy to ensure they provide a strong immune response and an acceptable safety profile. They are essential tools in preventing various infectious diseases and improving overall public health.

Bacterial vaccines are types of vaccines that are created using bacteria or parts of bacteria as the immunogen, which is the substance that triggers an immune response in the body. The purpose of a bacterial vaccine is to stimulate the immune system to develop protection against specific bacterial infections.

There are several types of bacterial vaccines, including:

1. Inactivated or killed whole-cell vaccines: These vaccines contain entire bacteria that have been killed or inactivated through various methods, such as heat or chemicals. The bacteria can no longer cause disease, but they still retain the ability to stimulate an immune response.
2. Subunit, protein, or polysaccharide vaccines: These vaccines use specific components of the bacterium, such as proteins or polysaccharides, that are known to trigger an immune response. By using only these components, the vaccine can avoid using the entire bacterium, which may reduce the risk of adverse reactions.
3. Live attenuated vaccines: These vaccines contain live bacteria that have been weakened or attenuated so that they cannot cause disease but still retain the ability to stimulate an immune response. This type of vaccine can provide long-lasting immunity, but it may not be suitable for people with weakened immune systems.

Bacterial vaccines are essential tools in preventing and controlling bacterial infections, reducing the burden of diseases such as tuberculosis, pneumococcal disease, meningococcal disease, and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease. They work by exposing the immune system to a harmless form of the bacteria or its components, which triggers the production of antibodies and memory cells that can recognize and fight off future infections with that same bacterium.

It's important to note that while vaccines are generally safe and effective, they may cause mild side effects such as pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site, fever, or fatigue. Serious side effects are rare but can occur, so it's essential to consult with a healthcare provider before receiving any vaccine.

Siphonaptera is the scientific order that includes fleas. Fleas are small, wingless insects with laterally compressed bodies and strong legs adapted for jumping. They are external parasites, living by hematophagy off the blood of mammals and birds. Fleas can be a nuisance to their hosts, and some people and animals have allergic reactions to flea saliva. Fleas can also transmit diseases, such as bubonic plague and murine typhus, and parasites like tapeworms.

An AIDS vaccine is a type of preventive vaccine that aims to stimulate the immune system to produce an effective response against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The goal of an AIDS vaccine is to induce the production of immune cells and proteins that can recognize and eliminate HIV-infected cells, thereby preventing the establishment of a persistent infection.

Despite decades of research, there is still no licensed AIDS vaccine available. This is due in part to the unique challenges posed by HIV, which has a high mutation rate and can rapidly evolve to evade the immune system's defenses. However, several promising vaccine candidates are currently being tested in clinical trials around the world, and researchers continue to explore new approaches and strategies for developing an effective AIDS vaccine.

A subunit vaccine is a type of vaccine that contains a specific piece or component of the microorganism (such as a protein, sugar, or part of the bacterial outer membrane), instead of containing the entire organism. This piece of the microorganism is known as an antigen, and it stimulates an immune response in the body, allowing the development of immunity against the targeted infection without introducing the risk of disease associated with live vaccines.

Subunit vaccines offer several advantages over other types of vaccines. They are generally safer because they do not contain live or weakened microorganisms, making them suitable for individuals with weakened immune systems or specific medical conditions that prevent them from receiving live vaccines. Additionally, subunit vaccines can be designed to focus on the most immunogenic components of a pathogen, potentially leading to stronger and more targeted immune responses.

Examples of subunit vaccines include the Hepatitis B vaccine, which contains a viral protein, and the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine, which uses pieces of the bacterial polysaccharide capsule. These vaccines have been crucial in preventing serious infectious diseases and reducing associated complications worldwide.

... is a vaccine used against Yersinia pestis to prevent the plague. Inactivated bacterial vaccines have been used ... attenuated vaccines and recombinant protein vaccines have been developed to prevent the disease. The first plague vaccine was ... Drugs that are a vaccine, Commons category link from Wikidata, Vaccines, Live vaccines, Plague (disease), All stub articles, ... Yang, Wei (July 2010). "[The pioneer of cholera vaccine and plague vaccine-Haffkine]". Zhonghua Yi Shi Za Zhi (Beijing, China: ...
"Recombinant raccoon pox vaccine protects mice against lethal plague". Vaccine. 21 (11-12): 1232-8. doi:10.1016/S0264-410X(02) ... Sylvatic plague is an infectious bacterial disease caused by the plague bacterium (Yersinia pestis) that primarily affects ... "Plague Symptoms". Center for Disease Control. 15 November 2021. USGS (July 2013). "Sylvatic Plague Immunization in Black-footed ... with some interest in using vaccines developing. An oral live vaccine for prairie dogs was developed by the U.S. Geological ...
Titball, R. W.; Williamson, E. D. (2004). "Yersinia pestis (plague) vaccines". Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. 4 (6): 965 ... vaccine Caries vaccine Gonorrhea vaccine Ehrlichiosis vaccine Helicobacter pylori vaccine Leprosy vaccine Lyme disease vaccine ... vaccine Tularemia vaccine Yersinia pestis vaccine Chagas disease vaccine Hookworm vaccine Leishmaniasis vaccine Malaria vaccine ... encephalitis virus vaccine for humans Enterovirus 71 vaccine Epstein-Barr vaccine H5N1 vaccine Hepatitis C vaccine HIV vaccine ...
Mustafa Topchubashov (1938). Plague of Jusitinian vaccine. Latif Valiyev (1934) Oil in Russia. Farman Salmanov (1961). Oil in ...
"Universal Flu Vaccine". C-SPAN.org. 2019-10-29. Retrieved 2021-10-10. "Fact Check-Video is not evidence Fauci was plotting for ... Specter, Michael (December 17, 2001). "India's plague". The New Yorker. Vol. 77, no. 40. pp. 74-86. Archived from the original ... In this meeting, Specter asked the attendees about the prospect of "disrupting" egg-based flu vaccine production with newer ... February 3, 2003). "The vaccine". The New Yorker. Vol. 78, no. 45. pp. 54-65. Archived from the original on December 12, 2006 ...
Gould T (1997). A Summer Plague: Polio and Its Survivors. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300072761. OCLC 38243151 ... Inactivated vaccines, Live vaccines, Vaccines, World Health Organization essential medicines (vaccines), Wikipedia medicine ... To combat this, the WHO in 2016, decided to switch from the trivalent polio vaccine to the bivalent polio vaccine. This vaccine ... There are two types of vaccine: inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) and oral polio vaccine (OPV). When the IPV (injection) is used ...
Inoculation was the usage of newly invented plague vaccines, with some in India being recorded to have an efficacy of over 50 ... The British colonial government in India pressed medical researcher Waldemar Haffkine to develop a plague vaccine. After three ... The third plague pandemic was a major bubonic plague pandemic that began in Yunnan, China, in 1855. This episode of bubonic ... Media related to Plague, third pandemic at Wikimedia Commons Visual Representations of the Third Plague Pandemic (CS1: Julian- ...
ISBN 978-0-385-12122-4. "History's Seven Deadliest Plagues , Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance". www.gavi.org. Retrieved 16 July 2023 ... Plague of Cyprian (251-266 AD): A second outbreak of what may have been the same disease as the Antonine Plague killed (it was ... Plague of Justinian (541 to 549 AD): Also known as the First Plague Pandemic. This epidemic started in Egypt and reached ... It was the first of a cycle of European plague epidemics that continued until the 18th century; there were more than 100 plague ...
Titball, R. W.; Williamson, E. D. (2004). "Yersinia pestis (plague) vaccines". Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. 4 (6): 965 ... oral adenovirus type 4 and type 7 vaccine, in U.S. Military recruits". Vaccine. 31 (28): 2963-2971. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine. ... "MERS vaccine shows promise in clinical trial, say researchers". Archived from the original on 2020-05-03. "Developing a vaccine ... doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.003. PMID 23072894. "Collaboration to develop the world's first prophylactic gonorrhoea vaccine ...
Anthrax vaccine Cholera vaccine Plague vaccine Salmonella vaccine Tuberculosis vaccine Typhoid vaccine Live attenuated ... vaccine Polio vaccine Rotavirus vaccine Rubella vaccine Smallpox vaccine Varicella vaccine Yellow fever vaccine Zoster/shingles ... oral polio vaccine, recombinant live attenuated cholera vaccine, oral typhoid vaccine, oral rotavirus vaccine) Oral vaccines or ... mumps and rubella vaccine, varicella vaccine, yellow fever vaccine) Intradermal (e.g. tuberculosis vaccine, smallpox vaccine) ...
Only attenuated vaccines are efficacious. Once DEV is present, depopulation, relocation and intensive disinfection are required ... Duck plague (also known as duck viral enteritis) is a worldwide disease caused by Anatid alphaherpesvirus 1 (AnHV-1) of the ... Duck plague was first reported in the United States on Long Island, New York. The outbreak had economically devastating effects ... Nonwaterfowl have not been shown to be infected by duck plague. Blue-winged teal have been found to be one of the most ...
"Recombinant raccoon pox vaccine protects mice against lethal plague". Vaccine. 21 (11-12): 1232-1238. doi:10.1016/s0264-410x(02 ... "Further development of raccoon poxvirus-vectored vaccines against plague (Yersinia pestis)". Vaccine. 28 (2): 338-344. doi: ... RCN vaccine-laden baits increased antibodies against plague in both antigens. In contrast to known members of the poxvirus ... Recombinant RCN vaccine promote effective immunity against plague (Y. pestis) via the oral route, could provide a practical, ...
The live attenuated vaccine containing strain Yersinia pestis EV is used for plague immunization. Attenuated vaccines have some ... The subgroup of genetic vaccines encompass viral vector vaccines, RNA vaccines and DNA vaccines. Viral vector vaccines use a ... Examples include IPV (polio vaccine), hepatitis A vaccine, rabies vaccine and most influenza vaccines. Toxoid vaccines are made ... RNA vaccines and DNA vaccines are examples of third generation vaccines. In 2016 a DNA vaccine for the Zika virus began testing ...
"Canadian-made Ebola vaccine used after German lab accident". cbc.ca. 2009-03-20. Retrieved 2009-03-20. "CDPH: Plague death not ... Shim, Elizabeth (2020-12-04). "Brucellosis cases in China exceed 10,000 after vaccine factory accident". UPI. Retrieved 2022-11 ...
She worked on a vaccine against the plague, which made use of the ChAdOx1 vaccine vector. Outbreaks of the plague continue to ... "Oxford Scientists Are Testing a Vaccine for the Plague". Gizmodo. Retrieved 26 December 2021. "Plague Vaccine Being Trialed By ... "Phase I trial begins of new vaccine against the Plague , University of Oxford". www.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2021. "Prof ... "Phase 1 Trial Begins for Oxford University's ChAdOx1 Plague Vaccine". Global Biodefense. 26 July 2021. Retrieved 26 December ...
ISBN 1678201782 The Science of Vaccines. Reference Point Press, 2021. ISBN 1678201626 Stand Up for LGBTQ Rights. Reference ... ISBN 1678201529 The Bubonic Plague and Black Death. Reference Point Press, 2021. ISBN 1678200980 Important Black Americans in ... ISBN 978-1682823736 How Vaccines Changed the World. Reference Point Press, 2018. ISBN 978-1682824139 The Women's Rights ...
... the first experimenters to demonstrate that plague was transmitted by rat fleas and was involved in developing a plague vaccine ... He was then involved in development of a plague vaccine. He retired and settled in Edinburgh and continued to work as a ... After examining guinea pigs that died from plague at the Bombay zoo, he decided that they could be used to trap fleas in homes ... He began to examine the suggestions that fleas were key in the spread of plague. In 1902 Liston received his MD and a ...
Bacteriologist Waldemar Haffkine developed the first plague vaccine in 1897. He conducted a massive inoculation program in ... Other clinical manifestations include plague meningitis, plague pharyngitis, and ocular plague. General symptoms of plague ... Symptoms of plague are usually non-specific and to definitively diagnose plague, laboratory testing is required. Y. pestis can ... Pneumonic plague infects the lungs, causing shortness of breath, coughing and chest pain; bubonic plague affects the lymph ...
First Report on Investigations into Plague Vaccines". Journal of Hygiene. 10 (3): 536-565. doi:10.1017/S0022172400043084. PMC ... He returned to England in 1908 and in 1909 was sent to the Plague Commission again, but this time to investigate plague ... Rowland worked in India and helped confirm how plague is spread by rats carrying fleas, and later joined the Royal Army Medical ... In 1905 the Lister sent him to India to investigate and confirm the theory that plague is spread by rats carrying fleas. ...
"Polio vaccines brought an earlier epidemic under control. New vaccines can end this current plague". The Globe and Mail. ... In 1954 he tested the vaccine on about one million children, known as the polio pioneers. The vaccine was announced as safe on ... By 1959, the Salk vaccine had reached about 90 countries. An attenuated live oral polio vaccine was developed by Albert Sabin, ... by PBS "Legacy of Salk Institute", video, 30 minutes, history of Salk vaccine "Polio Vaccine" intro., Britannica, video, 1 ...
The "public reaction was to a plague", said historian William O'Neill. Citizens of urban areas were terrified each summer when ... 12, 2014 Offit, Paul A. The Cutter Incident: How America's First Polio Vaccine Led to the Growing Vaccine Crisis, Yale Univ. ... "Salk Polio Vaccine Conquered Terrifying Disease". NPR.org. Retrieved 2022-08-13. "U-M School of Public Health Polio Vaccine". ... Jonas Salk's vaccine was made ready for its third and final field tests. It became the most elaborate program of its kind in ...
Bubeck SS, Dube PH (September 2007). "Yersinia pestis CO92ΔyopH Is a Potent Live, Attenuated Plague Vaccine". Clin. Vaccine ... "Diphtheria vaccine" (PDF). Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 81 (3): 24-32. 20 January 2006. PMID 16671240. Archived (PDF) from the original ... 1948). "Recent advances in the treatment of bubonic plague". Indian J Med Sci. 2: 489-94. Meyer KF. (1950). "Modern therapy of ... Kilonzo BS, Makundi RH, Mbise TJ (1992). "A decade of plague epidemiology and control in the Western Usambara mountains, north- ...
Kritz, Fran (8 April 2021). "The Vaccine Passport Debate Actually Began In 1897 Over A Plague Vaccine". NPR. Retrieved 11 ... In 2021, during the global COVID-19 pandemic, Bhattacharya pointed out that vaccine passports were first introduced over a ... Abercrombie, Michele (14 May 2021). "PHOTOS: Vaccine History Repeats Itself - Sometimes". CAPRadio. Retrieved 11 August 2023. ( ... century earlier, in British India in 1897, to control the spread of plague and smallpox. "Professor Sanjoy Bhattacharya". ahc. ...
The resulting public outrage delayed further research on the polio vaccine until the 1950s, when the Salk and Sabin vaccines ... A Summer Plague: Polio and Its Survivors. Yale University Press; Reprint edition (October 20, 1997) p68 Detroit Free Press, 11 ... How America's First Polio Vaccine Led to the Growing Vaccine Crisis. Yale University Press. pp. 4-18. ISBN 0300130376. ... Infantile paralysis vaccines discussed. St Louis Post Dispatch 20 Nov 1935 p 10 The fight against polio. New York Times 29 ...
"Vaccine That Protects Against Anthrax and Plague Created, Should Be Stockpiled by Government". The Catholic University of ... He has investigated the application of bacteriophage T4 in vaccines against HIV/AIDS, the flu, the plague and anthrax. He ... The needle-free vaccine is a noninfectious bacteriophage t4-based multi-component vaccine that contains spike trimers. The ... mucosal COVID-19 vaccine". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 27 October 2022. "New Needle-free Nasal Vaccine Shows Promise for COVID-19 ...
The plan was to inoculate the Chinese residents with Haffkine's vaccine, a prophylactic anti-plague vaccine that was intended ... Brian Dean Abramson, Vaccine, Vaccination, and Immunization Law (Bloomberg Law, 2019), 6-8. Risse, Guenter B. (2012). Plague, ... The San Francisco plague of 1900-1904 was an epidemic of bubonic plague centered on San Francisco's Chinatown. It was the first ... Echenberg, Myron (2007). Plague Ports: The Global Urban Impact of Bubonic Plague: 1894-1901. Sacramento: New York University ...
Sofia Moutinho (4 May 2021). "Chinese COVID-19 vaccine maintains protection in variant-plagued Brazil". Science. doi:10.1126/ ... The bivalent vaccines are well-tolerated and offer immunity to Omicron superior to previous mRNA vaccines. In September 2022, ... The vaccine developer BioNTech referenced this amino acid exchange as relevant regarding future vaccine design in a preprint ... "Progress of the COVID-19 vaccine effort: viruses, vaccines and variants versus efficacy, effectiveness and escape". Nature ...
Rhodes, John (2013). The end of plagues : the global battle against infectious disease. New York City: Palgrave Macmillan. p. ... The Salk vaccine was the first polio vaccine to receive approval of the U.S. government and was used in the United States until ... The killed vaccine, with proper filtration of the biological culture, was found to be effective. A problem with this vaccine ... Albert Sabin, a virologist who publicly disagreed with Salk and his killed vaccine, worked on creating a vaccine with live ...
Smallpox spreads in Deadwood, creating an urgent need for vaccines. The afflicted are segregated from the main camp in plague ...
Jane Gerster and Greg Ross (August 31, 2021). "Ontario NDP pushes for safety zones as anti-vaccine protests continue to plague ...
Plague vaccine is a vaccine used against Yersinia pestis to prevent the plague. Inactivated bacterial vaccines have been used ... attenuated vaccines and recombinant protein vaccines have been developed to prevent the disease. The first plague vaccine was ... Drugs that are a vaccine, Commons category link from Wikidata, Vaccines, Live vaccines, Plague (disease), All stub articles, ... Yang, Wei (July 2010). "[The pioneer of cholera vaccine and plague vaccine-Haffkine]". Zhonghua Yi Shi Za Zhi (Beijing, China: ...
... Plague vaccines ** have been used since the late 19th century, but their effectiveness has never been measured ... Plague immunization. V. Indirect evidence for the efficacy of plague vaccine. J Infect Dis 1974;129 (Suppl):S37-S40. Chen TH, ... Plague Vaccine MMWR 31(22);301-304 Publication date: 06/11/1982. Table of Contents. Article. POINT OF CONTACT FOR THIS DOCUMENT ... Plague vaccine doses (in milliliters), by age group (in years).... Article. SUMMARY These revised ACIP recommendations on ...
... from plague and has potential utility as a management tool. In a large-scale 3-year field trial, SPV-laden baits containing the ... is a virally vectored bait-delivered vaccine expressing Yersinia pestis antigens that can protect prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.) ... Sylvatic plague vaccine (SPV) is a virally vectored bait-delivered vaccine expressing Yersinia pestis antigens that can protect ... Factors influencing uptake of sylvatic plague vaccine baits by prairie dogs. EcoHealth ...
The plague is transmitted from animals to humans by bites of infected fleas, but it can be cured with antibiotics if treatment ... but in an effort to help control an extensive outbreak of plague in South Dakota, some of the ferrets are getting dosed with a ... vaccine given by biologists. Black-footed ferrets are one of the rarest mammals in North America. ... Endangered black-footed ferrets arent exactly lining up to be stuck with a vaccine, ...
... a race between scientists working to develop a vaccine to protect against plague and the terrorists who seek to use plague as a ... Most of the plague vaccine candidates that have been studied aim to stimulate B cells to produce plague-fighting antibodies. ... However, small, natural outbreaks of plague continue to this day. A plague vaccine will protect against both naturally ... a race between scientists working to develop a vaccine to protect against plague and the terrorists who seek to use plague as a ...
Thats when a vaccine for plague was invented - and authorities began to consider requiring proof of vaccination before ... The Vaccine Passport Debate Actually Began In 1897 Over A Plague Vaccine ... The U.S. at least for now is content with issuing the same kind of proof of vaccination as from the era of the plague vaccine: ... A scientist from Odessa, Russia, Waldemar Haffkine, developed a vaccine for plague. He was hailed as the "Jewish Jenner" (a ...
... the Next Plague Could Spread in US - Spurring Vaccine Effort ... Horrific Flesh-Eating Parasite Called the Next Plague Could ... They are most prevalent in developing countries, but scientists at Georgia Institute of Technology are working on a vaccine ...
Is a vaccine available to prevent plague?. A plague vaccine is not available. New plague vaccines are in development but are ... How is plague treated?. Plague can be successfully treated with antibiotics. Once a patient is diagnosed with suspected plague ... Septicemic plague can occur as the first symptoms of plague or may develop from untreated bubonic plague. This form results ... What are the different forms of plague?. There are three forms of plague:. *Bubonic plague: Patients develop fever, headache, ...
Home / News & Events / Mental "vaccine" protects both parties from plague of fake news and lies ... Mental "vaccine" protects both parties from plague of fake news and lies. ... arstechnica.com/science/2017/01/mental-vaccine-protects-both-parties-from-plague-of-fake-news-and-lies/ ...
Thats when a vaccine for plague was invented - and authorities began to consider requiring proof of vaccination before ... The Vaccine Passport Debate Actually Began In 1897 Over A Plague Vaccine ... The U.S. at least for now is content with issuing the same kind of proof of vaccination as from the era of the plague vaccine: ... A scientist from Odessa, Russia, Waldemar Haffkine, developed a vaccine for plague. He was hailed as the "Jewish Jenner" (a ...
No disease has impacted civilization as deeply as the plague. ... Plague, a zoonotic disease caused by the gram-negative ... Plague. Vaccine. 2009 Nov 5. 27 Suppl 4:D56-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... Wang X, Zhang X, Zhou D, Yang R. Live-attenuated Yersinia pestis vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2013 Jun. 12(6):677-86. [QxMD ... This flea is the primary vector of plague in most large plague epidemics in Asia, Africa, and South America. Both male and ...
Is a vaccine available to prevent pneumonic plague? Currently, no plague vaccine is available in the United States. Research is ... Pneumonic plague can be transmitted from person to person; bubonic plague cannot. Pneumonic plague affects the lungs and is ... What is plague? Plague is a disease caused by Yersinia pestis (Y. pestis), a bacterium found in rodents and their fleas in many ... Pneumonic plague may also occur if a person with bubonic or septicemic plague is untreated and the bacteria spread to the lungs ...
... scientists are assessing the effectiveness of an oral vaccine in preventing plague in prairie dogs over a wide geographic range ... If approved, the vaccine could be distributed in colonies in the form of pellets that the dogs would eat. ... A plague vaccine already has been developed for ferrets. But even if ferrets can be protected from plague, theyll die off if ... "Were almost hoping plague comes in and hits some of them so we can test the effectiveness of the vaccine," says Randy Matchett ...
Human-to-human transmission is rare except during epidemics of pneumonic plague. ... Plague is an acute, contagious, febrile illness transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected rat flea. ... Plague immunization. V. Indirect evidence for the efficacy of plague vaccine. J Infect Dis. 1974 May. 129:Suppl:S37-40. [QxMD ... Plague occurs as 3 major clinical events: bubonic plague, septicemic plague, and pneumonic plague. [1] Human-to-human ...
Can Capitalism Solve a Plague? Global Vaccine Inequality Spells Disaster. The U.S. is approaching "back to normal." Millions ... Not all vaccines are made equal, and this is not lost on ordinary people across Africa held back by vaccine hesitancy. Public ... Pfizers vaccine is the most promising against the worst effects of variants, and yet just .002 percent of its vaccines have ... As soon as vaccines hit the market, western capitalist powers like the U.S., Canada, and the EU had already snatched up 96 ...
... the bacterium that causes bubonic plague--still causes thousands of human illnesses every year. In modern times, most of these ... Vaccine advocacy 101. July 26, 2017. I recently finished a 2-year stint as an American Society for Microbiology Distinguished ... If the plague of Justinian was the bubonic plague, then there must have been some reservoirs present when 1346 rolled around. ... It is easy to understand history of plague if you understand origin of plague microbe in Sartan in Central Asia.Origin of the ...
... pestis causation of the Black Death and subsequent plague outbreaks. Today Ill discuss what I see as weaknesses in these ... Vaccine advocacy 101. July 26, 2017. I recently finished a 2-year stint as an American Society for Microbiology Distinguished ... Since the objections theyve raised stand against the presence of bubonic plague, therefore pneumonic plague caused by Y. ... during the Black Plague rules out pneumonic plague, because these dont appear in the pneumonic form of the disease (apparently ...
Human-to-human transmission is rare except during epidemics of pneumonic plague. ... Plague is an acute, contagious, febrile illness transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected rat flea. ... Plague immunization. V. Indirect evidence for the efficacy of plague vaccine. J Infect Dis. 1974 May. 129:Suppl:S37-40. [QxMD ... A single dose sub-unit vaccine protects against pneumonic plague. Vaccine. 2000 Oct 15. 19(4-5):566-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ...
An analysis of 3,800-year-old Yersinia pestis isolates pushed the advent of flea-based plague transmission back to around 4,000 ... Oxford Nanopore, University of Queensland Partner for Sequencing-Based mRNA Vaccine Quality Control ... the Justinian Plague, and 19th century plague epidemics in China. ... Bronze Age Plague Pathogen Sequences Suggest Early Flea ... They then sequenced plague-causing pathogens isolated from those individuals, dated at around 3,800 years old. ...
... videos and more on Covid vaccine from Covid vaccine Latest news and headlines , Latest news and todays top stories , Yahoo ... Millie Bobby Brown, 17, gets Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine. The young actress shared a photo of herself receiving the vaccine on ... Matt Hancock not ruling out coronavirus vaccine for NHS before new year. A coronavirus vaccine could be rolled out before ... Andrew Lloyd Webber: People who refuse coronavirus vaccine are selfish. The 73-year-old composer compared vaccine refusers to ...
5 Pfizer is suing Poland over vaccines. This is how we got here November 22, 2023 4:24 pm CET ... "It is time to stop treating the referendum result as though it were a plague of boils or a murrain on our cattle, or an ... Brexit is not a plague of boils says Boris Johnson The foreign secretary said Brexit would free the UK to start being ... MANCHESTER, England - Britain must stop treating Brexit "as though it were a plague of boils," Boris Johnson told the ...
... vaccine. Partisan divides for flu and RSV vaccines were still present, but not as sharp as for the COVID vaccine. ... Quick takes: RSV vaccine supply, Novavax COVID vaccine gets WHO nod, H1N2v flu case in UK ... Plague-infected rat flea.. CDC / Dr. Pratt. Colorado reports sporadic Yersinia pestis cases every year, and officials routinely ... The latest vaccine monitoring poll from the Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF) found that nearly half of US adults will definitely ...
Is a vaccine available to prevent pneumonic plague? Currently, no plague vaccine is available in the United States. Research is ... Pneumonic plague can be transmitted from person to person; bubonic plague cannot. Pneumonic plague affects the lungs and is ... What is plague? Plague is a disease caused by Yersinia pestis (Y. pestis), a bacterium found in rodents and their fleas in many ... Pneumonic plague may also occur if a person with bubonic or septicemic plague is untreated and the bacteria spread to the lungs ...
"Health Alert on mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine Safety" from Florida and State Surgeon General. ...
The United Nations health agency is rapidly scaling up its response to a plague outbreak in Madagascar that has spread to the ... Affordable vaccine brings Africa near elimination of meningitis A - UN health agency. ... Plague is endemic to Madagascar, where around 400 cases of - mostly bubonic - plague are reported annually. Contrary to past ... The current outbreak includes both forms of plague. Nearly half of the cases identified so far are of pneumonic plague. ...
... the Texas Department of State Health Services said it would begin its 29th Oral Rabies Vaccination Program vaccine bait airdrop ... Multiple homicides, dismemberments plague border … News / 24 hours ago. .cls-3{fill:#fff;fill-rule:evenodd}. ... "The vaccine is proven safe in 60 species of mammals and birds," Rollo said. "The vaccine cannot cause rabies in humans or ... "We will be delivering vaccine baits to 18 counties this year.". The DSHS said funding for the nearly $2 million project was ...
Stealth bombs? Killer plagues? Dont panic, just follow the money. Posted by truther on July 4, 2014 ... The Ten Plagues That Are Hitting America Right Now. Posted by truther on July 23, 2014 ...
For centuries, the Roman Catholic Church has assimilated to herself the mystery elements of pagan religions. Subjective religious experience, or mysticism, continues to be the meeting point of pagan religions and Catholicism, particularly so since Vatican Council II, when Rome changed her major strategy in an attempt to bring Protestants back under the papal fold. The marriage between Romanism and paganism is documented in official statements from Rome. For example, in Vatican Council II documents she states,. ". . . In Hinduism men explore the divine mystery and express it both in the limitless riches of myth and the accurately defined insights of philosophy. They seek release from the trials of the present life by ascetical practices, profound meditation and recourse to God in confidence and love. Buddhism in its various forms testifies to the essential inadequacy of this changing world. It proposes a way of life by which man can, with confidence and trust, attain a state of perfect liberation ...
China Approves 5 New COVID-19 Vaccines for Emergency Use Amid Worsening Pneumonia Outbreak. Dec 06, 2023 ... Bubonic Plague Rages in Inner Mongolia, Suspected Case Reported in Yunnan A Cypriot mouse (Mus Cypriacus) in a photo released ... The bubonic plague, also known as the Black Death, caused the most deadly pandemic in history. It has the characteristics of ... The Plague Prevention and Control Headquarters of Menghai county, Yunnan Province, issued a notice on Sept. 25, reporting that ...
  • Plague vaccine is a vaccine used against Yersinia pestis to prevent the plague. (wikipedia.org)
  • There is strong evidence for the efficacy of administration of some plague vaccines in preventing or ameliorating the effects of a variety of clinical forms of infection by Yersinia pestis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Persons exposed to plague patients who have pneumonia or to Yersinia pestis *** aerosols in the laboratory should be given a 7- to 10-day course of antimicrobic therapy regardless of vaccination history. (cdc.gov)
  • Sylvatic plague vaccine (SPV) is a virally vectored bait-delivered vaccine expressing Yersinia pestis antigens that can protect prairie dogs (Cynomys spp. (usgs.gov)
  • Governments remain concerned that bioweapons of aerosolized Yersinia pestis, the bacteria that causes plague, could kill thousands," said Stephen Smiley, a leading plague researcher and Trudeau Institute faculty member. (scienceblog.com)
  • Plague, a zoonotic disease caused by the gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis , is transmitted to humans by the bites of infected fleas (eg, Xenopsylla cheopis ), scratches from infected animals, inhalation of aerosols, or consumption of food contaminated with Y pestis . (medscape.com)
  • Plague is a disease caused by Yersinia pestis ( Y. pestis ), a bacterium found in rodents and their fleas in many areas around the world. (cdc.gov)
  • Yersinia pestis used in an aerosol attack could cause cases of the pneumonic form of plague. (cdc.gov)
  • Pneumonic plague occurs when Yersinia pestis infects the lungs. (cdc.gov)
  • Someone exposed to Yersinia pestis through the air-either from an intentional aerosol release or from close and direct exposure to someone with plague pneumonia-would become ill within 1 to 6 days. (cdc.gov)
  • Did Yersinia pestis really cause Black Plague? (scienceblogs.com)
  • Despite its reputation as a scourge of antiquity, Yersinia pestis --the bacterium that causes bubonic plague-- still causes thousands of human illnesses every year . (scienceblogs.com)
  • Yersinia pestis--etiologic agent of plague. (medscape.com)
  • Role of the Yersinia pestis hemin storage (hms) locus in the transmission of plague by fleas. (medscape.com)
  • Early-phase transmission of Yersinia pestis by unblocked fleas as a mechanism explaining rapidly spreading plague epizootics. (medscape.com)
  • NEW YORK (GenomeWeb) - By sequencing two Late Bronze Age Yersinia pestis isolates, a team from Germany, Russia, China, and Switzerland has gleaned additional insights into the history of the notorious pathogen behind the bubonic plague. (genomeweb.com)
  • The Black Death was a plague caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis that first entered the Mediterranean via trade ships, and proceeded to rapidly spread across Europe, Northern Africa and the Middle East in the 1300s. (newsweek.com)
  • The Black Death was a plague caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis that first entered the Mediterranean via trade ships. (newsweek.com)
  • During the analysis, plague bacterium, Yersinia pestis was detected in all three individuals," he said. (newsweek.com)
  • Plague is a potentially severe disease caused by a bacterium, Yersinia pestis. (nyc.gov)
  • The disease is caused by the plague bacillus, rod-shaped bacteria referred to as Yersinia pestis . (medscape.com)
  • It can harbor fleas infected with Yersinia pestis, the plague bacillus. (medscape.com)
  • Additionally, Dr. Smiley believes these Th1-17 cells may be important in fighting other kinds of pneumonia: "Bacterial pneumonia is one of the most common causes of death in hospitals and, like plague, many of these pneumonias are caused by bacteria that grow both inside and outside the cells of our bodies. (scienceblog.com)
  • People most commonly acquire plague when they are bitten by a flea that is infected with the plague bacteria. (cdc.gov)
  • Fleas transmit the plague bacteria to humans and other mammals during a subsequent feeding. (cdc.gov)
  • The plague bacteria survive briefly (a few days) in the blood of rodents and for longer periods in the fleas. (cdc.gov)
  • Yes, when a person has plague pneumonia they may cough droplets containing the plague bacteria into air. (cdc.gov)
  • If these bacteria-containing droplets are breathed in by another person they can cause pneumonic plague. (cdc.gov)
  • When bubonic plague is left untreated, plague bacteria can invade the bloodstream. (cdc.gov)
  • When plague bacteria multiply in the bloodstream, they spread rapidly throughout the body and cause a severe and often fatal condition called septicemic plague. (cdc.gov)
  • One to six days after becoming infected with the bacteria, people would develop pneumonic plague. (cdc.gov)
  • If bubonic plague is not treated, however, the bacteria can spread through the bloodstream and infect the lungs, causing a secondary case of pneumonic plague. (cdc.gov)
  • Pneumonic plague may also occur if a person with bubonic or septicemic plague is untreated and the bacteria spread to the lungs. (cdc.gov)
  • How quickly would someone get sick if exposed to plague bacteria through the air? (cdc.gov)
  • The plague in the rodents and humans is caused by the same bacteria. (northernag.net)
  • In fact, as reported by Drancourt et al (2004), genotyping performed on bacteria derived from the remains of plague victims of the first two epidemics revealed sequences similar to that of Orientalis. (medscape.com)
  • A phylogenetic analysis of the strains, set alongside 177 available modern and ancient Y. pestis sequences, suggested that they belonged to a previously undocumented lineage that emerged roughly 4,000 years ago, but already contained the virulence factors that set bubonic plague apart from more innocuous bacteria. (genomeweb.com)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is reminding laboratory workers to be diligent about wearing protective gear, after it found that an Illinois researcher died in 2009 from exposure to plague-causing bacteria. (nbcnews.com)
  • His family said Casadaban had been seeking to develop a plague vaccine, and was working with a weakened strain of the bacteria. (nbcnews.com)
  • Swollen and tender lymph nodes near the spot where the plague bacteria entered the skin are typical of bubonic plague. (nyc.gov)
  • Bubonic (lymph gland) plague occurs when the plague bacteria enter the skin, usually through a flea bite. (nyc.gov)
  • If a flea feeds on an animal that has plague bacteria in its bloodstream, it will carry the bacteria and then transmit the infection if it bites a person. (nyc.gov)
  • It can occur if someone breathes in plague bacteria from another person with the infection or from the cough of an infected animal (e.g., a cat). (nyc.gov)
  • Pneumonic plague also can develop from bubonic plague if the bacteria enter the bloodstream and are then transported to the lungs. (nyc.gov)
  • Septicemia (bloodstream) plague occurs when plague bacteria enter the bloodstream either through the skin or from the lungs. (nyc.gov)
  • Once in the bloodstream, plague bacteria can spread to the brain and cause meningitis. (nyc.gov)
  • Meningeal plague (brain) occurs if bubonic, pneumonic or pharyngeal plague spread to the bloodstream and the plague bacteria are carried to the brain. (nyc.gov)
  • Pharyngeal (throat) plague occurs when a person swallows food or beverage that contains live plague bacteria, leading to a severe throat infection that can spread to the lungs and bloodstream if not treated. (nyc.gov)
  • Bubonic plague occurs one to seven days after the bacteria enter through the skin. (nyc.gov)
  • Pneumonic, pharyngeal and septicemia plagues begin one to four days after exposure to the plague bacteria. (nyc.gov)
  • Human plague infections occur when people come into contact with a plague-infected animal and either breathe in bacteria that the animal has coughed, touch an infected animal carcass or skin or are bitten by a flea that fed on an animal with plague. (nyc.gov)
  • Plague is diagnosed by growing the bacteria from samples of sputum, blood, spinal fluid or infected lymph nodes. (nyc.gov)
  • These deadly bacteria and viruses will surely give us all some perspective and plagues to reflect upon. (giantmicrobes.com)
  • Efforts to control the animal reservoir and flea population may be effective in reducing transmission of plague bacteria. (medscape.com)
  • The bacteria elaborate a lipopolysaccharide endotoxin, coagulase, and a fibrinolysin, which are the principal factors in the pathogenesis of plague. (medscape.com)
  • The bacteria that cause plague usually infect wild rodents, such as rats, mice, squirrels and prairie dogs. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Good sanitation, vaccines and antibiotics have greatly limited these hazardous bacteria. (lu.se)
  • Routine vaccination is not necessary for persons living in areas with enzootic plague such as the western United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Field experience indicates that vaccination with plague vaccine reduces the incidence and severity of disease resulting from the bite of infected fleas. (cdc.gov)
  • Once Haffkine's vaccine was put into use in British India, discussions started about asking for proof of vaccination in certain circumstances, according to Sanjoy Bhattacharya, a professor of history at the University of York in the U.K. and director of the WHO Collaborating Center for Global Heath Histories. (kasu.org)
  • AUSTIN (KXAN) - On Tuesday, the Texas Department of State Health Services said it would begin its 29th oral rabies vaccination program vaccine bait airdrop. (ktsm.com)
  • "My prediction is when the disease is endemic we're going to have COVID vaccines as part of a regular vaccine regimen like MMR, so people who are born will get the vaccination on schedule along with other vaccines," Davidovitch told reporters last week. (israeltoday.co.il)
  • Based on these findings, studies examining the utility and effectiveness of oral vaccination to prevent plague-induced mortality in prairie dogs and associated species are underway. (bioone.org)
  • In response to the cVDPV2 outbreak, the Ministry of Health in collaboration with WHO, UNICEF, and other partners conducted vaccination campaigns using the Novel Oral Polio vaccine type 2 (nOPV2). (who.int)
  • An important clinical clue for diagnosing plague is a history of contact with animals from an endemic plague focus, especially dead rodents or other wild animals known to harbor the bacterium. (medscape.com)
  • The Malagasy Red Cross is also scaling-up community surveillance , contact tracing and communication in to stem the spread as it points out that the bubonic plague bacterium can travel to a person's lungs, causing pneumonic plague, which can spread quickly from person to person through droplets in the air. (un.org)
  • Once the bacterium was understood better, a vaccine was not far behind. (historyofvaccines.org)
  • Prophylactic antibiotic therapy is recommended in persons who have handled an animal known to be infected with the plague bacterium. (medscape.com)
  • Plague vaccine is recommended for field workers in endemic areas and for scientists and laboratory personnel who routinely work with the plague bacterium. (medscape.com)
  • A plague vaccine is used for an induction of active specific immunity in a susceptible organism to plague by means of administration an antigenic material (a vaccine) via a variety of routes to people at risk of contracting any clinical form of plague. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pneumonic plague is the most serious form of the disease and is the only form of plague that can be spread from person to person (by infectious droplets). (cdc.gov)
  • The vaccine is not effective against the pneumonic form of plague. (medscape.com)
  • Symptoms vary depending on the form of plague. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Plague is a natural infection of rodents and their ectoparasites and occurs in many parts of the world, including the western United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Plague is an infectious disease that affects rodents, certain other animals, and humans. (cdc.gov)
  • Our Y. pestis isolates from around 4,000 years ago possessed all the genetic characteristics required for efficient flea transmission of plague to rodents, humans, and other mammals," first author Maria Spyrou, an archaeogenetics researcher affiliated with Max Planck Institute and the University of Tübingen, said in a statement. (genomeweb.com)
  • The plague vaccine licensed for use in the United States is prepared from Y. pestis organisms grown in artificial media, inactivated with formaldehyde, and preserved in 0.5% phenol. (cdc.gov)
  • Pneumonic plague affects the lungs and is transmitted when a person breathes in Y. pestis particles in the air. (cdc.gov)
  • Pneumonic plague is also transmitted by breathing in Y. pestis suspended in respiratory droplets from a person (or animal) with pneumonic plague. (cdc.gov)
  • Aerosolized Y pestis, causing primary pneumonic plague, has been recognized by bioterrorism experts as having one of the highest potentials as a bioterrorism agent due to its extremely high mortality, its high uptake into enzootic and epizootic animals as well as humans, and its ability to be spread over a large area. (medscape.com)
  • When Y. pestis was first confirmed as the cause of bubonic plague during an 1894 outbreak in Hong Kong , most people assumed that we also now knew the cause of the 14th-century Black Death, and the later plague outbreaks that resurfaced periodically. (scienceblogs.com)
  • More recently, we've been able to test these claims, using paleomicrobiology to look for molecular evidence of Y. pestis in skeletons that presumably died of plague. (scienceblogs.com)
  • Two of the authors (SW and JM) have previously argued that the epidemiology, virulence, and population dynamics of the Black Death were too different from those factors of modern yersinial plague to have been caused by Y. pestis (13). (scienceblogs.com)
  • Yesterday I introduced criticisms that have been raised against Y. pestis causation of the Black Death and subsequent plague outbreaks. (scienceblogs.com)
  • They use similar documentation to argue that individuals were well-versed in symptoms of the plague and recognized it immediately when it showed up in a village, but they then discount this recognition when it comes to the actual discovery of the putative causative agent of the plague, Y. pestis , in 1894, or even to the 1720 Marseille outbreak I mentioned in the previous post. (scienceblogs.com)
  • Prior analyses of ancient Y. pestis have already offered clues to the microbe's spread, as well as the adaptations that pushed it toward its plague-causing abilities. (genomeweb.com)
  • The latest vaccine monitoring poll from the Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF) found that nearly half of US adults will definitely or probably get the updated COVID-19 vaccine, a pattern the group said is higher than previous booster campaigns but lower than the initial primary series rollout. (umn.edu)
  • A coronavirus vaccine could be rolled out before 2021, the health secretary said, and a report claimed health staff could be jabbed before the new year. (yahoo.com)
  • Gates has long promoted any and all vaccines, including Wuhan coronavirus (Covid-19) injections which he intends to pair up with subcutaneous quantum dot technology. (medicaltyranny.com)
  • The Coronavirus Plague is Back Because She Has Never Left. (blackchristiannews.com)
  • According to the Count From Governments Around the World, the Coronavirus Plague Killed Over 20 Million People, and Even Though The World Health Organization. (blackchristiannews.com)
  • The coronavirus would plague us forever. (city-journal.org)
  • Link from Workable Coronavirus vaccine. (halfbakery.com)
  • Natural News) Nearly a decade prior to the release of Wuhan coronavirus (Covid-19) "vaccines," the Health Ranger was warning us all about future "self-spreading" injections that threatened to annihilate humanity from the face of the earth. (naturalnews.com)
  • Inactivated bacterial vaccines have been used since 1890 but are less effective against the pneumonic plague, so live, attenuated vaccines and recombinant protein vaccines have been developed to prevent the disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • An oral sylvatic plague vaccine using the raccoon poxvirus vector (designated RCN-F1/V307) has been developed for prairie dogs. (bioone.org)
  • This flea is the primary vector of plague in most large plague epidemics in Asia, Africa, and South America. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] Human-to-human transmission is ucommon except during epidemics of pneumonic plague. (medscape.com)
  • [ 2 ] One theory is that these biovars emerged before any of the plague epidemics. (medscape.com)
  • Their phylogenetic analysis indicated that the isolates in RT5 and RT6 were part of a shared lineage stemming from an ancestor that also led to the pathogens contributing to Black Death, the Justinian Plague, and 19th century plague epidemics in China. (genomeweb.com)
  • Plague has caused large-scale epidemics, thereby changing the course of history in many nations. (medscape.com)
  • In the early twentieth century, plague epidemics accounted for about 10 million deaths in India. (medscape.com)
  • In the past, massive plague epidemics, such as the black death of the Middle Ages, killed many people. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Another strategy to control plague outbreaks is to apply insecticide that will reduce the flea populations in the prairie dog colonies that are important to black-footed ferrets, but that have not yet experienced plague die-offs. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Competency of the flea to serve as vector for transmission of plague to humans depends on its willingness to feed on a human host and its tendency to regurgitate intestinal contents during a blood meal. (medscape.com)
  • At its next attempt to feed, unable to swallow due to the blockage, the flea regurgitates plague bacilli into the bite wound. (medscape.com)
  • Bubonic plague is transmitted through the bite of an infected flea or exposure to infected material through a break in the skin. (cdc.gov)
  • Plague is an acute, contagious, febrile illness usually transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected flea. (medscape.com)
  • Of the 1500 flea species identified, only 30 of them have been shown to act as vectors of plague. (medscape.com)
  • Oriental rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis), the primary vector of plague, engorged with blood. (medscape.com)
  • Plague-infected rat flea. (umn.edu)
  • Bubonic plague is spread by infected rats via flea bite while pneumonic is transmitted person-to-person. (un.org)
  • This method is known as plague immunization. (wikipedia.org)
  • Plague immunization also encompasses incurring a state of passive specific immunity to plague in a susceptible organism after administration of a plague serum or plague immunological in people with an immediate risk of developing the disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • Consideration of these factors can aid in the development of species-specific SPV baiting strategies that maximize bait uptake and subsequent immunization of prairie dogs against plague. (usgs.gov)
  • The lab previously demonstrated that a single immunization with an experimental vaccine stimulates the production of T cells that provide partial protection against pneumonic plague. (scienceblog.com)
  • Endangered black-footed ferrets aren't exactly lining up to be stuck with a vaccine, but in an effort to help control an extensive outbreak of plague in South Dakota, some of the ferrets are getting dosed with a vaccine given by biologists. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Some of the plague-impacted prairie-dog colonies were occupied by ferrets, but researchers do not know yet how many ferrets have died from the outbreak. (sciencedaily.com)
  • To help increase ferret survival during this outbreak, biologists are vaccinating wild ferrets to provide immunity if they become exposed to plague. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Epidemiological features of pneumonic plague outbreak in Himachal Pradesh, India. (medscape.com)
  • Outbreak of Human Pneumonic Plague with Dog-to-Human and Possible Human-to-Human Transmission - Colorado, June-July 2014. (medscape.com)
  • The United Nations health agency is rapidly scaling up its response to a plague outbreak in Madagascar that has spread to the capital and port towns, infecting more than 100 people in just a few weeks. (un.org)
  • The current outbreak includes both forms of plague. (un.org)
  • The last reported outbreak in December 2016 was mainly bubonic plague occurring in remote area. (un.org)
  • The CDC recommends short-term prophylactic antibiotic therapy in people who have been bitten by potentially infected rodent fleas during a plague outbreak. (medscape.com)
  • In 2020, Liberia reported an outbreak of circulating vaccine-derived polio virus type 2 (cVDPV2) which posed a formidable challenge to Liberia's healthcare system, necessitating a swift and effective response. (who.int)
  • Rarely, pneumonic plague has been reported in conjunction with outbreaks of bubonic plague, and tourist travel to areas with reported cases of plague should be avoided. (cdc.gov)
  • How many cases of plague occur in the United States? (cdc.gov)
  • The World Health Organization reports 1,000 to 3,000 cases of plague worldwide every year. (cdc.gov)
  • Epidemic plague may result when domestic rat populations and their fleas become infected. (cdc.gov)
  • This is the first time the vaccine has been used during a major plague epizootic-an animal version of a human epidemic. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Even though the health authorities had not seen a major plague epidemic for 50 years, they knew what they must do. (scienceblogs.com)
  • WHO is concerned that plague could spread further because it is already present in several cities and this is the start of the epidemic season , which usually runs from September to April," said Charlotte Ndiaye, the World Health Organization (WHO) Representative in Madagascar in a news update. (un.org)
  • Baotou officials raised the risk levels of "a human plague epidemic spreading in the city. (theepochtimes.com)
  • Various sources of information show that since the end of last year, the plague epidemic has continued to break out in some provinces and cities in mainland China. (theepochtimes.com)
  • Therefore, the outside world has questioned whether the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is covering up the plague epidemic. (theepochtimes.com)
  • According to an internal " Epidemic Report " released on April 13 by the Inner Mongolia Comprehensive Disease Prevention and Control Center, the bubonic plague was detected in 21 locations across four prefecture-level leagues in Inner Mongolia. (theepochtimes.com)
  • During the mid-1300's, the bubonic plague was a deadly and devastating epidemic that affected Europe and Asia. (passporthealthusa.com)
  • The targeted diseases include but are not limited to: vaccine-preventable, tropical, zoonotic and epidemic-prone diseases, excluding HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria. (who.int)
  • By the 8th century, plague receded into scattered endemic areas. (medscape.com)
  • however, plague remains endemic in much of the world. (medscape.com)
  • Plague is endemic to Madagascar, where around 400 cases of - mostly bubonic - plague are reported annually. (un.org)
  • Restrain pet dogs and cats in areas endemic to plague and regularly treat pets to control fleas. (medscape.com)
  • Can a person exposed to pneumonic plague avoid becoming sick? (cdc.gov)
  • Lab workers should wear protective gear in the lab, especially after a researcher died in 2009 from lab exposure to a causative agent of the plague. (nbcnews.com)
  • Plague vaccine doses (in milliliters), by age group (in years). (cdc.gov)
  • At the time of writing, one billion vaccine doses have been administered, with over half going to three countries, while low-income countries have received just 0.2 percent. (socialistpartyni.org)
  • As soon as vaccines hit the market, western capitalist powers like the U.S., Canada, and the EU had already snatched up 96 percent of Pfizer doses and all Moderna doses. (socialistpartyni.org)
  • Aside from providing cheaper vaccines less effective against variants, COVAX is flailing from lack of buy-in, and so far has only delivered a fifth of the doses it aimed for. (socialistpartyni.org)
  • CONCLUSION: These results suggested that two doses may be enough for a clinical vaccine strategy design using MPL & QS21 adjuvanted recombinant protein, especially in consideration of the limited production capacity of COVID-19 vaccine in a public health emergency. (bvsalud.org)
  • [ 33 ] Murine antibodies to fraction (FI) protein and/or fraction V antigen have been shown to be protective against bubonic and pneumonic plague in murine models. (medscape.com)
  • Septicemic plague can occur as the first symptoms of plague or may develop from untreated bubonic plague. (cdc.gov)
  • Pneumonic plague may develop from inhaling infectious droplets or from untreated bubonic or septicemic plague that spreads to the lungs. (cdc.gov)
  • The incubation period of septicemic plague is poorly defined but likely occurs within days of exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • Plague occurs as 3 major clinical events: bubonic plague, septicemic plague, and pneumonic plague. (medscape.com)
  • Routine bacteriologic precautions, including the use of a biological safety cabinet to isolate procedures that may produce aerosols, are sufficient to prevent accidental infection with plague among clinical laboratory workers. (cdc.gov)
  • Untreated bubonic plague can also progress into an infection of the lungs, causing pneumonic plague. (cdc.gov)
  • Health officials in Colorado this week announced a fatal plague infection in a resident of Archuleta County, located in the southwest corner of the state. (umn.edu)
  • Traveling to a region with plague or another uncommon infection? (passporthealthusa.com)
  • However, ground squirrels and prairie dogs have been known to be highly susceptible to plague, whereas others have been known to be either moderately susceptible or absolutely resistant to infection. (medscape.com)
  • Multistage subunit vaccines obtained by fusing immunodominant antigens from different stages of TB infection are being used both to prevent and to treat TB. (bvsalud.org)
  • The plague is transmitted from animals to humans by bites of infected fleas, but it can be cured with antibiotics if treatment is prompt. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Sylvatic plague is an infectious bacterial disease usually transmitted from animal to animal by fleas. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Plague is most often vector borne, transmitted by fleas, to a variety of rodent populations. (medscape.com)
  • Residents should not eradicate or kill prairie dogs on their property as this increases the risk of exposure to plague-infested fleas," SJBPH said. (umn.edu)
  • Spraying of appropriate chemicals by health authorities may be necessary to kill fleas at selected sites during animal plague outbreaks. (medscape.com)
  • The pathophysiology of plague basically involves two phases-a cycle within the fleas and a cycle within humans. (medscape.com)
  • The plague vaccine was developed for humans by the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Disease and is being tested and modified for animals at the USGS National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) in Madison, Wisc. (sciencedaily.com)
  • However, animal studies suggest that antibodies may not be enough to protect humans from pneumonic plague. (scienceblog.com)
  • Finally, people can become infected from inhaling respiratory droplets after close contact with cats and humans with pneumonic plague. (cdc.gov)
  • The vaccine cannot cause rabies in humans or animals, even if it is ingested. (ktsm.com)
  • Plague vaccines ** have been used since the late 19th century, but their effectiveness has never been measured precisely. (cdc.gov)
  • Up to 60 percent of the population is thought to have died as a result of the disease in its first wave, which extended into a 500-year-old pandemic called the Second Plague Pandemic, lasting until as recently as the 19th century. (newsweek.com)
  • Within five years, the bubonic plague killed over 20 million people in Europe alone. (passporthealthusa.com)
  • Because human plague is rare in most parts of the world, there is no need to vaccinate persons other than those at particularly high risk of exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • In most countries of Africa, Asia, and South America where plague is reported, the risk of exposure exists primarily in rural mountainous or upland areas. (cdc.gov)
  • Visual counts of prairie dogs and their burrows revealed no evidence of prairie dog decline after vaccine exposure. (bioone.org)
  • Prophylactic antibiotic therapy is recommended in persons who have had close exposure to a person or an animal thought to have pneumonic plague. (medscape.com)
  • Bubonic plague symptoms may appear a few hours to 12 days after exposure (typically, after 2 to 5 days). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Field tests, said Biggins, showed that the combination of burrow dusting and experimental vaccine protected black-footed ferrets in Montana during a time of low-level plague mortality in the area. (sciencedaily.com)
  • What we're trying to do in South Dakota is assess the protectiveness of the vaccine for prairie dogs and ferrets during a full-blown eruption of plague that is causing high mortality in the prairie dog population," Biggins said. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , the mortality rate of the bubonic plague is at 11 percent. (passporthealthusa.com)
  • suffer high rates of mortality from plague. (bioone.org)
  • No vaccine-related morbidity, mortality, or gross or microscopic lesions were observed. (bioone.org)
  • Following natural disasters and at times when regular sanitary practices are interrupted, plague can extend from its usual areas of endemicity into urban centers. (cdc.gov)
  • In mid-May, the Centers for Disease Control confirmed sylvatic plague in black-tailed prairie dog colonies in the Conata Basin area of Buffalo Gap National Grasslands in southwestern South Dakota. (sciencedaily.com)
  • At that time, vaccinations were given at government centers, which handed out a certificate to those who got the vaccine. (kasu.org)
  • The first pandemic, known as the Justinian plague (AD 541-544), began in Egypt and spread throughout the Middle East and Mediterranean areas. (medscape.com)
  • The second pandemic began in 1347, when traders from central Asia introduced plague into ports of Sicily. (medscape.com)
  • Although plague has been considered a disease of the Middle Ages, multiple outbreaks in India and Africa during the last 20 years have stoked fears of another global pandemic. (medscape.com)
  • Some of Israel's top doctors are recommending that once the pandemic ends, the COVID-19 vaccine should be added to the regular vaccine regimen offered to children between birth and the age of five. (israeltoday.co.il)
  • While the COVID-19 pandemic has not yet ceased, the bubonic plague continues to rage in Inner Mongolia. (theepochtimes.com)
  • The bubonic plague, also known as the Black Death, caused the most deadly pandemic in history. (theepochtimes.com)
  • A previous The Harris Poll survey , commissioned by Express last year, found that a majority (81%) agree business will only return to pre-pandemic operations (i.e., not limited by restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic) in Canada once more people receive the COVID-19 vaccine. (globenewswire.com)
  • Between 1900 and 2012, 1006 confirmed or probable human plague cases occurred in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Gage K, Lance S, Dennis D, Montenieri J. Human plague in United States: A review of cases from 1988-1992 with comments on likelihood of increased plague activity. (medscape.com)
  • Plague also exists in eastern and southern Africa, Southeast Asia, China, Russia and parts of South America. (nyc.gov)
  • Plague occurs naturally in certain parts of Africa, Asia and South America. (nyc.gov)
  • The first plague vaccine was developed by bacteriologist Waldemar Haffkine in 1897. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chasing Seasonal Influenza - The Need for a Universal Influenza Vaccine. (cdc.gov)
  • The DSHS said the airdrop would continue across the state for roughly two weeks, with nearly 814,000 oral rabies vaccine baits being dropped. (ktsm.com)
  • We will be delivering vaccine baits to 18 counties this year. (ktsm.com)
  • We isolated RCN-F1/V307 from 17 prairie dogs and two deer mice ( Peromyscus maniculatus ) captured on sites where vaccine-laden baits were distributed. (bioone.org)
  • However, small, natural outbreaks of plague continue to this day. (scienceblog.com)
  • One area of concern: Hindu and Muslim pilgrimage sites, which, due to population density, were considered spaces where outbreaks of plague could get out of control. (kasu.org)
  • The online and telephone poll, conducted during the second week of September, found that 23% will definitely get the new COVID vaccine and 23% will probably get it. (umn.edu)
  • Partisan divides for flu and RSV vaccines were still present, but not as sharp as for the COVID vaccine. (umn.edu)
  • Should children receive a COVID vaccine as part of their regular vaccine regimen? (israeltoday.co.il)
  • COVID Vaccine No Longer Required to Enter Israel! (israeltoday.co.il)
  • Larger particles lodge in the throat (pharynx) and cause plague of the throat (pharyngeal plague). (msdmanuals.com)
  • What are the signs and symptoms of pneumonic plague? (cdc.gov)
  • Antibiotics should be administered as soon as possible within the first 24 hours of plague symptoms. (passporthealthusa.com)
  • I am concerned that I have or someone who I know has plague symptoms. (nyc.gov)
  • Anyone with the symptoms of plague should contact their medical provider immediately. (nyc.gov)
  • The highly contagious and potentially vaccine-resistant B.1.617 variant first found in India has already spread to 53 territories . (socialistpartyni.org)
  • Additional Bronze Age and Iron Age plague genomes could help pinpoint key events that contributed to the high virulence and spread of one of humankind's most notorious pathogens," Krause said. (genomeweb.com)
  • China sealed off villages in Inner Mongolia to curb the spread of the plague. (theepochtimes.com)
  • More than 300 villages in northern provinces such as Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Liaoning, and Jilin were completely sealed off to prevent the spread of the plague. (theepochtimes.com)
  • New research funded by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation aims to develop a needle-less vaccine that can spread like a virus rather than have to be injected, leaving no way for anyone to remain unvaccinated. (medicaltyranny.com)
  • The plague arrived in spread through ships coming into port in Sicily. (passporthealthusa.com)
  • Pneumonic (lung) plague is the only type of plague that can be spread from person to person. (nyc.gov)
  • Self-spreading vaccines, in case you are unfamiliar with them, spread without even having to be injected. (naturalnews.com)
  • Antibiotics can reduce the risk of death, and isolating infected people helps prevent spread of plague. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Spread between people usually happens only when people live with or care for a person with pneumonic plague. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Without early treatment, pneumonic plague usually leads to respiratory failure, shock, and rapid death. (cdc.gov)
  • Also, most (60%) of adults ages 60 and older said they have already gotten or plan to receive the new respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine. (umn.edu)
  • Without access to safe water, safe disposal of sanitation and proper hygiene, people living in overcrowded settings are increasingly exposed to infectious diseases, and the risks of outbreaks is escalating.We are seeing increased rates of diarrhoea, respiratory infections, jaundice, skin infections and vaccine-preventable childhood diseases, including measles. (who.int)
  • Trudeau researchers are identifying the basic mechanisms used by the immune system to combat viruses like influenza, mycobacteria, such as tuberculosis, parasites and cancer, so that better vaccines and therapies can be developed for fighting deadly disease. (scienceblog.com)
  • Tuberculosis (TB), also known as the "White Plague", is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). (bvsalud.org)
  • Acral necrosis of the nose, the lips, and the fingers and residual ecchymoses over both forearms in a patient recovering from bubonic plague that disseminated to the blood and the lungs. (medscape.com)
  • Small particles lodge in the lungs, causing pneumonic plague. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The local area has activated a "level 4" alert for plague prevention, and has conducted massive testing on patients with fever. (theepochtimes.com)
  • Passport Health offers key travel vaccines like typhoid and yellow fever . (passporthealthusa.com)
  • Pneumonic plague usually presents with fever, cough, bloody sputum and difficulty breathing. (nyc.gov)
  • Dr. Tonie Rocke, the lead researcher at the USGS NWHC testing the vaccine for animals, said the vaccine is administered to prairie dogs and black-footed ferrets through an initial shot and a booster about a month later. (sciencedaily.com)
  • She noted that the NWHC is working on a separate oral vaccine for prairie dogs that can be put into bait and delivered in the field without having to handle the animals, a process that is time-consuming. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In the study, scientists are assessing the effectiveness of an oral vaccine in preventing plague in prairie dogs over a wide geographic range. (northernag.net)
  • But even if ferrets can be protected from plague, they'll die off if prairie dogs aren't around, said Randy Matchett, a U.S. Fish and Wildlife biologist at the Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge in Montana. (northernag.net)
  • Saranac Lake, N.Y. - There is an ongoing battle in the "war on terror" that remains mostly unseen to the public - a race between scientists working to develop a vaccine to protect against plague and the terrorists who seek to use plague as a weapon. (scienceblog.com)
  • Together with postdoctoral associate Jr-Shiuan Lin, he is working to develop a vaccine that will protect members of the armed services and public from a "plague bomb. (scienceblog.com)
  • It would take years to develop a vaccine. (city-journal.org)
  • A paper on the subject claims that contagious vaccines will be slightly less deadly than traditional injections, "but not non-lethal: they can still kill. (medicaltyranny.com)
  • Prof. Jim Bull, an infectious diseases expert at University of Idaho who monitors developments in transmissible vaccines, has said that it still remains unclear whether or not self-spreading vaccines are even possible. (medicaltyranny.com)
  • We also provide important advice for individuals heading to areas with diseases like plague. (passporthealthusa.com)
  • Therefore, prior to international travel, individuals known to be susceptible to one or more of these diseases can either receive the indicated monovalent vaccine (measles, mumps, or rubella), or a combination vaccine as appropriate. (abovetopsecret.com)
  • It brings information about vaccine preventable diseases: a FAQ from the disease and another from its vaccine, photos, videos, case histories, recommendations, references and links. (bvsalud.org)
  • Case reports, personal testimonies, newspaper and journal articles about people who have suffered or died from vaccine-preventable diseases. (bvsalud.org)
  • This timely access to funds has boosted their morale and motivation, enabling them to continue their crucial work of protecting the Liberian population from vaccine-preventable diseases. (who.int)
  • A systematic review by the Cochrane Collaboration found no studies of sufficient quality to be included in the review, and were thus unable to make any statement on the efficacy of modern vaccines. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recent field data on Mumps outbreaks yields big questions about the vaccine efficacy. (abovetopsecret.com)
  • This post isn't about opinion, or even vaccine side effects --It's about clinical pharmacology and real field data on the efficacy of the Mumps vaccine. (abovetopsecret.com)
  • What are the different forms of plague? (cdc.gov)
  • Forms of plague. (cdc.gov)
  • If plague patients are not given specific antibiotic therapy, all forms of plague can progress rapidly to death. (cdc.gov)
  • Both types of plague are readily controlled by standard public health response measures. (cdc.gov)
  • The goal is to create a vaccine that people "catch" without their consent, and without the need for any injections. (medicaltyranny.com)
  • These species were extensively investigated by the military of major powers between 1918 and 1960 and discarded because (i) it's impossible to create a vaccine (necessary to protect your own population), (ii) there's no prophylactic treatment, and most importantly (iii) they don't make people ill enough for long enough to be useful. (halfbakery.com)
  • Who usually gets plague when the disease occurs naturally? (nyc.gov)
  • Plague now occurs sporadically or in limited outbreaks. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Twelve countries have yet to give a single shot, and it could be 2023 or later before vaccines are available to the general population. (socialistpartyni.org)
  • Often, presumptive treatment with antibiotics will start as soon as samples are taken, if plague is suspected. (cdc.gov)
  • Yes, the antibiotics that we have today can help to cure someone who catches the bubonic plague. (passporthealthusa.com)
  • Antibiotics aren't just used on those who catch the plague. (passporthealthusa.com)
  • Bubonic plague can be effectively treated with a variety of widely-available antibiotics. (nyc.gov)