Pigments biological. Medical search

Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in PLANTS; ANIMALS or micro-organisms.

The layer of pigment-containing epithelial cells in the RETINA; the CILIARY BODY; and the IRIS in the eye.

Photosensitive protein complexes of varied light absorption properties which are expressed in the PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS. They are OPSINS conjugated with VITAMIN A-based chromophores. Chromophores capture photons of light, leading to the activation of opsins and a biochemical cascade that ultimately excites the photoreceptor cells.

Linear TETRAPYRROLES that give a characteristic color to BILE including: BILIRUBIN; BILIVERDIN; and bilicyanin.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment.

Chromatophores (large pigment cells of fish, amphibia, reptiles and many invertebrates) which contain melanin. Short term color changes are brought about by an active redistribution of the melanophores pigment containing organelles (MELANOSOMES). Mammals do not have melanophores; however they have retained smaller pigment cells known as MELANOCYTES.

The large pigment cells of fish, amphibia, reptiles and many invertebrates which actively disperse and aggregate their pigment granules. These cells include MELANOPHORES, erythrophores, xanthophores, leucophores and iridiophores. (In algae, chromatophores refer to CHLOROPLASTS. In phototrophic bacteria chromatophores refer to membranous organelles (BACTERIAL CHROMATOPHORES).)

Photosensitive proteins expressed in the ROD PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS. They are the protein components of rod photoreceptor pigments such as RHODOPSIN.

Insoluble polymers of TYROSINE derivatives found in and causing darkness in skin (SKIN PIGMENTATION), hair, and feathers providing protection against SUNBURN induced by SUNLIGHT. CAROTENES contribute yellow and red coloration.

Complex pharmaceutical substances, preparations, or matter derived from organisms usually obtained by biological methods or assay.

A naturally occurring lipid pigment with histochemical characteristics similar to ceroid. It accumulates in various normal tissues and apparently increases in quantity with age.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.

Oxygenated forms of carotenoids. They are usually derived from alpha and beta carotene.

A carotenoid constituent of visual pigments. It is the oxidized form of retinol which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is bound to the protein opsin forming the complex rhodopsin. When stimulated by visible light, the retinal component of the rhodopsin complex undergoes isomerization at the 11-position of the double bond to the cis-form; this is reversed in "dark" reactions to return to the native trans-configuration.

Specialized cells that detect and transduce light. They are classified into two types based on their light reception structure, the ciliary photoreceptors and the rhabdomeric photoreceptors with MICROVILLI. Ciliary photoreceptor cells use OPSINS that activate a PHOSPHODIESTERASE phosphodiesterase cascade. Rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells use opsins that activate a PHOSPHOLIPASE C cascade.

A method of measuring the effects of a biologically active substance using an intermediate in vivo or in vitro tissue or cell model under controlled conditions. It includes virulence studies in animal fetuses in utero, mouse convulsion bioassay of insulin, quantitation of tumor-initiator systems in mouse skin, calculation of potentiating effects of a hormonal factor in an isolated strip of contracting stomach muscle, etc.

An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the posterior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. It is characterized by the presence of a yellow pigment diffusely permeating the inner layers, contains the fovea centralis in its center, and provides the best phototropic visual acuity. It is devoid of retinal blood vessels, except in its periphery, and receives nourishment from the choriocapillaris of the choroid. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

The general name for a group of fat-soluble pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. They are aliphatic hydrocarbons consisting of a polyisoprene backbone.

Treatment of diseases with biological materials or biological response modifiers, such as the use of GENES; CELLS; TISSUES; organs; SERUM; VACCINES; and humoral agents.

The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the RETINA and SCLERA.

A family of serine proteinase inhibitors which are similar in amino acid sequence and mechanism of inhibition, but differ in their specificity toward proteolytic enzymes. This family includes alpha 1-antitrypsin, angiotensinogen, ovalbumin, antiplasmin, alpha 1-antichymotrypsin, thyroxine-binding protein, complement 1 inactivators, antithrombin III, heparin cofactor II, plasminogen inactivators, gene Y protein, placental plasminogen activator inhibitor, and barley Z protein. Some members of the serpin family may be substrates rather than inhibitors of SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES, and some serpins occur in plants where their function is not known.

Photosensitive afferent neurons located primarily within the FOVEA CENTRALIS of the MACULA LUTEA. There are three major types of cone cells (red, blue, and green) whose photopigments have different spectral sensitivity curves. Retinal cone cells operate in daylight vision (at photopic intensities) providing color recognition and central visual acuity.

A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.

Analytical technique for studying substances present at enzyme concentrations in single cells, in situ, by measuring light absorption. Light from a tungsten strip lamp or xenon arc dispersed by a grating monochromator illuminates the optical system of a microscope. The absorbance of light is measured (in nanometers) by comparing the difference between the image of the sample and a reference image.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.

A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.

The inner layer of CHOROID, also called the lamina basalis choroideae, located adjacent to the RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM; (RPE) of the EYE. It is a membrane composed of the basement membranes of the choriocapillaris ENDOTHELIUM and that of the RPE. The membrane stops at the OPTIC NERVE, as does the RPE.

The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.

Enzymes that catalyze the rearrangement of geometry about double bonds. EC 5.2.

Warfare involving the use of living organisms or their products as disease etiologic agents against people, animals, or plants.

Mammalian pigment cells that produce MELANINS, pigments found mainly in the EPIDERMIS, but also in the eyes and the hair, by a process called melanogenesis. Coloration can be altered by the number of melanocytes or the amount of pigment produced and stored in the organelles called MELANOSOMES. The large non-mammalian melanin-containing cells are called MELANOPHORES.

Melanin-containing organelles found in melanocytes and melanophores.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

Coloration of the skin.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Biological activities and function of the whole organism in human, animal, microorgansims, and plants, and of the biosphere.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Visualization of a vascular system after intravenous injection of a fluorescein solution. The images may be photographed or televised. It is used especially in studying the retinal and uveal vasculature.

Adjustment of the eyes under conditions of low light. The sensitivity of the eye to light is increased during dark adaptation.

A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)

Measurement of the various properties of light.

A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.

The visually perceived property of objects created by absorption or reflection of specific wavelengths of light.

The organ of sight constituting a pair of globular organs made up of a three-layered roughly spherical structure specialized for receiving and responding to light.

Specialized PHOTOTRANSDUCTION neurons in the vertebrates, such as the RETINAL ROD CELLS and the RETINAL CONE CELLS. Non-visual photoreceptor neurons have been reported in the deep brain, the PINEAL GLAND and organs of the circadian system.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The measurement of the amplitude of the components of a complex waveform throughout the frequency range of the waveform. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

4-Methoxy-5-((5-methyl-4-pentyl-2H-pyrrol-2-ylidene)methyl)- 2,2'-bi-1H-pyrrole. A toxic, bright red tripyrrole pigment from Serratia marcescens and others. It has antibacterial, anticoccidial, antimalarial, and antifungal activities, but is used mainly as a biochemical tool.

The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.

A group of FLAVONOIDS derived from FLAVONOLS, which lack the ketone oxygen at the 4-position. They are glycosylated versions of cyanidin, pelargonidin or delphinidin. The conjugated bonds result in blue, red, and purple colors in flowers of plants.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

A group of tetraterpenes, with four terpene units joined head-to-tail. Biologically active members of this class are used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic ACNE; PSORIASIS; and other disorders of keratinization.

The concave interior of the eye, consisting of the retina, the choroid, the sclera, the optic disk, and blood vessels, seen by means of the ophthalmoscope. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

Factors which enhance the growth potentialities of sensory and sympathetic nerve cells.

Recording of electric potentials in the retina after stimulation by light.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

Color of the iris.

The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium.

Use of naturally-occuring or genetically-engineered organisms to reduce or eliminate populations of pests.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

Photosensitive afferent neurons located in the peripheral retina, with their density increases radially away from the FOVEA CENTRALIS. Being much more sensitive to light than the RETINAL CONE CELLS, the rod cells are responsible for twilight vision (at scotopic intensities) as well as peripheral vision, but provide no color discrimination.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Defects of color vision are mainly hereditary traits but can be secondary to acquired or developmental abnormalities in the CONES (RETINA). Severity of hereditary defects of color vision depends on the degree of mutation of the ROD OPSINS genes (on X CHROMOSOME and CHROMOSOME 3) that code the photopigments for red, green and blue.

Hybridization of a nucleic acid sample to a very large set of OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES, which have been attached individually in columns and rows to a solid support, to determine a BASE SEQUENCE, or to detect variations in a gene sequence, GENE EXPRESSION, or for GENE MAPPING.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

The process in which light signals are transformed by the PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS into electrical signals which can then be transmitted to the brain.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Sequential operating programs and data which instruct the functioning of a digital computer.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Photosensitive proteins expressed in the CONE PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS. They are the protein components of cone photopigments. Cone opsins are classified by their peak absorption wavelengths.

Inorganic salts of iodic acid (HIO3).

Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.

Photosensitive proteins in the membranes of PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS such as the rods and the cones. Opsins have varied light absorption properties and are members of the G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS family. Their ligands are VITAMIN A-based chromophores.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.

The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

A form of fluorescent antibody technique commonly used to detect serum antibodies and immune complexes in tissues and microorganisms in specimens from patients with infectious diseases. The technique involves formation of an antigen-antibody complex which is labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

The portion of a retinal rod cell situated between the ROD INNER SEGMENT and the RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM. It contains a stack of photosensitive disk membranes laden with RHODOPSIN.

The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds. Photosynthesis comprises two separate processes: the light reactions and the dark reactions. In higher plants; GREEN ALGAE; and CYANOBACTERIA; NADPH and ATP formed by the light reactions drive the dark reactions which result in the fixation of carbon dioxide. (from Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2001)

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

A group of cold-blooded, aquatic vertebrates having gills, fins, a cartilaginous or bony endoskeleton, and elongated bodies covered with scales.

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

General term for a number of inherited defects of amino acid metabolism in which there is a deficiency or absence of pigment in the eyes, skin, or hair.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the reaction between L-tyrosine, L-dopa, and oxygen to yield L-dopa, dopaquinone, and water. It is a copper protein that acts also on catechols, catalyzing some of the same reactions as CATECHOL OXIDASE. EC 1.14.18.1.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

A bile pigment that is a degradation product of HEME.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

A pathological process consisting of the formation of new blood vessels in the CHOROID.

Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including hormones, antigens, amino and nucleic acids, enzymes, polyamines, and specific cell membrane proteins and lipids.

Comprehensive, methodical analysis of complex biological systems by monitoring responses to perturbations of biological processes. Large scale, computerized collection and analysis of the data are used to develop and test models of biological systems.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

The physiological mechanisms that govern the rhythmic occurrence of certain biochemical, physiological, and behavioral phenomena.

Interacting DNA-encoded regulatory subsystems in the GENOME that coordinate input from activator and repressor TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS during development, cell differentiation, or in response to environmental cues. The networks function to ultimately specify expression of particular sets of GENES for specific conditions, times, or locations.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

The phenomenon whereby certain chemical compounds have structures that are different although the compounds possess the same elemental composition. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

1,3,6,7-Tetramethyl-4,5-dicarboxyethyl-2,8-divinylbilenone. Biosynthesized from hemoglobin as a precursor of bilirubin. Occurs in the bile of AMPHIBIANS and of birds, but not in normal human bile or serum.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Mental processing of chromatic signals (COLOR VISION) from the eye by the VISUAL CORTEX where they are converted into symbolic representations. Color perception involves numerous neurons, and is influenced not only by the distribution of wavelengths from the viewed object, but also by its background color and brightness contrast at its boundary.

Determination of the spectra of ultraviolet absorption by specific molecules in gases or liquids, for example Cl2, SO2, NO2, CS2, ozone, mercury vapor, and various unsaturated compounds. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.

Chemicals and substances that impart color including soluble dyes and insoluble pigments. They are used in INKS; PAINTS; and as INDICATORS AND REAGENTS.

A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

An order of the Amphibia class which includes salamanders and newts. They are characterized by usually having slim bodies and tails, four limbs of about equal size (except in Sirenidae), and a reduction in skull bones.

Condensation products of aromatic amines and aldehydes forming azomethines substituted on the N atom, containing the general formula R-N:CHR. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the CRYSTALLINE LENS of the EYE and in front of the RETINA. It is contained in a thin hyaloid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe.

Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

One of the BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINES concerned with the origin, structure, development, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of animals, plants, and microorganisms.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

The absence of light.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Databases devoted to knowledge about specific genes and gene products.

Color of hair or fur.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Disorders of the choroid including hereditary choroidal diseases, neoplasms, and other abnormalities of the vascular layer of the uvea.

Slender-bodies diurnal insects having large, broad wings often strikingly colored and patterned.

A basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper transcription factor that regulates the CELL DIFFERENTIATION and development of a variety of cell types including MELANOCYTES; OSTEOCLASTS; and RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM. Mutations in MITF protein have been associated with OSTEOPETROSIS and WAARDENBURG SYNDROME.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

An exotic species of the family CYPRINIDAE, originally from Asia, that has been introduced in North America. They are used in embryological studies and to study the effects of certain chemicals on development.

Specialized cells in the invertebrates that detect and transduce light. They are predominantly rhabdomeric with an array of photosensitive microvilli. Illumination depolarizes invertebrate photoreceptors by stimulating Na+ influx across the plasma membrane.

Protein complexes that take part in the process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS. They are located within the THYLAKOID MEMBRANES of plant CHLOROPLASTS and a variety of structures in more primitive organisms. There are two major complexes involved in the photosynthetic process called PHOTOSYSTEM I and PHOTOSYSTEM II.

The measurement of the density of a material by measuring the amount of light or radiation passing through (or absorbed by) the material.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Chromatography on thin layers of adsorbents rather than in columns. The adsorbent can be alumina, silica gel, silicates, charcoals, or cellulose. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Flat keratinous structures found on the skin surface of birds. Feathers are made partly of a hollow shaft fringed with barbs. They constitute the plumage.

The ratio of radiation dosages required to produce identical change based on a formula comparing other types of radiation with that of gamma or roentgen rays.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.

The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (GENOME) of organisms.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. It is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC). (From Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Engewood, CO, 1995.)

The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

An imaging method using LASERS that is used for mapping subsurface structure. When a reflective site in the sample is at the same optical path length (coherence) as the reference mirror, the detector observes interference fringes.

A genus of bacteria that form a nonfragmented aerial mycelium. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. This genus is responsible for producing a majority of the ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS of practical value.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Function of the human eye that is used in bright illumination or in daylight (at photopic intensities). Photopic vision is performed by the three types of RETINAL CONE PHOTORECEPTORS with varied peak absorption wavelengths in the color spectrum (from violet to red, 400 - 700 nm).

Vitreoretinal membrane shrinkage or contraction secondary to the proliferation of primarily retinal pigment epithelial cells and glial cells, particularly fibrous astrocytes, followed by membrane formation. The formation of fibrillar collagen and cellular proliferation appear to be the basis for the contractile properties of the epiretinal and vitreous membranes.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.

The most diversified of all fish orders and the largest vertebrate order. It includes many of the commonly known fish such as porgies, croakers, sunfishes, dolphin fish, mackerels, TUNA, etc.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

A genus in the family Monascaceae, order EUROTIALES. One species, Monascus purpureus, has multiple uses in traditional Chinese medicine (MEDICINE, CHINESE TRADITIONAL).

Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

The systematic study of the complete complement of proteins (PROTEOME) of organisms.

Analysis of the intensity of Raman scattering of monochromatic light as a function of frequency of the scattered light.

Methods for determining interaction between PROTEINS.

The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

A specialized transport barrier, in the EYE, formed by the retinal pigment EPITHELIUM, and the ENDOTHELIUM of the BLOOD VESSELS of the RETINA. TIGHT JUNCTIONS joining adjacent cells keep the barrier between cells continuous.

Measurement of the intensity and quality of fluorescence.

A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.

Clarity or sharpness of OCULAR VISION or the ability of the eye to see fine details. Visual acuity depends on the functions of RETINA, neuronal transmission, and the interpretative ability of the brain. Normal visual acuity is expressed as 20/20 indicating that one can see at 20 feet what should normally be seen at that distance. Visual acuity can also be influenced by brightness, color, and contrast.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Sulfhydryl compounds in melanocytes of yellow (Ay/a), nonagouti (a/a), and agouti (A/A) mice. (1/1706)

CLEFFMANN (1953, 1963a,b) has reported that yellow but not black melanocytes of agouti (A/A) rabbits contained reducing sulfhydryl compounds. We have attempted to repeat CLEFFMANN's observations in mouse melanocytes of the lethal yellow (Ay/a), nonagouti (a/a) and agouti (A/A) genotypes. Our results contradict those of CLEFFMANN and reveal that yellow and black melanocytes, regardless of genotype, possess equivalent amounts of histochemically detectable sulfhydryl compounds. These results do not support the hypothesis that agouti-locus genes act by controlling the sulfhydryl metabolism of pigment cells. (+info)

Prochlorococcus, a marine photosynthetic prokaryote of global significance. (2/1706)

The minute photosynthetic prokaryote Prochlorococcus, which was discovered about 10 years ago, has proven exceptional from several standpoints. Its tiny size (0.5 to 0.7 microm in diameter) makes it the smallest known photosynthetic organism. Its ubiquity within the 40 degrees S to 40 degrees N latitudinal band of oceans and its occurrence at high density from the surface down to depths of 200 m make it presumably the most abundant photosynthetic organism on Earth. Prochlorococcus typically divides once a day in the subsurface layer of oligotrophic areas, where it dominates the photosynthetic biomass. It also possesses a remarkable pigment complement which includes divinyl derivatives of chlorophyll a (Chl a) and Chl b, the so-called Chl a2 and Chl b2, and, in some strains, small amounts of a new type of phycoerythrin. Phylogenetically, Prochlorococcus has also proven fascinating. Recent studies suggest that it evolved from an ancestral cyanobacterium by reducing its cell and genome sizes and by recruiting a protein originally synthesized under conditions of iron depletion to build a reduced antenna system as a replacement for large phycobilisomes. Environmental constraints clearly played a predominant role in Prochlorococcus evolution. Its tiny size is an advantage for its adaptation to nutrient-deprived environments. Furthermore, genetically distinct ecotypes, with different antenna systems and ecophysiological characteristics, are present at depth and in surface waters. This vertical species variation has allowed Prochlorococcus to adapt to the natural light gradient occurring in the upper layer of oceans. The present review critically assesses the basic knowledge acquired about Prochlorococcus both in the ocean and in the laboratory. (+info)

Numerical taxonomy of some yellow-pigmented bacteria isolated from plants. (3/1706)

Phenetic data on over 60 heterotrophic, Gram-negative, yellow chromogenic bacteria from plant material were collected and analysed using numerical taxonomic methods. Marker strains representing 42 taxa were included in the analyses. At similarity levels of 80% or above, eight distinct clusters were obtained, the first four of which included yellow chromogens. Custer I contained isolates from green healthy leaves of Agrostis tenuis, Festuca rubra, Holcus lanata, Lolium perenne and Poa pratensis, and clusters 2 and 3 consisted of isolates from Holcus lanata seeds and leaves of P. pratensis respectively. Cluster 4 contained seven subgroups and was equated with the family Enterobacteriaceae. Erwinia herbicola strains from a variety of sources formed a homogeneous subgroup, readily distinguishable from authentic strains of E. amylovora, E. carotovora, other representative erwiniae, and from all other enterobacteria studied. These data emphasize the heterogeneous nature of yellow-pigmented bacteria from plants, and support the inclusion of E. herbicola and other Erwinia species in the Enterobacteriaceae. (+info)

Cyanobacterial phycobilisomes. Characterization of the phycobilisomes of Synechococcus sp. 6301. (4/1706)

A procedure is described for the preparation of stable phycobilisomes from the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. 6301 (also known as Anacystis nidulans). Excitation of the phycocyanin in these particles at 580 nm leads to maximum fluorescence emission, from allophycocyanin and allophycocyanin B, at 673 nm. Electron microscopy shows that the phycobilisomes are clusters of rods. The rods are made up of stacks of discs which exhibit the dimensions of short stacks made up primarily of phycocyanin (Eiserling, F. A., and Glazer, A. N. (1974) J. Ultrastruct. Res. 47, 16-25). Loss of the clusters, by dissociation into rods under suitable conditions, is associated with loss of energy transfer as shown by a shift in fluorescence emission maximum to 652 nm. Synechococcus sp. 6301 phycobilisomes were shown to contain five nonpigmented polypeptides in addition to the colored subunits (which carry the covalently bound tetrapyrrole prosthetic groups) of the phycobiliproteins. Evidence is presented to demonstrate that these colorless polypeptides are genuine components of the phycobilisome. The nonpigmented polypeptides represent approximately 12% of the protein of the phycobilisomes; phycocyanin, approximately 75%, and allophycocyanin, approximately 12%. Spectroscopic studies that phycocyanin is in the hexamer form, (alpha beta)6, in intact phycobilisomes, and that the circular dichroism and absorbance of this aggregate are little affected by incorporation into the phycobilisome structure. (+info)

Determination of the stoichiometry and strength of binding of xanthophylls to the photosystem II light harvesting complexes. (5/1706)

Xanthophylls have a crucial role in the structure and function of the light harvesting complexes of photosystem II (LHCII) in plants. The binding of xanthophylls to LHCII has been investigated, particularly with respect to the xanthophyll cycle carotenoids violaxanthin and zeaxanthin. It was found that most of the violaxanthin pool was loosely bound to the major complex and could be removed by mild detergent treatment. Gentle solubilization of photosystem II particles and thylakoids allowed the isolation of complexes, including a newly described oligomeric preparation, enriched in trimers, that retained all of the in vivo violaxanthin pool. It was estimated that each LHCII monomer can bind at least one violaxanthin. The extent to which different pigments can be removed from LHCII indicated that the relative strength of binding was chlorophyll b > neoxanthin > chlorophyll a > lutein > zeaxanthin > violaxanthin. The xanthophyll binding sites are of two types: internal sites binding lutein and peripheral sites binding neoxanthin and violaxanthin. In CP29, a minor LHCII, both a lutein site and the neoxanthin site can be occupied by violaxanthin. Upon activation of the violaxanthin de-epoxidase, the highest de-epoxidation state was found for the main LHCII component and the lowest for CP29, suggesting that only violaxanthin loosely bound to LHCII is available for de-epoxidation. (+info)

A clinical study of type 1 neurofibromatosis in north west England. (6/1706)

A clinical study of patients on the North West Regional Genetic Register with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) identified 523 affected cases from 304 families. In those for whom relevant information was available, 86.7% (383 of 442) had more than six cafe au lait patches, 83.8% (310 of 370) had axillary freckling, 42.3% (151 of 357) had inguinal freckling, and 63% (157 of 249) had Lisch nodules. Cutaneous neurofibromas were present in 59.4% (217 of 365) and 45.5% (150 of 330) were noted to have subcutaneous tumours. Plexiform neurofibromas were present in 15.3% (80 of 523). A positive family history of NF1 was found in 71.2% (327 of 459) and 28.8% (132 of 459) of affected patients were considered to be the result of a new mutation. Learning difficulties of varying severity occurred in 62% (186 of 300). CNS tumours associated with NF1 were reported in 9.4% (49) of patients, optic gliomas occurring in 25 of these, 4.8% of patients. Some degree of scoliosis was reported for 11.7% (61), 1.9% (10) had pseudoarthrosis, 4.3% (23) had epilepsy, and 2.1% (11) had spinal neurofibromas. Actuarial analyses were carried out for both optic glioma and malignant nerve sheath tumours and the data are presented. (+info)

Regulation of mammalian circadian behavior by non-rod, non-cone, ocular photoreceptors. (7/1706)

Circadian rhythms of mammals are entrained by light to follow the daily solar cycle (photoentrainment). To determine whether retinal rods and cones are required for this response, the effects of light on the regulation of circadian wheel-running behavior were examined in mice lacking these photoreceptors. Mice without cones (cl) or without both rods and cones (rdta/cl) showed unattenuated phase-shifting responses to light. Removal of the eyes abolishes this behavior. Thus, neither rods nor cones are required for photoentrainment, and the murine eye contains additional photoreceptors that regulate the circadian clock. (+info)

Identification of a peptide from mammal albumins responsible for enhanced pigment production by group B streptococci. (8/1706)

The peptide from peptones responsible for enhanced pigment production by Streptococcus agalactiae in culture media has been isolated from a peptic digest of human albumin and has been identified as Ile-Ala-Arg-Arg-His-Pro-Tyr-Phe. The related heptapeptide lacking the N-terminal Ile also had pigment-enhancing activity. A sequence similarity search showed that these sequences are present only in mammal albumins. (+info)

Biological pigments include plant pigments and flower pigments. Many biological structures, such as skin, eyes, feathers, fur ... Biological pigments, also known simply as pigments or biochromes, are substances produced by living organisms that have a color ... Skin pigments such as melanin may protect tissues from sunburn by ultraviolet radiation. However, some biological pigments in ... Plant pigments include many molecules, such as porphyrins, carotenoids, anthocyanins and betalains. All biological pigments ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pigment

Using liquid chromatography in conjunction with several biological assays, PDF, was also isolated in the insect Leucophaea ... Its hormonal product, pigment dispersing hormone (PDH), was named for the diurnal pigment movement effect it has in crustacean ... Pigment dispersing factor (pdf) is a gene that encodes the protein PDF, which is part of a large family of neuropeptides. ... Pigment dispersing factor (pdf) was first discovered in the central nervous system of arthropods by K. Ranga Rao and John P. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment_dispersing_factor

Series B, Biological Sciences. 136 (884): 378-388. Bibcode:1949RSPSB.136..378F. doi:10.1098/rspb.1949.0031. ISSN 0080-4649. ... A respiratory pigment is a metalloprotein that serves a variety of important functions, its main being O2 transport. Other ... 1985). Respiratory pigments in animals: relation, structure-function. Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-15629-3 ... Globin enjoys a large biological distribution, not only occurring among more than 9 different phyla of animals but occurring in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_pigment

It also may be of some biological significance that turacos all seem to be pigmented with turacin and turacoverdin in exactly ... a red carotenoid pigment Rhodoxanthin, a purple-red carotenoid pigment Canthaxanthin, an orange-red carotenoid pigment Lutein, ... If the green pigment in Jacana is truly turacoverdin, then the pigment must have evolved independently in this order. This is ... Turacin, a red poryphrin pigment found almost exclusively in turacos Psittacofulvin, a brightly colored pigment unique to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turacoverdin

Biological pigments, Neurochemistry). ... Dark pigments in the substantia nigra were first described in ... Neuromelanin (NM) is a dark pigment found in the brain which is structurally related to melanin. It is a polymer of 5,6- ... It contains black/brown pigmented granules. Neuromelanin is found to accumulate during aging, noticeably after the first 2-3 ... A review and atlas of pigmented cells in the substantia nigra". Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry. 110 (4): 257-369. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromelanin

Study on the pigments". Palau Tropical Biological Station Studies. 2: 617-74. McLaughlin, John J. A.; Zahl, Paul A. (1959). " ... These UV-absorbing MAAs may also support light-harvesting pigments during photosynthesis, be source of nitrogen storage and for ... Morphological Variation in Symbiodinium microadriaticum". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 207 (1169): ... Biological Sciences. 273 (1599): 2305-12. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3567. PMC 1636081. PMID 16928632. Sampayo, E. M.; Ridgway, T.; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiodinium

Its biological properties have also been investigated widely. Berneth, Horst (2008). "Methine Dyes and Pigments". Ullmann's ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinacyanol

Abe T, Sato M, Tamai M (December 1998). "Dedifferentiation of the retinal pigment epithelium compared to the proliferative ... The 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid oxidase activity of tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP1)". The Journal of Biological ... December 2008). "Novel MITF targets identified using a two-step DNA microarray strategy". Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research. 21 ... Sarangarajan R, Boissy RE (December 2001). "Tyrp1 and oculocutaneous albinism type 3". Pigment Cell Research. 14 (6): 437-444. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TYRP1

Sorensen R, Klinger J (1987). "Biological effects of Pseudomonas aeruginosa phenazine pigments". Basic Research and Clinical ... Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (11): 7689-7692. doi:10.1074/jbc.R100001200. PMID 11244086. Mahajan-Miklos S, Tan M, Rahme ... The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 268 (24): 18286-18292. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)46842-6. PMID 8349704. Hassett D, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyocyanin

... biological control, morphology, and function". Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research. 22 (5): 563-79. doi:10.1111/j.1755-148X. ... Melanins are a family of dark-pigmented substances found in a wide range of organisms. Chemically they are closely related to ... Dopamine-derived melanin probably appears in at least some other biological systems as well. Some of the dopamine in plants is ... "Dopamine: Biological activity". IUPHAR/BPS guide to pharmacology. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine

Biological pigments include plant pigments and flower pigments. Animals can appear coloured due to two mechanisms, pigments and ... Animals may have both biological pigments and structural colours, for example, some butterflies with white wings. Many animal ... Terms associated with this phenomenon are "hypochromia" and "albiflora". Biological pigments are substances produced by living ... For example, "Absence of the pigment melanin in the eyes, skin, hair, scales, or feathers." refers only to the pigment melanin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albinism

Watts, AR; Lennard, MS; Mason, SL; Tucker, GT; Woods, HF (1993). "Beeturia and the biological fate of beetroot pigments". ... The extent of excreted pigment depends on: The pigment content of the meal, including: The type of beetroot (for instance, the ... The pigments are absorbed in the colon. Betalains are oxidation-sensitive redox indicators that are decolorized by hydrochloric ... The pigment is sensitive to oxidative degradation under strongly acidic conditions. Therefore, the urine coloring depends on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeturia

Lichens produce many pigments that help protect them from radiation. Fungi Microfungi in biological soil crusts can occur as ... Due to the intense UV radiation present in areas where biological soil crusts occur, biological soil crusts appear darker than ... Biological soil crusts cover about 12% of the earth's landmass. They are found on almost all soil types, but are more commonly ... The morphology of biological soil crust surfaces can range from smooth and a few millimeters in thickness to pinnacles up to 15 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_soil_crust

Pigments in Pathology, Academic Press, New York, NY. 1969 A histochemical method for the differential staining of acidic tissue ... 1971 Biological peroxidation of lipids and membranes, Israel J Med Sci. 1975 An experiment in teaching histology and cell ... 1989 Lipid pigments, Fischer, Stuttgart, Germany. 1993 Doctors' Errors and Mistakes of Medicine: Must Health Care Deteriorate ... Pigments in Pathology by Moshe Wolman (Hardcover - Jan 1, 1969) Histochemistry of lipids in pathology (Handbuch der Histochemie ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe_Wolman

Section D, Biological Crystallography. 71 (Pt 6): 1257-71. doi:10.1107/S1399004715005453. PMID 26057666. H. Munro Fox (1 April ... H. Munro Fox (1 February 1926). "Chlorocruorin: A Pigment Allied to Haemoglobin". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 99 (696 ... The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (28): 26384-90. doi:10.1074/jbc.M006939200. PMID 11294828. ... Respiratory pigments, Hemoproteins, All stub articles, Protein stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrocruorin

Biological pigment Epstein, R.J. (2003). Human Molecular Biology: An Introduction to the Molecular Basis of Health and Disease ... Examples for photosynthetic pigments are chlorophyll, carotenoids and phycobilins. These pigments enter a high-energy state ... Photopigments are unstable pigments that undergo a chemical change when they absorb light. The term is generally applied to the ... This can occur via light-driven pumping of ions across a biological membrane (e.g. in the case of the proton pump ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photopigment

Orphaned articles from December 2022, All orphaned articles, Biological pigments). ... Gloeocapsin is an extracellular pigment of some cyanobacteria, believed to provide UV-protection to the cell. It is especially ... "Raman Characterization of the UV-Protective Pigment Gloeocapsin and Its Role in the Survival of Cyanobacteria". Astrobiology. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloeocapsin

Jeffrey, S. W.; F. T. Haxo (1968). "Photosynthetic Pigments of Symbiotic Dinoflagellates (Zooxanthellae) from Corals and Clams ... Biological Bulletin. 170 (3): 393-408. doi:10.2307/1541850. JSTOR 1541850. Land M.F. (2002). "The spatial resolution of the ... The Biological Bulletin. 183 (3): 503-506. doi:10.2307/1542028. JSTOR 1542028. PMID 29300506. Klumpp, D.W.; Bayne, B.L. & ... ". Biological Bulletin. 135 (1): 149-65. doi:10.2307/1539622. JSTOR 1539622.[permanent dead link] Norton, J. H.; M. A. Shepherd ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_clam

Mutation of this gene results in deafness, bone loss, small eyes, and poorly pigmented eyes and skin. In human subjects, ... The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282 (3): 1838-50. doi:10.1074/jbc.M609517200. PMID 17085443. Dynek JN, Chan SM, Liu J, Zha ... Melanocytes are commonly known as cells that are responsible for producing the pigment melanin which gives coloration to the ... December 2008). "Novel MITF targets identified using a two-step DNA microarray strategy". Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research. 21 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphthalmia-associated_transcription_factor

1999). Alkaloids chemical and biological perspectives. Amsterdam: Pergamon. ISBN 0-08-052702-7. A. Gossauer (2003). Kirby, G.W ... 1989). Biotechnology of Vitamins, Pigments and Growth Factors. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. ISBN 94-009-1111-4. Perlman, D ... Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation, structure elucidation and biological properties". The Journal of Antibiotics. 46 (6): 892- ... Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation, structure elucidation and biological properties". The Journal of Antibiotics. 46 (6): 892-9 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptomyces_chrestomyceticus

November 2008). "Pigment epithelium-derived factor binds to hyaluronan. Mapping of a hyaluronan binding site". The Journal of ... August 2010). "Serpins flex their muscle: I. Putting the clamps on proteolysis in diverse biological systems". The Journal of ... June 2003). "Pigment epithelium-derived factor regulates the vasculature and mass of the prostate and pancreas". Nature ... December 2007). "DNA accelerates the inhibition of human cathepsin V by serpins". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282 (51 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpin

Besides chlorophyll a, there are other pigments, called accessory pigments, which occur in these pigment-protein antenna ... Biological Bulletin. 136 (1): 54-62. doi:10.2307/1539668. JSTOR 1539668. Gilpin L (21 March 2001). "Methods for analysis of ... Gross J (1991). Pigments in vegetables: chlorophylls and carotenoids. Van Nostrand Reinhold. ISBN 978-0442006570. Porra RJ, ... The electron flow produced by the reaction center chlorophyll pigments is used to pump H+ ions across the thylakoid membrane, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyll

... is a carotenoid pigment. It is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of lycopene and a variety of bacterial ... The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 255 (6): 2427-32. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)85909-4. PMID 7358679. v t e (Articles without ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosporene

2008). "Novel MITF targets identified using a two-step DNA microarray strategy". Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 21 (6): 665-76. doi ... 2006). "The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1". Nature. 441 (7091): 315-21. Bibcode:2006Natur.441.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLC27A3

In biology, a pigment is any colored material of plant or animal cells. Many biological structures, such as skin, eyes, fur, ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pigments. Pigments through the ages ColourLex Pigment Lexicon Earliest evidence of art ... pigment red 170, diarylide yellow List of Stone Age art Rock art Subtractive color Blue pigments Red pigments Völz, Hans G.; ... titanium black Zinc pigments: zinc white, zinc ferrite, zinc yellow Aluminum pigment: Aluminum powder Carbon pigments: carbon ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment

Pigments and dyes like these are charge-transfer complexes. Porphyrins have conjugated molecular ring systems (macrocycles) ... that appear in many enzymes of biological systems. As a ligand, porphyrin forms numerous complexes with metallic ions like iron ... Conjugated systems that are widely used for synthetic pigments and dyes are diazo and azo compounds and phthalocyanine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugated_system

PMID 3723071 PDF Bowmaker, J K; Dartnall, H J (1 January 1980). "Visual pigments of rods and cones in a human retina". The ... Series B, Biological Sciences. 364 (1531): 2881-2895. doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0051. PMC 2781858. PMID 19720651. Hunt DM, Carvalho ... Series B, Biological Sciences. 364 (1531): 2941-2955. doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0044. PMC 2781856. PMID 19720655. Trezise AE, ... Fasick, Jeffry I.; Robinson, Phyllis R. (23 June 2016). "Adaptations of Cetacean Retinal Pigments to Aquatic Environments". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate_visual_opsin

v t e (Biological pigments, Proteins, All stub articles, Protein stubs). ... A chromoprotein is a conjugated protein that contains a pigmented prosthetic group (or cofactor). A common example is ... 2018-05-10). "Engineering a palette of eukaryotic chromoproteins for bacterial synthetic biology". Journal of Biological ... International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 130: 675-684. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.138. PMID 30836182. S2CID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromoprotein

Biological pigments are any coloured material in plant or animal cells. All biological pigments selectively absorb certain ... The primary function of pigments in plants is photosynthesis, which uses the green pigment chlorophyll and several colorful ... Chlorophyll is the primary pigment in plants; it is a chlorin that absorbs yellow and blue wavelengths of light while ... Iron addition did not systematically change either P:C or N:C. Algae Aquatic plants Biological pump Evolutionary history of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_primary_production

v t e (Biological pigments, Tetrapyrroles, All stub articles, Biochemistry stubs). ... Micromatabilin, the green pigment of the spider species Micrommata virescens, is characterized as a mixture of biliverdin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micromatabilin

Several have practical applications as pigments, in solar cells, and as catalysts. The fungus Aspergillus niger plays a role in ... "sulfide(2−) (CHEBI:15138)". Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI). UK: European Bioinformatics Institute. "SULFIDE ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfide

In addition to santonin, the above-ground parts of the plant contain betaine, choline, tannins, pigments, and an essential oil ... "Biological Activity of 1,8-Cineole from Levant Wormwood", Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal, 37 (1): 28-30, doi:10.1023/A: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_cina

Its red color is due primarily to the presence of bacterioruberin, a 50 carbon carotenoid Alcohol (polyol) pigment present ... The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 251 (7): 2005-14. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)33647-5. PMID 1270419. Sára, M; Sleytr, U. B ... red or salmon-coloured pigment. H. salinarum is polyploid and highly resistant to ionizing radiation and desiccation, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halobacterium_salinarum

Series B, Biological Sciences. 293 (1063): 5-22. Bibcode:1981RSPTB.293....5B. doi:10.1098/rstb.1981.0056. PMID 6115423. Pilkis ... Reaction centers are classified into two types depending on the nature of photosynthetic pigment present, with most ... Capaldi RA, Aggeler R (March 2002). "Mechanism of the F(1)F(0)-type ATP synthase, a biological rotary motor". Trends in ... Their main structural uses are as part of biological membranes both internal and external, such as the cell membrane. Their ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism

He described the formation of bile pigments in animals and humans (1874) and was one of the first to show (1871) the ... Tarkhanov put forward a hypothesis that filling and evacuation of the seminal vesicles were the main biological cause which led ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Tarkhanov_(physiologist)

The Maracá pottery was frequently adorned with geometric patterns and polychromed with white, yellow, red, and black pigments. ... the Santa Lúcia Biological Station, jointly managed with the Museum of Biology Prof. Mello Leitão. A third site, located in the ... and white pigments) and drawings of geometric and sinuous patterns. The National Museum held the oldest known examples of ... biological anthropology, archaeology, and ethnology. The collection was the principal basis for the research conducted by the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Brazil

Examples of components that have contained lead include: paints and pigments PVC (vinyl) cables as a stabiliser (e.g., power ... RoHS reflects contemporary research over the past 50 years in biological toxicology that acknowledges the long-term effects of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_of_Hazardous_Substances_Directive

Wrangham R, Conklin-Brittain N (September 2003). "Cooking as a biological trait" (PDF). Comp Biochem Physiol A. 136 (1): 35-46 ... According to him, traces of the pigment ochre from late Lower Paleolithic Acheulean archaeological sites suggests that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic

Furthermore, those affected may develop kernicterus (deposits of pigment in the brain) that can cause nerve degeneration. In ... The kinetics of bilirubin mono- and diglucuronide synthesis". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 267 (24): 16943-50. doi: ... A darkly pigmented liver is due to polymerized epinephrine metabolites, not bilirubin. If it is the liver that cannot ... MRP2 as normal human bile along with a little amount of unconjugated bilirubin as much as only 1 to 4 percent of total pigments ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilirubin_glucuronide

Mather G (22 February 1996). "Image Blur as a Pictorial Depth Cue". Proceedings: Biological Sciences. 263 (1367): 169-172. ... pigments (red, yellow and orange) to bring features forward towards the viewer, and "cool" ones (blue, violet, and blue-green) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_perception

The main pigments of Caulerpa are chlorophyll a and b. It has a high diversity of chemical compounds which have pharmaceutical ... Biological Invasions. 17 (9): 2717-2728. doi:10.1007/s10530-015-0908-1. hdl:11567/817427. S2CID 1973648. https://www.mpi.govt. ... These include the red pigment alkaloid caulerpin and its derivative caulerchlorin and the amine mixture caulerpicin. The genus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caulerpa

The Biological Bulletin 219(3): 249-267 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scyphozoa. The Classification and Distribution ... Each rhopalium is typically associated with a pair of sensory pits, a statocyst, and sometimes a pigment-cup ocellus. Most ... Kramp, P. L. (1961). "Synopsis of the medusae of the world". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scyphozoa

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 92(5): 1161-1174. Cuthona crinita, mis-identified as ... and oral tentacles are opaque white and the outer half to one third of each ceras is covered with opaque white pigment. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenellia_crinita

Doctoral candidate Mary Schweitzer found heme, a biological form of iron that makes up hemoglobin (the red pigment in blood), ... Jurisdiction over the range was transferred from the Army Corps of Engineers to the Bureau of Biological Survey (the precursor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_M._Russell_National_Wildlife_Refuge

His research has indicated that jewelry, engravings, pigments and tools made from bones were used in Northern and Southern ... An archaeological perspective". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. The Royal Society. 373 ... Biological Theory. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 13 (4): 213-227. doi:10.1007/s13752-018-0306-x. ISSN 1555-5542. ... Biological Sciences. The Royal Society. 366 (1567): 1060-1069. doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0340. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 3049097. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_d'Errico

One of the best-known families of porphyrin complexes is heme, the pigment in red blood cells, a cofactor of the protein ... This finding helped establish the biological origins of petroleum. Petroleum is sometimes "fingerprinted" by analysis of trace ... Bile pigments are the breakdown products of heme. The following scheme summarizes the biosynthesis of porphyrins, with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porphyrin

Sarah E. Gabbott; Philip C. J. Donoghue; Robert S. Sansom; Jakob Vinther; Andrei Dolocan; Mark A. Purnell (2016). "Pigmented ... Biological Sciences. 283 (1826): 20152917. doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.2917. PMC 4810860. PMID 26962140. Tuo Qiao; Benedict King; ... anatomy in Carboniferous cyclostomes and the evolution of the vertebrate eye". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_in_paleoichthyology

However, the use of Bti as a biological pesticide is limited due to its low survivability rate in natural water ponds. One of ... A synthetic version of this pigment is currently used for obtaining pink-colored salmon fish for marketing. The production of ... and examining the possible role of the pigment in protecting the cell from oxidative stress damage. One outcome of this work ... group of bacteria is an important agent used for biological pest control. Bt is a Gram positive, aerobic bacterium which during ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Boussiba

Floral pigments in Hydrangea are affected by the presence of aluminum ions in the soil, causing changes in flower color from ... Although this phenomenon was first mentioned over 200 years ago, research on its biological relevance has only occurred within ... The three major pigments involved in floral color change are anthocyanins, carotenoids, and betalains. Color changes can occur ... color change may also be caused by an increase or decrease in pH causing a reddening/blueing of anthocyanins and co-pigments. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floral_color_change

The genus Sphaceloma is the anamorph analog of the genus Elsinoë of which the pigments are named so it is reasonable to presume ... Proven methods for control of thrips consist of cultural practices and biological measures are also continuously being studied ... A potential secondary metabolite with phytotoxic properties within the Sphaceloma genus is the variety of pigments called ... These are red/orange pigments produced by many Elsinoë and Sphaceloma species. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphaceloma_perseae

The exterior of an individual segment is a thin cuticle over the skin, commonly pigmented red to brown, which has specialized ... The major benefits of earthworm activities to soil fertility for agriculture can be summarized as: Biological: In many soils, ... I. Anterior Regeneration" (PDF). The Biological Bulletin. 96 (2): 129-139. doi:10.2307/1538195. JSTOR 1538195. PMID 18120625. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworm

The additional pigment is thought to be assimilated from chlorophyll derivatives found in the copepods which form part of its ... ISBN 978-1-139-45181-9. Shimomura, O. (August 1995). "A short story of aequorin". The Biological Bulletin. 189 (1): 1-5. doi: ... This adaptation allows the fish to see red-pigmented prey, which are normally invisible to other organisms in the deep ocean ... If selection were to favor a mutation in the oxygenase enzyme required for the breakdown of pigment molecules (molecules often ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioluminescence

This breed was developed at the Wistar Institute in 1906 for use in biological and medical research, and is notably the first ... This mutation results in defective retinal pigment epithelium phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments. The shaking rat ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_rat

... s do, however, lack short wavelength sensitive visual pigments in their cone cells indicating a more limited capacity for ... This functions as an upward biological pump, reversing an earlier presumption that whales accelerate the loss of nutrients to ... Sonar interferes with the basic biological functions of whales-such as feeding and mating-by impacting their ability to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale

Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 28:127-130. Goldman, E.A. 1918. The rice rats of North America. North ... Ungual tufts of long, white or gray hairs are present around the claws, which are short and lack pigment. Head and body length ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transandinomys_bolivaris

Although near-infrared vision (780-1,000 nm) has long been deemed impossible due to noise in visual pigments, sensation of near ... Typical applications include biological, mineralogical, defence, and industrial measurements. Thermal infrared hyperspectral ... There is uncertainty regarding the exact thermal sensitivity of this biological infrared detection system. Other organisms that ... Gorbunov, V.; Fuchigami, N.; Stone, M.; Grace, M.; Tsukruk, V. V. (2002). "Biological Thermal Detection: Micromechanical and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared

The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (26): 23992-23999. doi:10.1074/jbc.M011208200. PMID 11283016. "Entrez Gene: TRIM63 ... steroid-response factors and similarities with retinal pigment epithelium". Molecular Vision. 8: 185-195. PMID 12107412. Pizon ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIM63

Over time, these pigment cells can accumulate in the anterior chamber and begin to clog the trabecular meshwork. It is a rare ... Anisimova SY, Anisimova SI, Larionov EV (2012). "Biological drainage - Xenoplast in glaucoma surgery (experimental and 10-year ... Pigmentary glaucoma (also known as pigmentary dispersion syndrome) is caused by pigment cells sloughing off from the back of ... The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 281 (15): 10098-10104. doi:10.1074/jbc.M513629200. PMID 16492674. "Issue on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucoma

Yin YN, Yan LY, Jiang JH, Ma ZH (2008). "Biological control of aflatoxin contamination of crops". J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 9 (10 ... Although it is associated with many human foods (wheat, rice, corn, barley, oats, rye, and food colored with Monascus pigment) ... Do KH, An TJ, Oh SK, Moon Y (2015). "Nation-Based Occurrence and Endogenous Biological Reduction of Mycotoxins in Medicinal ... and the use of chemical or biological agents. Irradiation methods have proven to be effective treatment against mold growth and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycotoxin

Series B, Biological Sciences. 373 (1747): 4666-4684. doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0193. PMC 5904305. PMID 29632271. Garaizar A, ... Corneal lens formation and cataracts Other cytoplasmic inclusions such as pigment granules or cytoplasmic crystals Purinosomes ... WB Hardy linked formation of biological colloids with phase separation in his study of globulins, stating that: "The globulin ... The newly coined term "biomolecular condensate" refers to biological polymers (as opposed to synthetic polymers) that undergo ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolecular_condensate

Also biological pigment, chlorin-H3+, has a suitable bonding structure with the TiO2 electrode. Broad light absorption spectra ... and/or biological pigments (chlorophyll-a derivatives) to replace those expensive ruthenium (Ru) dyes in photoelectrochemical ... Also biological pigment, chlorin-H3+, has a suitable bonding structure with the TiO2 electrode. Broad light absorption spectra ... computational quantum chemistry, quantum dots, biological pigments Cite This Article. Hong, C., Chen, W. (2011). Computational ...

https://www.techscience.com/CMES/v72n3/25652

Phagocytosis-dependent ketogenesis in retinal pigment epithelium. Journal of Biological Chemistry. Vol. 292Issue 19p8038-8047 ... Daily, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) ingests a bolus of lipid and protein in the form of phagocytized photoreceptor ... 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a persistent environmental contaminant that induces diverse biological and toxic ...

https://www.jbc.org/Metabolism?startPage=&KeywordRaw=fatty%20acid

Pigments, Biological * Vaccinium macrocarpon * Vaccinium vitis-idaea Substances * Coumaric Acids * Hydroxybenzoates * Pigments ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15137861/

The biological half lives for the protein adducts were several times those reported for elimination of OT or its metabolites ... Pigments ... Biological-monitoring; Amines; In-vivo-study; Antioxidants; ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=ortho%2Dtoluidine&f1=%2A&Startyear=&Adv=0&terms=1&EndYear=&Limit=10000&sort=&D1=10&PageNo=1&RecNo=9&View=f&

D23 - Biological Factors. Pigments. Pigments, Biological. Toxins. Toxins, Biological. D27 - Chemical Actions and Uses. Dyes. ... G04 - Biological Phenomena, Cell Phenomena, and Immunity. Autophagocytosis. Autophagy. G05 - Genetic Processes. Dosage ...

https://decs.bvs.br/I/rep_i2006.htm

Biological Pigments for Radioprotection: A team from the Mediated Matter group is researching the synthesis of biological ... and launch loads on experiments ranging from self-assembling architecture to biological pigments. The payloads launched on the ... Such pigments can be fabricated for a variety of applications, creating a new class of materials and coatings that can protect ... This payload examines the growth and behavior of five pigment-producing microorganisms during a one-month stint on the ISS. ...

https://www.media.mit.edu/posts/five-mit-payloads-deployed-on-iss/

For animal skin pigmentation, see Biological pigment.. See also: Fitzpatrick scale and Race (human categorization) ... This explains the side-by-side residence of lightly pigmented and darkly pigmented peoples.[19] ... Jablonski, Nina G. (10 January 2014). Living Color: The Biological and Social Meaning of Skin Color. University of California ... "Journal of Biological Chemistry. 283 (9): 5486-95. doi:10.1074/jbc.M707521200. PMID 18166528.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_tone

The Biological Pigments in Plants Physiology (Articles) Arturo Solís Herrera Agricultural Sciences Vol.6 No.10，October 29, 2015 ...

https://scirp.org/journal/articles.aspx?searchCode=Mario+Arturo+Ruiz+Estrada&searchField=authors&page=1

Mitochondrial DNA Agricultural and Biological Sciences 66% * DNA Damage Agricultural and Biological Sciences 66% ... Wang, AL, Lukas, TJ, Yuan, M, Du, N, Tso, MO & Neufeld, AH 2009, Autophagy and exomoses in the aged retinal pigment epithelium ... Dive into the research topics of Autophagy and exomoses in the aged retinal pigment epithelium: Possible relevance to drusen ... T1 - Autophagy and exomoses in the aged retinal pigment epithelium. T2 - Possible relevance to drusen formation and age-related ...

https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/autophagy-and-exomoses-in-the-aged-retinal-pigment-epithelium-pos

Polymeric pigments produced by guided oxidation of peptide assemblies. Credit: Matej Vakula. Melanins are a group of biological ... Biological, Biomedical, Biomaterials , Electronics. Wearable tech can spot coronavirus symptoms before you even realize youre ... And because the colors can mimic real skin cells, they might be of interest for making cosmetic pigments. The team plans to ... Melanin is best known as the pigment that imparts color to hair, eyes, and skin. The biopolymer also has interesting optical, ...

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mrs-bulletin/news/synthetic-melanins-with-tunable-properties-developed

Conclusions: UVAC and red pigments are tightly bound to the cell wall and likely have a long-term protective role in Antarctic ... Although the identity of these red pigments remains unknown, our study demonstrates the importance of investigating cell wall ... seemed to enhance the incorporation of total UVAC including red pigments in the cell walls of all three Antarctic species ... Photoprotection enhanced by red cell wall pigments in three East Antarctic mosses. Biological Research, 51 49-1-49-13. ...

https://ro.uow.edu.au/smhpapers1/385/

Therefore, the differentiation of MSCs into retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in vitro and their subsequent ... Previous studies have shown that syntenin1 participates in multiple biological functions including receptor clustering, protein ... We observed that pigments were produced in iPSC-RPE cells, but not in iRPE cells and ARPE19 (Fig. 2A). Compared with iPSC-RPE ... Pigment generation, RPE-specific and EMT-associated markers in iPSC-RPE cells, iRPE cells, and ARPE19 cells were detected by A ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41419-022-05199-5?error=cookies_not_supported&code=b11dc825-6928-452c-80f4-a99b44f581cb

Purchase Liquid Chromatography of Natural Pigments and Synthetic Dyes, Volume 71 - 1st Edition. Print Book & E-Book. ISBN ... Besides their capacity for increasing the marketability of products, natural pigments have shown advantageous biological ... Both pigment classes exhibit considerable structural diversity. As the stability of the pigments against hydrolysis, oxidation ... Miscellaneous pigments 3. Liquid chromatography of synthetic dyes 3.1. Application of synthetic dyes 3.2. Toxicology of ...

https://www.elsevier.com/books/liquid-chromatography-of-natural-pigments-and-synthetic-dyes/cserhati/978-0-444-52222-1

By the by, no spectral shades and their biological significance in nature and biotechnological applications are not very much ... Citation: Tilly J. Environmental and biotechnological aspects of pigmented microbes: A way forward in development of food and ... Fossil colours and sedimentary shades are acquiring in biological and developmental significance to study natural and populace ... Environmental and biotechnological aspects of pigmented microbes: A way forward in development of food and pharmaceutical grade ...

https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/environmental-and-biotechnological-aspects-of-pigmented-microbes-away-forward-in-development-of-food-and-pharmaceutical-grade-pigm-21154.html

Many pigments and dyes absorb UV and change colour, so paintings and textiles may need extra protection both from sunlight and ... "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 364 (1531): 2941-2955. doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0044. ISSN ... BiologicalEdit. Some animals, including birds, reptiles, and insects such as bees, can see near-ultraviolet wavelengths. Many ... In biological research, UV radiation is used for quantification of nucleic acids or proteins. In environmental chemistry, UV ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_radiation

Pigments measured at station DI182_CL0106890905. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.198233, In: Lowry, Roy K; Machin, P ( ... Queens University Belfast School of Biological Science. Authorship was originally taken from the JGOFS CDs (Lowry & BODC) and ... Savidge, Graham (2004): Pigments measured at station DI182_CL0106890905. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.198233,. In: ...

https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.198233

Solano, F. Melanins: Skin Pigments and Much More-Types, Structural Models, Biological Functions, and Formation Routes. ... Lindsay-Mosher, N.; Pearson, B.J. The true colours of the flatworm: Mechanisms of pigment biosynthesis and pigment cell lineage ... Melanin is widespread in the animal kingdom, where it is involved in several important biological functions including ... As eumelanin represents the dark pigment in cephalopod ink [6] and in the black eye spots of platyhelminth species [67], DCTs ...

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/10/7/495

... and represents their biological functions and interplay. Components (neurons, retinal pigment epithelium [RPE], glia) may be ... produced separately or dissociated and recombined (1) if protocol addresses a significant biological or technical hurdle and (2 ...

https://www.nei.nih.gov/about/goals-and-accomplishments/nei-research-initiatives/3-d-retina-organoid-challenge-3-d-roc/2017-ideation-challenge

The internal reflectivity as well as drusen homogeneity might represent different biological conditions inside drusen. The ... Associations between retinal pigment epithelium and drusen volume changes during the lifecycle of large drusenoid pigment ... Impact of drusen and drusenoid retinal pigment epithelium elevation size and structure on the integrity of the retinal pigment ... Impact of drusen and drusenoid retinal pigment epithelium elevation size and structure on the integrity of the retinal pigment ...

https://bjo.bmj.com/content/103/2/227

Biological pigments. *Pigment cells. Is In SKOS Scheme: * http://id.worldcat.org/fast/ontology/1.0/#fast ... Pigments (Biology). Information about the Resource. Schema.org Name(s): Controlled Heading Identifier: * http://id.worldcat.org ...

http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1064003/

The Chromatophores and the Color Pigments in Fishes. Only biological pigments, or biochromes as they are also often called, can ... pigments of biological origin. They cannot utilize pigments of mineral origin, paints or dyes, and deposit them as functional ... origin pigments; and 3) synthetic pigments that are manufactured. In the color industry pigments usually consist of insoluble ... Dietary sources of biological pigments also play an essential role in determining skin color. In most ornamental fishes, color ...

https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/fa192

Agricultural and Biological Sciences. * Opsin 100% * Photosynthetic Pigment 40% * Proteins 40% * Amino Acid Substitution 40% ...

https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/molecular-adaptations-of-rod-opsins-in-deep-sea-fish/fingerprints/

Pigments, Biological [D23.767]. *Prodigiosin [D23.767.778]. Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is related to "Prodigiosin ... A toxic, bright red tripyrrole pigment from Serratia marcescens and others. It has antibacterial, anticoccidial, antimalarial, ...

https://profiles.umassmed.edu/display/112800

THE CARBON MONOXIDE-BINDING PIGMENT OF LIVER MICROSOMES. I. EVIDENCE FOR ITS HEMOPROTEIN NATURE.. *T. Omura, R. Sato ... which have led to postulate the hemoprotein nature of the pigment.. Expand. ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Microsomal-flavonoid-3

Biological Sciences in Space. Biological Sciences in Space (29) 1-7. Lizotte, P.-L., P. Savoie, M. Lefsrud, G. Allard. 2014. ... Biomass production and pigment accumulation in kale grown under different radiation cycles in a controlled environment. ... Biomass production and pigment accumulation in kale grown under increasing photoperiods. HortScience 41(3) 603-631. Lefsrud, M. ... Dietary intake and serum concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin, but not macular pigment optical density, are related in ...

https://www.mcgill.ca/biomass-production-lab/publications

Enzymes, pigments, and organic acids of microbial origin are common in the food industry. Demand for microbial products and ... Microbial products are of biological origin and are considered safe as compared to synthetic and chemical formulations. ... Chapter 7. Microbial Pigments as Potent Bicolor and Their Applications in Food Industries. (Ashwanti Devi, Vivek Singh Dahiya ... Also, microbial polysaccharides, organic acids, and pigments of microbial origin have been discussed. This book will provide ...

https://novapublishers.com/shop/microbial-enzymes-and-additives-for-the-food-industry/

PubChem provides information on the biological activities of over 90 million small molecules. It is the source of the physical ... Hi! Can I get a quote for a GreenScreen Assessment of C.I. Pigment Yellow 36 (primary CASRN is 37300-23-5) [57486-12-1]?. ... Is anyone else interested in sharing the cost of a GreenScreen assessment of C.I. Pigment Yellow 36 (primary CASRN is 37300-23- ... Share C.I. Pigment Yellow 36 (primary CASRN is 37300-23-5). × ... ALSO CALLED [37300-23-5] C.I. Pigment Yellow 36 View all ...

https://pharosproject.net/chemicals/2174406