A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (CHORIONIC VILLI) derived from TROPHOBLASTS and a maternal portion (DECIDUA) derived from the uterine ENDOMETRIUM. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (PLACENTAL HORMONES).
Pathological processes or abnormal functions of the PLACENTA.
Abnormal placentation in which the PLACENTA implants in the lower segment of the UTERUS (the zone of dilation) and may cover part or all of the opening of the CERVIX. It is often associated with serious antepartum bleeding and PREMATURE LABOR.
Abnormal placentation in which all or parts of the PLACENTA are attached directly to the MYOMETRIUM due to a complete or partial absence of DECIDUA. It is associated with POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE because of the failure of placental separation.
A placenta that fails to be expelled after BIRTH of the FETUS. A PLACENTA is retained when the UTERUS fails to contract after the delivery of its content, or when the placenta is abnormally attached to the MYOMETRIUM.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Cells lining the outside of the BLASTOCYST. After binding to the ENDOMETRIUM, trophoblasts develop into two distinct layers, an inner layer of mononuclear cytotrophoblasts and an outer layer of continuous multinuclear cytoplasm, the syncytiotrophoblasts, which form the early fetal-maternal interface (PLACENTA).
The threadlike, vascular projections of the chorion. Chorionic villi may be free or embedded within the DECIDUA forming the site for exchange of substances between fetal and maternal blood (PLACENTA).
Exchange of substances between the maternal blood and the fetal blood at the PLACENTA via PLACENTAL CIRCULATION. The placental barrier excludes microbial or viral transmission.
Proteins produced by organs of the mother or the PLACENTA during PREGNANCY. These proteins may be pregnancy-specific (present only during pregnancy) or pregnancy-associated (present during pregnancy or under other conditions such as hormone therapy or certain malignancies.)
The development of the PLACENTA, a highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products between mother and FETUS. The process begins at FERTILIZATION, through the development of CYTOTROPHOBLASTS and SYNCYTIOTROPHOBLASTS, the formation of CHORIONIC VILLI, to the progressive increase in BLOOD VESSELS to support the growing fetus.
The unborn young of a viviparous mammal, in the postembryonic period, after the major structures have been outlined. In humans, the unborn young from the end of the eighth week after CONCEPTION until BIRTH, as distinguished from the earlier EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.
A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.
The age of the conceptus, beginning from the time of FERTILIZATION. In clinical obstetrics, the gestational age is often estimated as the time from the last day of the last MENSTRUATION which is about 2 weeks before OVULATION and fertilization.
The thin layers of tissue that surround the developing embryo. There are four extra-embryonic membranes commonly found in VERTEBRATES, such as REPTILES; BIRDS; and MAMMALS. They are the YOLK SAC, the ALLANTOIS, the AMNION, and the CHORION. These membranes provide protection and means to transport nutrients and wastes.
The outermost extra-embryonic membrane surrounding the developing embryo. In REPTILES and BIRDS, it adheres to the shell and allows exchange of gases between the egg and its environment. In MAMMALS, the chorion evolves into the fetal contribution of the PLACENTA.
The last third of a human PREGNANCY, from the beginning of the 29th through the 42nd completed week (197 to 294 days) of gestation.
The process of bearing developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero in non-human mammals, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
The beginning third of a human PREGNANCY, from the first day of the last normal menstrual period (MENSTRUATION) through the completion of 14 weeks (98 days) of gestation.
A polypeptide hormone of approximately 25 kDa that is produced by the SYNCYTIOTROPHOBLASTS of the PLACENTA, also known as chorionic somatomammotropin. It has both GROWTH HORMONE and PROLACTIN activities on growth, lactation, and luteal steroid production. In women, placental lactogen secretion begins soon after implantation and increases to 1 g or more a day in late pregnancy. Placental lactogen is also an insulin antagonist.
The hormone-responsive glandular layer of ENDOMETRIUM that sloughs off at each menstrual flow (decidua menstrualis) or at the termination of pregnancy. During pregnancy, the thickest part of the decidua forms the maternal portion of the PLACENTA, thus named decidua placentalis. The thin portion of the decidua covering the rest of the embryo is the decidua capsularis.
The circulation of BLOOD, of both the mother and the FETUS, through the PLACENTA.
A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).
The failure of a FETUS to attain its expected FETAL GROWTH at any GESTATIONAL AGE.
The hollow thick-walled muscular organ in the female PELVIS. It consists of the fundus (the body) which is the site of EMBRYO IMPLANTATION and FETAL DEVELOPMENT. Beyond the isthmus at the perineal end of fundus, is CERVIX UTERI (the neck) opening into VAGINA. Beyond the isthmi at the upper abdominal end of fundus, are the FALLOPIAN TUBES.
Morphological and physiological development of FETUSES.
Hormones produced by the placenta include CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, and PLACENTAL LACTOGEN as well as steroids (ESTROGENS; PROGESTERONE), and neuropeptide hormones similar to those found in the hypothalamus (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES).
Premature expulsion of the FETUS in animals.
The innermost membranous sac that surrounds and protects the developing embryo which is bathed in the AMNIOTIC FLUID. Amnion cells are secretory EPITHELIAL CELLS and contribute to the amniotic fluid.
Extraction of the FETUS by means of abdominal HYSTEROTOMY.
The repetitive uterine contraction during childbirth which is associated with the progressive dilation of the uterine cervix (CERVIX UTERI). Successful labor results in the expulsion of the FETUS and PLACENTA. Obstetric labor can be spontaneous or induced (LABOR, INDUCED).
The middle third of a human PREGNANCY, from the beginning of the 15th through the 28th completed week (99 to 196 days) of gestation.
The co-occurrence of pregnancy and parasitic diseases. The parasitic infection may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.
A clear, yellowish liquid that envelopes the FETUS inside the sac of AMNION. In the first trimester, it is likely a transudate of maternal or fetal plasma. In the second trimester, amniotic fluid derives primarily from fetal lung and kidney. Cells or substances in this fluid can be removed for prenatal diagnostic tests (AMNIOCENTESIS).
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
The flexible rope-like structure that connects a developing FETUS to the PLACENTA in mammals. The cord contains blood vessels which carry oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the fetus and waste products away from the fetus.
Trophoblastic hyperplasia associated with normal gestation, or molar pregnancy. It is characterized by the swelling of the CHORIONIC VILLI and elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Hydatidiform moles or molar pregnancy may be categorized as complete or partial based on their gross morphology, histopathology, and karyotype.
The first of four extra-embryonic membranes to form during EMBRYOGENESIS. In REPTILES and BIRDS, it arises from endoderm and mesoderm to incorporate the EGG YOLK into the DIGESTIVE TRACT for nourishing the embryo. In placental MAMMALS, its nutritional function is vestigial; however, it is the source of INTESTINAL MUCOSA; BLOOD CELLS; and GERM CELLS. It is sometimes called the vitelline sac, which should not be confused with the VITELLINE MEMBRANE of the egg.
Conditions or pathological processes associated with pregnancy. They can occur during or after pregnancy, and range from minor discomforts to serious diseases that require medical interventions. They include diseases in pregnant females, and pregnancies in females with diseases.
The variable phenotypic expression of a GENE depending on whether it is of paternal or maternal origin, which is a function of the DNA METHYLATION pattern. Imprinted regions are observed to be more methylated and less transcriptionally active. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.
INFLAMMATION of the placental membranes (CHORION; AMNION) and connected tissues such as fetal BLOOD VESSELS and UMBILICAL CORD. It is often associated with intrauterine ascending infections during PREGNANCY.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Extracts prepared from placental tissue; they may contain specific but uncharacterized factors or proteins with specific activities.
Blood of the fetus. Exchange of nutrients and waste between the fetal and maternal blood occurs via the PLACENTA. The cord blood is blood contained in the umbilical vessels (UMBILICAL CORD) at the time of delivery.
An extra-embryonic membranous sac derived from the YOLK SAC of REPTILES; BIRDS; and MAMMALS. It lies between two other extra-embryonic membranes, the AMNION and the CHORION. The allantois serves to store urinary wastes and mediate exchange of gas and nutrients for the developing embryo.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
The co-occurrence of pregnancy and an INFECTION. The infection may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.
A mammalian fetus expelled by INDUCED ABORTION or SPONTANEOUS ABORTION.
Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
An infant during the first month after birth.
Excess blood loss from uterine bleeding associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH. It is defined as blood loss greater than 500 ml or of the amount that adversely affects the maternal physiology, such as BLOOD PRESSURE and HEMATOCRIT. Postpartum hemorrhage is divided into two categories, immediate (within first 24 hours after birth) or delayed (after 24 hours postpartum).
The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.
A family of fungi, order POLYPORALES, found on decaying wood.
The visualization of tissues during pregnancy through recording of the echoes of ultrasonic waves directed into the body. The procedure may be applied with reference to the mother or the fetus and with reference to organs or the detection of maternal or fetal disease.
The three approximately equal periods of a normal human PREGNANCY. Each trimester is about three months or 13 to 14 weeks in duration depending on the designation of the first day of gestation.
A 180-kDa VEGF receptor found primarily in endothelial cells that is essential for vasculogenesis and vascular maintenance. It is also known as Flt-1 (fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor-1). A soluble, alternatively spliced isoform of the receptor may serve as a binding protein that regulates the availability of various ligands for VEGF receptor binding and signal transduction.

The effects of digestive enzymes on characteristics of placental insulin receptor. Comparison of particulate and soluble receptor preparations. (1/7305)

The role of the surrounding membrane structure on the binding characteristics of the insulin receptor was studied by using several digestive enzymes. The effects observed with particulate membrane preparations are compared with those from soluble receptor preparations. beta-Galactosidase and neuraminidase had no effect on insulin binding to either particulate or soluble receptors from human placentae. Exposure to 2 units of phospholipase C/ml increased insulin binding to particulate membranes, but was without effect on the soluble receptor preparation. The increase in binding to particulate membranes was shown to be due to an increase in apparent receptor number. After 5 min exposure to 500 microgram of trypsin/ml there was an increase in insulin binding to the particulate membrane fraction, owing to an increase in receptor affinity. After 15 min exposure to this amount of trypsin, binding decreased, owing to a progressive decrease in receptor availability. In contrast, this concentration of trypsin had no effect on the solubilized receptor preparation. Because of the differential effects of phospholipase C and trypsin on the particulate compared with the solubilized receptor preparations, it is concluded that the effects of these enzymes were due to an effect on the surrounding membrane structure. Changes in receptor configuration due to alterations within the adjoining membrane provide a potential mechanism for mediating short-term alterations in receptor function.  (+info)

Mrj encodes a DnaJ-related co-chaperone that is essential for murine placental development. (2/7305)

We have identified a novel gene in a gene trap screen that encodes a protein related to the DnaJ co-chaperone in E. coli. The gene, named Mrj (mammalian relative of DnaJ) was expressed throughout development in both the embryo and placenta. Within the placenta, expression was particularly high in trophoblast giant cells but moderate levels were also observed in trophoblast cells of the chorion at embryonic day 8.5, and later in the labyrinth which arises from the attachment of the chorion to the allantois (a process called chorioallantoic fusion). Insertion of the ROSAbetageo gene trap vector into the Mrj gene created a null allele. Homozygous Mrj mutants died at mid-gestation due to a failure of chorioallantoic fusion at embryonic day 8.5, which precluded formation of the mature placenta. At embryonic day 8.5, the chorion in mutants was morphologically normal and expressed the cell adhesion molecule beta4 integrin that is known to be required for chorioallantoic fusion. However, expression of the chorionic trophoblast-specific transcription factor genes Err2 and Gcm1 was significantly reduced. The mutants showed no abnormal phenotypes in other trophoblast cell types or in the embryo proper. This study indicates a previously unsuspected role for chaperone proteins in placental development and represents the first genetic analysis of DnaJ-related protein function in higher eukaryotes. Based on a survey of EST databases representing different mouse tissues and embryonic stages, there are 40 or more DnaJ-related genes in mammals. In addition to Mrj, at least two of these genes are also expressed in the developing mouse placenta. The specificity of the developmental defect in Mrj mutants suggests that each of these genes may have unique tissue and cellular activities.  (+info)

JunB is essential for mammalian placentation. (3/7305)

Lack of JunB, an immediate early gene product and member of the AP-1 transcription factor family causes embryonic lethality between E8.5 and E10.0. Although mutant embryos are severely retarded in growth and development, cellular proliferation is apparently not impaired. Retardation and embryonic death are caused by the inability of JunB-deficient embryos to establish proper vascular interactions with the maternal circulation due to multiple defects in extra-embryonic tissues. The onset of the phenotypic defects correlates well with high expression of junB in wild-type extra-embryonic tissues. In trophoblasts, the lack of JunB causes a deregulation of proliferin, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) gene expression, resulting in a defective neovascularization of the decidua. As a result of downregulation of the VEGF-receptor 1 (flt-1), blood vessels in the yolk sac mesoderm appeared dilated. Mutant embryos which escape these initial defects finally die from a non-vascularized placental labyrinth. Injection of junB-/- embryonic stem (ES) cells into tetraploid wild-type blastocysts resulted in a partial rescue, in which the ES cell-derived fetuses were no longer growth retarded and displayed a normal placental labyrinth. Therefore, JunB appears to be involved in multiple signaling pathways regulating genes involved in the establishment of a proper feto-maternal circulatory system.  (+info)

Canine preprorelaxin: nucleic acid sequence and localization within the canine placenta. (4/7305)

Employing uteroplacental tissue at Day 35 of gestation, we determined the nucleic acid sequence of canine preprorelaxin using reverse transcription- and rapid amplification of cDNA ends-polymerase chain reaction. Canine preprorelaxin cDNA consisted of 534 base pairs encoding a protein of 177 amino acids with a signal peptide of 25 amino acids (aa), a B domain of 35 aa, a C domain of 93 aa, and an A domain of 24 aa. The putative receptor binding region in the N'-terminal part of the canine relaxin B domain GRDYVR contained two substitutions from the classical motif (E-->D and L-->Y). Canine preprorelaxin shared highest homology with porcine and equine preprorelaxin. Northern analysis revealed a 1-kilobase transcript present in total RNA of canine uteroplacental tissue but not of kidney tissue. Uteroplacental tissue from two bitches each at Days 30 and 35 of gestation were studied by in situ hybridization to localize relaxin mRNA. Immunohistochemistry for relaxin, cytokeratin, vimentin, and von Willebrand factor was performed on uteroplacental tissue at Day 30 of gestation. The basal cell layer at the core of the chorionic villi was devoid of relaxin mRNA and immunoreactive relaxin or vimentin but was immunopositive for cytokeratin and identified as cytotrophoblast cells. The cell layer surrounding the chorionic villi displayed specific hybridization signals for relaxin mRNA and immunoreactivity for relaxin and cytokeratin but not for vimentin, and was identified as syncytiotrophoblast. Those areas of the chorioallantoic tissue with most intense relaxin immunoreactivity were highly vascularized as demonstrated by immunoreactive von Willebrand factor expressed on vascular endothelium. The uterine glands and nonplacental uterine areas of the canine zonary girdle placenta were devoid of relaxin mRNA and relaxin. We conclude that the syncytiotrophoblast is the source of relaxin in the canine placenta.  (+info)

Production of prostaglandin f2alpha and its metabolite by endometrium and yolk sac placenta in late gestation in the tammar wallaby, Macropus Eugenii. (5/7305)

In this study, we investigated production of prostaglandin (PG) F2alpha and its metabolite, PGFM, by uterine tissues from tammar wallabies in late pregnancy. Endometrial explants were prepared from gravid and nongravid uteri of tammars between Day 18 of gestation (primitive streak) and Day 26.5 (term) and were incubated in Ham's F-10 medium supplemented with glutamine and antibiotics for 20 h. PGF2alpha and PGFM in the medium were assayed by specific, validated RIAs. Control tissues (leg muscle) did not produce detectable amounts of either PG. Both gravid and nongravid endometria secreted PGF2alpha, and production increased significantly in both gravid and nongravid uteri towards term. PGFM was produced in small amounts by both gravid and nongravid uteri, and the rate of production did not increase. Neither oxytocin nor dexamethasone stimulated PG production in vitro in any tissue at any stage. Thus, the surge in peripheral plasma PGFM levels seen at parturition may arise from increased uterine PG production, but further study is needed to define what triggers this release.  (+info)

Expression of trophinin, tastin, and bystin by trophoblast and endometrial cells in human placenta. (6/7305)

Trophinin, tastin, and bystin comprise a complex mediating a unique homophilic cell adhesion between trophoblast and endometrial epithelial cells at their respective apical cell surfaces. In this study, we prepared mouse monoclonal antibodies specific to each of these molecules. The expression of these molecules in the human placenta was examined immunohistochemically using the antibodies. In placenta from the 6th week of pregnancy, trophinin and bystin were found in the cytoplasm of the syncytiotrophoblast in the chorionic villi, and in endometrial decidual cells at the utero placental interface. Tastin was exclusively present on the apical side of the syncytiotrophoblast. Tissue sections were also examined by in situ hybridization using RNA probes specific to each of these molecules. This analysis showed that trophoblast and endometrial epithelial cells at the utero placental interface express trophinin, tastin, and bystin. In wk 10 placenta, trophinin and bystin were found in the intravillous cytotrophoblast, while tastin was not found in the villi. After wk 10, levels of all three proteins decreased and then disappeared from placental villi.  (+info)

Syntaxin 11 is associated with SNAP-23 on late endosomes and the trans-Golgi network. (7/7305)

SNARE proteins are known to play a role in regulating intracellular protein transport between donor and target membranes. This docking and fusion process involves the interaction of specific vesicle-SNAREs (e.g. VAMP) with specific cognate target-SNAREs (e.g. syntaxin and SNAP-23). Using human SNAP-23 as the bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen of a human B-lymphocyte cDNA library, we have identified the 287-amino-acid SNARE protein syntaxin 11. Like other syntaxin family members, syntaxin 11 binds to the SNARE proteins VAMP and SNAP-23 in vitro and also exists in a complex with SNAP-23 in transfected HeLa cells and in native human B lymphocytes. Unlike other syntaxin family members, no obvious transmembrane domain is present in syntaxin 11. Nevertheless, syntaxin 11 is predominantly membrane-associated and colocalizes with the mannose 6-phosphate receptor on late endosomes and the trans-Golgi network. These data suggest that syntaxin 11 is a SNARE that acts to regulate protein transport between late endosomes and the trans-Golgi network in mammalian cells.  (+info)

The CTLA-4 gene is expressed in placental fibroblasts. (8/7305)

In order to elucidate the mechanisms that ensure survival of the allogeneic fetus, we are investigating the expression pattern of genes that are involved in peripheral self-tolerance in tissues at the maternal-fetal interface. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) is a negative regulator of T cell activation and may modulate peripheral self-tolerance. Previously, we reported the preferential transmission of maternally-inherited shorter alleles at a 3'-UTR microsatellite locus to liveborn children, but random transmission of paternally-inherited alleles, suggesting that CTLA-4 may be involved in the maintenance of tolerance at the maternal-fetal interface. In this report, we demonstrate that CTLA-4 mRNA and protein are indeed expressed in fetal tissues at the maternal-fetal interface throughout gestation.  (+info)

The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy and provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing baby through the umbilical cord. It also removes waste products from the baby's blood. The placenta attaches to the wall of the uterus, and the baby's side of the placenta contains many tiny blood vessels that connect to the baby's circulatory system. This allows for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste between the mother's and baby's blood. After the baby is born, the placenta is usually expelled from the uterus in a process called afterbirth.

Placental diseases, also known as placental pathologies, refer to a group of conditions that affect the development and function of the placenta during pregnancy. The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy and provides oxygen and nutrients to the developing fetus while removing waste products.

Placental diseases can have serious consequences for both the mother and the fetus, including preterm labor, growth restriction, stillbirth, and long-term health problems for the child. Some common placental diseases include:

1. Placental abruption: This occurs when the placenta separates from the uterine wall before delivery, causing bleeding and potentially harming the fetus.
2. Placental previa: This is a condition where the placenta implants in the lower part of the uterus, covering the cervix. It can cause bleeding and may require cesarean delivery.
3. Preeclampsia: This is a pregnancy-related disorder characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the liver and kidneys. Placental dysfunction is thought to play a role in its development.
4. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR): This occurs when the fetus does not grow properly due to poor placental function, leading to low birth weight and potential health problems.
5. Chorioamnionitis: This is an infection of the membranes surrounding the fetus, which can lead to preterm labor and other complications.
6. Placental infarction: This occurs when a portion of the placenta dies due to a lack of blood flow, which can lead to growth restriction or stillbirth.

Prompt diagnosis and treatment of placental diseases are essential for ensuring the best possible outcomes for both the mother and the fetus.

Placenta previa is a medical condition that occurs during pregnancy where the placenta partially or fully covers the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that opens into the birth canal. This condition can cause severe bleeding during pregnancy and delivery, and it may lead to other complications such as preterm labor and delivery. Placenta previa is typically diagnosed through an ultrasound exam and managed with close monitoring, bed rest, and sometimes cesarean delivery.

Placenta accreta is a medical condition where the placenta grows too deeply into the uterine wall, beyond the normal depth. In a healthy pregnancy, the placenta attaches to the uterus and provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing fetus through the umbilical cord. However, in placenta accreta, the placental tissue invades the muscle of the uterus, which can cause complications during childbirth.

There are three types of placenta accreta:

1. Placenta Accreta: The placenta attaches too deeply into the uterine wall but does not penetrate the uterine muscle.
2. Placenta Increta: The placenta grows into and partially penetrates the uterine muscle.
3. Placenta Percreta: The placenta fully penetrates the uterine muscle and can grow into nearby organs, such as the bladder or bowel.

Placenta accreta is a serious condition that can cause severe bleeding during childbirth, which may require an emergency hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) to control the bleeding. It is more common in women who have had previous cesarean sections or other uterine surgeries.

Retained placenta is a medical condition that occurs when all or part of the placenta remains in the uterus after delivery, instead of being expelled naturally. Normally, the placenta separates from the uterine wall and is delivered within 30 minutes of childbirth. However, if the placenta is not completely delivered, it can lead to complications such as infection, heavy bleeding, and in rare cases, infertility or even death.

Retained placenta can be caused by various factors, including a weakened uterine muscle tone, an abnormally attached placenta, or a retained portion of the membranes. Treatment for retained placenta typically involves manual removal of the remaining tissue by a healthcare professional, often under anesthesia. In some cases, medication may be used to help promote contraction of the uterus and expulsion of the placenta.

It is important to seek medical attention promptly if a retained placenta is suspected, as timely treatment can help prevent potentially serious complications.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Trophoblasts are specialized cells that make up the outer layer of a blastocyst, which is a hollow ball of cells that forms in the earliest stages of embryonic development. In humans, this process occurs about 5-6 days after fertilization. The blastocyst consists of an inner cell mass (which will eventually become the embryo) and an outer layer of trophoblasts.

Trophoblasts play a crucial role in implantation, which is the process by which the blastocyst attaches to and invades the lining of the uterus. Once implanted, the trophoblasts differentiate into two main layers: the cytotrophoblasts (which are closer to the inner cell mass) and the syncytiotrophoblasts (which form a multinucleated layer that is in direct contact with the maternal tissues).

The cytotrophoblasts proliferate and fuse to form the syncytiotrophoblasts, which have several important functions. They secrete enzymes that help to degrade and remodel the extracellular matrix of the uterine lining, allowing the blastocyst to implant more deeply. They also form a barrier between the maternal and fetal tissues, helping to protect the developing embryo from the mother's immune system.

Additionally, trophoblasts are responsible for the formation of the placenta, which provides nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus and removes waste products. The syncytiotrophoblasts in particular play a key role in this process by secreting hormones such as human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which helps to maintain pregnancy, and by forming blood vessels that allow for the exchange of nutrients and waste between the mother and fetus.

Abnormalities in trophoblast development or function can lead to a variety of pregnancy-related complications, including preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, and gestational trophoblastic diseases such as hydatidiform moles and choriocarcinomas.

Chorionic villi are finger-like projections of the chorion, which is the outermost extraembryonic membrane in a developing embryo. These structures are composed of both fetal and maternal tissues and play a crucial role in the early stages of pregnancy by providing a site for exchange of nutrients and waste products between the mother and the developing fetus.

Chorionic villi contain fetal blood vessels that are surrounded by stromal cells, trophoblasts, and connective tissue. They are formed during the process of implantation, when the fertilized egg attaches to the uterine wall. The chorionic villi continue to grow and multiply as the placenta develops, eventually forming a highly vascular and specialized organ that supports fetal growth and development throughout pregnancy.

One important function of chorionic villi is to serve as the site for the production of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone that can be detected in the mother's blood and urine during early pregnancy. This hormone plays a critical role in maintaining pregnancy by signaling the corpus luteum to continue producing progesterone, which helps to prevent menstruation and support fetal growth.

Abnormalities in chorionic villi can lead to various pregnancy complications, such as miscarriage, stillbirth, or intrauterine growth restriction. For this reason, chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is a diagnostic procedure that may be performed during early pregnancy to obtain fetal cells for genetic testing and diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities or other genetic disorders.

Maternal-fetal exchange, also known as maternal-fetal transport or placental transfer, refers to the physiological process by which various substances are exchanged between the mother and fetus through the placenta. This exchange includes the transfer of oxygen and nutrients from the mother's bloodstream to the fetal bloodstream, as well as the removal of waste products and carbon dioxide from the fetal bloodstream to the mother's bloodstream.

The process occurs via passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport mechanisms across the placental barrier, which is composed of fetal capillary endothelial cells, the extracellular matrix, and the syncytiotrophoblast layer of the placenta. The maternal-fetal exchange is crucial for the growth, development, and survival of the fetus throughout pregnancy.

"Pregnancy proteins" is not a standard medical term, but it may refer to specific proteins that are produced or have increased levels during pregnancy. Two common pregnancy-related proteins are:

1. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG): A hormone produced by the placenta shortly after fertilization. It is often detected in urine or blood tests to confirm pregnancy. Its primary function is to maintain the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone and estrogen during early pregnancy until the placenta takes over these functions.

2. Pregnancy-Specific beta-1 Glycoprotein (SP1): A protein produced by the placental trophoblasts during pregnancy. Its function is not well understood, but it may play a role in implantation, placentation, and protection against the mother's immune system. SP1 levels increase throughout pregnancy and are used as a marker for fetal growth and well-being.

These proteins have clinical significance in monitoring pregnancy progression, detecting potential complications, and diagnosing certain pregnancy-related conditions.

Placentation is the process by which the placenta, an organ that provides nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus and removes waste products, is formed and develops during pregnancy. It involves the attachment of the fertilized egg (embryo) to the uterine wall and the development of specialized structures that facilitate the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste between the mother and the fetus.

In humans, placentation begins when the embryo implants into the endometrium, or the lining of the uterus, about 6-10 days after fertilization. The outer layer of the embryo, called the trophoblast, invades the endometrial tissue and forms a structure called the placenta.

The placenta consists of both maternal and fetal tissues. The fetal portion of the placenta is derived from the chorionic villi, which are finger-like projections that develop on the surface of the embryo and increase the surface area for exchange. The maternal portion of the placenta is made up of modified endometrial tissue called decidua.

The placenta grows and develops throughout pregnancy, providing a vital connection between the mother and fetus. Proper placentation is essential for a healthy pregnancy and fetal development. Abnormalities in placentation can lead to complications such as preeclampsia, preterm labor, and intrauterine growth restriction.

A fetus is the developing offspring in a mammal, from the end of the embryonic period (approximately 8 weeks after fertilization in humans) until birth. In humans, the fetal stage of development starts from the eleventh week of pregnancy and continues until childbirth, which is termed as full-term pregnancy at around 37 to 40 weeks of gestation. During this time, the organ systems become fully developed and the body grows in size. The fetus is surrounded by the amniotic fluid within the amniotic sac and is connected to the placenta via the umbilical cord, through which it receives nutrients and oxygen from the mother. Regular prenatal care is essential during this period to monitor the growth and development of the fetus and ensure a healthy pregnancy and delivery.

Pre-eclampsia is a pregnancy-related disorder, typically characterized by the onset of high blood pressure (hypertension) and damage to organs, such as the kidneys, after the 20th week of pregnancy. It is often accompanied by proteinuria, which is the presence of excess protein in the urine. Pre-eclampsia can lead to serious complications for both the mother and the baby if left untreated or unmanaged.

The exact causes of pre-eclampsia are not fully understood, but it is believed that placental issues, genetic factors, and immune system problems may contribute to its development. Risk factors include first-time pregnancies, history of pre-eclampsia in previous pregnancies, chronic hypertension, obesity, older age (35 or older), and assisted reproductive technology (ART) pregnancies.

Pre-eclampsia can progress to a more severe form called eclampsia, which is characterized by the onset of seizures. HELLP syndrome, another severe complication, involves hemolysis (breaking down of red blood cells), elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count.

Early detection and management of pre-eclampsia are crucial to prevent severe complications. Regular prenatal care, including frequent blood pressure checks and urine tests, can help identify early signs of the condition. Treatment typically involves close monitoring, medication to lower blood pressure, corticosteroids to promote fetal lung maturity, and, in some cases, delivery of the baby if the mother's or baby's health is at risk.

Gestational age is the length of time that has passed since the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP) in pregnant women. It is the standard unit used to estimate the age of a pregnancy and is typically expressed in weeks. This measure is used because the exact date of conception is often not known, but the start of the last menstrual period is usually easier to recall.

It's important to note that since ovulation typically occurs around two weeks after the start of the LMP, gestational age is approximately two weeks longer than fetal age, which is the actual time elapsed since conception. Medical professionals use both gestational and fetal age to track the development and growth of the fetus during pregnancy.

Extraembryonic membranes are specialized structures that form around the developing embryo in utero and provide vital support and protection during fetal development. There are three main extraembryonic membranes: the amnion, the chorion, and the allantois.

The amnion is the innermost membrane that surrounds the embryo itself, forming a fluid-filled sac known as the amniotic cavity. This sac provides a protective cushion for the developing embryo and helps to regulate its temperature and moisture levels.

The chorion is the outermost of the extraembryonic membranes, and it forms the boundary between the developing fetus and the mother's uterine wall. The chorion contains blood vessels that exchange nutrients and waste products with the mother's circulation, allowing for the growth and development of the fetus.

The allantois is a small membranous sac that arises from the developing fetal gut and eventually becomes part of the umbilical cord. It serves as a reservoir for fetal urine and helps to exchange waste products between the fetal and maternal circulations.

Together, these extraembryonic membranes play a critical role in supporting fetal development and ensuring a healthy pregnancy.

The chorion is the outermost fetal membrane that surrounds the developing conceptus (the embryo or fetus and its supporting structures). It forms early in pregnancy as an extraembryonic structure, meaning it arises from cells that will not become part of the actual body of the developing organism. The chorion plays a crucial role in pregnancy by contributing to the formation of the placenta, which provides nutrients and oxygen to the growing embryo/fetus and removes waste products.

One of the most important functions of the chorion is to produce human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone that signals the presence of pregnancy and maintains the corpus luteum, a temporary endocrine structure in the ovary that produces progesterone during early pregnancy. Progesterone is essential for preparing the uterus for implantation and maintaining the pregnancy.

The chorion consists of two layers: an inner cytotrophoblast layer and an outer syncytiotrophoblast layer. The cytotrophoblast layer is made up of individual cells, while the syncytiotrophoblast layer is a multinucleated mass of fused cytotrophoblast cells. These layers interact with the maternal endometrium (the lining of the uterus) to form the placenta and facilitate exchange between the mother and the developing fetus.

In summary, the chorion is a vital extraembryonic structure in pregnancy that contributes to the formation of the placenta, produces hCG, and interacts with the maternal endometrium to support fetal development.

The third trimester of pregnancy is the final stage of pregnancy that lasts from week 29 until birth, which typically occurs around the 40th week. During this period, the fetus continues to grow and mature, gaining weight rapidly. The mother's body also prepares for childbirth by dilating the cervix and producing milk in preparation for breastfeeding. Regular prenatal care is crucial during this time to monitor the health of both the mother and the developing fetus, as well as to prepare for delivery.

"Animal pregnancy" is not a term that is typically used in medical definitions. However, in biological terms, animal pregnancy refers to the condition where a fertilized egg (or eggs) implants and develops inside the reproductive tract of a female animal, leading to the birth of offspring (live young).

The specific details of animal pregnancy can vary widely between different species, with some animals exhibiting phenomena such as placental development, gestation periods, and hormonal changes that are similar to human pregnancy, while others may have very different reproductive strategies.

It's worth noting that the study of animal pregnancy and reproduction is an important area of biological research, as it can provide insights into fundamental mechanisms of embryonic development, genetics, and evolution.

The first trimester of pregnancy is defined as the period of gestational development that extends from conception (fertilization of the egg by sperm) to the end of the 13th week. This critical phase marks significant transformations in both the mother's body and the growing embryo/fetus.

During the first trimester, the fertilized egg implants into the uterine lining (implantation), initiating a series of complex interactions leading to the formation of the placenta - an organ essential for providing nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus while removing waste products. Simultaneously, the embryo undergoes rapid cell division and differentiation, giving rise to various organs and systems. By the end of the first trimester, most major structures are present, although they continue to mature and grow throughout pregnancy.

The mother may experience several physiological changes during this time, including:
- Morning sickness (nausea and vomiting)
- Fatigue
- Breast tenderness
- Frequent urination
- Food aversions or cravings
- Mood swings

Additionally, hormonal shifts can cause various symptoms and prepare the body for potential changes in lactation, posture, and pelvic alignment as pregnancy progresses. Regular prenatal care is crucial during this period to monitor both maternal and fetal wellbeing, identify any potential complications early on, and provide appropriate guidance and support throughout the pregnancy.

Placental lactogen is a hormone produced by the placenta during pregnancy in humans and some other mammals. It is similar in structure to human growth hormone and prolactin, and has both growth-promoting and lactogenic (milk-producing) properties. Placental lactogen plays an important role in regulating maternal metabolism during pregnancy, promoting the growth and development of the fetus, and preparing the mother's body for lactation after birth. It helps to stimulate the growth of the mammary glands and the production of milk by increasing the availability of nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids in the mother's bloodstream. Placental lactogen also helps to regulate the mother's insulin sensitivity, which can affect her energy levels and the growth of the fetus.

The decidua is a specialized type of tissue that lines the uterus during pregnancy. It forms after the implantation of a fertilized egg (embryo) into the uterine lining, and it plays an important role in supporting the growth and development of the embryo and fetus.

The decidua is composed of several layers, including the decidual capsularis, which surrounds the embryo, and the decidual parietalis, which lines the rest of the uterus. The tissue is rich in blood vessels and contains a variety of immune cells that help to protect the developing fetus from infection.

During pregnancy, the decidua produces various hormones and growth factors that support the growth of the placenta, which provides nutrients and oxygen to the fetus. After the birth of the baby, the decidua is shed along with the placenta in a process called childbirth or parturition.

It's worth noting that abnormalities in the decidua can contribute to pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia, preterm labor, and miscarriage.

Placental circulation refers to the specialized circulatory system that develops during pregnancy to allow for the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the mother's blood and the fetal blood in the placenta. The placenta is a highly vascular organ that grows within the uterus and is connected to the developing fetus via the umbilical cord.

In the maternal side of the placenta, the spiral arteries branch into smaller vessels called the intervillous spaces, where they come in close contact with the fetal blood vessels within the villi (finger-like projections) of the placenta. The intervillous spaces are filled with maternal blood that flows around the villi, allowing for the exchange of gases and nutrients between the two circulations.

On the fetal side, the umbilical cord contains two umbilical arteries that carry oxygen-depleted blood from the fetus to the placenta, and one umbilical vein that returns oxygenated blood back to the fetus. The umbilical arteries branch into smaller vessels within the villi, where they exchange gases and nutrients with the maternal blood in the intervillous spaces.

Overall, the placental circulation is a crucial component of fetal development, allowing for the growing fetus to receive the necessary oxygen and nutrients to support its growth and development.

Choriocarcinoma is a rapidly growing and invasive type of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), which are abnormal growths that develop in the tissues that are supposed to become the placenta during pregnancy. It occurs when a malignant tumor develops from trophoblast cells, which are normally found in the developing embryo and help to form the placenta.

Choriocarcinoma can occur after any type of pregnancy, including normal pregnancies, molar pregnancies (a rare mass that forms inside the uterus after conception), or ectopic pregnancies (when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus). It is characterized by the presence of both trophoblastic and cancerous cells, which can produce human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone.

Choriocarcinoma can spread quickly to other parts of the body, such as the lungs, liver, brain, or vagina, through the bloodstream. It is important to diagnose and treat choriocarcinoma early to prevent serious complications and improve the chances of a successful treatment outcome. Treatment typically involves surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy.

Fetal growth retardation, also known as intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), is a condition in which a fetus fails to grow at the expected rate during pregnancy. This can be caused by various factors such as maternal health problems, placental insufficiency, chromosomal abnormalities, and genetic disorders. The fetus may be smaller than expected for its gestational age, have reduced movement, and may be at risk for complications during labor and delivery. It is important to monitor fetal growth and development closely throughout pregnancy to detect any potential issues early on and provide appropriate medical interventions.

The uterus, also known as the womb, is a hollow, muscular organ located in the female pelvic cavity, between the bladder and the rectum. It has a thick, middle layer called the myometrium, which is composed of smooth muscle tissue, and an inner lining called the endometrium, which provides a nurturing environment for the fertilized egg to develop into a fetus during pregnancy.

The uterus is where the baby grows and develops until it is ready for birth through the cervix, which is the lower, narrow part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. The uterus plays a critical role in the menstrual cycle as well, by shedding its lining each month if pregnancy does not occur.

Fetal development is the process in which a fertilized egg grows and develops into a fetus, which is a developing human being from the end of the eighth week after conception until birth. This complex process involves many different stages, including:

1. Fertilization: The union of a sperm and an egg to form a zygote.
2. Implantation: The movement of the zygote into the lining of the uterus, where it will begin to grow and develop.
3. Formation of the embryo: The development of the basic structures of the body, including the neural tube (which becomes the brain and spinal cord), heart, gastrointestinal tract, and sensory organs.
4. Differentiation of tissues and organs: The process by which different cells and tissues become specialized to perform specific functions.
5. Growth and maturation: The continued growth and development of the fetus, including the formation of bones, muscles, and other tissues.

Fetal development is a complex and highly regulated process that involves the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Proper nutrition, prenatal care, and avoidance of harmful substances such as tobacco, alcohol, and drugs are important for ensuring healthy fetal development.

Placental hormones are a type of hormones that are produced by the placenta, an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy. These hormones play a crucial role in maintaining and supporting a healthy pregnancy. Some of the key placental hormones include:

1. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG): This hormone is produced after implantation and is detected in the urine or blood to confirm pregnancy. It maintains the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone during early pregnancy.
2. Progesterone: This hormone is critical for preparing the uterus for pregnancy and maintaining the pregnancy. It suppresses maternal immune response to prevent rejection of the developing embryo/fetus.
3. Estrogen: This hormone plays a vital role in the growth and development of the fetal brain, as well as promoting the growth of the uterus and mammary glands during pregnancy.
4. Human Placental Lactogen (hPL): This hormone stimulates maternal metabolism to provide nutrients for the developing fetus and helps prepare the breasts for lactation.
5. Relaxin: This hormone relaxes the pelvic ligaments and softens and widens the cervix in preparation for childbirth.

These hormones work together to support fetal growth, maintain pregnancy, and prepare the mother's body for childbirth and lactation.

I. Definition:

An abortion in a veterinary context refers to the intentional or unintentional termination of pregnancy in a non-human animal before the fetus is capable of surviving outside of the uterus. This can occur spontaneously (known as a miscarriage) or be induced through medical intervention (induced abortion).

II. Common Causes:

Spontaneous abortions may result from genetic defects, hormonal imbalances, infections, exposure to toxins, trauma, or other maternal health issues. Induced abortions are typically performed for population control, humane reasons (such as preventing the birth of a severely deformed or non-viable fetus), or when the pregnancy poses a risk to the mother's health.

III. Methods:

Veterinarians may use various methods to induce abortion depending on the species, stage of gestation, and reason for the procedure. These can include administering drugs that stimulate uterine contractions (such as prostaglandins), physically removing the fetus through surgery (dilation and curettage or hysterectomy), or using techniques specific to certain animal species (e.g., intrauterine infusion of hypertonic saline in equids).

IV. Ethical Considerations:

The ethics surrounding veterinary abortions are complex and multifaceted, often involving considerations related to animal welfare, conservation, population management, and human-animal relationships. Veterinarians must weigh these factors carefully when deciding whether to perform an abortion and which method to use. In some cases, legal regulations may also influence the decision-making process.

V. Conclusion:

Abortion in veterinary medicine is a medical intervention that can be used to address various clinical scenarios, ranging from unintentional pregnancy loss to deliberate termination of pregnancy for humane or population control reasons. Ethical considerations play a significant role in the decision-making process surrounding veterinary abortions, and veterinarians must carefully evaluate each situation on a case-by-case basis.

The amnion is the innermost fetal membrane in mammals, forming a sac that contains and protects the developing embryo and later the fetus within the uterus. It is one of the extraembryonic membranes that are derived from the outer cell mass of the blastocyst during early embryonic development. The amnion is filled with fluid (amniotic fluid) that allows for the freedom of movement and protection of the developing fetus.

The primary function of the amnion is to provide a protective environment for the growing fetus, allowing for expansion and preventing physical damage from outside forces. Additionally, the amniotic fluid serves as a medium for the exchange of waste products and nutrients between the fetal membranes and the placenta. The amnion also contributes to the formation of the umbilical cord and plays a role in the initiation of labor during childbirth.

A Cesarean section, often referred to as a C-section, is a surgical procedure used to deliver a baby. It involves making an incision through the mother's abdomen and uterus to remove the baby. This procedure may be necessary when a vaginal delivery would put the mother or the baby at risk.

There are several reasons why a C-section might be recommended, including:

* The baby is in a breech position (feet first) or a transverse position (sideways) and cannot be turned to a normal head-down position.
* The baby is too large to safely pass through the mother's birth canal.
* The mother has a medical condition, such as heart disease or high blood pressure, that could make vaginal delivery risky.
* The mother has an infection, such as HIV or herpes, that could be passed to the baby during a vaginal delivery.
* The labor is not progressing and there are concerns about the health of the mother or the baby.

C-sections are generally safe for both the mother and the baby, but like any surgery, they do carry some risks. These can include infection, bleeding, blood clots, and injury to nearby organs. In addition, women who have a C-section are more likely to experience complications in future pregnancies, such as placenta previa or uterine rupture.

If you have questions about whether a C-section is necessary for your delivery, it's important to discuss your options with your healthcare provider.

'Labor, Obstetric' refers to the physiological process that occurs during childbirth, leading to the expulsion of the fetus from the uterus. It is divided into three stages:

1. The first stage begins with the onset of regular contractions and cervical dilation and effacement (thinning and shortening) until full dilation is reached (approximately 10 cm). This stage can last from hours to days, particularly in nulliparous women (those who have not given birth before).
2. The second stage starts with complete cervical dilation and ends with the delivery of the baby. During this stage, the mother experiences strong contractions that help push the fetus down the birth canal. This stage typically lasts from 20 minutes to two hours but can take longer in some cases.
3. The third stage involves the delivery of the placenta (afterbirth) and membranes, which usually occurs within 15-30 minutes after the baby's birth. However, it can sometimes take up to an hour for the placenta to be expelled completely.

Obstetric labor is a complex process that requires careful monitoring and management by healthcare professionals to ensure the safety and well-being of both the mother and the baby.

The second trimester of pregnancy is the period between the completion of 12 weeks (the end of the first trimester) and 26 weeks (the beginning of the third trimester) of gestational age. It is often considered the most comfortable period for many pregnant women as the risk of miscarriage decreases significantly, and the symptoms experienced during the first trimester, such as nausea and fatigue, typically improve.

During this time, the uterus expands above the pubic bone, allowing more space for the growing fetus. The fetal development in the second trimester includes significant growth in size and weight, formation of all major organs, and the beginning of movement sensations that the mother can feel. Additionally, the fetus starts to hear, swallow and kick, and the skin is covered with a protective coating called vernix.

Prenatal care during this period typically includes regular prenatal appointments to monitor the mother's health and the baby's growth and development. These appointments may include measurements of the uterus, fetal heart rate monitoring, and screening tests for genetic disorders or other potential issues.

Parasitic pregnancy complications refer to a rare condition where a parasitic twin takes over the development of the dominant twin's reproductive system and becomes pregnant. This condition is also known as fetus in fetu or vanishing twin syndrome with a parasitic twin. The parasitic twin may have some organs developed, but it is not fully formed and relies on the dominant twin for survival. The pregnancy can pose risks to the dominant twin, such as abnormal growth patterns, organ damage, and complications during childbirth. This condition is usually detected during prenatal ultrasound examinations.

Amniotic fluid is a clear, slightly yellowish liquid that surrounds and protects the developing baby in the uterus. It is enclosed within the amniotic sac, which is a thin-walled sac that forms around the embryo during early pregnancy. The fluid is composed of fetal urine, lung secretions, and fluids that cross over from the mother's bloodstream through the placenta.

Amniotic fluid plays several important roles in pregnancy:

1. It provides a shock-absorbing cushion for the developing baby, protecting it from injury caused by movement or external forces.
2. It helps to maintain a constant temperature around the fetus, keeping it warm and comfortable.
3. It allows the developing baby to move freely within the uterus, promoting normal growth and development of the muscles and bones.
4. It provides a source of nutrients and hydration for the fetus, helping to support its growth and development.
5. It helps to prevent infection by providing a barrier between the fetus and the outside world.

Throughout pregnancy, the volume of amniotic fluid increases as the fetus grows. The amount of fluid typically peaks around 34-36 weeks of gestation, after which it begins to gradually decrease. Abnormalities in the volume of amniotic fluid can indicate problems with the developing baby or the pregnancy itself, and may require medical intervention.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique used in pathology and laboratory medicine to identify specific proteins or antigens in tissue sections. It combines the principles of immunology and histology to detect the presence and location of these target molecules within cells and tissues. This technique utilizes antibodies that are specific to the protein or antigen of interest, which are then tagged with a detection system such as a chromogen or fluorophore. The stained tissue sections can be examined under a microscope, allowing for the visualization and analysis of the distribution and expression patterns of the target molecule in the context of the tissue architecture. Immunohistochemistry is widely used in diagnostic pathology to help identify various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and immune-mediated disorders.

The umbilical cord is a flexible, tube-like structure that connects the developing fetus to the placenta in the uterus during pregnancy. It arises from the abdomen of the fetus and transports essential nutrients, oxygen, and blood from the mother's circulation to the growing baby. Additionally, it carries waste products, such as carbon dioxide, from the fetus back to the placenta for elimination. The umbilical cord is primarily composed of two arteries (the umbilical arteries) and one vein (the umbilical vein), surrounded by a protective gelatinous substance called Wharton's jelly, and enclosed within a fibrous outer covering known as the umbilical cord coating. Following birth, the umbilical cord is clamped and cut, leaving behind the stump that eventually dries up and falls off, resulting in the baby's belly button.

A hydatidiform mole, also known as a molar pregnancy, is a type of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), which is a group of rare disorders that involve abnormal growth of the placental tissue.

In a hydatidiform mole, there is an abnormal fertilization event leading to the growth of a mass of grapelike cysts in the uterus instead of a normal pregnancy. The chromosomes from the sperm and egg do not combine properly, resulting in an extra set of chromosomes, which leads to the development of the mole.

Hydatidiform moles can be complete or partial:

* Complete hydatidiform mole (CHM): This type arises when an egg without a nucleus is fertilized by one or two sperm, leading to the growth of abnormal placental tissue with no embryo. The chromosomes come from the father only, and there are typically 46 chromosomes, all of paternal origin.
* Partial hydatidiform mole (PHM): This type occurs when an egg is fertilized by two sperm or a single sperm that duplicates itself, resulting in an abnormal placenta with some fetal tissue. The chromosomes are of both maternal and paternal origin, and the placental tissue has a mix of normal and abnormal cells.

Hydatidiform moles can cause vaginal bleeding, rapid uterine enlargement, and high levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone in the blood. They are usually detected during an ultrasound exam and require medical treatment to prevent complications such as gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, a malignant form of GTD that can spread to other organs.

The yolk sac is a structure that forms in the early stages of an embryo's development. It is a extra-embryonic membrane, which means it exists outside of the developing embryo, and it plays a critical role in providing nutrients to the growing embryo during the initial stages of development.

In more detail, the yolk sac is responsible for producing blood cells, contributing to the formation of the early circulatory system, and storing nutrients that are absorbed from the yolk material inside the egg or uterus. The yolk sac also has a role in the development of the gut and the immune system.

As the embryo grows and the placenta develops, the yolk sac's function becomes less critical, and it eventually degenerates. However, remnants of the yolk sac can sometimes persist and may be found in the developing fetus or newborn baby. In some cases, abnormalities in the development or regression of the yolk sac can lead to developmental problems or congenital disorders.

Pregnancy complications refer to any health problems that arise during pregnancy which can put both the mother and the baby at risk. These complications may occur at any point during the pregnancy, from conception until childbirth. Some common pregnancy complications include:

1. Gestational diabetes: a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy in women who did not have diabetes before becoming pregnant.
2. Preeclampsia: a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the liver or kidneys.
3. Placenta previa: a condition where the placenta covers the cervix, which can cause bleeding and may require delivery via cesarean section.
4. Preterm labor: when labor begins before 37 weeks of gestation, which can lead to premature birth and other complications.
5. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR): a condition where the fetus does not grow at a normal rate inside the womb.
6. Multiple pregnancies: carrying more than one baby, such as twins or triplets, which can increase the risk of premature labor and other complications.
7. Rh incompatibility: a condition where the mother's blood type is different from the baby's, which can cause anemia and jaundice in the newborn.
8. Pregnancy loss: including miscarriage, stillbirth, or ectopic pregnancy, which can be emotionally devastating for the parents.

It is important to monitor pregnancy closely and seek medical attention promptly if any concerning symptoms arise. With proper care and management, many pregnancy complications can be treated effectively, reducing the risk of harm to both the mother and the baby.

Genomic imprinting is a epigenetic process that leads to the differential expression of genes depending on their parental origin. It involves the methylation of certain CpG sites in the DNA, which results in the silencing of one of the two copies of a gene, either the maternal or paternal allele. This means that only one copy of the gene is active and expressed, while the other is silent.

This phenomenon is critical for normal development and growth, and it plays a role in the regulation of genes involved in growth and behavior. Genomic imprinting is also associated with certain genetic disorders, such as Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes, which occur when there are errors in the imprinting process that lead to the absence or abnormal expression of certain genes.

It's important to note that genomic imprinting is a complex and highly regulated process that is not yet fully understood. Research in this area continues to provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying gene regulation and their impact on human health and disease.

Fetal death, also known as stillbirth or intrauterine fetal demise, is defined as the death of a fetus at 20 weeks of gestation or later. The criteria for defining fetal death may vary slightly by country and jurisdiction, but in general, it refers to the loss of a pregnancy after the point at which the fetus is considered viable outside the womb.

Fetal death can occur for a variety of reasons, including chromosomal abnormalities, placental problems, maternal health conditions, infections, and umbilical cord accidents. In some cases, the cause of fetal death may remain unknown.

The diagnosis of fetal death is typically made through ultrasound or other imaging tests, which can confirm the absence of a heartbeat or movement in the fetus. Once fetal death has been diagnosed, medical professionals will work with the parents to determine the best course of action for managing the pregnancy and delivering the fetus. This may involve waiting for labor to begin naturally, inducing labor, or performing a cesarean delivery.

Experiencing a fetal death can be a very difficult and emotional experience for parents, and it is important for them to receive supportive care from their healthcare providers, family members, and friends. Grief counseling and support groups may also be helpful in coping with the loss.

Chorioamnionitis is a medical condition that refers to the inflammation of the fetal membranes, specifically the chorion and amnion, which make up the membranous sac surrounding the developing fetus in the uterus. This condition is typically caused by a bacterial infection that ascends from the lower genital tract of the mother and infects the amniotic cavity, leading to an inflammatory response.

The symptoms of chorioamnionitis can vary but often include fever, abdominal pain or tenderness, foul-smelling amniotic fluid, and an elevated white blood cell count in the mother's blood. In some cases, it may also be associated with preterm labor and premature rupture of membranes.

Chorioamnionitis can have serious consequences for both the mother and the baby. It can increase the risk of complications such as sepsis, pneumonia, and endometritis in the mother, and may lead to premature birth, respiratory distress syndrome, and brain injury in the newborn. Treatment typically involves administering antibiotics to the mother to help clear the infection and prevent further complications.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Placental extracts are substances that are derived from the placenta, which is an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall during pregnancy. These extracts contain a variety of biologically active compounds, including hormones, growth factors, and nutrients, which can have potential therapeutic effects.

Placental extracts are typically obtained from either human or animal placentas through a process of extraction and purification. They may be used in various medical and cosmetic applications, although their effectiveness and safety are still a subject of ongoing research and debate. Some proponents claim that placental extracts can help to promote healing, reduce inflammation, and improve skin health, among other benefits. However, more rigorous scientific studies are needed to confirm these claims and establish the appropriate uses and dosages of placental extracts in medical practice.

Fetal blood refers to the blood circulating in a fetus during pregnancy. It is essential for the growth and development of the fetus, as it carries oxygen and nutrients from the placenta to the developing tissues and organs. Fetal blood also removes waste products, such as carbon dioxide, from the fetal tissues and transports them to the placenta for elimination.

Fetal blood has several unique characteristics that distinguish it from adult blood. For example, fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is the primary type of hemoglobin found in fetal blood, whereas adults primarily have adult hemoglobin (HbA). Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin, which allows it to more efficiently extract oxygen from the maternal blood in the placenta.

Additionally, fetal blood contains a higher proportion of reticulocytes (immature red blood cells) and nucleated red blood cells compared to adult blood. These differences reflect the high turnover rate of red blood cells in the developing fetus and the need for rapid growth and development.

Examination of fetal blood can provide important information about the health and well-being of the fetus during pregnancy. For example, fetal blood sampling (also known as cordocentesis or percutaneous umbilical blood sampling) can be used to diagnose genetic disorders, infections, and other conditions that may affect fetal development. However, this procedure carries risks, including preterm labor, infection, and fetal loss, and is typically only performed when there is a significant risk of fetal compromise or when other diagnostic tests have been inconclusive.

The allantois is a fetal membranous structure in mammals, including humans, that arises from the posterior end of the embryonic hindgut during early development. It plays an essential role in the exchange of waste products and nutrients between the developing fetus and the mother's uterus.

The allantois serves as a reservoir for urinary waste produced by the fetal kidneys, which are the primitive metanephros at this stage. As the allantois grows, it extends toward the chorion, another fetal membrane lining the uterine wall. The point where these two structures meet forms the allantoic bud, which eventually develops into the umbilical cord.

In some non-mammalian vertebrates, like birds and reptiles, the allantois plays a significant role in gas exchange and calcium transport for eggshell formation. However, in humans and other mammals, its primary function is to form part of the umbilical cord, which connects the developing fetus to the placenta, allowing for nutrient and waste exchange between the mother and the fetus.

After birth, the remnants of the allantois become a small fibrous structure called the urachus or median umbilical ligament, which extends from the bladder to the umbilicus. This structure usually obliterates during infancy but may persist as a variant anatomical feature in some individuals.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

Infectious pregnancy complications refer to infections that occur during pregnancy and can affect the mother, fetus, or both. These infections can lead to serious consequences such as preterm labor, low birth weight, birth defects, stillbirth, or even death. Some common infectious agents that can cause pregnancy complications include:

1. Bacteria: Examples include group B streptococcus, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes, which can cause sepsis, meningitis, or pneumonia in the mother and lead to preterm labor or stillbirth.
2. Viruses: Examples include cytomegalovirus, rubella, varicella-zoster, and HIV, which can cause congenital anomalies, developmental delays, or transmission of the virus to the fetus.
3. Parasites: Examples include Toxoplasma gondii, which can cause severe neurological damage in the fetus if transmitted during pregnancy.
4. Fungi: Examples include Candida albicans, which can cause fungal infections in the mother and lead to preterm labor or stillbirth.

Preventive measures such as vaccination, good hygiene practices, and avoiding high-risk behaviors can help reduce the risk of infectious pregnancy complications. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of infections during pregnancy are also crucial to prevent adverse outcomes.

An aborted fetus refers to a developing human organism that is expelled or removed from the uterus before it is viable, typically as a result of an induced abortion. An abortion is a medical procedure that intentionally ends a pregnancy and can be performed through various methods, depending on the stage of the pregnancy.

It's important to note that the term "abortion" is often used in different contexts and may carry different connotations depending on one's perspective. In medical terminology, an abortion refers specifically to the intentional ending of a pregnancy before viability. However, in other contexts, the term may be used more broadly to refer to any spontaneous or induced loss of a pregnancy, including miscarriages and stillbirths.

The definition of "viable" can vary, but it generally refers to the point at which a fetus can survive outside the uterus with medical assistance, typically around 24 weeks of gestation. Fetal viability is a complex issue that depends on many factors, including the availability and accessibility of medical technology and resources.

In summary, an aborted fetus is a developing human organism that is intentionally expelled or removed from the uterus before it is viable, typically as a result of a medical procedure called an abortion.

Tissue distribution, in the context of pharmacology and toxicology, refers to the way that a drug or xenobiotic (a chemical substance found within an organism that is not naturally produced by or expected to be present within that organism) is distributed throughout the body's tissues after administration. It describes how much of the drug or xenobiotic can be found in various tissues and organs, and is influenced by factors such as blood flow, lipid solubility, protein binding, and the permeability of cell membranes. Understanding tissue distribution is important for predicting the potential effects of a drug or toxin on different parts of the body, and for designing drugs with improved safety and efficacy profiles.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a significant obstetrical complication defined as the loss of more than 500 milliliters of blood within the first 24 hours after childbirth, whether it occurs vaginally or through cesarean section. It can also be defined as a blood loss of more than 1000 mL in relation to the amount of blood lost during the procedure and the patient's baseline hematocrit level.

Postpartum hemorrhage is classified into two types: primary (early) PPH, which occurs within the first 24 hours after delivery, and secondary (late) PPH, which happens between 24 hours and 12 weeks postpartum. The most common causes of PPH are uterine atony, trauma to the genital tract, retained placental tissue, and coagulopathy.

Uterine atony is the inability of the uterus to contract effectively after delivery, leading to excessive bleeding. Trauma to the genital tract can occur during childbirth, causing lacerations or tears that may result in bleeding. Retained placental tissue refers to the remnants of the placenta left inside the uterus, which can cause infection and heavy bleeding. Coagulopathy is a condition where the blood has difficulty clotting, leading to uncontrolled bleeding.

Symptoms of PPH include excessive vaginal bleeding, low blood pressure, increased heart rate, decreased urine output, and signs of shock such as confusion, rapid breathing, and pale skin. Treatment for PPH includes uterotonics, manual removal of retained placental tissue, repair of genital tract lacerations, blood transfusions, and surgery if necessary.

Preventing PPH involves proper antenatal care, monitoring high-risk pregnancies, active management of the third stage of labor, and prompt recognition and treatment of any bleeding complications during or after delivery.

Gene expression is the process by which the information encoded in a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product, such as a protein or RNA molecule. This process involves several steps: transcription, RNA processing, and translation. During transcription, the genetic information in DNA is copied into a complementary RNA molecule, known as messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA then undergoes RNA processing, which includes adding a cap and tail to the mRNA and splicing out non-coding regions called introns. The resulting mature mRNA is then translated into a protein on ribosomes in the cytoplasm through the process of translation.

The regulation of gene expression is a complex and highly controlled process that allows cells to respond to changes in their environment, such as growth factors, hormones, and stress signals. This regulation can occur at various stages of gene expression, including transcriptional activation or repression, RNA processing, mRNA stability, and translation. Dysregulation of gene expression has been implicated in many diseases, including cancer, genetic disorders, and neurological conditions.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Coriolaceae" is not a medical term or concept. It is a taxonomic name used in botany to refer to a family of fungi that includes several genera of discomycetes (cup fungi). If you have any questions related to the field of medicine or biology, I would be happy to try and help answer them for you.

Prenatal ultrasonography, also known as obstetric ultrasound, is a medical diagnostic procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the developing fetus, placenta, and amniotic fluid inside the uterus. It is a non-invasive and painless test that is widely used during pregnancy to monitor the growth and development of the fetus, detect any potential abnormalities or complications, and determine the due date.

During the procedure, a transducer (a small handheld device) is placed on the mother's abdomen and moved around to capture images from different angles. The sound waves travel through the mother's body and bounce back off the fetus, producing echoes that are then converted into electrical signals and displayed as images on a screen.

Prenatal ultrasonography can be performed at various stages of pregnancy, including early pregnancy to confirm the pregnancy and detect the number of fetuses, mid-pregnancy to assess the growth and development of the fetus, and late pregnancy to evaluate the position of the fetus and determine if it is head down or breech. It can also be used to guide invasive procedures such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling.

Overall, prenatal ultrasonography is a valuable tool in modern obstetrics that helps ensure the health and well-being of both the mother and the developing fetus.

Pregnancy trimesters are a way to divide the duration of pregnancy into three 3-month (or approximately 13-week) segments. This division can help healthcare providers monitor and discuss specific developmental stages, symptoms, and care needs during each phase of the pregnancy. Here's a brief overview of what typically occurs in each trimester:

1. First Trimester (Week 1 - Week 12): During this period, major organs and structures begin to form in the developing fetus. Common symptoms experienced by the pregnant individual may include morning sickness, fatigue, breast tenderness, and frequent urination. Regular prenatal care should start during these early weeks to monitor both the mother's and baby's health.

2. Second Trimester (Week 13 - Week 26): This phase is often considered more comfortable for many pregnant individuals as some symptoms from the first trimester improve. The fetus continues to grow, and movement can be felt. Organs and systems continue to develop, and the fetus becomes more active. Common symptoms during this time include back pain, stretch marks, and swelling of the ankles and feet.

3. Third Trimester (Week 27 - Birth): The final trimester is marked by significant growth and weight gain for both the mother and baby. The fetus will turn into a head-down position in preparation for birth. Common symptoms during this time include shortness of breath, heartburn, difficulty sleeping, and contractions (which can indicate early labor). Regular prenatal care remains crucial to monitor the health of both the mother and baby as delivery approaches.

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 (VEGFR-1), also known as Flt-1 (Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1), is a receptor tyrosine kinase that plays a crucial role in the regulation of angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis. It is primarily expressed on vascular endothelial cells, hematopoietic stem cells, and monocytes/macrophages. VEGFR-1 binds to several ligands, including Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A (VEGF-A), VEGF-B, and Placental Growth Factor (PlGF). The binding of these ligands to VEGFR-1 triggers intracellular signaling cascades that modulate various cellular responses, such as proliferation, migration, survival, and vascular permeability. While VEGFR-1 is known to have a role in promoting angiogenesis under certain conditions, it primarily acts as a negative regulator of angiogenesis by sequestering VEGF-A, preventing its binding to the more proangiogenic VEGFR-2 receptor. Dysregulation of VEGFR-1 signaling has been implicated in various pathological conditions, including cancer, inflammation, and vascular diseases.

The placenta (PL: placentas or placentae) is a temporary embryonic and later fetal organ that begins developing from the ... Look up placenta in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. The placenta-specific proteome at the Human Protein Atlas The Placenta, ... The classical plural is placentae, but the form placentas is more common in modern English. The placenta has evolved ... Numerous pathologies can affect the placenta.[citation needed] Placenta accreta, when the placenta implants too deeply, all the ...
... is when the placenta attaches inside the uterus but in a position near or over the cervical opening. Symptoms ... Placenta praevia in Europe occurs in about 3.6 per 1000 pregnancies. In Latin America, placenta praevia occurs in about 5.1 per ... Other than that placenta previa can be also classified as: Complete: When the placenta completely covers the cervix Partial: ... In North Africa placenta praevia rates occur in 6.4 per 1000 pregnancies. Mainland China has the highest prevalence of placenta ...
... placenta. Liddell & Scott 1940: πλακοῦς. Stevenson & Waite 2011, p. 1095, "placenta". Dalby 1998, p. 155: "Placenta is a Greek ... The placenta of mammalian pregnancy is so named from the perceived resemblance between its shape and that of a placenta cake. ... Shape the placenta as follows: place a single row of tracta along the whole length of the base dough. This is then covered with ... Placenta cake is a dish from ancient Greece and Rome consisting of many dough layers interspersed with a mixture of cheese and ...
P. placenta is found in the Atlantic Ocean from Iceland and Greenland south to the Caribbean Sea in the west and the Gulf of ... Phormosoma placenta is a yellowish-brown colour and can grow to a diameter of 12 cm (5 in). The flexible test is dome-shaped ... P. placenta does not seem to be seasonal in its reproductive activities, spawning at any time of year. The aggregation of many ... Phormosoma placenta is a species of sea urchin in the order Echinothurioida. It is a deepwater species, seldom being found at ...
A choriovitelline placenta is a placenta formed by the yolk sac and chorion. In a choriovitelline placenta, the yolk sac fuses ... It is a primitive type of placenta found in all marsupials. (However, bandicoots also have a chorioallantoic placenta.) A ... Enders, A.C. (March 2009). "Reasons for Diversity of Placental Structure". Placenta. 30: 15-18. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2008.09. ... choriovitelline placenta also forms early in the development of some placental mammals before the chorioallantoic placenta ...
"Anseropoda placenta : Goose foot starfish , NBN Atlas". species.nbnatlas.org. "Anseropoda placenta - Detail - Biodiversity Maps ... "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Anseropoda placenta (Pennant, 1777)". www.marinespecies.org. "Anseropoda placenta ... Its specific name placenta refers to a kind of flat cake. The aboral surface (top) has a texture of small plates; it is white ... Anseropoda placenta is up to 20 cm (7.9 in) in diameter. It's a very thin, leaflike, flat sea star with short webbed arms. ...
Look up placenta in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. The placenta is a human organ which provides nutrients to a developing ... Placenta may also refer to: Placentation for further information on placental formation Placentalia for further information on ... equivalent organs in non-human animals Placenta (food), an ancient Roman foodstuff after which the organ was named Placenta, a ... This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Placenta. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to ...
... is a species of very small, air-breathing, land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the ... Herbert, D.G. (2004). "Trachycystis placenta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T44712A10939051. doi:10.2305/IUCN. ...
Australia and New Zealand Placenta Research Association European Placenta Group Japanese Placenta Association the Placenta ... Placenta is a peer-reviewed medical journal in the field of obstetrics and gynecology. It provides information on scientific ... It is the official journal of the International Federation of Placenta Associations, which incorporates: ...
... is a species of sea urchin of the family Clypeasteridae. Their armour is covered with spines. It is placed ... Arachnoides placenta was first scientifically described in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus. Aporocidaris milleri Aporocidaris usarpi ... Arachnoides tenuis Kroh, A. (2010). Arachnoides placenta (Linnaeus, 1758). In: Kroh, A. & Mooi, R. (2010) World Echinoidea ...
Placenta abruption: Placenta abruption, in which the placenta divides from the wall of the uterus prior to birth, can have ... while partial circumvallate placenta does not involve the entire placenta but rather a portion of the placenta. Complete ... In a circumvallate placenta, the chorionic plate, which forms the fetal surface of the placenta, tends to be smaller than the ... Upon examining the placenta after delivery, it was noted that the placenta demonstrated the appearance of a circumvallate ...
... , common name the flat cardiapod, is a species of sea snail, a rare pelagic gastropod mollusc in the family ... Version 12 February 2008, Tree of Life Web Project: Cardiapoda placenta Malacolog Version 4.1.0 : A Database of Western ...
... can be broadly divided into: failed separation of the placenta from the uterine lining placenta separated ... Retained placenta is a condition in which all or part of the placenta or membranes remain in the uterus during the third stage ... Retained placenta is generally defined as a placenta that has not undergone placental expulsion within 30 minutes of the baby's ... Risks of retained placenta include hemorrhage and infection. After the placenta is delivered, the uterus should contract down ...
"Entrez Gene: Placenta specific 8". Retrieved 2017-12-22. Wu SF, Huang Y, Hou JK, Yuan TT, Zhou CX, Zhang J, Chen GQ (2010). " ... Placenta specific 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PLAC8 gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000145287 - ... Li M, Liu D, Wang L, Wang W, Wang A, Yao Y (2016). "Expression of placenta-specific 8 in human oocytes, embryos, and models of ... Uehara H, Takahashi T, Izumi K (2013). "Induction of retinol-binding protein 4 and placenta-specific 8 expression in human ...
Placenta previa is an independent risk factor for placenta accreta. Additional reported risk factors for placenta accreta ... Placenta accreta occurs when all or part of the placenta attaches abnormally to the myometrium (the muscular layer of the ... Rates of placenta accreta are increasing. As of 2016, placenta accreta affects an estimated 1 in 272 pregnancies. An important ... Other risk factors include low-lying placenta, anterior placenta, congenital or acquired uterine defects (such as uterine septa ...
During pregnancy changes in the placenta involve the disappearance of the greater portion of the stratum compactum, but the ...
... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PLET1 gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ... "Entrez Gene: Placenta expressed transcript 1". Retrieved 2018-02-01. v t e (Articles with short description, Short description ...
For more information about the ritual consumption of placenta see Placenta: Society and culture. Human and animal placentas are ... in Japan makes a drink called "Placenta Drink" which contains placenta. The company claims that "It is a drink that used the ... Many species of mammals consume their placentas. Placentas are consumed in some human cultures. This may be for nutrition but ... The placenta is an organ which links the fetus to the mother in mammals for the transfer of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus ...
... is a moth in the family Autostichidae. It was described by David Adamski in 2005. It is found in Costa ...
... is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Eulimidae. Warén & Crossland, 1991. ...
Placenta. 25 (1): 37-44. doi:10.1016/S0143-4004(03)00214-5. PMID 15013637. (Articles with short description, Short description ...
Placenta. 33 Suppl 2:e30-4. Dupree L, Welkley J, Lampl M. (2013) Case Letter: Engaging Young Adults in Proactive Health ...
"Distribution of glutamate transporters in the human placenta". Placenta. 25 (6): 489-95. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2003.10.018. ...
Placenta. 25 Suppl A: S16-25. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2004.01.012. PMID 15033302. Cheynet, V; Ruggieri, A; Oriol, G; Blond, J-L ... In placenta cells, ERVWE-1 must be de-methylated to become active. It is also thought that environmental factors can influence ... Muir, A.; Lever, A.; Moffett, A. (2004). "Expression and functions of human endogenous retroviruses in the placenta: An update ... placenta, and muscle). Further, human tissues that lack some sort of HERV expression could not be found, which suggests that ...
Placenta. 21 (7): 628-34. doi:10.1053/plac.2000.0564. PMID 10985965. Peter Boger; Gerhard Sandmann (31 July 1989). Target Sites ... "Immunoaffinity purification and characterization of native placental leucine aminopeptidase/oxytocinase from human placenta". ...
Placenta. 19 (7): 483-8. doi:10.1016/S0143-4004(98)91041-4. PMID 9778121. Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003 ...
Placenta. TR: Proceedings of PREBIC meeting 2018. 79: 40-45. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2018.11.003. PMC 7041999. PMID 30454905. ... The placenta develops from the chorion of the embryo and the uterine tissue of the mother. Initially, the amnion is separated ... The columnar cells are located in the vicinity of the placenta, whereas the cuboidal cells are found in the periphery. During ... The vasculature of the body-stalk develops into umbilical arteries that carry deoxygenated blood to the placenta. It is ...
Placenta. 31 (4): 295-304. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2010.01.013. PMID 20167367. Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. ( ... 2010). "Expression of thyroid hormone transporters in the human placenta and changes associated with intrauterine growth ...
December 2017). "DNA methylation of amino acid transporter genes in the human placenta". Placenta. 60: 64-73. doi:10.1016/j. ... Placenta. 30 (4): 361-367. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2009.01.004. PMC 2675556. PMID 19203792. Jones HN, Jansson T, Powell TL (May ... Placenta. 104: 179-187. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2020.12.008. PMC 7906936. PMID 33360746. von Versen-Höynck F, Rajakumar A, ... Hormones such as leptin and insulin, as well as nutrients, trigger the regulation of amino acid transporters in the placenta. ...
Placenta. 97: 26-28. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2020.05.014. PMID 32792058. S2CID 221121663. Smith MR (October 2016). "Evolution: ... The placenta is attached directly to the mother in these lizards which is called viviparous matrotrophy. Ovoviviparous animals ...
The placenta (PL: placentas or placentae) is a temporary embryonic and later fetal organ that begins developing from the ... Look up placenta in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. The placenta-specific proteome at the Human Protein Atlas The Placenta, ... The classical plural is placentae, but the form placentas is more common in modern English. The placenta has evolved ... Numerous pathologies can affect the placenta.[citation needed] Placenta accreta, when the placenta implants too deeply, all the ...
The placenta connects the fetus (unborn baby) to the mothers uterus. It allows the baby to get nutrients, blood, and oxygen ... The placenta connects the fetus (unborn baby) to the mothers uterus. It allows the baby to get nutrients, blood, and oxygen ... Placenta abruptio (also called placental abruption) is when the placenta separates from the inner wall of the uterus before the ... Placenta previa and accreta, vasa previa, subchorionic hemorrhage, and abruptio placentae. In: Lockwood CJ, Copel JA, Dugoff L ...
However, with the technologic advances in ultrasonography, the diagnosis of placenta previa is commonly made earlier in ... Placenta previa is an obstetric complication that classically presents as painless vaginal bleeding in the third trimester ... Creasy RK, Resnik R, Iams J , Lockwood C, Moore T, Greene M. Placenta previa, placenta accreta, abruptio placentae, and vasa ... A complete previa is defined as complete coverage of the cervical os by the placenta. If the leading edge of the placenta is ...
A calf was born from an embryo lacking cells which form a large part of the placenta, providing new insight into the ... image: An early bovine embryo regenerating its TE cells which will later form a large part of the placenta. (Left: intact, ... Bovine embryo completely regenerates placenta-forming cells. Hokkaido University. Journal. Journal of Biological Chemistry. ... Bovine embryo completely regenerates placenta-forming cells Peer-Reviewed Publication Hokkaido University ...
The placenta is a large organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy and is connected to the fetus by the umbilical cord ... The placenta is a large organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy and is connected to the fetus by the umbilical cord ... Through the blood vessels in the umbilical cord and placenta, the fetus receives oxygen and nutrients from the mother and gets ... The placenta is delivered soon after the baby is born. (This is sometimes called the afterbirth.) ...
Create healthcare diagrams like this example called Partial Placenta Previa in minutes with SmartDraw. SmartDraw includes 1000s ... Normal placenta. Low implantation. Partial placenta previa. Total placenta previa. LifeART Collection Images Copyright © 1989- ... Partial Placenta Previa. Create healthcare diagrams like this example called Partial Placenta Previa in minutes with SmartDraw ...
... in part because she could be at risk for a serious pregnancy complication called a retained placenta. ... A retained placenta means that the placenta - which is the organ that nourishes the fetus in the womb - is not delivered from ... In women with placenta accreta, the placenta grows too deeply into the uterine wall and does not detach as it should after ... Typically, the placenta is delivered shortly after birth, and the passage of the organ is considered the third stage of labor ...
The placenta has features that are useful to cancer. For example, it is able to bypass the immune defense of the surrounding ... And even in mice, this would be extremely difficult: "The placenta as part of the embryo fuses to the maternal tissue after ... For unknown reasons, the genome of the placenta is less methylated than the DNA of normal body cells, as Meissner's ... The special role of the placenta. "Methylation stabilizes the genome and only a few sections, such as promoter regions that ...
An interview with a woman who ate her placenta and regrets it. ... Half of the placenta is mothers tissue and half is the fetal ... or the most popular tactic for placenta-averse human mothers, freeze-drying it so the placenta can be ground into powder and ... "The thing about placenta eating is that this time around, as opposed to late 60s, is that this time around you have the ... The human placenta is one of the most miraculous things about the most miraculous thing a human body does. This organ, which is ...
There are several things relating to the placenta that may affect your pregnancy and birth. ... Low-lying placenta (also known as placenta praevia). A low-lying placenta (also known as placenta praevia) is when the placenta ... What issues can affect the placenta?. Anterior placenta. An anterior placenta is when the placenta attaches to the front wall ... Placenta accreta. Placenta accreta is when the placenta is attached and embedded too deeply into the wall of the uterus. This ...
Anyone else find out they had an anterior placenta or had one in prior pregnancies? Has it affected anything or changed ... I have an anterior placenta as well, and definitely cant feel her as much. I had a posterior with my son and felt everything ... 3/4 of my pregnancies Ive had an anterior placenta! Only thing Ive noticed is it affects how/when I feel baby move. But aside ... What are the chances that the placenta attached to the c section scar? Please tell me this isnt common. My anatomy scan is 12/ ...
... the placentae of different species were so dramatically different in structure. ... Scientists have solved a long-standing mystery relating the structure of the placenta, the lifeline that connects mother and ... they found is that the simpler the structure of the placenta, the longer the gestation. So animals like a human or an ape, ... Scientists have solved a long-standing mystery relating the structure of the placenta, the lifeline that connects mother and ...
Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii. Humans are commonly exposed via inhalation of aerosolized. ...
Their placentas mimic those of mice during early fetal development, while other key placental genes are expressed and ... We wanted to see which, if any, gene products found in the eutherian placenta are also in the marsupial placenta, and where ... the researchers homed in on 77 genes whose expression was shared among the tammar placenta, the eutherian placenta and the ... "But where have the late functions of the eutherian placenta gone?". Changes in the milk. A key might lie in the complex makeup ...
BC is identified in all screened placentae, with an average (SD) particle count of 0.95 × 104 (0.66 × 104) and 2.09 × 104 (0.9 ... report evidence of black carbon particle deposition on the fetal side of human placentae, including at early stages of ... Our finding that BC particles accumulate on the fetal side of the placenta suggests that ambient particulates could be ... particles as part of combustion-derived particulate matter in human placentae using white-light generation under femtosecond ...
Laura made me a raw placenta fruit smoothie with organic berries (mmm), raw dried placenta tablets, a placenta print (more on ... The IPEN Placenta Network is an International group of Placenta Consultants who come to your home within 24 hours of labour to ... A three to six month supply of placenta tablets will cost you around £200, depending on the size of your placenta and how many ... The IPEN Placenta Networks Director Lynnea Shrief estimates that around 5,000 British mums have consumed their placentas in ...
Placenta publishes high-quality original articles and invited topical reviews on all aspects of human and animal placentation, ... Volunteer for review - Placenta. July 2016. Researchers interested in reviewing for this journal can now register their ...
But placenta-eating is considered normal in some cultures. Various recipes include one for placenta lasagne. Some say eating it ... Actor Tom Cruise yesterday revealed plans to eat his new babys placenta.Cruise, 43, told GQ: "Im gonna eat the placenta. I ... They should make him eat the placenta now and it should be televised, to make sure he eats it. It is not even his baby, he cant ... Im gonna eat the cord and the placenta right there." When it was pointed out that it would be a big meal, Cruise replied: "OK ...
... Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2009 Jun 3:7:57. doi ... Results: At the limb bud stage, the placenta was a pad of trophoblast covered by a layer of mesoderm from which fetal vessels ... We paid attention to the development of the lobulated arrangement of the placenta, the growth of the labyrinth in the course of ... By 70 days, the placenta comprised areas of labyrinth (lobes) separated by interlobular areas. Placental growth resulted ...
Placenta, Disposed To Mirth, We Are Wolf, Nowhere The Answer. 08.05.2011 - Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Klangstation ...
Discover the vital role of calcium transfer across the placenta in fetal development and breast-milk production. Explore the ... Placenta, 29, 671-679. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2008.06.003 [3] Ramberg Jr., C.F., Delivoria-Papadopoulos, M., Crandall, E.D. and ... Placenta, 21, 635-645. doi:10.1053/plac.2000.0550 [20] Nikitenko, L., Morgan, G., Kolesnikov, S.I. and Wooding, F.B.P. (1998) ... Placenta, 4, 271-278. doi:10.1016/S0143-4004(83)80006-X [15] Delivoria- Papadopoulos, M., Battaglia, F.C., Bruns, P.D. and ...
Mammals use placenta to transfer vital nutrients from mother to child during pregnancy. It is rich in antioxidants, amino acids ... Ovine Placenta Eye Gel - Natures Beauty - 15g. This Ovine Placenta Eye Gel is a refreshing anti-wrinkle eye gel to hydrate the ... Placenta Creme - Natures Beauty - 100g. Great for dull or aged skinPowered by the anti-ageing properties of Ovine Placenta, ... Ovine Placenta Night Cream - Natures Beauty - 50g. Your New Favourite Night Cream!This Ovine Placenta Night Creme is a ...
... researchers have shown cells in the placenta can turn into functioning heart cells in the lab ... Cells from discarded placentas may help to treat heart attacks. After noticing that some heart problems resolve during ... A new type of cell discovered in human placentas could potentially be injected into the bloodstreams of people who have had ... pregnancy, researchers have shown cells in the placenta can turn into functioning heart cells in the lab ...
Brazil have shown for the first time that gestational obesity associated with infection by zika virus influences the placentas ... Analysis of the placenta samples showed that in non-infected obese pregnant women there were no alterations in transcriptional ... Gestational obesity plus zika virus infection can compromise placentas immune response. *Download PDF Copy ... We proved in this study that the placentas immune response, or rather the immune response that occurs at the maternal-fetal ...
When applied to clinical placenta samples apolipoprotein A1 was found to be accumulated in the preeclamptic placenta, where it ... The human placenta is a difficult tissue to work with using proteomic technology since it contains large amounts of lipids and ... The human placenta is unique among species. As a matter of fact, of all mammalian organs the placenta shows the greatest ... A 10 mm cube of placenta tissue was collected immediately after removal of the placenta and was frozen on dry ice and stored at ...
Homeopath Mike Andrews shares his experience with the sarcode Placenta Humanum in cases of Autism Spectrum Disorder. It can be ... Weakness of the placenta in pregnancy or even a caesarean birth. Obviously, the proving was not conducted on children and it is ... Action: prescribed Placenta 40c 10th July 2017 because of the strong attraction to his blanket, which he had with him all the ... The Placenta path is starting out from a wonderful ideal feeling to be ONE and ALONE ending in disappointment of this ideal ...
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... can cause bleeding late in pregnancy. This means after about 20 weeks. ... Partial placenta previa. The placenta is partly over the cervix.. * Marginal placenta previa. The placenta is near the edge of ... it is called placenta previa. There are 3 types of placenta previa:. * Total placenta previa. The placenta completely covers ... Placenta Previa. What is placenta previa?. Bleeding can happen at any time during pregnancy. Placenta previa can cause bleeding ...
A new Northwestern Medicine study of placentas from patients who received the COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy found no ... The placentas role in the immune system. The placenta is the first organ that forms during pregnancy. It performs duties for ... The placenta is like the black box in an airplane.". Dr. Jeffery Goldstein. Northwestern Medicine pathologist. "The placenta is ... Additionally, the placenta manages hormones and the immune system, and tells the mothers body to welcome and nurture the fetus ...
  • The human placenta is one of the most miraculous things about the most miraculous thing a human body does. (refinery29.com)
  • While it's true that small amounts of dried human placenta have been used as an ingredient in various Chinese Medicine remedies for centuries, mothers eating their own afterbirth has not been documented in any other human society, outside of a passing fad among hippies on back-to-nature communes in the late-'60s. (refinery29.com)
  • Hence, particle translocation to the human placenta following inhalation under real-life conditions is insufficiently studied while being essential in understanding the effects on fetal health 24 . (nature.com)
  • Clearly, placentation in hystricognaths adheres to an extraordinarily stable pattern suggesting they can be used interchangeably as models of human placenta. (nih.gov)
  • The human placenta is a difficult tissue to work with using proteomic technology since it contains large amounts of lipids and glycogen. (hindawi.com)
  • The human placenta is unique among species. (hindawi.com)
  • Research shows for the first time that plastic nanoparticles can cross the human placenta, possibly exposing the developing fetus to the tiny materials that are increasingly used in medicines, vaccines and personal care products. (whale.to)
  • Plastic nanoparticles can quickly traverse the human placenta from the mother's side to the developing fetus' side, according to new laboratory research that confirms prior findings from animal studies. (whale.to)
  • AB : The data regarding the morphological features of the human placenta, from Ceylonese subjects has been collected and presented. (who.int)
  • The placenta connects to the fetus via the umbilical cord, and on the opposite aspect to the maternal uterus in a species-dependent manner. (wikipedia.org)
  • The placenta is a large organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy and is connected to the fetus by the umbilical cord. (healthlinkbc.ca)
  • Through the blood vessels in the umbilical cord and placenta, the fetus receives oxygen and nutrients from the mother and gets rid of wastes. (healthlinkbc.ca)
  • In most pregnancies, blood vessels from the umbilical cord insert directly into the placenta. (tommys.org)
  • In vasa praevia, these vessels are not protected by the umbilical cord or the placenta tissue. (tommys.org)
  • The placenta attaches to the wall of the womb (uterus) and supplies the baby with food and oxygen through the umbilical cord. (marchofdimes.org)
  • The purpose of the placenta is to carry nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the fetus and to carry waste products and carbon dioxide from the fetus to the mother through the umbilical cord. (medbroadcast.com)
  • Studies suggest stem cells from different tissue sources such as cord blood, umbilical cord tissue and of course placenta will have different potential therapeutic applications. (parentsguidecordblood.org)
  • I wasn't prepared for what I'd see when I first googled "lotus birth"-the practice of leaving a newborn attached to the placenta by the umbilical cord until it naturally falls off. (todaysparent.com)
  • There are also classic newborn photos, tiny babes in adorable outfits and cozy blankets, with the placenta and umbilical cord incorporated into the scene-in a basket, surrounded by a wreath, covered in flowers, formed into the shape of a heart, decorated like a Christmas tree. (todaysparent.com)
  • During pregnancy, the placenta serves as important protection, growth, development and nourishment (via the umbilical cord) of vital organs such as the lungs, liver, kidneys, immune system and digestive system while such organs are developing within the fetus itself. (placidway.com)
  • The protein syncytin, found in the outer barrier of the placenta (the syncytiotrophoblast) between mother and fetus, has a certain RNA signature in its genome that has led to the hypothesis that it originated from an ancient retrovirus: essentially a virus that helped pave the transition from egg-laying to live-birth. (wikipedia.org)
  • Placentas of these species also differ in their ability to provide maternal immunoglobulins to the fetus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The placenta connects the fetus (unborn baby) to the mother's uterus. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The placenta is the lifeline of a fetus. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Because of the inherent risk of hemorrhage, placenta previa may cause serious morbidity and mortality to both the fetus and the mother. (medscape.com)
  • A retained placenta means that the placenta - which is the organ that nourishes the fetus in the womb - is not delivered from the woman's body within 1 hour after her baby is born, according to the World Health Organization. (foxnews.com)
  • For decades, researchers assumed that this premature eviction from the womb left little or no role for the placenta, which in most mammals tightly links the physiological processes of the mother and the fetus to support the fetus's many stages of development. (scienceblog.com)
  • Our finding that BC particles accumulate on the fetal side of the placenta suggests that ambient particulates could be transported towards the fetus and represents a potential mechanism explaining the detrimental health effects of pollution from early life onwards. (nature.com)
  • The placenta is a temporary organ that presents a natural barrier between mother and fetus during the entire pregnancy. (nature.com)
  • Once again, the use of different animal models as rodents, rabbit, sheep and bovine have demonstrate different mechanisms of calcium transport across the placenta and contribute to better understand its effects in both fetus and mother during the gestation. (scirp.org)
  • The study showed that these evasion strategies enabled the virus to persist in placenta, facilitating its replication and transmission to the fetus. (news-medical.net)
  • In order to prevent rejection of the fetus, the placenta expresses an intricate pattern of major histocompatibility complex molecules, immunizing the mother against the foreign fetal tissue [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Additionally, the placenta manages hormones and the immune system, and tells the mother's body to welcome and nurture the fetus rather than reject it as a foreign intruder. (scienceblog.com)
  • The placenta is usually formed along the upper part of the uterus, allowing enough space for the fetus to grow. (medbroadcast.com)
  • Candida Albicans Infection of the Placenta and Fetus: Report. (lww.com)
  • Of 103 gene mutations that lead to the death of a developing fetus in mice, 68% caused defects in the placenta. (babraham.ac.uk)
  • The results confirm that smaller sizes of the manufactured materials are able to cross the placenta at a time toward the end of pregnancy when the membrane barrier between mom and fetus is thinner. (whale.to)
  • One of the most important factors of newborn development is the placenta, the 'sac' that protects and provides a liquid-filled home for a developing fetus. (placidway.com)
  • It affected the structure and function of the placenta more markedly for male fetuses, reducing its ability to support the growth of the fetus. (glamsham.com)
  • In most pregnancies, the placenta stays attached to the upper part of the uterine wall. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In a small number of pregnancies, the placenta detaches (pulls itself from the wall of the uterus) too early. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Placenta previa is frequently reported to occur in 0.5% of all US pregnancies. (medscape.com)
  • Anyone else find out they had an anterior placenta or had one in prior pregnancies? (babycenter.com)
  • 3/4 of my pregnancies I've had an anterior placenta! (babycenter.com)
  • The study is performed on a subset of term placentae from mothers enrolled within the ENVIR ON AGE birth cohort study and on preterm placentae from spontaneous terminated pregnancies. (nature.com)
  • Placenta previa happens in about 1 in 200 pregnancies. (marchofdimes.org)
  • I DID NOT have any kind of placenta previa with their pregnancies. (babycenter.com)
  • Placenta previa is estimated to occur in 1 in 250 pregnancies. (medbroadcast.com)
  • The chances of developing placenta previa are doubled for these pregnancies. (medbroadcast.com)
  • The chances of developing placenta previa are increased to 1 in 20 for women who have had 6 or more pregnancies. (medbroadcast.com)
  • Although this research uses mice, the findings are likely to be highly relevant to complications during human pregnancy and the study highlights the need for more work to be done on investigating development of the placenta during human pregnancies. (babraham.ac.uk)
  • The research which was based on 845,300 pregnancies between 1988 and 2002, is thought to be the largest study into the link between placenta praevia and IVF. (health.am)
  • While iron absorption increases in pregnancy, little is known about the exact mechanisms regulating maternal iron levels and transfer through the placenta in normal and complicated pregnancies. (lu.se)
  • I know you're nervous as you have just been diagnosed with placenta previa and you are researching and reading every scary thing out there. (babycenter.com)
  • If you have been diagnosed with placenta previa, your doctor will avoid digital (which means using the fingers) examination of the vagina and the cervix, as this could cause the placenta to tear and lead to heavy bleeding. (medbroadcast.com)
  • In more than 90 percent of women diagnosed with placenta previa in the second trimester, the placenta will correct itself by the end of the pregnancy. (justmommies.com)
  • There is no treatment to change the position of the placenta. (stanfordchildrens.org)
  • The condition may be diagnosed by an ultrasound showing the position of the placenta. (medbroadcast.com)
  • Nothing can be done to alter the position of the placenta once this has happened and delivery is carried out by caesarean section. (health.am)
  • Complete placenta previa noted on ultrasound. (medscape.com)
  • Another ultrasound image clearly depicting complete placenta previa. (medscape.com)
  • I delivered him by emergency c/s at 35.5 weeks due to my water breaking while I had a complete placenta previa that did not move. (babycenter.com)
  • My main question is how serious is complete placenta previa? (babycenter.com)
  • If you are diagnosed with complete placenta previa, your doctor may advise you to have a caesarean section for the delivery of your baby, usually between weeks 36 and 37 of pregnancy. (medbroadcast.com)
  • A low-lying placenta (also known as placenta praevia) is when the placenta attaches lower down and may cover a part of or all of the cervix (the entrance to the womb). (tommys.org)
  • If the placenta is near or covering the cervix you won't be able to deliver vaginally and will need a caesarean section . (tommys.org)
  • When the placenta is attached close to the opening of the uterus (cervix) or covers the cervix, it is called placenta previa. (stanfordchildrens.org)
  • The placenta completely covers the cervix. (stanfordchildrens.org)
  • The placenta is partly over the cervix. (stanfordchildrens.org)
  • The placenta is near the edge of the cervix. (stanfordchildrens.org)
  • It can show where the placenta is and how much is covering the cervix. (stanfordchildrens.org)
  • An ultrasound may show that a placenta is near the cervix in early pregnancy. (stanfordchildrens.org)
  • It is common for the placenta to move away from the cervix as the uterus grows. (stanfordchildrens.org)
  • This causes the area of the placenta over the cervix to bleed. (stanfordchildrens.org)
  • The risk of bleeding is higher if a lot of the placenta covers the cervix. (stanfordchildrens.org)
  • It causes bleeding because the placenta is close to or covers the cervix. (stanfordchildrens.org)
  • Normally, the placenta grows into the upper part of the uterus wall, away from the cervix. (marchofdimes.org)
  • If you have placenta previa, when the cervix begins to thin out (efface) and open up (dilate), blood vessels connecting the placenta to the uterus may tear. (marchofdimes.org)
  • If a placenta previa is identified by ultrasound and appears to block the cervix, no vaginal exams are performed and an elective c-section is planned. (marchofdimes.org)
  • As your uterus grows, the placenta should move UP with your uterus, clearing the cervix, and no longer causing issues. (babycenter.com)
  • In placenta previa, the placenta starts forming very low in the uterus or even over the cervix (the opening of the uterus that leads to the vagina). (medbroadcast.com)
  • A "low-lying" placenta does not cover or touch the cervix, but is within 2 centimetres of the opening. (medbroadcast.com)
  • They say the risk of developing placenta praevia, a condition in which the placenta covers the cervix, was six times higher in women carrying one child conceived through assisted reproduction. (health.am)
  • Placenta praevia which is also known as low-lying placenta, occurs when the placenta remains near the opening of the cervix and blocks the baby's passage into the birth canal. (health.am)
  • Dr. Liv Bente Romundstad, who led the team, says it remains unclear why pregnant women who have IVF have an increased risk of developing placenta praevia but she suspects one cause could be the position in which the embryo is placed in the uterus when it is transferred through the cervix. (health.am)
  • Complete Previa - The placenta completely covers the cervix. (justmommies.com)
  • Partial Previa - The placenta covers a portion of the cervix, but does not completely cover the cervix. (justmommies.com)
  • Marginal Previa - The placenta extends to the edge of the cervix but does not cover it. (justmommies.com)
  • The placenta itself doesn't actually move, but as the uterus stretches, it is not as close to the cervix as it was earlier in pregnancy. (justmommies.com)
  • Placenta previa is attachment (implantation) of the placenta over the opening of the cervix, in the lower rather than the upper part of the uterus. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Sometimes the placenta is located near the opening of the cervix, not over it (called a low-lying placenta). (msdmanuals.com)
  • The most common symptom of placenta previa is bright red, painless bleeding from the vagina. (stanfordchildrens.org)
  • Vaginal bleeding after 20 weeks of pregnancy is the primary symptom of placenta previa. (justmommies.com)
  • However, with the technologic advances in ultrasonography, the diagnosis of placenta previa is commonly made earlier in pregnancy. (medscape.com)
  • In many cases, a diagnosis of placenta previa in the early weeks (usually before Week 20) may correct itself as the pregnancy progresses. (medbroadcast.com)
  • In her first pregnancy, Kardashian had preeclampsia, which involves high blood pressure, as well as placenta accreta, which is a type of retained placenta. (foxnews.com)
  • In women with placenta accreta, the placenta grows too deeply into the uterine wall and does not detach as it should after birth, according to the Mayo Clinic. (foxnews.com)
  • Sometimes doctors can diagnose placenta accreta before a women gives birth, through blood and imaging tests. (foxnews.com)
  • Women who are suspected to have placenta accreta during pregnancy will likely need a C-section, as well as surgery to remove the uterus after birth, the Mayo Clinic says. (foxnews.com)
  • Placenta accreta is when the placenta is attached and embedded too deeply into the wall of the uterus. (tommys.org)
  • Placenta accreta spectrum: biomarker discovery using plasma proteomics. (bvsalud.org)
  • Many cases of placenta accreta spectrum are not diagnosed antenatally, despite identified risk factors and improved imaging methods . (bvsalud.org)
  • The purpose of this study was to determine if women with placenta accreta spectrum have a distinct plasma protein profile compared with control subjects. (bvsalud.org)
  • We obtained plasma samples before delivery from 16 participants with placenta accreta spectrum and 10 control subjects with similar gestational ages (35.1 vs 35.5 weeks gestation , respectively). (bvsalud.org)
  • We then confirmed dysregulated proteins using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and report significant differences between placenta accreta spectrum and control cases (Wilcoxon-rank sum test, P (bvsalud.org)
  • Many of the top 50 proteins that significantly dysregulated in participants with placenta accreta spectrum were inflammatory cytokines , factors that regulate vascular remodeling , and extracellular matrix proteins that regulate invasion. (bvsalud.org)
  • Placenta accreta spectrum, with the use of the top 21 proteins , distinctly separated the placenta accreta spectrum cases from control cases (P (bvsalud.org)
  • Participants with placenta accreta spectrum had a unique and distinct plasma protein signature. (bvsalud.org)
  • Placenta previa occurs when the placenta attaches in the lower portion of the uterus instead of in the normal position in the more muscular upper portion of the uterus. (justmommies.com)
  • Placental abruption is a serious condition in which the placenta starts to come away from the inside of the womb wall before the baby has delivered. (tommys.org)
  • Placenta previa is a condition in which the placenta lies very low in the uterus and covers all or part of the opening to the cervical opening that sits at the top of the vagina. (marchofdimes.org)
  • The role of the placenta in healthy fetal development is being seriously under-appreciated according to a new paper published today (14th March). (babraham.ac.uk)
  • Although previous research has highlighted the pivotal role of the placenta for a healthy pregnancy, its potential contribution to pregnancy complications and birth defects continues to be overlooked. (babraham.ac.uk)
  • The outer layer of the late blastocyst, is formed of trophoblasts, cells that form the outer layer of the placenta. (wikipedia.org)
  • The chorion is the outermost layer of the placenta that comes in contact with mum's womb. (parentsguidecordblood.org)
  • In CHI, the mother's immune system reacts abnormally to the pregnancy and causes damage to the placenta, increasing the risk of miscarriage and stillbirth . (tommys.org)
  • It is a sarcode (remedy made from human tissue) for pre-term babies or damage to the placenta in some way, but also maybe gives the vital force an opportunity to reset or start again. (hpathy.com)
  • Many of these had not been previously linked to placenta development, and hence the study highlights the unexpected number of genes that affect development of the placenta. (babraham.ac.uk)
  • Particle transfer across the placenta has been suggested but to date, no direct evidence in real-life, human context exists. (nature.com)
  • Studies of calcium transfer across the placenta have been reviewed because of the physiological and nutritional importance of this mineral during pregnancy, especially in order to better understand its contribution to development of the fetal skeleton. (scirp.org)
  • In humans, a thin layer of maternal decidual (endometrial) tissue comes away with the placenta when it is expelled from the uterus following birth (sometimes incorrectly referred to as the 'maternal part' of the placenta). (wikipedia.org)
  • And even in mice , this would be extremely difficult: "The placenta as part of the embryo fuses to the maternal tissue after implantation, and the blood vessels permeate each other, making it difficult to separate the cells for analysis," says Raha Weigert, who is a researcher in Meissner's lab. (mpg.de)
  • Half of the placenta is mother's tissue and half is the fetal tissue," says Mark Kristal PhD, professor emeritus of psychology at the University of Buffalo. (refinery29.com)
  • So animals like a human or an ape, which have relatively simple placentae comprising just "fingers" of foetal tissue projecting into the wall of the uterus to contact maternal blood, tend to have a longer gestation, while species like dogs and leopards, which have relatively short gestation times, have extremely complex and highly folded "labythine" placental structures. (thenakedscientists.com)
  • In contrast, the eutherian placenta is highly complex and comprises both maternal and fetal tissue. (scienceblog.com)
  • Cells4Life is the first private stem cell bank to store both of these tissue types selectively, rather than providing a generic placenta banking service. (parentsguidecordblood.org)
  • In general, I would say that storing placenta alongside cord blood and tissue maximises the future access to these developing treatments and technologies. (parentsguidecordblood.org)
  • The MCW Maternal Research Placenta & Cord Blood Bank is an extension of the MCW Tissue Bank and serves to support physicians and medical researchers across campus in the investigation of various conditions and potential treatments. (mcw.edu)
  • Pantomics Array Description: Normal Placenta tissue array, 150 cores including 75 cases of normal placenta tissues in. (delos.info)
  • Previous studies analyzing serum and placenta tissue have produced conflicting findings, suggesting the need for a robust, validated sample preparation and analysis method for the determination of trace elements in placenta. (rti.org)
  • Spike recovery experiments were performed for the essential elements chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn), and the toxic elements arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) at levels equal to and in excess of native concentrations in control placenta tissue. (rti.org)
  • The placenta occasionally takes a form in which it comprises several distinct parts connected by blood vessels. (wikipedia.org)
  • A prenatal test that uses sound waves to show a picture of your baby in the womb ( ultrasound ) usually can find placenta previa and determine the placenta's location. (marchofdimes.org)
  • Historically, there have been three defined types of placenta previa: complete, partial, and marginal. (medscape.com)
  • What Are the Different Types of Placenta Previa? (justmommies.com)
  • Talk with your providers about ways to deal with placenta previa, which could include having a planned c-section (caesarean birth). (marchofdimes.org)
  • Many facilities worldwide offer stem cell therapy, but it's important to locate accredited and experienced physicians who deal with placenta stem cell treatments. (placidway.com)
  • Because the risk of hemorrhaging is higher for women with placenta previa, mothers will be monitored for signs of hemorrhaging. (justmommies.com)
  • The placenta (PL: placentas or placentae) is a temporary embryonic and later fetal organ that begins developing from the blastocyst shortly after implantation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The placenta begins to develop upon implantation of the blastocyst into the maternal endometrium, very early on in pregnancy at about week 4. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sometimes the blood that collects when the placenta detaches stays between the placenta and uterine wall, so you may not have bleeding from your vagina. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Placenta previa happens when the placenta lies low in the uterus and covers all or part of the opening to the vagina. (marchofdimes.org)
  • During the last stage of labor , after the baby is born the placenta separates from the wall, and your contractions help push it into the birth canal (vagina). (marchofdimes.org)
  • The placenta has maternal blood and baby blood, as well as a larger surface area that has passed through the vagina and may have been exposed to bacteria . (todaysparent.com)
  • Placenta previa can cause painless bleeding from the vagina that suddenly starts after 20 weeks of pregnancy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • An anterior placenta is when the placenta attaches to the front wall of the uterus. (tommys.org)
  • The placenta normally attaches to the upper portion of the uterus, which is more muscular and stronger to support the placenta. (justmommies.com)
  • However, in placenta previa, the placenta attaches to the lower portion of the uterus which is weaker, thinner, and more vascular. (justmommies.com)
  • After the embryo-transfer, to their surprise, one of the four cows became pregnant and a female calf was naturally born with an apparently normal placenta. (eurekalert.org)
  • That was my reasoning, in any case, when I contacted placenta specialist Laura Jone s, at nine months pregnant. (telegraph.co.uk)
  • Reiswig, J.D., Frazer, G.S. and Inpanbutr, N. (1995) Calbindin-D9k expression in the pregnant cow uterus and placenta. (scirp.org)
  • The group analyzed 30 placenta samples from obese and non-obese pregnant women infected by zika supplied by Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), a research institution subordinated to the Brazilian Ministry of Health, and 39 from healthy women supplied by Patrícia Rondó, a researcher at USP's School of Public Health who is conducting a population study of pregnant women in Araraquara, São Paulo state. (news-medical.net)
  • The analysis showed that zika can alter the placenta morphologically in obese pregnant women and aggravate insufficiency of the placental type I interferon pathway. (news-medical.net)
  • Analysis of the placenta samples showed that in non-infected obese pregnant women there were no alterations in transcriptional expression of antiviral factors or expression of types I and III interferon. (news-medical.net)
  • Last May, Goldstein, Miller and collaborators from Northwestern and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago published a study that found placentas of women who tested positive for the COVID-19 virus while pregnant showed evidence of injury (abnormal blood flow between mother and baby in utero). (scienceblog.com)
  • Vaginal exams are not recommended for the pregnant woman with placenta previa. (justmommies.com)
  • During the 2nd trimester, as many as 2% of pregnant women have placenta previa. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Hence, we review the placental morphological changes due to COVID-19 to enhance the general understanding of how pregnant mothers , their placentas and unborn children may have been affected by this pandemic . (bvsalud.org)
  • Even less is known on the impact of HIV/ART exposure on the placenta in pregnant individuals with substance use/misuse. (cdc.gov)
  • Sweiry, J.H. and Yudi-levich, D.L. (1984) Asymmetric calcium influx and efflux at maternal and fetal sides of the guinea-pig placenta: Kinetics and specificity. (scirp.org)
  • Optimal development and functioning of the placenta are key factors in maintenance of pregnancy and positively corelate with maternal and fetal outcomes. (cdc.gov)
  • If the leading edge of the placenta is less than 2 cm from the internal os, but not fully covering, it is considered a marginal previa (see the following image). (medscape.com)
  • Marginal placenta previa. (stanfordchildrens.org)
  • Some women may even remain undiagnosed until delivery, especially in cases of marginal placenta previa. (medbroadcast.com)
  • Treatment will vary depending on how far along you are in your pregnancy and whether you have complete, partial, or marginal placenta previa. (justmommies.com)
  • The placenta transports nutrients and oxygen from mother to foetus, secretes signalling factors into the mother so she supports foetal development, and is the main protective barrier for the foetus against toxins, bacteria, and hormones - such as stress hormones - in the mother's blood. (glamsham.com)
  • This Ovine Placenta Eye Gel is a refreshing anti-wrinkle eye gel to hydrate the delicate eye area while giving a sparkle to the eyes. (shopnewzealand.co.nz)
  • Great for dull or aged skinPowered by the anti-ageing properties of Ovine Placenta, this luxuriant creme is rich in Amino Acids, Vitamin B. (shopnewzealand.co.nz)
  • The ultimate anti-wrinkle Ovine Placenta Creme ideal for rejuvenating tired and unhealthy skin cells, this invigorating creme is rich in. (shopnewzealand.co.nz)
  • You Can't Stop the Aging Process, But You Can Hide It!A much-loved Ovine Placenta BiSerum that now boasts a new and improved natural. (shopnewzealand.co.nz)
  • This Ovine Placenta Gold Serum is a luxurious and intensive anti-wrinkle serum to help fight the signs of ageing, it absorbs quickly and. (shopnewzealand.co.nz)
  • Having an anterior placenta can make it a bit harder to feel your baby move because your baby is cushioned by the placenta lying at the front of your stomach. (tommys.org)
  • Find out more about anterior placenta . (tommys.org)
  • I have an anterior placenta as well, and definitely can't feel her as much. (babycenter.com)
  • PBi is thrilled to welcome their newest placenta encapsulation specialist, Shannon Delaney. (placentabenefits.info)
  • Alexandra Orchard in Colorado Springs, CO has been working hard to bring the message of placenta for postpartum recovery to her community since moving there this spring, and now has the experience and additional training necessary to gain the title of Certified Placenta Encapsulation Specialist® . (placentabenefits.info)
  • I'm so glad you are part of the PBi Network of Placenta Encapsulation Specialist®s . (placentabenefits.info)
  • Typically, the placenta is delivered shortly after birth, and the passage of the organ is considered the third stage of labor. (foxnews.com)
  • The placenta is an organ that helps your baby grow and develop. (tommys.org)
  • Hence, due to its vast number of functions the placenta expresses more than 20 000 DNA sequences and is perhaps the organ expressing the largest number of genes [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The placenta is the first organ that forms during pregnancy. (scienceblog.com)
  • the belief is that the placenta is a part of the baby, and it should be up to the infant as to when to discard the organ. (todaysparent.com)
  • Those who go ahead with lotus birth take measures to slow the deterioration of the placenta, sprinkling the decomposing organ with salt and herbs and wrapping the flesh in terrycloth or muslin to mitigate the unpleasant smell, and to keep the placenta preserved until the baby chooses to say sayonara in seven to 10 days. (todaysparent.com)
  • The placenta is a valuable organ that can aid in understanding adverse events during a pregnancy and predicting adverse events after birth. (stanford.edu)
  • Placentas are a defining characteristic of placental mammals, but are also found in marsupials and some non-mammals with varying levels of development. (wikipedia.org)
  • The mammalian placenta evolved more than 100 million years ago and was a critical factor in the explosive diversification of placental mammals. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although all mammalian placentas have the same functions, there are important differences in structure and function in different groups of mammals. (wikipedia.org)
  • Placental mammals, including humans, have a chorioallantoic placenta that forms from the chorion and allantois. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dr. Kristal, who studies studies placentophagia, or the act of eating the placenta after birth, in nonhuman mammals, has become the go-to expert (read: official naysayer) on the placenta-eating phenomenon since it became A Thing again a few years ago. (refinery29.com)
  • Guernsey studied the RNA transcripts in the wallaby placenta and compared them with those found in eutherian mammals during various stages of fetal development. (scienceblog.com)
  • Mammals use placenta to transfer vital nutrients from mother to child during pregnancy. (shopnewzealand.co.nz)
  • It is true that almost all non-human mammals eat the placenta and amniotic fluid, but regardless of culture, humans don't, according to Mark Kristal, Ph.D., professor of psychology and neuroscience at the University of Buffalo, who has been studying placentophagia for more than 20 years. (drweil.com)
  • Kristal reports that in non-human mammals, eating the placenta is believed to stimulate an increase in mother-infant interaction, boost the effect of pregnancy-mediated pain killers, and activate circuits in the brain that set in motion caretaking behavior. (drweil.com)
  • Since I last addressed this subject in 2012, a scientific review published in 2016 found no strong evidence to support claims that placenta eating boosts new mothers' mood and energy or enhances lactation. (drweil.com)
  • We are funding various research projects that are focusing on the placenta and potential pregnancy complications. (tommys.org)
  • Pregnancy complications, such as placenta previa, are problems that occur only during pregnancy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The placenta passes oxygen, nutrients and antibodies from your blood supply to your baby. (tommys.org)
  • Chronic histiocytic Intervillositis (CHI) is an extremely rare condition that may affect the placenta during pregnancy. (tommys.org)
  • The scientists also examined the placentas for chronic histiocytic intervillositis, a complication that can happen if the placenta is infected, in this case, by SARS-CoV-2. (scienceblog.com)
  • This fact, that it's not even just self-cannibalism, but also actual cannibalism, makes the trend of human mothers eating their placentas seem even weirder, doesn't it? (refinery29.com)
  • Still, in the past few years, we've heard about new mothers eating their placentas raw, cooking it into a favorite lasagna or spaghetti recipe , blending it into smoothies (as Gaby Hoffmann did), or the most popular tactic for placenta-averse human mothers, freeze-drying it so the placenta can be ground into powder and encapsulated (as Kim Kardashian did). (refinery29.com)
  • Given the choice I'd have my placenta encapsulated again and highly recommend it to expectant mothers. (telegraph.co.uk)
  • BC is identified in all screened placentae, with an average (SD) particle count of 0.95 × 10 4 (0.66 × 10 4 ) and 2.09 × 10 4 (0.9 × 10 4 ) particles per mm 3 for low and high exposed mothers, respectively. (nature.com)
  • Here, we postulate that BC particles are able to translocate from the mothers' lungs to the placenta. (nature.com)
  • Kristal has suggested that eating the placenta might provide human mothers with substances that could help them avoid postpartum depression, assist them in bonding with their babies or prevent maternal hostility toward the infant. (drweil.com)
  • London, Nov 30 (IANS) Changes occur in the placenta in mothers over age 35 leading to a greater likelihood of poor health in their male offspring and now, scientists have found in animal studies that placenta changes could put male child of older mothers at heart problems in later life. (glamsham.com)
  • We now know that growth, as well as gene expression in the placenta is affected in older mothers in a manner that partially depends on sex: changes in the placentas of male fetuses are generally detrimental. (glamsham.com)
  • Placenta previa is an obstetric complication that classically presents as painless vaginal bleeding in the third trimester secondary to an abnormal placentation near or covering the internal cervical os. (medscape.com)
  • A leading cause of third-trimester hemorrhage, placenta previa presents classically as painless bleeding. (medscape.com)
  • Bleeding with placenta previa is painless. (stanfordchildrens.org)
  • Create healthcare diagrams like this example called Partial Placenta Previa in minutes with SmartDraw. (smartdraw.com)
  • Normally, the placenta is located in the upper part of the uterus. (msdmanuals.com)
  • image: An early bovine embryo regenerating its TE cells which will later form a large part of the placenta. (eurekalert.org)
  • A calf was born from an embryo lacking cells which form a large part of the placenta, providing new insight into the regenerative capacity of mammalian embryos. (eurekalert.org)
  • The blastocyst consists of two types of cells, the inner cell mass (ICM) and the trophectoderm (TE), which develop into an embryo proper and a large part of the placenta, respectively. (eurekalert.org)
  • Scientists led by Manabu Kawahara at Hokkaido University have shown that, since bovine ICM cells can regenerate TE, they are capable of forming both the embryo and placenta. (eurekalert.org)
  • By studying a select group of three genes in further detail, the team went on to show that the death of the embryo could be directly linked to defects in the placenta in one out of these three cases. (babraham.ac.uk)
  • This may mean that a significant number of genetic defects that lead to prenatal death may be due to abnormalities of the placenta, not just the embryo. (babraham.ac.uk)
  • The placenta is vital for normal pregnancy progression and embryo development in most animals that give birth to live young, including humans. (babraham.ac.uk)
  • The placenta is also involved in waste disposal from the embryo and produces important hormones that help sustain pregnancy and promote fetal growth. (babraham.ac.uk)
  • Dr Perez-Garcia, said: "Analysis of embryonic lethal mutants has largely focused on the embryo and not the placenta, despite its critical role in development. (babraham.ac.uk)
  • Intriguingly, our analysis also indicates that issues in the placenta often occur alongside specific defects in the embryo itself. (babraham.ac.uk)
  • The bleeding occurs because as the pregnancy progresses, the placenta gets detached from the uterine walls. (medbroadcast.com)
  • If placenta previa is present, the placenta is attached very low on the uterine wall. (medbroadcast.com)
  • This thinning makes the placenta stretch and tear away from the uterine wall, leading to bleeding. (medbroadcast.com)
  • The placenta partially separated from the lower uterine segment. (medscape.com)
  • Placenta previa invading the lower uterine segment and covering the cervical os. (medscape.com)
  • Placenta abruptio (also called placental abruption) is when the placenta separates from the inner wall of the uterus before the baby is born. (medlineplus.gov)
  • As such, sections of the placenta having undergone atrophic changes could persist as a vasa previa. (medscape.com)
  • A meta-analysis showed that the rate of placenta previa increases with increasing numbers of cesarean deliveries, with a rate of 1% after 1 cesarean delivery, 2.8% after 3 cesarean deliveries, and as high as 3.7% after 5 cesarean deliveries. (medscape.com)
  • The placental stem cells are harvested after the baby is born via cesarean section so that the placenta does not receive contamination through a traditional birth. (placidway.com)
  • For example, human, bovine, equine and canine placentas are very different at both the gross and the microscopic levels. (wikipedia.org)
  • Placenta previa is a frequent cause of bleeding during the second and third trimester of pregnancy. (justmommies.com)
  • The importance of a healthy placenta has often been overlooked in these studies and it is important that we start doing more to understand its contribution to developmental abnormalities. (babraham.ac.uk)
  • Examples of proteins with elevated expression in placenta compared to other organs and tissues are PEG10 and the cancer testis antigen PAGE4 and expressed in cytotrophoblasts, CSH1 and KISS1 expressed in syncytiotrophoblasts, and PAPPA2 and PRG2 expressed in extravillous trophoblasts. (wikipedia.org)
  • Appropriately, the question arises in which distant organs, such as the placenta, the particles originating from the systemic circulation might deposit. (nature.com)
  • As a matter of fact, of all mammalian organs the placenta shows the greatest variation in terms of anatomy. (hindawi.com)
  • The amniotic membrane is the innermost skin of the placenta and forms a sac around the baby holding amniotic fluid. (parentsguidecordblood.org)