Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment.
Coloration of the skin.
Insoluble polymers of TYROSINE derivatives found in and causing darkness in skin (SKIN PIGMENTATION), hair, and feathers providing protection against SUNBURN induced by SUNLIGHT. CAROTENES contribute yellow and red coloration.
Color of hair or fur.
Color of the iris.
Mammalian pigment cells that produce MELANINS, pigments found mainly in the EPIDERMIS, but also in the eyes and the hair, by a process called melanogenesis. Coloration can be altered by the number of melanocytes or the amount of pigment produced and stored in the organelles called MELANOSOMES. The large non-mammalian melanin-containing cells are called MELANOPHORES.
Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.
An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the reaction between L-tyrosine, L-dopa, and oxygen to yield L-dopa, dopaquinone, and water. It is a copper protein that acts also on catechols, catalyzing some of the same reactions as CATECHOL OXIDASE. EC 1.14.18.1.
Melanin-containing organelles found in melanocytes and melanophores.
A melanocortin receptor subtype found primarily in MELANOCYTES. It shows specificity for ALPHA-MSH and ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. Loss of function mutations of the type 1 melanocortin receptor account for the majority of red hair and fair skin recessive traits in human.
Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in PLANTS; ANIMALS or micro-organisms.
A secreted protein of approximately 131 amino acids (depending on species) that regulates the synthesis of eumelanin (brown/black) pigments in MELANOCYTES. Agouti protein antagonizes the signaling of MELANOCORTIN RECEPTORS and has wide distribution including ADIPOSE TISSUE; GONADS; and HEART. Its overexpression in agouti mice results in uniform yellow coat color, OBESITY, and metabolic defects similar to type II diabetes in humans.
Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease.
General term for a number of inherited defects of amino acid metabolism in which there is a deficiency or absence of pigment in the eyes, skin, or hair.
Heterogeneous group of autosomal recessive disorders comprising at least four recognized types, all having in common varying degrees of hypopigmentation of the skin, hair, and eyes. The two most common are the tyrosinase-positive and tyrosinase-negative types.
A group of FLAVONOIDS derived from FLAVONOLS, which lack the ketone oxygen at the 4-position. They are glycosylated versions of cyanidin, pelargonidin or delphinidin. The conjugated bonds result in blue, red, and purple colors in flowers of plants.
The large pigment cells of fish, amphibia, reptiles and many invertebrates which actively disperse and aggregate their pigment granules. These cells include MELANOPHORES, erythrophores, xanthophores, leucophores and iridiophores. (In algae, chromatophores refer to CHLOROPLASTS. In phototrophic bacteria chromatophores refer to membranous organelles (BACTERIAL CHROMATOPHORES).)
A condition caused by a deficiency or a loss of melanin pigmentation in the epidermis, also known as hypomelanosis. Hypopigmentation can be localized or generalized, and may result from genetic defects, trauma, inflammation, or infections.
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes.
A basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper transcription factor that regulates the CELL DIFFERENTIATION and development of a variety of cell types including MELANOCYTES; OSTEOCLASTS; and RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM. Mutations in MITF protein have been associated with OSTEOPETROSIS and WAARDENBURG SYNDROME.
Chromatophores (large pigment cells of fish, amphibia, reptiles and many invertebrates) which contain melanin. Short term color changes are brought about by an active redistribution of the melanophores pigment containing organelles (MELANOSOMES). Mammals do not have melanophores; however they have retained smaller pigment cells known as MELANOCYTES.
A family of G-protein-coupled receptors that have specificity for MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONES and ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. There are several subtypes of melanocortin receptors, each having a distinct ligand specificity profile and tissue localization.
That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants.
Irradiation directly from the sun.
The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.
Flat keratinous structures found on the skin surface of birds. Feathers are made partly of a hollow shaft fringed with barbs. They constitute the plumage.
The outer covering of the body that protects it from the environment. It is composed of the DERMIS and the EPIDERMIS.
Cell surface receptors that bind CORTICOTROPIN; (ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone) with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes. Pharmacology suggests there may be multiple ACTH receptors. An ACTH receptor has been cloned and belongs to a subfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors. In addition to the adrenal cortex, ACTH receptors are found in the brain and immune systems.
A filament-like structure consisting of a shaft which projects to the surface of the SKIN from a root which is softer than the shaft and lodges in the cavity of a HAIR FOLLICLE. It is found on most surfaces of the body.
Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates.
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)
A 13-amino acid peptide derived from proteolytic cleavage of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE, the N-terminal segment of ACTH. ACTH (1-13) is amidated at the C-terminal to form ACTH (1-13)NH2 which in turn is acetylated to form alpha-MSH in the secretory granules. Alpha-MSH stimulates the synthesis and distribution of MELANIN in MELANOCYTES in mammals and MELANOPHORES in lower vertebrates.
Albinism affecting the eye in which pigment of the hair and skin is normal or only slightly diluted. The classic type is X-linked (Nettleship-Falls), but an autosomal recessive form also exists. Ocular abnormalities may include reduced pigmentation of the iris, nystagmus, photophobia, strabismus, and decreased visual acuity.
The yellowish discoloration of connective tissue due to deposition of HOMOGENTISIC ACID (a brown-black pigment). This is due to defects in the metabolism of PHENYLALANINE and TYROSINE. Ochronosis occurs in ALKAPTONURIA, but has also been associated with exposure to certain chemicals (e.g., PHENOL, trinitrophenol, BENZENE DERIVATIVES).
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
Syndrome characterized by the triad of oculocutaneous albinism (ALBINISM, OCULOCUTANEOUS); PLATELET STORAGE POOL DEFICIENCY; and lysosomal accumulation of ceroid lipofuscin.
A hereditary disease caused by autosomal dominant mutations involving CHROMOSOME 19. It is characterized by the presence of INTESTINAL POLYPS, consistently in the JEJUNUM, and mucocutaneous pigmentation with MELANIN spots of the lips, buccal MUCOSA, and digits.
Diseases, dysfunctions, or disorders of or located in the iris.
An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the reaction between catechol and oxygen to yield benzoquinone and water. It is a complex of copper-containing proteins that acts also on a variety of substituted catechols. EC 1.10.3.1.
4-Methoxy-5-((5-methyl-4-pentyl-2H-pyrrol-2-ylidene)methyl)- 2,2'-bi-1H-pyrrole. A toxic, bright red tripyrrole pigment from Serratia marcescens and others. It has antibacterial, anticoccidial, antimalarial, and antifungal activities, but is used mainly as a biochemical tool.
A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.
The external, nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers of EPITHELIUM: (1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); (2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); (3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); (4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and (5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis).
A permanent ashen-gray discoloration of the skin, conjunctiva, and internal organs resulting from long-continued use of silver salts. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.
The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium.
The layer of pigment-containing epithelial cells in the RETINA; the CILIARY BODY; and the IRIS in the eye.
The visually perceived property of objects created by absorption or reflection of specific wavelengths of light.
A tube-like invagination of the EPIDERMIS from which the hair shaft develops and into which SEBACEOUS GLANDS open. The hair follicle is lined by a cellular inner and outer root sheath of epidermal origin and is invested with a fibrous sheath derived from the dermis. (Stedman, 26th ed) Follicles of very long hairs extend into the subcutaneous layer of tissue under the SKIN.
An inborn error of amino acid metabolism resulting from a defect in the enzyme HOMOGENTISATE 1,2-DIOXYGENASE, an enzyme involved in the breakdown of PHENYLALANINE and TYROSINE. It is characterized by accumulation of HOMOGENTISIC ACID in the urine, OCHRONOSIS in various tissues, and ARTHRITIS.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.
A plant genus of the family RANUNCULACEAE that contains aquiledine, isoaquiledine and cycloartane-type glycosides.
Enzymes of the isomerase class that catalyze the oxidation of one part of a molecule with a corresponding reduction of another part of the same molecule. They include enzymes converting aldoses to ketoses (ALDOSE-KETOSE ISOMERASES), enzymes shifting a carbon-carbon double bond (CARBON-CARBON DOUBLE BOND ISOMERASES), and enzymes transposing S-S bonds (SULFUR-SULFUR BOND ISOMERASES). (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 5.3.
The largest family of snakes, comprising five subfamilies: Colubrinae, Natricinae, Homalopsinae, Lycodontinae, and Xenodontinae. They show a great diversity of eating habits, some eating almost anything, others having a specialized diet. They can be oviparous, ovoviviparous, or viviparous. The majority of North American snakes are colubrines. Among the colubrids are king snakes, water moccasins, water snakes, and garter snakes. Some genera are poisonous. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, pp321-29)
Exposing oneself to SUNLIGHT or ULTRAVIOLET RAYS.
The general name for a group of fat-soluble pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. They are aliphatic hydrocarbons consisting of a polyisoprene backbone.
Peptides with the ability to stimulate pigmented cells MELANOCYTES in mammals and MELANOPHORES in lower vertebrates. By stimulating the synthesis and distribution of MELANIN in these pigmented cells, they increase coloration of skin and other tissue. MSHs, derived from pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), are produced by MELANOTROPHS in the INTERMEDIATE LOBE OF PITUITARY; CORTICOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY, and the hypothalamic neurons in the ARCUATE NUCLEUS OF HYPOTHALAMUS.
An unpigmented malignant melanoma. It is an anaplastic melanoma consisting of cells derived from melanoblasts but not forming melanin. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)
The functions of the skin in the human and animal body. It includes the pigmentation of the skin.
Substances used to obtain a lighter skin complexion or to treat HYPERPIGMENTATION disorders.
A melanosome-associated protein that plays a role in the maturation of the MELANOSOME.
Small circumscribed melanoses resembling, but differing histologically from, freckles. The concept includes senile lentigo ('liver spots') and nevoid lentigo (nevus spilus, lentigo simplex) and may also occur in association with multiple congenital defects or congenital syndromes (e.g., Peutz-Jeghers syndrome).
The organ of sight constituting a pair of globular organs made up of a three-layered roughly spherical structure specialized for receiving and responding to light.
A circumscribed stable malformation of the skin and occasionally of the oral mucosa, which is not due to external causes and therefore presumed to be of hereditary origin.
An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.
Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.
The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.
Autosomal dominant, congenital disorder characterized by localized hypomelanosis of the skin and hair. The most familiar feature is a white forelock presenting in 80 to 90 percent of the patients. The underlying defect is possibly related to the differentiation and migration of melanoblasts, as well as to defective development of the neural crest (neurocristopathy). Piebaldism may be closely related to WAARDENBURG SYNDROME.
Methods used to remove unwanted facial and body hair.
Common name for the order Pleuronectiformes. A very distinctive group in that during development they become asymmetrical, i.e., one eye migrates to lie adjacent to the other. They swim on the eyeless side. FLOUNDER, sole, and turbot, along with several others, are included in this order.
Light brown pigmented macules associated with NEUROFIBROMATOSIS and Albright's syndrome (see FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, POLYOSTOTIC).
Compounds containing dibenzo-1,4-thiazine. Some of them are neuroactive.
Rare, autosomal dominant disease with variable penetrance and several known clinical types. Characteristics may include depigmentation of the hair and skin, congenital deafness, heterochromia iridis, medial eyebrow hyperplasia, hypertrophy of the nasal root, and especially dystopia canthorum. The underlying cause may be defective development of the neural crest (neurocristopathy). Waardenburg's syndrome may be closely related to piebaldism. Klein-Waardenburg Syndrome refers to a disorder that also includes upper limb abnormalities.
A 21-amino acid peptide that circulates in the plasma, but its source is not known. Endothelin-3 has been found in high concentrations in the brain and may regulate important functions in neurons and astrocytes, such as proliferation and development. It also is found throughout the gastrointestinal tract and in the lung and kidney. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Diseases of the skin with a genetic component, usually the result of various inborn errors of metabolism.
Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell.
An inactive stage between the larval and adult stages in the life cycle of insects.
An exotic species of the family CYPRINIDAE, originally from Asia, that has been introduced in North America. They are used in embryological studies and to study the effects of certain chemicals on development.
A 30-kDa protein synthesized primarily in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND and the HYPOTHALAMUS. It is also found in the skin and other peripheral tissues. Depending on species and tissues, POMC is cleaved by PROHORMONE CONVERTASES yielding various active peptides including ACTH; BETA-LIPOTROPIN; ENDORPHINS; MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONES; and others (GAMMA-LPH; CORTICOTROPIN-LIKE INTERMEDIATE LOBE PEPTIDE; N-terminal peptide of POMC or NPP).
Analogs or derivatives of prostaglandins F that do not occur naturally in the body. They do not include the product of the chemical synthesis of hormonal PGF.
The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the RETINA and SCLERA.
Deliberate breeding of two different individuals that results in offspring that carry part of the genetic material of each parent. The parent organisms must be genetically compatible and may be from different varieties or closely related species.
A nonspecific term used to denote any cutaneous lesion or group of lesions, or eruptions of any type on the leg. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
Congenital or developmental anomaly in which the eyeballs are abnormally small.
A plant species of the family POACEAE. It is a tall grass grown for its EDIBLE GRAIN, corn, used as food and animal FODDER.
The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)
Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of molecules across a biological membrane. Included in this broad category are proteins involved in active transport (BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT, ACTIVE), facilitated transport and ION CHANNELS.
A nevus containing melanin. The term is usually restricted to nevocytic nevi (round or oval collections of melanin-containing nevus cells occurring at the dermoepidermal junction of the skin or in the dermis proper) or moles, but may be applied to other pigmented nevi.
A subclass of closely-related SOX transcription factors. Members of this subfamily have been implicated in regulating the differentiation of OLIGODENDROCYTES during neural crest formation and in CHONDROGENESIS.
The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.
A noninvasive technique that enables direct microscopic examination of the surface and architecture of the SKIN.
Experimentally induced tumor that produces MELANIN in animals to provide a model for studying human MELANOMA.
Membrane transporters that co-transport two or more dissimilar molecules in the opposite direction across a membrane. Usually the transport of one ion or molecule is against its electrochemical gradient and is "powered" by the movement of another ion or molecule with its electrochemical gradient.
A hematopoietic growth factor and the ligand of the cell surface c-kit protein (PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-KIT). It is expressed during embryogenesis and is a growth factor for a number of cell types including the MAST CELLS and the MELANOCYTES in addition to the HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS.
The etiologic agent of PLAGUE in man, rats, ground squirrels, and other rodents.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
A protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is specific for STEM CELL FACTOR. This interaction is crucial for the development of hematopoietic, gonadal, and pigment stem cells. Genetic mutations that disrupt the expression of PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-KIT are associated with PIEBALDISM, while overexpression or constitutive activation of the c-kit protein-tyrosine kinase is associated with tumorigenesis.
Synthetic material used for the treatment of burns and other conditions involving large-scale loss of skin. It often consists of an outer (epidermal) layer of silicone and an inner (dermal) layer of collagen and chondroitin 6-sulfate. The dermal layer elicits new growth and vascular invasion and the outer layer is later removed and replaced by a graft.
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
The functional hereditary units of PLANTS.
Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals.
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.
The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.
Pathological processes of the ADRENAL CORTEX.
Geological formations consisting of underground enclosures with access from the surface.
An individual in which both alleles at a given locus are identical.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.
Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.
A benign neoplasm derived from connective tissue, consisting chiefly of polyhedral and stellate cells that are loosely embedded in a soft mucoid matrix, thereby resembling primitive mesenchymal tissue. It occurs frequently intramuscularly where it may be mistaken for a sarcoma. It appears also in the jaws and the skin. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
A type I cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulatory subunit that plays a role in confering CYCLIC AMP activation of protein kinase activity. It has a lower affinity for cAMP than the CYCLIC-AMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE RIBETA SUBUNIT.
Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.
Changes in biological features that help an organism cope with its ENVIRONMENT. These changes include physiological (ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL), phenotypic and genetic changes.
A mitosporic Tremellales fungal genus whose species usually have a capsule and do not form pseudomycellium. Teleomorphs include Filobasidiella and Fidobasidium.
Granulomatous uveitis which follows in one eye after a penetrating injury to the other eye; the secondarily affected eye is called the sympathizing eye, and the injured eye is called the exciting or activating eye.
A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.
A hard or leathery calciferous exterior covering of an egg.
The two longitudinal ridges along the PRIMITIVE STREAK appearing near the end of GASTRULATION during development of nervous system (NEURULATION). The ridges are formed by folding of NEURAL PLATE. Between the ridges is a neural groove which deepens as the fold become elevated. When the folds meet at midline, the groove becomes a closed tube, the NEURAL TUBE.
That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.
Found in large amounts in the plasma and urine of patients with malignant melanoma. It is therefore used in the diagnosis of melanoma and for the detection of postoperative metastases. Cysteinyldopa is believed to be formed by the rapid enzymatic hydrolysis of 5-S-glutathionedopa found in melanin-producing cells.
The functional hereditary units of INSECTS.
A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.
A phylum of fungi which have cross-walls or septa in the mycelium. The perfect state is characterized by the formation of a saclike cell (ascus) containing ascospores. Most pathogenic fungi with a known perfect state belong to this phylum.
A nonimmunologic, chemically induced type of photosensitivity producing a sometimes vesiculating dermatitis. It results in hyperpigmentation and desquamation of the light-exposed areas of the skin.
Mutagenesis where the mutation is caused by the introduction of foreign DNA sequences into a gene or extragenic sequence. This may occur spontaneously in vivo or be experimentally induced in vivo or in vitro. Proviral DNA insertions into or adjacent to a cellular proto-oncogene can interrupt GENETIC TRANSLATION of the coding sequences or interfere with recognition of regulatory elements and cause unregulated expression of the proto-oncogene resulting in tumor formation.
Differential and non-random reproduction of different genotypes, operating to alter the gene frequencies within a population.
Surgical excision of the gingiva at the level of its attachment, thus creating new marginal gingiva. This procedure is used to eliminate gingival or periodontal pockets or to provide an approach for extensive surgical interventions, and to gain access necessary to remove calculus within the pocket. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619)
A species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus CHRONOBACTER, found in the environment and in foods.
A plant family of the order Myrtales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida that is a small family with a single genus.
Photosensitive protein complexes of varied light absorption properties which are expressed in the PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS. They are OPSINS conjugated with VITAMIN A-based chromophores. Chromophores capture photons of light, leading to the activation of opsins and a biochemical cascade that ultimately excites the photoreceptor cells.
Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.
Slender-bodies diurnal insects having large, broad wings often strikingly colored and patterned.
Reproductive bodies produced by fungi.
The occurrence in an individual of two or more cell populations of different chromosomal constitutions, derived from a single ZYGOTE, as opposed to CHIMERISM in which the different cell populations are derived from more than one zygote.

Effects of lithium on pigmentation in the embryonic zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio). (1/1835)

Pigment cell precursors of the embryonic zebrafish give rise to melanophores, xanthophores and/or iridophores. Cell signaling mechanisms related to the development of pigmentation remain obscure. In order to examine the mechanisms involved in pigment cell signaling, we treated zebrafish embryos with various activators and inhibitors of signaling pathways. Among those chemicals tested, LiCl and LiCl/forskolin had a stimulatory effect on pigmentation, most notable in the melanophore population. We propose that the inositol phosphate (IP) pathway, is involved in pigment pattern formation in zebrafish through its involvement in the: (1) differentiation/proliferation of melanophores; (2) dispersion of melanosomes; and/or (3) synthesis/deposition of melanin. To discern at what level pigmentation was being effected we: (1) counted the number of melanophores in control and experimental animals 5 days after treatment; (2) measured tyrosinase activity and melanin content; and (3) employed immunoblotting techniques with anti-tyrosine-related protein-2 and anti-melanocyte-specific gene-1 as melanophore-specific markers. Although gross pigmentation increased dramatically in LiCl- and LiCl/forskolin treated embryos, the effect on pigmentation was not due to an increase in the proliferation of melanophores, but was possibly through an increase in melanin synthesis and/or deposition. Collectively, results from these studies suggest the involvement of an IP-signaling pathway in the stimulation of pigmentation in embryonic zebrafish through the synthesis/deposition of melanin within the neural crest-derived melanophores.  (+info)

Flavin nucleotides in human lens: regional distribution in brunescent cataracts. (2/1835)

The biochemical mechanism(s) underlying brunescent cataracts remain unclear. Oxidative stress due to reactive oxygen species may have a role in the pigmentation process in eye lens. We have analysed human cataractous lenses for flavins by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), since flavins are light sensitive and act as endogenous sensitizers generating reactive oxygen species in the eye. The most significant observation in this study is that higher levels of flavin nucleotides occur in brown lens compared to yellow lens. The concentration of flavin nucleotides (flavin monouncleotide, FMN + flavin adenine dinucleotide, FAD) was highest in the nuclear region of the lens followed by the cortical and capsule-epithelial regions. However, the ratio of FAD/FMN was lowest in the nuclear region of the lens followed by other regions. On the other hand, riboflavin was not detected in any of the lens (cataractous) regions. These results suggest that the observed increase in flavin nucleotides in the ocular tissue could contribute towards deepening of lens pigmentation.  (+info)

Stripe formation in juvenile Pomacanthus explained by a generalized turing mechanism with chemotaxis. (3/1835)

Current interest in pattern formation can be traced to a seminal paper by Turing, who demonstrated that a system of reacting and diffusing chemicals, called morphogens, can interact so as to produce stable nonuniform concentration patterns in space. Recently, a Turing model has been suggested to explain the development of pigmentation patterns on species of growing angelfish such as Pomacanthus semicirculatus, which exhibit readily observed changes in the number, size, and orientation of colored stripes during development of juvenile and adult stages, but the model fails to predict key features of the observations on stripe formation. Here we develop a generalized Turing model incorporating cell growth and movement, we analyze the effects of these processes on patterning, and we demonstrate that the model can explain important features of pattern formation in a growing system such as Pomacanthus. The applicability of classical Turing models to biological pattern formation is limited by virtue of the sensitivity of patterns to model parameters, but here we show that the incorporation of growth results in robustly generated patterns without strict parameter control. In the model, chemotaxis in response to gradients in a morphogen distribution leads to aggregation of one type of pigment cell into a striped spatial pattern.  (+info)

Down-regulation of melanocortin receptor signaling mediated by the amino terminus of Agouti protein in Xenopus melanophores. (4/1835)

Agouti protein and Agouti-related protein (Agrp) regulate pigmentation and body weight, respectively, by antagonizing melanocortin receptor signaling. A carboxyl-terminal fragment of Agouti protein, Ser73-Cys131, is sufficient for melanocortin receptor antagonism, but Western blot analysis of skin extracts reveals that the electrophoretic mobility of native Agouti protein corresponds to the mature full-length form, His23-Cys131. To investigate the potential role of the amino-terminal residues, we compared the function of full-length and carboxyl-terminal fragments of Agrp and Agouti protein in a sensitive bioassay based on pigment dispersion in Xenopus melanophores. We find that carboxyl-terminal Agouti protein, and all forms of Agrp tested, act solely by competitive antagonism of melanocortin action. However, full-length Agouti protein acts by an additional mechanism that is time- and temperature-dependent, depresses maximal levels of pigment dispersion, and is therefore likely to be mediated by receptor down-regulation. Apparent down-regulation is not observed for a mixture of amino-terminal and carboxyl-terminal fragments. We propose that the phenotypic effects of Agouti in vivo represent a bipartite mechanism: competitive antagonism of agonist binding by the carboxyl-terminal portion of Agouti protein and down-regulation of melanocortin receptor signaling by an unknown mechanism that requires residues in the amino terminus of the Agouti protein.  (+info)

The permeability to cytochalasin B of the new unpigmented surface in the first cleavage furrow of the newt's egg. (5/1835)

Two of 10 mug/ml cytochalasin B (CB) caused retraction of the first cleavage furrow in Triturus eggs, a spreading of the unpigmented surface from the furrow region and a flattening of the whole egg. CB appears to act against the contractility of the microfilamentous band at mid-cleavage so as to relax the furrow and also to weaken unpigmented surface to allow the egg to flatten. Uncleaved eggs and the initial formation of the cleavage groove were unaffected by CB. A fully-retracted first cleavage furrow reformed itself on transfer of the egg to normal medium but only at the time of second cleavage. Initiation of second cleavage depended upon there being sufficient of the original pigmented surface on the animal hemisphere. Tritium-labelled CB of high specific activty was prepared and used to study its ability to penetrate the surface of newt eggs during cleavage. Scintillation couting of whole eggs showed that CB was not taken into the newt egg until mid-cleavage (about 17 min after the double stripe stage) when new surface began to spread in the cleavage furrow. Fixation in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide retained radioactivity in the egg, but more CB was retained after fixation in osmium tetroxide alone than after double fixation. Most of the retained radioactivity was in yolk platelets. Autoradiographs were prepared to sectioned eggs which had been fixed at late cleavage after [3H]CB had flattend the furrow. These showed that CB entered the egg through the unpigmented surface which formed in the furrow but it could not enter through the pigmented surface. The impermeability of the pigmented surface explains the observations that CB does not prevent initial furrowing at cleavage. Once inside the egg CB is transported slowly. CB penetrates to a limited extent beneath the pigmented surface from its border with the unpigmented surface in the first cleavage furrow and this seems insufficient in some circumstances to suppress the contractile phase of second cleavage.  (+info)

Deposition of [3H]cocaine, [3H]nicotine, and [3H]flunitrazepam in mouse hair melanosomes after systemic administration. (6/1835)

Microautoradiography was employed to show that association of drugs from the serum directly with forming hair pigment is a primary pathway of deposition into the hair. After systemic administration of [3H]flunitrazepam, [3H]nicotine, and [3H]cocaine, association of all three drugs with melanin in the forming hair was observed within minutes of dosage. Sebum was determined to be an insignificant deposition route for all three drugs. Pigmented mice had significantly higher concentrations of all three drugs than did nonpigmented mice. The results provide a better basis for ultimately using hair for reliable analysis of drug and environmental toxin exposure.  (+info)

Natural copepods are superior to enriched artemia nauplii as feed for halibut larvae (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) in terms of survival, pigmentation and retinal morphology: relation to dietary essential fatty acids. (7/1835)

Replicate groups of halibut larvae were fed to d 71 post-first feeding (PFF) either the marine copepod, Eurytemora velox, or Artemia nauplii doubly enriched with the marine chromist or golden algae, Schizochytrium sp., (Algamac 2000) and a commercial oil emulsion (SuperSelco). The fatty acid compositions of eyes, brains and livers from larvae fed the two diets were measured, and indices of growth, eye migration and skin pigmentation were recorded along with histological examinations of eye and liver. The docosahexaenoic acid [22:6(n-3); DHA]/eicosapentaenoic acid [20:5(n-3); EPA] ratios in Artemia nauplii enriched with the SuperSelco and Algamac 2000 were 0.4 and 1.0, respectively. The E. velox copepods were divided into two size ranges (125-250 and 250-400 microm) with the smaller size range containing the highest level of (n-3) highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA). The DHA/EPA ratios for the two size ranges of copepods were 2.0 and 0.9, respectively. The total lipids of eyes, brains and livers of larvae fed copepods had higher levels of DHA and lower levels of EPA than those of larvae fed enriched Artemia. The percentage of survival of the halibut larvae was significantly higher when copepods rather than enriched Artemia nauplii were fed, but larval specific growth rates did not differ. The indices of eye migration were high and not significantly different in larvae fed the two diets, but the percentage of larvae undergoing successful metamorphosis (complete eye migration and dorsal pigmentation) was higher in larvae fed copepods (40%) than in larvae fed enriched Artemia (4%). The rod/cone ratios in histological sections of the retina were 2.5 +/- 0.7 in larvae fed copepods and 1.3 +/- 0.6 in larvae fed enriched Artemia (P < 0.01). Histological examination of the livers and intestines of the larvae were consistent with better assimilation of lipid from copepods than lipid from Artemia nauplii up to 46 d post-first feeding. Thus, marine copepods are superior to enriched Artemia as food for halibut larvae in terms of survival, eye development and pigmentation, and this superiority can be related to the level of DHA in the feed.  (+info)

Notch-mediated segmentation and growth control of the Drosophila leg. (8/1835)

The possession of segmented appendages is a defining characteristic of the arthropods. By analyzing both loss-of-function and ectopic expression experiments, we show that the Notch signaling pathway plays a fundamental role in the segmentation and growth of the Drosophila leg. Local activation of Notch is necessary and sufficient to promote the formation of joints between segments. This segmentation process requires the participation of the Notch ligands, Serrate and Delta, as well as Fringe. These three proteins are each expressed in the developing leg and antennal imaginal discs in a segmentally repeated pattern that is regulated downstream of the action of Wingless and Decapentaplegic. Our studies further show that Notch activation is both necessary and sufficient to promote leg growth. We also identify target genes regulated both positively and negatively downstream of Notch signaling that are required for normal leg development. Together, these observations outline a regulatory hierarchy for the segmentation and growth of the leg. The Notch pathway is also deployed for segmentation during vertebrate somitogenesis, which raises the possibility of a common origin for the segmentation of these distinct tissues.  (+info)

There are several types of pigmentation disorders, including:

1. Vitiligo: A condition in which white patches develop on the skin due to the loss of melanin-producing cells.
2. Albinism: A rare genetic condition that results in a complete or partial absence of melanin production.
3. Melasma: A hormonal disorder that causes brown or gray patches to appear on the face, often in pregnant women or those taking hormone replacement therapy.
4. Post-inflammatory hypopigmentation (PIH): A condition where inflammation causes a loss of melanin-producing cells, leading to lighter skin tone.
5. Acne vulgaris: A common skin condition that can cause post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH), where dark spots remain after acne has healed.
6. Nevus of Ota: A benign growth that can cause depigmentation and appear as a light or dark spot on the skin.
7. Cafe-au-Lait spots: Flat, light brown patches that can occur anywhere on the body and are often associated with other conditions such as neurofibromatosis type 1.
8. Mongolian spots: Bluish-gray patches that occur in people with darker skin tones and fade with age.
9. Poikiloderma of Civatte: A condition that causes red, thin, and wrinkled skin, often with a pigmentary mottling appearance.
10. Pigmented purpuric dermatosis: A rare condition that causes reddish-brown spots on the skin, often associated with other conditions such as lupus or vasculitis.

Pigmentation disorders can be difficult to treat and may require a combination of topical and systemic therapies, including medications, laser therapy, and chemical peels. It's essential to consult with a dermatologist for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan.

There are several types of hyperpigmentation, including:

1. Melasma: A common form of hyperpigmentation that occurs in women, especially during pregnancy, and is characterized by dark patches on the face.
2. Post-inflammatory hypopigmentation (PIH): This type of hyperpigmentation occurs after an inflammatory condition such as acne, eczema, or a skin infection, and is characterized by lighter areas of skin.
3. Freckles: Small, dark spots that can occur anywhere on the body, but are more common in people with fair skin.
4. Age spots (liver spots): These are flat, brown spots that can occur due to aging and exposure to the sun.
5. Sun damage: Prolonged exposure to the sun can cause hyperpigmentation in the form of freckles, age spots, or uneven skin tone.

There are several treatment options for hyperpigmentation, including topical creams and laser therapy. These treatments can help to reduce the appearance of dark patches and improve the overall appearance of the skin. It is important to consult a dermatologist to determine the best course of treatment for your specific condition.

There are several types of melanosis, including:

1. Melasma: A common condition that causes brown or gray patches on the face, particularly on the cheeks, nose, and forehead. It is more common in women, especially during pregnancy, and can be triggered by hormonal changes or sun exposure.
2. Epidermal melanosis: A condition where there is an excessive production of melanin in the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. This can cause dark spots or patches on the skin.
3. Dermal melanosis: A condition where there is an excessive production of melanin in the dermis, the inner layer of the skin. This can cause darker skin tone and uneven pigmentation.
4. Hormonal melanosis: A condition where there is an increase in melanin production due to hormonal changes, such as during pregnancy or menopause.
5. Congenital melanosis: A condition where there is a present at birth and can be inherited from one's parents.
6. Acquired melanosis: A condition where the excessive production of melanin develops later in life, often due to exposure to UV radiation or certain medical conditions.

Melanosis can be diagnosed through a physical examination and skin biopsy. Treatment options vary depending on the type and severity of the condition, but may include topical creams, chemical peels, microdermabrasion, laser therapy, or surgery. It's important to consult a dermatologist for proper evaluation and treatment.

The most common symptoms of albinism include:

* Pale or white skin, hair, and eyes
* Sensitivity to the sun and risk of sunburn
* Poor vision, including nystagmus (involuntary eye movements) and photophobia (sensitivity to light)
* Increased risk of eye problems, such as strabismus (crossed eyes) and amblyopia (lazy eye)
* Increased risk of skin cancer and other skin problems
* Delayed development of motor skills and coordination
* Increased risk of infection and other health problems due to a weakened immune system

Albinism is caused by mutations in genes that code for enzymes involved in the production of melanin. These mutations can be inherited from one or both parents, or they can occur spontaneously. There is no cure for albinism, but there are treatments available to help manage some of the associated symptoms and vision problems.

Diagnosis of albinism is typically made based on a combination of physical examination, medical history, and genetic testing. Treatment may include sun protection measures, glasses or contact lenses to improve vision, and medication to manage eye problems. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to correct eye alignment or other physical abnormalities.

It's important for people with albinism to receive regular medical care and monitoring to ensure early detection and treatment of any associated health problems. With proper care and support, many people with albinism can lead normal, fulfilling lives.

The symptoms of oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) can vary in severity depending on the type of mutation and the extent of melanin reduction. Common symptoms include:

* Pale skin, hair, and eyes that are highly sensitive to the sun
* Vision problems such as nystagmus (involuntary eye movements), photophobia (sensitivity to light), and poor depth perception
* Increased risk of developing skin cancer due to lack of melanin
* Poor response to immunizations and increased risk of infections
* Delayed development of motor skills such as sitting, standing, and walking
* Delayed speech and language development
* Learning disabilities and intellectual disability in some cases

There is no cure for oculocutaneous albinism, but treatments can help manage the symptoms. These may include:

* Protective clothing and sunscreen to protect the skin from the sun's harmful rays
* Eyewear to correct vision problems
* Medication to reduce sensitivity to light and glare
* Regular check-ups with an ophthalmologist and dermatologist to monitor for signs of skin cancer and other complications
* Speech and language therapy to help with communication skills
* Physical therapy to improve motor skills and coordination
* Special education to address learning disabilities and intellectual disability

It is important for individuals with oculocutaneous albinism to receive early and accurate diagnosis, as well as ongoing medical care and support. With proper management, many individuals with this condition can lead fulfilling lives.

Hypopigmentation can be classified into two main types:

1. Localized hypopigmentation - This type of hypopigmentation occurs in a specific area of the body, such as vitiligo, where there is a loss of melanin-producing cells.
2. Widespread hypopigmentation - This type of hypopigmentation affects multiple areas of the body and can be caused by systemic conditions such as hypothyroidism or Addison's disease.

Some common causes of hypopigmentation include:

1. Vitiligo - An autoimmune condition that causes the loss of melanocytes in specific areas of the skin.
2. Alopecia areata - A condition where hair follicles are damaged or lost, leading to patchy hair loss.
3. Thyroid disorders - Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) can cause decreased melanin production, while hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) can cause increased melanin production.
4. Addison's disease - A rare endocrine disorder that affects the adrenal glands and can cause hypopigmentation.
5. Autoimmune conditions - Conditions such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis can cause inflammation that leads to hypopigmentation.
6. Trauma - Injury to the skin can cause hypopigmentation, especially if it involves the loss of melanocytes.
7. Infections - Certain infections such as tuberculosis or syphilis can cause hypopigmentation.
8. Nutritional deficiencies - Deficiencies in vitamins and minerals such as vitamin B12 or iron can affect melanin production.

Symptoms of hypopigmentation may include:

1. Lighter skin tone than usual
2. Patchy or uneven skin tone
3. Increased risk of sunburn and skin damage due to decreased melanin protection
4. Skin that appears thin and translucent
5. Freckles or other pigmentary changes
6. Hair loss or thinning
7. Nail abnormalities such as ridging or thinning
8. Increased sensitivity to the sun
9. Difficulty healing of wounds or injuries
10. Skin that is prone to irritation or inflammation.

Hypopigmentation can be diagnosed through a physical examination, and in some cases, additional tests such as blood work or biopsies may be necessary to rule out underlying conditions. Treatment for hypopigmentation depends on the underlying cause and may include topical creams or ointments, medications, or laser therapy. It is important to consult a dermatologist or other healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

There are several types of erythema, including:

1. Erythema migrans (Lyme disease): A rash that occurs due to an infection with the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi and is characterized by a red, expanding rash with a central clearing.
2. Erythema multiforme: A condition that causes small, flat or raised red lesions on the skin, often triggered by an allergic reaction to medication or infection.
3. Erythema nodosum: A condition that causes small, painful lumps under the skin, usually due to an allergic reaction to medication or infection.
4. Erythema infectiosum (Fifth disease): A viral infection that causes a red rash on the face, arms, and legs.
5. Erythema annulare centrifugum: A condition that causes a ring-shaped rash with raised borders, often seen in people with autoimmune disorders or taking certain medications.

Treatment for erythema depends on the underlying cause, and may include topical creams or ointments, oral medications, or antibiotics. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any unusual skin changes or symptoms, as some types of erythema can be a sign of a more serious underlying condition.

1. Onychomycosis: This is a fungal infection of the nail that can cause discoloration, thickening, and brittleness of the nails. It is more common in toenails than fingernails.
2. Paronychia: This is a bacterial or fungal infection of the skin around the nail that can cause redness, swelling, and pus.
3. Nail psoriasis: This is a chronic condition that causes redness, thickening, and pitting of the nails. It is often associated with psoriasis, an autoimmune disorder.
4. Nail trauma: This can occur due to injury or repetitive stress on the nail, such as from biting or picking at the nails.
5. Nail cancer: This is a rare condition that affects the skin underneath the nail and can cause thickening, discoloration, and bleeding.
6. Melanonychia: This is a condition where the nails become darkened due to an increase in melanin production. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including exposure to ultraviolet radiation, certain medications, and underlying medical conditions.
7. Nail fragility: This is a condition where the nails are weak and prone to breaking or splitting. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including nutritional deficiencies, systemic diseases, and trauma.
8. Nail abnormalities: These can occur due to a variety of factors, including genetics, infections, and certain medical conditions. Examples include clubbing of the nails, where the nails curve downward, and koilonychia, where the nails are thin and concave.

Nail diseases can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as nail scrapings, biopsies, or blood tests. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the condition and may involve topical or oral medications, changes to the diet or lifestyle, or surgery in severe cases. It is important to seek medical attention if you notice any changes or abnormalities in your nails, as early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

There are several types of melanoma, including:

1. Superficial spreading melanoma: This is the most common type of melanoma, accounting for about 70% of cases. It usually appears as a flat or slightly raised discolored patch on the skin.
2. Nodular melanoma: This type of melanoma is more aggressive and accounts for about 15% of cases. It typically appears as a raised bump on the skin, often with a darker color.
3. Acral lentiginous melanoma: This type of melanoma affects the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, or nail beds and accounts for about 5% of cases.
4. Lentigo maligna melanoma: This type of melanoma usually affects the face and is more common in older adults.

The risk factors for developing melanoma include:

1. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure from the sun or tanning beds
2. Fair skin, light hair, and light eyes
3. A history of sunburns
4. Weakened immune system
5. Family history of melanoma

The symptoms of melanoma can vary depending on the type and location of the cancer. Common symptoms include:

1. Changes in the size, shape, or color of a mole
2. A new mole or growth on the skin
3. A spot or sore that bleeds or crusts over
4. Itching or pain on the skin
5. Redness or swelling around a mole

If melanoma is suspected, a biopsy will be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment options for melanoma depend on the stage and location of the cancer and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these. Early detection and treatment are key to successful outcomes in melanoma cases.

In conclusion, melanoma is a type of skin cancer that can be deadly if not detected early. It is important to practice sun safety, perform regular self-exams, and seek medical attention if any suspicious changes are noticed on the skin. By being aware of the risk factors, symptoms, and treatment options for melanoma, individuals can take steps to protect themselves from this potentially deadly disease.

There are several types of ocular albinism, including:

1. Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) - This is the most common form of ocular albinism and affects both the eyes and skin. It is caused by mutations in the TYR gene, which codes for the enzyme tyrosinase, which is involved in the production of melanin.
2. Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) - This is a rare form of ocular albinism that affects both the eyes and platelets. It is caused by mutations in the HPS gene, which codes for the protein hermansky-pudlak syndrome, which is involved in the production of melanin.
3. Juvenile macular degeneration (JMD) - This is a rare form of ocular albinism that affects only the eyes and is caused by mutations in the RPE65 gene, which codes for the protein RPE65, which is involved in the production of melanin.

The symptoms of ocular albinism can vary depending on the type and severity of the condition, but they may include:

* Poor visual acuity (blurred vision)
* Sensitivity to light (photophobia)
* Difficulty seeing colors and fine details
* Eye movements that are slow or uncoordinated
* Increased risk of eye problems such as cataracts, glaucoma, and retinal detachment
* Skin that is pale or freckled

There is no cure for ocular albinism, but treatment options may include glasses or contact lenses to improve vision, medication to reduce the risk of eye problems, and surgery to correct eye alignment or remove cataracts. Early diagnosis and treatment can help manage the symptoms and prevent complications.

There is currently no cure for ochronosis, and treatment is primarily focused on managing symptoms and improving quality of life. This may include topical medications to lighten skin patches, laser therapy to remove dark spots, and eye drops to treat affected vision. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove thickened skin or repair affected tissues.

Ochronosis is a relatively rare condition, and there is ongoing research into its causes and potential treatments. Early diagnosis and management can help improve outcomes for individuals with this condition, and ongoing monitoring and support are important for maintaining quality of life.

The main symptoms of Hermanski-Pudlak syndrome include:

1. Vision loss: People with this condition often experience progressive vision loss, starting in childhood or adolescence, which can lead to blindness in early adulthood.
2. Skin abnormalities: The skin of people with Hermanski-Pudlak syndrome is typically pale and has a characteristic "marbled" appearance due to the presence of white patches.
3. Neurological problems: Some individuals with this condition may experience neurological symptoms such as seizures, learning disabilities, and difficulty with balance and coordination.
4. Hearing loss: Hearing loss is a common feature of Hermanski-Pudlak syndrome, and can range from mild to profound.
5. Other signs: People with this condition may also experience other symptoms such as hair loss, thinning or brittle nails, and an increased risk of infections.

Hermanski-Pudlak syndrome is a rare disorder, and the exact prevalence is not known. However, it is estimated to affect approximately 1 in 1 million people worldwide. The condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means that a person must inherit two copies of the mutated HPS gene (one from each parent) to develop the syndrome.

There is currently no cure for Hermanski-Pudlak syndrome, and treatment is focused on managing the symptoms. This can include medications to control seizures, physical therapy to improve balance and coordination, and assistive devices such as glasses or hearing aids to help with vision and hearing loss.

Overall, Hermanski-Pudlak syndrome is a rare and complex disorder that affects multiple systems in the body. While there is currently no cure, early diagnosis and ongoing management can help improve the quality of life for individuals affected by this condition.

The main features of PJS include:

* Multiple hamartomas in the gastrointestinal tract, which can lead to abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and rectal bleeding.
* Hamartomas in the lungs, which can cause coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.
* Hamartomas in the sex organs, which can lead to infertility, irregular menstrual cycles, and breast tumors.
* An increased risk of developing various types of cancer, including colon, lung, pancreatic, and breast cancer.
* A characteristic "speckled" appearance of the skin, caused by the accumulation of pigmented cells.

PJS is usually diagnosed in children or young adults, and it affects approximately 1 in 250,000 to 1 in 500,000 individuals worldwide. There is no cure for PJS, but regular monitoring and surveillance can help detect and treat hamartomas and cancerous lesions early on. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, depending on the location and severity of the tumors.

Example Sentences:

1. The patient was diagnosed with iris disease and was prescribed antibiotic eye drops to help clear up the infection.
2. The doctor suspected that the patient's blurred vision was caused by an iris disease, so he referred the patient to a specialist for further evaluation.
3. Although the symptoms of iris disease can be uncomfortable, most cases can be effectively treated with medication and proper care.

The exact cause of vitiligo is still unknown, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. In people with vitiligo, the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys melanocytes, leading to a loss of skin pigmentation. The disease can also be triggered by physical or emotional stress, sun exposure, and certain medications.

The symptoms of vitiligo can vary in severity and progression. They may include:

1. White patches on the skin, which can appear suddenly or gradually over time.
2. Loss of skin pigmentation in specific areas, such as the face, hands, or limbs.
3. Thinning or loss of hair on affected areas.
4. Premature whitening or graying of the hair.
5. Itching, pain, or sensitivity in the affected areas.
6. Emotional distress and reduced quality of life due to the visible appearance of the disease.

There is no cure for vitiligo, but various treatments can help manage the symptoms and slow down its progression. These may include:

1. Topical corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system.
2. Topical immunomodulators to suppress the immune system and promote skin repigmentation.
3. Narrowband ultraviolet B (UVB) phototherapy to slow down the progression of the disease and improve skin appearance.
4. Psoralen photochemotherapy to promote skin repigmentation and reduce inflammation.
5. Surgical skin grafting or blister grafting to cover small areas of depigmentation.
6. Camouflage makeup to cover the affected areas and improve self-esteem.

In addition to these treatments, it is essential for patients with vitiligo to protect their skin from the sun by using broad-spectrum sunscreens, wearing protective clothing, and seeking shade when the sun is strongest.

Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can help improve the quality of life for patients with vitiligo. However, the emotional and psychological impact of the disease should not be underestimated, and patients may require long-term support and counseling to cope with the challenges of living with this condition.

1. Gingivitis: An inflammation of the gums that can be caused by poor oral hygiene, smoking, or other factors. Gingivitis is often reversible with proper treatment.
2. Periodontitis: A more severe form of gingival disease that affects the bone and tissues supporting the teeth. Periodontitis can lead to tooth loss if left untreated.
3. Pyorrhea: An inflammatory condition characterized by the presence of pus in the gums and pockets between the teeth and gums. Pyorrhea is often a symptom of periodontitis.
4. Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG): A severe and painful form of gingival disease that can lead to tissue death and tooth loss if left untreated.
5. Desquamative gingivitis: A condition characterized by the thinning and shedding of the gums, often due to smoking or other systemic factors.
6. Necrotizing periodontal disease: A rare but severe form of periodontitis that can lead to tissue death and tooth loss.
7. Peri-implant diseases: Conditions that affect the tissues surrounding dental implants, including peri-implantitis and peri-implant mucositis.

Treatment for gingival diseases may include antibiotics, scaling and root planing, surgical intervention, and lifestyle changes such as improved oral hygiene and smoking cessation. It is important to seek professional dental care if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Argyria is caused by the deposition of silver or mercury particles in the skin, which can occur through occupational exposure, accidental ingestion, or injection of these metals. The condition is more common in people who work with silver or mercury, such as photographers, dentists, and artisans who use silver-based compounds.

The symptoms of argyria can vary in severity and may include:

* Bluish-gray discoloration of the skin, nails, and eyes
* Patchy or diffuse discoloration of the skin
* Changes in skin texture and thickness
* Difficulty with vision, including blurred vision, sensitivity to light, and double vision
* Nail abnormalities, such as thickening, brittleness, or discoloration
* Eye abnormalities, such as cataracts or glaucoma

There is no cure for argyria, but treatment options are available to help manage the symptoms. These may include:

* Topical medications to lighten skin pigmentation
* Chemical peels to remove discolored skin
* Laser therapy to reduce skin discoloration
* Phototherapy with ultraviolet light to increase collagen production and improve skin texture
* Surgery to remove affected skin or tissue

It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect that you have been exposed to silver or mercury compounds, as early diagnosis and treatment can help minimize the severity of the condition.

There are several types of skin neoplasms, including:

1. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC): This is the most common type of skin cancer, and it usually appears as a small, fleshy bump or a flat, scaly patch. BCC is highly treatable, but if left untreated, it can grow and invade surrounding tissue.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC): This type of skin cancer is less common than BCC but more aggressive. It typically appears as a firm, flat, or raised bump on sun-exposed areas. SCC can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.
3. Melanoma: This is the most serious type of skin cancer, accounting for only 1% of all skin neoplasms but responsible for the majority of skin cancer deaths. Melanoma can appear as a new or changing mole, and it's essential to recognize the ABCDE signs (Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter >6mm, Evolving size, shape, or color) to detect it early.
4. Sebaceous gland carcinoma: This rare type of skin cancer originates in the oil-producing glands of the skin and can appear as a firm, painless nodule on the forehead, nose, or other oily areas.
5. Merkel cell carcinoma: This is a rare and aggressive skin cancer that typically appears as a firm, shiny bump on the skin. It's more common in older adults and those with a history of sun exposure.
6. Cutaneous lymphoma: This type of cancer affects the immune system and can appear as a rash, nodules, or tumors on the skin.
7. Kaposi sarcoma: This is a rare type of skin cancer that affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS. It typically appears as a flat, red or purple lesion on the skin.

While skin cancers are generally curable when detected early, it's important to be aware of your skin and notice any changes or unusual spots, especially if you have a history of sun exposure or other risk factors. If you suspect anything suspicious, see a dermatologist for an evaluation and potential biopsy. Remember, prevention is key to avoiding the harmful effects of UV radiation and reducing your risk of developing skin cancer.

Word Origin: From the Greek "alkapton" meaning "darkening" and the suffix "-uria" indicating a condition characterized by excessive urine production.

Idioms and metaphors related to Melanoma, Amelanotic.

Melanoma, Amelanotic is a type of skin cancer that lacks pigmentation or coloration. It is a rare form of melanoma, accounting for only about 1-3% of all melanoma cases. The lack of pigmentation can make it difficult to diagnose, as it may not be visible on the surface of the skin. Amelanotic melanoma typically affects older individuals and is more common in men than women.

The prognosis for amelanotic melanoma is generally poorer than for other types of melanoma, as it is often diagnosed at a later stage. Treatment may involve surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy, depending on the stage and location of the cancer.

While amelanotic melanoma is rare, it is important to be aware of its symptoms and risk factors in order to seek medical attention if any are present. These may include:

* A flat, tan, or pink patch on the skin that does not go away or gets darker over time
* A raised, smooth, shiny bump on the skin that may be flesh-colored, pink, red, or purple
* Changes in the shape or size of a mole or other markings on the skin
* Pain or itching on the skin
* A scar or sore that does not heal

It is also important to practice sun safety and perform regular self-exams to reduce the risk of developing melanoma, as well as to be aware of one's own skin and any changes that may occur over time. Early detection and treatment are key in improving outcomes for amelanotic melanoma.

Also known as: solar lentigo, senile lentigo, and lentigo simplex.

Nevus (plural: nevi) is a term used in dermatology to describe a benign growth or mark on the skin that is not cancerous. Nevi are usually harmless and can appear as small, dark spots or patches, or as larger, more raised areas. They can be found anywhere on the body, but are most commonly seen on the face, neck, and arms.

There are several different types of nevi, including:

1. Congenital nevi: These are present at birth and are usually darker in color than other types of nevi.
2. Acquired nevi: These appear later in life and can be caused by a variety of factors, such as sun exposure or hormonal changes.
3. Dermal nevi: These grow in the skin's dermis layer and can be soft and flat or raised and bumpy.
4. Pigmented nevi: These contain pigment cells called melanocytes and are usually darker in color than other types of nevi.
5. Plexiform nevi: These are made up of a network of tiny blood vessels and can be larger and more raised than other types of nevi.

While most nevi are benign, it is important to have any new or changing spots or marks on the skin evaluated by a dermatologist to rule out the possibility of skin cancer.

Sunburn can cause damage to the skin cells, leading to premature aging and an increased risk of skin cancer. The severity of a sunburn depends on factors such as the intensity of UV radiation, the duration of exposure, and the individual's skin type and sensitivity.

There are three types of sunburn:

1. First-degree sunburn: This is the mildest form of sunburn and affects only the outer layer of the skin. It is characterized by redness, but not blistering.
2. Second-degree sunburn: This type of sunburn affects both the inner and outer layers of the skin and can cause blisters to form.
3. Third-degree sunburn: This is the most severe form of sunburn and can cause deep, painful blisters and scarring.

Symptoms of sunburn can include:

* Redness and inflammation in the affected area
* Pain or discomfort
* Blistering or peeling of the skin
* Swelling or itching
* Fever or chills

Treatment for sunburn typically involves self-care measures such as applying moisturizers, cool compresses, and avoiding further sun exposure. In severe cases, medical attention may be required to manage complications such as infection or dehydration. Prevention is key to avoiding sunburn, and this includes seeking shade, wearing protective clothing and eyewear, and using sunscreen with a Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of at least 30.

Piebaldism can occur as an isolate or as part of a syndrome, such as Waardenburg syndrome or oculocutaneous albinism (OCA). It is estimated to affect approximately 1 in 36,000 to 1 in 50,000 individuals worldwide.

The symptoms of piebaldism can vary depending on the severity of the condition and may include:

* White patches on the skin and hair
* Vision problems, such as nystagmus (involuntary eye movements) and photophobia (sensitivity to light)
* Hearing loss
* Increased risk of skin cancer

There is no cure for piebaldism, but treatments are available to manage the associated symptoms. These may include:

* Eye glasses or contact lenses to correct vision problems
* Sunscreen and protective clothing to prevent skin cancer
* Hearing aids or cochlear implants to improve hearing
* Medication to treat nystagmus

It's important to note that piebaldism is a benign condition and does not affect the underlying health of the individual. However, it can have a significant impact on the person's quality of life, particularly if associated with vision or hearing problems.

Cafe-au-Lait Spots are usually diagnosed based on their appearance and do not require any specific tests. However, if the spots are suspected to be a sign of an underlying medical condition, further evaluations such as blood tests or imaging studies may be ordered to rule out other conditions.

There is no specific treatment for Cafe-au-Lait Spots, as they are harmless and do not pose any health risks. However, if the spots are causing cosmetic concerns or are associated with other symptoms, treatment options such as topical medications, laser therapy, or surgery may be considered.

It is important to note that Cafe-au-Lait Spots can sometimes be a sign of an underlying genetic condition, such as neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), so if you or your child has multiple spots, it is recommended to consult with a dermatologist or other healthcare professional for proper evaluation and advice.

There are four types of Waardenburg Syndrome:

Type 1: This is the mildest form of the disorder and is characterized by subtle changes in skin and hair pigmentation and slight hearing loss. Individuals with this type typically have blue or grey eyes and a small amount of white hair.

Type 2: This type is more severe than Type 1 and is characterized by more pronounced pigmentation abnormalities, such as white patches on the skin and hair, as well as significant hearing loss. Individuals with this type often have intense blue or grey eyes and may experience developmental delays.

Type 3: This type is also severe and is characterized by a range of physical symptoms including hearing loss, pigmentation abnormalities, and skeletal deformities such as short stature or joint contractures. Individuals with this type often have unique facial features, such as a broad forehead, narrow eyes, and a long nose.

Type 4: This is the most severe form of Waardenburg syndrome and is characterized by profound hearing loss, significant pigmentation abnormalities, and multiple congenital anomalies such as heart defects or digestive system problems. Individuals with this type often have a short life expectancy and may require extensive medical care throughout their lives.

Inheritance Pattern: Waardenburg syndrome is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, meaning that a single copy of the mutated gene is enough to cause the condition. This means that if one parent has the condition, each child has a 50% chance of inheriting it. However, some forms of the condition may be more severe than others and may require specialized medical care.

Treatment and Management: There is no cure for Waardenburg syndrome, but various treatments can help manage its symptoms. Hearing aids or cochlear implants can help improve hearing, while surgery or physical therapy can help correct skeletal deformities. Regular monitoring by a medical professional is also important to ensure that any related health issues are addressed promptly.

In conclusion, Waardenburg syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects the development of pigmentation and hearing in individuals. It can range from mild to severe forms, each with distinct physical characteristics and medical needs. With proper management and care, individuals with Waardenburg syndrome can lead fulfilling lives despite the challenges posed by this condition.



1. Epidermolysis bullosa (EB): A group of rare genetic disorders that affect the skin and mucous membranes, causing blisters and sores to form easily.
2. Ichthyosis: A group of genetic disorders that cause dry, thickened skin and scales to form.
3. Netherton syndrome: A rare genetic disorder that causes a combination of skin symptoms, including thinning of the skin, increased risk of infections, and difficulty healing wounds.
4. Pyoderma gangrenosum: A rare genetic disorder that causes painful, ulcerating sores on the skin.
5. X-linked dystonia-Episodes Myoclonus (XLDE): A rare genetic disorder that causes muscle spasms and movement problems, as well as skin symptoms such as thickened skin and difficulty swallowing.
6. Neurofibromatosis type 1: A genetic disorder that causes tumors to grow on nerve tissue, which can also affect the skin and cause symptoms such as freckling and skin thickening.
7. Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC): A rare genetic disorder that causes non-cancerous growths (tumors) to form in organs such as the brain, heart, kidneys, and skin.
8. Vitiligo: An autoimmune disorder that causes the loss of pigment-producing cells (melanocytes) in the skin, leading to white patches.
9. Alopecia areata: An autoimmune disorder that causes hair loss, often starting with small patches on the scalp or face.

These are just a few examples of genetic skin diseases, and there are many more that can affect the skin in different ways. Treatment for these conditions varies depending on the specific diagnosis and severity of symptoms, but may include medications, lifestyle changes, or surgery to remove growths or improve appearance.

1. Atopic dermatitis: A chronic skin condition characterized by dry, itchy, and inflamed skin.
2. Psoriasis: A chronic autoimmune condition that causes red, scaly patches on the skin.
3. Eczema: A general term for various types of skin conditions that cause dryness, itching, and inflammation.
4. Cellulitis: A bacterial infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissues that can cause swelling, redness, and warmth.
5. Lymphedema: A condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the soft tissues, leading to swelling and discomfort.
6. Varicose veins: Enlarged and twisted veins that can cause aching, cramping, and skin changes such as darkening or thickening.
7. Keratosis pilaris: A condition characterized by the buildup of keratin on the skin, causing small bumps and rough texture.
8. Vitiligo: A condition that causes the loss of melanin-producing cells, leading to white patches on the skin.
9. Necrobiosis lipoidica: A condition characterized by the formation of yellowish, soft, and tender nodules on the skin.
10. Pyoderma gangrenosum: A condition characterized by the development of large, painful ulcers on the skin.

Leg dermatoses can cause significant discomfort, pain, and embarrassment, and may have a negative impact on an individual's quality of life. Treatment options vary depending on the specific condition and its underlying causes, and may include topical medications, oral medications, light therapy, and lifestyle changes. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as early diagnosis and treatment can help to prevent complications and improve outcomes.

The symptoms of microphthalmos may include:

* Small eyes with reduced visual acuity
* Difficulty with depth perception and peripheral vision
* Squinting or crossing of the eyes (strabismus)
* Poor eye movement
* Increased sensitivity to light (photophobia)
* Reduced pupillary reflexes

The causes of microphthalmos can include:

* Genetic mutations or chromosomal abnormalities
* Infections such as rubella, syphilis, or toxoplasmosis during pregnancy
* Maternal exposure to certain medications or chemicals during pregnancy
* Trauma or injury to the eye during fetal development
* Tumors or cysts in the eye or surrounding tissues

Diagnosis of microphthalmos typically involves a comprehensive eye exam, including measurements of the eye's size and visual acuity. Imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI may also be used to evaluate the structure of the eye and surrounding tissues.

Treatment for microphthalmos depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, corrective glasses or contact lenses may be sufficient to improve vision. Surgery may be necessary in more severe cases to realign the eyes or remove tumors or cysts. In cases where the microphthalmos is due to a genetic mutation, there may be no effective treatment other than managing the symptoms.

Example sentence:

The baby was born with a large nevus pigmentosus on his forehead, which later faded somewhat but still remained visible throughout childhood.

Source:

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2015). Nevi (Moles) and Melanoma. Retrieved from

2. Our research focuses on identifying the genetic mutations that contribute to experimental melanoma and developing targeted therapies.
3. The patient's experimental melanoma had spread to her lungs and liver, so we recommended chemotherapy and immunotherapy treatments.

The adrenal cortex is a layer of tissue that surrounds the adrenal gland and produces steroid hormones, such as cortisol and aldosterone. Adrenal cortex diseases are conditions that affect the adrenal cortex and disrupt the normal production of these hormones.

Types of Adrenal Cortex Diseases:

1. Cushing's Syndrome: This is a condition caused by an excess of cortisol in the body, often due to a tumor on the adrenal gland. Symptoms include weight gain, high blood pressure, and diabetes.
2. Addison's Disease: This is a condition where the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol and aldosterone, often due to an autoimmune disorder or injury to the glands. Symptoms include fatigue, weight loss, and low blood pressure.
3. Adrenal Insuficiency: This is a condition where the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol and aldosterone, often due to a genetic disorder or injury to the glands. Symptoms include fatigue, weight loss, and low blood pressure.
4. Adrenal Hyperplasia: This is a condition where the adrenal glands produce too much cortisol, often due to a genetic disorder. Symptoms include high blood pressure, obesity, and diabetes.
5. Adrenocortical Carcinoma: This is a rare type of cancer that affects the adrenal cortex. Symptoms include weight loss, high blood pressure, and abdominal pain.

Treatment Options for Adrenal Cortex Diseases:

1. Medications: Depending on the specific condition, medications such as steroids, anti-inflammatory drugs, or hormone replacement therapy may be prescribed to manage symptoms.
2. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove a tumor or affected tissue.
3. Lifestyle Changes: Patients with adrenal cortex diseases may need to make lifestyle changes such as reducing stress, losing weight, and increasing physical activity.
4. Hormone Replacement Therapy: This is often necessary in cases where the adrenal glands are not producing enough hormones.
5. Radiation Therapy: This is a treatment option for patients with adrenocortical carcinoma.

Prognosis for Adrenal Cortex Diseases:

The prognosis for adrenal cortex diseases varies depending on the specific condition and the severity of symptoms. In general, early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes. However, some conditions such as adrenocortical carcinoma can be difficult to treat and may have a poor prognosis.

Complications of Adrenal Cortex Diseases:

1. High Blood Pressure: Many adrenal cortex diseases can cause high blood pressure, which can lead to complications such as heart disease and stroke.
2. Hormonal Imbalances: Adrenal cortex diseases can disrupt the balance of hormones in the body, leading to a range of symptoms and complications.
3. Weight Gain or Loss: Some adrenal cortex diseases can cause weight gain or loss, which can lead to other health problems such as joint pain and decreased mobility.
4. Fatigue and Weakness: Adrenal cortex diseases can cause fatigue and weakness, making it difficult to perform daily activities.
5. Depression and Anxiety: Hormonal imbalances and other symptoms of adrenal cortex diseases can lead to depression and anxiety.
6. Increased Risk of Infections: Adrenal insufficiency can increase the risk of infections such as pneumonia and meningitis.
7. Decreased Immune Function: Hormonal imbalances can weaken the immune system, making it more difficult to fight off infections.
8. Adrenal Crisis: In rare cases, adrenal cortex diseases can lead to an adrenal crisis, which is a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention.

Prevention of Adrenal Cortex Diseases:

While some adrenal cortex diseases may be genetic and unavoidable, there are steps you can take to prevent or manage the symptoms. Here are some ways to prevent adrenal cortex diseases:

1. Maintain a Balanced Diet: Eating a balanced diet that includes essential nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, and protein can help maintain healthy adrenal function.

2. Reduce Stress: High levels of stress can disrupt hormone production in the adrenal glands. Practicing stress-reducing techniques such as meditation, yoga, or deep breathing exercises can help manage stress.

3. Get Enough Sleep: Getting enough sleep is essential for maintaining healthy adrenal function. Aim for 7-8 hours of sleep per night.

4. Stay Hydrated: Drinking enough water throughout the day can help prevent dehydration, which can affect adrenal function.

5. Exercise Regularly: Regular exercise can help improve adrenal function and overall health. Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per day.

6. Avoid Toxins: Exposure to toxins such as pesticides, heavy metals, and pollution can damage the adrenal glands. Avoiding these toxins by using non-toxic household cleaners, personal care products, and avoiding exposure to pollution can help prevent adrenal cortex diseases.

7. Manage Medications: Certain medications such as corticosteroids can disrupt the normal function of the adrenal glands. Monitoring and managing medications with your healthcare provider can help prevent adrenal cortex diseases.

8. Get Regular Check-Ups: Regular check-ups with your healthcare provider can help identify any potential issues before they become serious.

While some adrenal cortex diseases may be unavoidable, taking these steps can help prevent or manage symptoms and maintain overall health. If you experience any symptoms of adrenal cortex disease, it's essential to seek medical attention from a qualified healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Myxomas are usually slow-growing and may not cause any symptoms until they reach a significant size. They can be painful and tender to the touch, and may be associated with swelling and redness in the affected area.

There are several types of myxoma, including:

1. Cutaneous myxoma: This type of myxoma occurs in the skin and is usually seen on the arms, legs, or trunk. It is a small, firm nodule that may be painful to the touch.
2. Subcutaneous myxoma: This type of myxoma occurs just beneath the skin and can cause swelling and bruising in the affected area.
3. Soft tissue myxoma: This type of myxoma occurs in the soft tissues of the body, such as muscles, tendons, and ligaments. It is usually painless and may not cause any symptoms until it reaches a significant size.
4. Intestinal myxoma: This type of myxoma occurs in the intestines and is rare. It can cause abdominal pain, bleeding, and other gastrointestinal symptoms.

Myxomas are usually diagnosed by a biopsy, which involves taking a sample of the tumor tissue and examining it under a microscope. Treatment for myxoma typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, and in some cases, radiation therapy may be recommended to prevent recurrence.

In summary, myxoma is a rare benign tumor that can occur anywhere in the body where there is connective tissue. It is usually slow-growing and may not cause any symptoms until it reaches a significant size. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the tumor and, in some cases, radiation therapy to prevent recurrence.

Symptoms include redness, swelling, discharge, pain, and sensitivity to light. Treatment includes antibiotics for bacterial infections and anti-inflammatory medication for viral infections. If the condition is caused by a sexually transmitted disease (STD), treatment may include antiviral medication.

Also known as: Ophthalmia Neonatorum, Sympathetic.

Here are some common types of conjunctival diseases:

1. Conjunctivitis: This is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, often caused by a virus or bacteria. It can be highly contagious and can cause symptoms such as redness, itching, and discharge.
2. Pink eye: This is a common term for conjunctivitis that is caused by a virus or bacteria. It can be highly contagious and can cause symptoms such as redness, itching, and discharge.
3. Dry eye syndrome: This is a condition where the eyes do not produce enough tears, leading to dryness, itching, and irritation.
4. Allergic conjunctivitis: This is an inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by an allergic reaction to pollen, dust, or other substances. It can cause symptoms such as redness, itching, and tearing.
5. Contact lens-related conjunctivitis: This is an inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by wearing contact lenses that are not properly cleaned and maintained. It can cause symptoms such as redness, itching, and discharge.
6. Trachoma: This is a bacterial infection of the conjunctiva that is common in developing countries. It can cause symptoms such as redness, itching, and scarring.
7. Blepharitis: This is an inflammation of the eyelids and conjunctiva caused by poor eyelid hygiene or a bacterial infection. It can cause symptoms such as redness, itching, and tearing.
8. Meibomian gland dysfunction: This is a condition where the meibomian glands in the eyelids do not function properly, leading to dryness, itching, and irritation of the eyes.
9. Pink eye (viral conjunctivitis): This is an infection of the conjunctiva caused by a virus, such as the common cold or flu. It can cause symptoms such as redness, itching, and discharge.
10. Chlamydial conjunctivitis: This is an infection of the conjunctiva caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis. It can cause symptoms such as redness, itching, and discharge.

It's important to note that while these conditions may have similar symptoms, they require different treatments and diagnoses. If you suspect you have conjunctivitis or any other eye condition, it's important to consult an eye doctor for proper diagnosis and treatment.

The symptoms of phototoxic dermatitis can vary depending on the individual and the trigger substance, but may include:

* Redness and inflammation of the skin
* Itching or burning sensation on the skin
* Small blisters or hives on the skin
* Swelling and pain in the affected area

The diagnosis of phototoxic dermatitis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and patch testing. Patch testing involves applying small amounts of suspected allergens to the skin and observing the reaction over time.

Treatment for phototoxic dermatitis may involve avoiding exposure to the trigger substance, using topical or oral medications to reduce inflammation and itching, and protecting the skin from further sun exposure. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Prevention of phototoxic dermatitis involves avoiding exposure to substances that may trigger an allergic reaction, wearing protective clothing and sunscreen when outdoors, and using gentle, fragrance-free products on the skin. If a reaction occurs, it is important to seek medical attention promptly to prevent further complications.

Some common types of skin diseases include:

1. Acne: a condition characterized by oil clogged pores, pimples, and other blemishes on the skin.
2. Eczema: a chronic inflammatory skin condition that causes dry, itchy, and scaly patches on the skin.
3. Psoriasis: a chronic autoimmune skin condition characterized by red, scaly patches on the skin.
4. Dermatitis: a term used to describe inflammation of the skin, often caused by allergies or irritants.
5. Skin cancer: a type of cancer that affects the skin cells, often caused by exposure to UV radiation from the sun or tanning beds.
6. Melanoma: the most serious type of skin cancer, characterized by a mole that changes in size, shape, or color.
7. Vitiligo: a condition in which white patches develop on the skin due to the loss of pigment-producing cells.
8. Alopecia: a condition characterized by hair loss, often caused by autoimmune disorders or genetics.
9. Nail diseases: conditions that affect the nails, such as fungal infections, brittleness, and thickening.
10. Mucous membrane diseases: conditions that affect the mucous membranes, such as ulcers, inflammation, and cancer.

Skin diseases can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as biopsies or blood tests. Treatment options vary depending on the specific condition and may include topical creams or ointments, oral medications, light therapy, or surgery.

Preventive measures to reduce the risk of skin diseases include protecting the skin from UV radiation, using sunscreen, wearing protective clothing, and avoiding exposure to known allergens or irritants. Early detection and treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes for many skin conditions.

... or areolar pigmentation is pigmentation (darkening) of the nipple or areola. It is dose-dependently induced ...
... affects about 3% of the population and is most likely seen in those with dark skin; however people with light ... The patterns of pigmentation are very similar to those with Addison's. The management of these depend on the severity and can ... Oral pigmentation is asymptomatic and does not usually cause any alteration to the texture or thickness of the affected area. ... Oral pigmentation is found in the following places: Lower vermillion border (the exposed pink or reddish margin of a lip) ...
... s are disturbances of human skin color. There may be a loss or reduction, which may be related to loss of ... Most pigmentation disorders involve the underproduction or overproduction of melanin. James, William D.; Elston, Dirk; Treat, ... Disturbances of pigmentation". Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology (13th ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier. pp. 862-880 ... ISBN 978-0-323-54753-6. "MedlinePlus: Skin Pigmentation Disorders". "Introduction: Pigment Disorders: Merck Manual Home Edition ...
... or pigmentation, of the skin. Drug-induced pigmentation of the skin may occur as a consequence of drug administration, and the ... Drug induced pigmentation may take on many different appearances, one of the most common being a change in the color, ... Drug-Induced Skin Pigmentation: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment. American Journal of Clinical Dermotology, 2(4), 253-262 ...
... is a skin condition developing in young persons, with an average age of 11, ...
Plasticity of abdominal pigmentation is likely to have functional consequences as abdominal pigmentation has been linked to ... Abdominal pigmentation is also associated to resistance to desiccation. Abdominal pigmentation differs between males and ... ectopic pigmentation Saleh Ziabari O, Shingleton AW (June 2017). "Quantifying Abdominal Pigmentation in Drosophila melanogaster ... However, careful examination revealed that this ectopic pigmentation was not as dark as the normal pigmentation in the ...
However, some people with vitiligo may not see any changes to skin or re-pigmentation occurring. A serious potential side ... The loss of skin pigmentation is particularly noticeable around body orifices, such as the mouth, eyes, nostrils, genitalia and ... James, William Daniel; Berger, Timothy G.; Elston, Dirk M. (2015). "Disturbances of Pigmentation". Andrews' Diseases of the ... and changes to pigmentation of the skin. Classification attempts to quantify vitiligo have been analyzed as being somewhat ...
Solomon, S.E. (1987). "Egg shell pigmentation". In Egg Quality : Current Problems and Recent Advances (eds R.G. Wells & C.G. ... To understand the functional significance of eggshell spotting (or maculation) it is important to quantify this pigmentation ... suggesting the gene responsible for pigmentation is on the female-specific W chromosome (female birds are WZ, males are ZZ). ...
Solomon, S.E. (1987). Egg shell pigmentation. In Egg Quality: Current Problems and Recent Advances (eds R.G. Wells & C.G. ... suggesting that the gene responsible for pigmentation is on the sex-determining W chromosome (female birds are WZ, males ZZ). ...
Winner of a top award in pigmentation sciences awarded by Asian Society for Pigmentation Research (John Pawelek Lecturership) ... "Hair Follicle Pigmentation". "Upregulation of the melanin content of the skin". "The Fate of Hair Follicle Melanocytes During ... Tobin, D. J. (2009). "Aging of the Hair Follicle Pigmentation System". International Journal of Trichology. 1 (2): 83-93. doi: ... These latter findings were translated in product development for pigmentation spots and potentially also melasma. Via ...
"Common pigmentation disorders". American Family Physician. 79 (2): 109-16. PMID 19178061. "coast of Maine spots - General ...
No distinct pigmentation pattern. Prostomium anterior margin comprising a pair of acute anterior projections. Lateral antennae ...
No distinct pigmentation pattern. Anterior margin of prostomium with an acute anterior projection. Lateral antennae inserted ...
Disturbances of pigmentation". Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology (13th ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier. pp. 870-871 ... Disturbances of human pigmentation, All stub articles, Cutaneous condition stubs). ...
Elytra 15 pairs (presumably). No distinct pigmentation pattern. Anterior margin of prostomium rounded. Lateral antennae ...
Signs include: abnormal behaviour like lethargy, anorexia, spiral swimming; and change in pigmentation. Mortalities of affected ...
They are 1-2 millimeters in length, have dispersed pigmentation, shortened limbs, and a reduced number of ocelli. Euedaphic ... They are smaller than hemiedaphic species; have soft, elongated bodies; lack pigmentation and ocelli; and have reduced or ...
The Fitzpatrick scale remains a recognized tool for dermatological research into human skin pigmentation. The following list ... "Sunlight and melanin pigmentation". In Smith, K. C. (ed.): Photochemical and photobiological reviews, Plenum Press, New York. ...
No distinct pigmentation pattern. prostomium anterior margin comprising two rounded lobes. Lateral antennae inserted ventrally ...
No distinct pigmentation pattern. Prostomium anterior margin comprising a pair of acute anterior projections. Lateral antennae ...
No distinct pigmentation pattern. Anterior margin of prostomium rounded. Lateral antennae inserted ventrally (beneath ...
No distinct pigmentation pattern. Prostomium anterior margin comprising two rounded lobes. Lateral antennae inserted ventrally ...
No distinct pigmentation pattern. Prostomium anterior margin comprising a pair of acute anterior projections. Lateral antennae ...
No distinct pigmentation pattern. Anterior margin of prostomium with an acute anterior projection. Lateral antennae inserted ...
They show grey pigmentation. They are suggested for use in studies where FVB genetic background is desired, but the animals ...
Number of segments 37 (probably); elytra 15 pairs (presumably). No distinct pigmentation pattern. Prostomium anterior margin ...
No distinct pigmentation pattern. Anterior margin of prostomium with an acute anterior projection. Lateral antennae inserted ...
It produces yellow pigmentation. Lack of viv increased life span in days by a factor of 2.3 compared to the wild type and lack ...
No distinct pigmentation pattern. Prostomium anterior margin comprising a pair of acute anterior projections. Lateral antennae ...
No distinct pigmentation pattern. Prostomium anterior margin comprising a pair of acute anterior projections. Lateral antennae ...
Perilimbal pigmentation seems to be a consistent clinical finding seen in a significant number of VKC cases. It may benefit ... Perilimbal conjunctival pigmentation in Chinese patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Luk FO, Wong VW, Rao SK, Lam DS. Luk ... Conclusion: Perilimbal pigmentation seems to be a consistent clinical finding seen in a significant number of VKC cases. It may ... An observational study on the presence of perilimbal conjunctival pigmentation in vernal keratoconjunctivitis Srujana Dubbaka 1 ...
Viatrexx-Pigmentation 0.5 mL ampule For Oral and Topical Use Expiry date: Lot #:. Manufactured for: Viatrexx Bio Incorporated ... Viatrexx-Pigmentation 100 mL bottle For Oral and Topical Use Expiry date: Lot #:. Manufactured for: Viatrexx Bio Incorporated ... Viatrexx-Pigmentation 250 mL bottle For Oral and Topical Use Expiry date: Lot #:. Manufactured for: Viatrexx Bio Incorporated ... Viatrexx-Pigmentation 30 mL spray bottle For Oral and Topical Use Expiry date: Lot #:. Manufactured for: Viatrexx Bio ...
Derived immune and ancestral pigmentation alleles in a 7,000-year-old Mesolithic European. Nature. 2014;507(7491):225-8. doi: ...
encoded search term (Drug-Induced Pigmentation) and Drug-Induced Pigmentation What to Read Next on Medscape ... Mucosal Pigmentation Caused by Imatinib: Report of Three Cases. Head Neck Pathol. 2011 Dec 31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... Skin pigmentation from clofazimine therapy in leprosy patients: a reappraisal. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990 Aug. 23(2 Pt 1):236-41 ... Pigmentation has been shown to slowly resolve months to years after withdrawal of therapy, although the dyspigmentation can be ...
Melanin activates the pigmentation of your skin, making in darker... Read ,. Author: tiffanywindhurst ... Vitiligo or Leucoderma is an acquired de-pigmentation of the skin that is very common with a worldwide preponderance. ...
Read about skin pigmentation disorders, which affect the color of your skin. It could be too light or too dark, in certain ... Pigmentation means coloring. Skin pigmentation disorders affect the color of your skin. Your skin gets its color from a pigment ... The primary NIH organization for research on Skin Pigmentation Disorders is the National Institute of Arthritis and ... Some pigmentation disorders affect just patches of skin. Others affect your entire body. ...
But have you ever noticed a dark patch on the nose of some dogs? This is known as nasal pigmentation and can be seen in a wide ... In this article, well cover how nasal pigmentation affects dogs and the potential health implications it can have. Well also ... So if youre curious about nasal pigmentation in dogs, keep reading to learn more! ... What Causes Nasal Pigmentation in Dogs?. Nasal pigmentation is a condition in dogs where the skin on the nose is darker than ...
This is an advertising site for paid sponsors or advertisers to showcase successful hair restoration results only. It is not the mandate of this site to engage in the discussion of failed, unsuccessful procedures, lawsuits, litigations, refunds or complaint cases. Surgical hair restoration procedures carry risks. Please do thorough research, consult your own physician and investigate a doctors background carefully before making a decision. Read Terms of Use before proceeding to the rest of this site ...
Research on epidermal repair and regeneration and melanocyte biology, including the wound healing process and skin cell development.
Clofazimine-related duodenal pigmentation Nikhil Padmakar Bhangale 1 , Philip Abraham 2 , Anand Joshi 1 , Devendra Desai 1 ... Clofazimine-related duodenal pigmentation Nikhil Padmakar Bhangale et al. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2021 Jun. ... Clofazimine pigmentation. Pettit JH. Pettit JH. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis. 1978 Apr-Jun;46(2):227-8. Int J Lepr Other ... Clofazimine induced pigmentation in leprosy patches. Chavhan SD, Jawade S. Chavhan SD, et al. Pan Afr Med J. 2022 May 9;42:14. ...
Antibodies for proteins involved in regulation of developmental pigmentation pathways, according to their Panther/Gene Ontology ...
Are you suffering from skin pigmentation and you are a little bit concerned about how to get rid of the skin problem? You ... Read More Articles on: Pigmentation. Make Up For Pigmentation. Pigmentation Home Treatment. ... Pigmentation Natural Treatment. adminsos 6th January 2012 Pigmentation Natural Treatment. Are you suffering from skin ... Pigmentation Patches It is possible to treat pigmentation yourself at home. There are some very simple treatment methods that ...
Choose from 44 Pigmentation Treatment Clinics in Lancashire with 108 verified patient reviews. ... Pigmentation Treatment prices from £40 - Enquire for a fast quote ★ ... Pigmentation Treatment Unsightly pigmentation can be treated with IPL (laser) and a choice of skin treatments as advised by ... Are pigmentation treatments painful?. IPL and laser assisted treatments for pigmentation are performed after rubbing numbing ...
QTLs influencing extent of flesh pigmentation were detected on chromosomes 5, 8 and 9. The potato homolog of Petunia an1, a ...
... and lighter pigmentation than inland populations. Most striking, all seven pigmentation traits examined showed a sharp decrease ... We also examined changes in allele frequency of SNPs in two pigmentation genes, Mc1r and Agouti, and show that mutations in the ... The largest change in soil reflectance occurred just south of this break in pigmentation. Geographic analysis of microsatellite ... Natural Selection Along an Environmental Gradient: A Classic Cline in Mouse Pigmentation. Evolution 62, no. 7: 1555-1570. doi: ...
One of the most common causes of skin pigmentation is associated with a lack of Vitamin C. If you are deficient in vitamin C, ... If your blood work is fine, your doctor will guide you about the possible causes of pigmentation and the best way forward. ... Top Ways to Get Rid of Skin Pigmentation. By Daniel on Tuesday, September 14, 2021 ... there are a lot of cosmetic treatments available today that you can choose from to treat your skin pigmentation. Treatments ...
Allies of Skin Mandelic Pigmentation Corrector Night Serum ($92) is made for all skin types but, it is loaded with active ... Allies of Skin Mandelic Pigmentation Corrector Serum Review. The Pigmentation Corrector Serum Faded My Dark Spots in a Month ... Allies of Skin Mandelic Pigmentation Corrector Night Serum Allies of Skin Mandelic Pigmentation Corrector Night Serum ($92) is ...
CryoPen therapy is a clinical treatment that involves the application of nitrous oxide gas expelled under high pressure on the skin. The gas is very chilly which helps to ice up and ruin any benign lesions.. Throughout the application, the suggestion of the CryoPen gets to -89 ° C. The reason for this is to create a thermal shock at the area where the gas is pointed by triggering a fast drop in temperatures. The temperature level decrease has the result of crystallising the liquid materials of the targeted cells, turning them right into ice shards, causing the destruction of skin lesions as the membrane layer bordering the treated cells is ruptured as well as ruined. Click here. The infiltration of the cold is about 1mm per 5 seconds of treatment, so a 2mm sized sore would take 10 secs of laughing gas gas to treat.. During treatment, you might see a frost or ice-field in addition to the sore. This should not cause any type of fear as the frost typically goes away within a couple of secs. A ...
Read the latest articles about pigmentation in Her.ie ...
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Tranexamic acid whiteing treat Chloasma freckles Pigmentation Glutathione whole body whitening. $1.00 - $10.00 / Unit ...
Skin pigmentation provides evidence of convergent melanism in extinct marine reptiles. Skin pigmentation provides evidence of ... Here we present direct chemical evidence of pigmentation in fossilized skin, from three distantly related marine reptiles: a ... Here we present direct chemical evidence of pigmentation in fossilized skin, from three distantly related marine reptiles: a ... Our analyses expand current knowledge of pigmentation in fossil integument beyond that of feathers2, 10, allowing for the ...
Appearances were suggestive of minocycline-induced pigmentation. We discuss the incidence, pathogenesis, ... our department for investigations of sideropenia who incidentally was noted to have patches of slate grey skin pigmentation. ... We discuss the incidence, pathogenesis, clinical appearances and treatment of minocycline-induced pigmentation and suggest that ... our department for investigations of sideropenia who incidentally was noted to have patches of slate grey skin pigmentation. ...
Corneal pigmentation. Synonyms (terms occurring on more labels are shown first): corneal pigmentation More information: PubMed ...
I am excited to announce that Fresh Beauty Studio started offering Micro-Pigmentation (permanent makeup) starting March 14th, ... Micro pigmentation is a wonderful procedure for clients that want a "base" for their daily makeup routine, its also great for ... I am excited to announce that Fresh Beauty Studio will be offering Micro-Pigmentation (permanent makeup) starting March 14th, ... My main concern is protecting my clients and delivering the ultimate natural look with micro pigmentation. ...
Corneal pigmentation of eyes was graded as absent, very mild, mild, moderate, or severe. Signalment and medical history ... and risk factors for corneal pigmentation (CP) in Pugs. Design-Prospective cross-sectional study. Animals-295 Pugs , 16 weeks ... Corneal pigmentation was detected in at least 1 eye of 243 (82.4%; 95% CI, 77.6% to 86.3%) Pugs. Corneal pigmentation was ... Pigmentation of the cornea secondary to tinted soft contact lens wear. Case Rep Ophthalmol Med [serial online]. 2012; 2012: ...
This is the first record of abnormal pigmentation in the wild common sole from the Aegean Sea. The specimen fish is patterned ... This is the first record of abnormal pigmentation in the wild common sole from the Aegean Sea. The specimen fish is patterned ... AKYOL, OKAN and ŞEN, HALİL (2012) "First record of abnormal pigmentation in a wild common sole, Solea solea L., from the Aegean ... First record of abnormal pigmentation in a wild common sole, Solea solea L., from the Aegean Sea ...
... at a fundraiser for a new charity fund that will help women pay for nipple re-pigmentation tattoo procedures after undergoing ... Lamb of God to attend inaugural tattoo nipple re-pigmentation fund event at Mekong Members of the band Lamb of God will join ... Amy Black, a Richmond-based tattoo artist who provides the nipple re-pigmentation service at her studio, Trademark Tattoo, ... local tattoo artist, Amy Black, at a fundraiser for a new charity fund that will help women pay for nipple re-pigmentation ...
Most clients experience a reduction of pigmentation, post laser-toning treatment at Oliva Clinic. We gained client satisfaction ... After ResultsSkin Pigmentation - Results, Before and After PhotosMole Removal - Results, Before and After Pictures Post ...
  • Providers are encouraged to proactively offer vaccine regimen options to patients, especially to individuals who have questions or concerns about intradermal vaccine side-effects such as hyper-pigmentation, swelling, or keloid scarring. (cdc.gov)
  • Many people in their thirties and older suffer from sun-damaged skin, which can present itself in mottled skin tone and areas of abnormal pigmentation. (whatclinic.com)
  • Many people nowadays suffer from sun-damage, elasticity and volume loss of the facial skin which can present itself in many forms: wrinkles and fine lines are often accompanied by dry and rough skin, mottled skin tone, areas of abnormal pigmentation, vascular irregularities and sugginess. (whatclinic.com)
  • Melanin is the natural pigment that gives our skin its colour, but too much can lead to pigmentation - a process called melanogenesis. (antipodesnature.com)
  • High-performance peptides address melanogenesis by helping to block the synthesis of melanin, which is why they are the key ingredient in this anti pigmentation cream. (antipodesnature.com)
  • Physiologic pigmentation occurs when cells in the skin called melanocytes produce pigment (called melanin) and transfer it to other skin cells called keratinocytes. (expertsadvices.net)
  • What are Pigmentation Treatments? (whatclinic.com)
  • Pigmentation treatments are procedures performed to treat discoloured skin. (whatclinic.com)
  • There are many nonsurgical treatments for skin pigmentation like the use of skin lightening products, cosmetic concealers, chemical peels and IPL or laser assisted treatments. (whatclinic.com)
  • Are pigmentation treatments painful? (whatclinic.com)
  • IPL and laser assisted treatments for pigmentation are performed after rubbing numbing cream over the treatment areas. (whatclinic.com)
  • Patients should avoid travelling by air for at least a week after IPL assisted pigmentation treatments. (whatclinic.com)
  • Patients can travel by air one day after laser assisted pigmentation treatments after taking the advice of their dermatologist. (whatclinic.com)
  • When will I recover after pigmentation treatments? (whatclinic.com)
  • It takes from six to 12 weeks to completely recover from laser assisted pigmentation treatments. (whatclinic.com)
  • What care is required after having pigmentation treatments? (whatclinic.com)
  • Patients should place cold packs over the treatment area to reduce redness after IPL assisted pigmentation treatments. (whatclinic.com)
  • Multiple pathologic mechanisms are responsible for drug-induced pigmentation disorders. (medscape.com)
  • Skin pigmentation disorders affect the color of your skin. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Some pigmentation disorders affect just patches of skin. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Age or sun spots and freckles are frequently seen types of 'superficial' pigmentation, and although benign, they can become an issue of cosmetic concern. (whatclinic.com)
  • Some common types of physiologic pigmentation include freckles, age spots, and melasma. (expertsadvices.net)
  • Exposure to sunlight can cause the skin to produce more pigment, which can lead to the development of freckles, age spots, and other types of physiologic pigmentation. (expertsadvices.net)
  • This can lead to the development of freckles, age spots, and other types of physiologic pigmentation. (expertsadvices.net)
  • In this article, we'll cover how nasal pigmentation affects dogs and the potential health implications it can have. (bullwrinkle.com)
  • Pigmentation affects so many people throughout the world. (aestheticinnovationsllc.com)
  • Pigmentation also affects floral thermoregulation, suggesting climate warming may additionally impact pigmentation. (clemson.edu)
  • Diem Vitamin C targets pigmentation and uneven skin tone, helping to brighten skin and reduce redness, discolouration, age spots, and dark spots, leaving the skin clear and radiant. (antipodesnature.com)
  • Now I look in the mirror and see the damage I unknowingly caused-wrinkles, uneven pigmentation, and some sagging skin due to loss of elasticity. (cdc.gov)
  • Compare all the dermatologists and contact the pigmentation treatment clinic in Lancashire that's right for you. (whatclinic.com)
  • Nova Skin and Hair Clinic, located in Dogok dong, Seoul, South Korea offers patients Pigmentation Treatment procedures among its total of 56 available procedures, across 3 different specialties. (mymeditravel.com)
  • Currently, there's no pricing information for Pigmentation Treatment procedures at Nova Skin and Hair Clinic, as all prices are available on request only, whilst the national average price is approximately $128. (mymeditravel.com)
  • It is important to protect the skin from excessive sunlight exposure to help prevent the development of certain types of physiologic pigmentation, such as age spots and melasma. (expertsadvices.net)
  • Hormonal changes, such as those that occur during pregnancy, can lead to the development of certain types of physiologic pigmentation, such as melasma. (expertsadvices.net)
  • We have all the information you need about public and private dermatology clinics that provide pigmentation treatment in Lancashire. (whatclinic.com)
  • Pigmentation Treatment prices from £40 - Enquire for a fast quote ★ Choose from 44 Pigmentation Treatment Clinics in Lancashire with 108 verified patient reviews. (whatclinic.com)
  • QTLs influencing extent of flesh pigmentation were detected on chromosomes 5, 8 and 9. (cornell.edu)
  • Globally, the extent of petal UV pigmentation increased significantly across taxa by ~2% per year. (clemson.edu)
  • The type and extent of physiologic pigmentation can vary widely among individuals. (expertsadvices.net)
  • Members of the band Lamb of God will join local tattoo artist, Amy Black, at a fundraiser for a new charity fund that will help women pay for nipple re-pigmentation tattoo procedures after undergoing mastectomies. (rvanews.com)
  • Members of the band Lamb of God will attend an inaugural fund raiser later this week for the Pink Ink Fund, a fund created to help provide financial assistance to breast cancer survivors hoping to have reconstructive tattooed nipple re-pigmentation. (rvanews.com)
  • Amy Black, a Richmond-based tattoo artist who provides the nipple re-pigmentation service at her studio, Trademark Tattoo , created the fund to help women pay for the cost of the service, which is not always covered by medical insurance. (rvanews.com)
  • By featuring tone-correcting peptides, Diem Vitamin C is the best moisturiser for pigmentation and a must-have for your natural skincare routine in the morning. (antipodesnature.com)
  • In addition, exposure to sun or UV light may increase pigmentation, especially after sensitization with a photosensitizing medication. (medscape.com)
  • Skin pigmentation is caused by excessive exposure to the sun or the advancement of age. (whatclinic.com)
  • In flowering plants, UV exposure favors larger areas of UV-absorbing pigmentation on petals, which protects pollen from UV-damage. (clemson.edu)
  • The amount and distribution of physiologic pigmentation can change over time, due to factors such as aging and sun exposure. (expertsadvices.net)
  • However, you can take steps to protect your skin from excessive sun exposure, which can help prevent the development of certain types of physiologic pigmentation. (expertsadvices.net)
  • It is important to protect the skin from excessive sun exposure, as it can lead to the development of certain types of physiologic pigmentation and increase the risk of skin cancer. (expertsadvices.net)
  • Biological perspectives on human pigmentation / Ashley H. Robins. (who.int)
  • Discover Diem Vitamin C, the best moisturiser for pigmentation, and treat your skin to ultra-clean, anti pigmentation ingredients from nature. (antipodesnature.com)
  • Results document a rapid phenotypic response of floral pigmentation to anthropogenic climatic change, suggesting that global change may alter pollination through its impact on floral color, with repercussions for plant reproductive fitness. (clemson.edu)
  • The immersion of restorative materials in different pigmentation agents caused a significant color variation on the samples. (bvsalud.org)
  • It takes three days to a week for patients to recover after an IPL assisted pigmentation treatment. (whatclinic.com)
  • With MyMediTravel you can browse 7 facilities offering Pigmentation Treatment procedures in South Korea. (mymeditravel.com)
  • When pigmentation is reduced, your natural skin tone can shine. (antipodesnature.com)
  • Whatever your skin tone, the best moisturiser for pigmentation can revitalise dull skin and leave it looking radiant and healthy. (antipodesnature.com)
  • Managing, reducing, and preventing pigmentation is one of the best ways to achieve a healthy-looking, luminous complexion. (antipodesnature.com)
  • Physiologic pigmentation refers to the normal, healthy pigmentation of the skin. (expertsadvices.net)
  • Physiologic pigmentation is the normal, healthy pigmentation of the skin. (expertsadvices.net)
  • Your genetics play a role in the amount and distribution of physiologic pigmentation on your skin. (expertsadvices.net)
  • Rapid ozone degradation during the 20th century resulted in elevated UV incidence, yet pigmentation responses to this aspect of global change have yet to be demonstrated. (clemson.edu)
  • We used 1238 herbarium specimens collected from 1941 to 2017 to test whether change in UV floral pigmentation was associated with altered ozone and temperature in 42 species spanning three continents. (clemson.edu)
  • Physiologic pigmentation is a natural part of the skin's response to various stimuli, such as genetics, hormones, and sunlight. (expertsadvices.net)
  • Clofazimine induced pigmentation in leprosy patches. (bvsalud.org)
  • For taxa with anthers enclosed within petals, pigmentation declined with increases in temperature, supporting a thermoregulatory role of UV pigmentation. (clemson.edu)
  • All restorative materials were shown to be susceptible to pigmentation by all agents. (bvsalud.org)
  • Our analyses expand current knowledge of pigmentation in fossil integument beyond that of feathers2, 10, allowing for the reconstruction of colour over much greater ranges of extinct taxa and anatomy. (soton.ac.uk)
  • Here we present direct chemical evidence of pigmentation in fossilized skin, from three distantly related marine reptiles: a leatherback turtle5, a mosasaur6 and an ichthyosaur7. (soton.ac.uk)
  • So if you're curious about nasal pigmentation in dogs, keep reading to learn more! (bullwrinkle.com)
  • through a redox reaction which is capable of pathophysiological darkening of the tooth breaking down the macromolecules responsible for (intrinsic), trauma, iatrogenic endodontic treatment pigmentation, promoting a whitening effect (LIMA and extrinsic stains from enamel/dentine et al. (bvsalud.org)