Melanins
Melanocytes
Hyperpigmentation
Monophenol Monooxygenase
Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1
Agouti Signaling Protein
Melanosis
Albinism
Albinism, Oculocutaneous
Anthocyanins
Chromatophores
Hypopigmentation
Erythema
Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor
Melanophores
Receptors, Melanocortin
Ultraviolet Rays
Phenotype
Feathers
Skin
Receptors, Corticotropin
Hair
Nail Diseases
Melanoma
alpha-MSH
Albinism, Ocular
Ochronosis
Mutation
Hermanski-Pudlak Syndrome
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
Catechol Oxidase
Prodigiosin
Vitiligo
Epidermis
Argyria
Iris
Pigment Epithelium of Eye
Color
Hair Follicle
Alkaptonuria
Molecular Sequence Data
Alleles
Aquilegia
Intramolecular Oxidoreductases
Colubridae
Carotenoids
Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones
Melanoma, Amelanotic
Skin Physiological Phenomena
Skin Lightening Preparations
gp100 Melanoma Antigen
Lentigo
Eye
Nevus
Sunburn
Skin Aging
Piebaldism
Flatfishes
Cafe-au-Lait Spots
Waardenburg Syndrome
Endothelin-3
Base Sequence
Skin Diseases, Genetic
Keratinocytes
Zebrafish
Pro-Opiomelanocortin
Prostaglandins F, Synthetic
Choroid
Crosses, Genetic
Leg Dermatoses
Zea mays
Oxidoreductases
Membrane Transport Proteins
Nevus, Pigmented
SOXE Transcription Factors
Biological Evolution
Dermoscopy
Melanoma, Experimental
Antiporters
Stem Cell Factor
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit
Skin, Artificial
Species Specificity
Larva
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
Genotype
Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
Proanthocyanidins
Myxoma
Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase RIalpha Subunit
Chromosome Mapping
Adaptation, Biological
Cryptococcus
Ophthalmia, Sympathetic
Drosophila melanogaster
Neural Crest
Cysteinyldopa
Dihydroxyphenylalanine
Ascomycota
Dermatitis, Phototoxic
Mutagenesis, Insertional
Selection, Genetic
Gingivectomy
Clofazimine
Cronobacter sakazakii
Punicaceae
Retinal Pigments
Transcription Factors
Amino Acid Sequence
Drosophila Proteins
Butterflies
Effects of lithium on pigmentation in the embryonic zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio). (1/1835)
Pigment cell precursors of the embryonic zebrafish give rise to melanophores, xanthophores and/or iridophores. Cell signaling mechanisms related to the development of pigmentation remain obscure. In order to examine the mechanisms involved in pigment cell signaling, we treated zebrafish embryos with various activators and inhibitors of signaling pathways. Among those chemicals tested, LiCl and LiCl/forskolin had a stimulatory effect on pigmentation, most notable in the melanophore population. We propose that the inositol phosphate (IP) pathway, is involved in pigment pattern formation in zebrafish through its involvement in the: (1) differentiation/proliferation of melanophores; (2) dispersion of melanosomes; and/or (3) synthesis/deposition of melanin. To discern at what level pigmentation was being effected we: (1) counted the number of melanophores in control and experimental animals 5 days after treatment; (2) measured tyrosinase activity and melanin content; and (3) employed immunoblotting techniques with anti-tyrosine-related protein-2 and anti-melanocyte-specific gene-1 as melanophore-specific markers. Although gross pigmentation increased dramatically in LiCl- and LiCl/forskolin treated embryos, the effect on pigmentation was not due to an increase in the proliferation of melanophores, but was possibly through an increase in melanin synthesis and/or deposition. Collectively, results from these studies suggest the involvement of an IP-signaling pathway in the stimulation of pigmentation in embryonic zebrafish through the synthesis/deposition of melanin within the neural crest-derived melanophores. (+info)Flavin nucleotides in human lens: regional distribution in brunescent cataracts. (2/1835)
The biochemical mechanism(s) underlying brunescent cataracts remain unclear. Oxidative stress due to reactive oxygen species may have a role in the pigmentation process in eye lens. We have analysed human cataractous lenses for flavins by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), since flavins are light sensitive and act as endogenous sensitizers generating reactive oxygen species in the eye. The most significant observation in this study is that higher levels of flavin nucleotides occur in brown lens compared to yellow lens. The concentration of flavin nucleotides (flavin monouncleotide, FMN + flavin adenine dinucleotide, FAD) was highest in the nuclear region of the lens followed by the cortical and capsule-epithelial regions. However, the ratio of FAD/FMN was lowest in the nuclear region of the lens followed by other regions. On the other hand, riboflavin was not detected in any of the lens (cataractous) regions. These results suggest that the observed increase in flavin nucleotides in the ocular tissue could contribute towards deepening of lens pigmentation. (+info)Stripe formation in juvenile Pomacanthus explained by a generalized turing mechanism with chemotaxis. (3/1835)
Current interest in pattern formation can be traced to a seminal paper by Turing, who demonstrated that a system of reacting and diffusing chemicals, called morphogens, can interact so as to produce stable nonuniform concentration patterns in space. Recently, a Turing model has been suggested to explain the development of pigmentation patterns on species of growing angelfish such as Pomacanthus semicirculatus, which exhibit readily observed changes in the number, size, and orientation of colored stripes during development of juvenile and adult stages, but the model fails to predict key features of the observations on stripe formation. Here we develop a generalized Turing model incorporating cell growth and movement, we analyze the effects of these processes on patterning, and we demonstrate that the model can explain important features of pattern formation in a growing system such as Pomacanthus. The applicability of classical Turing models to biological pattern formation is limited by virtue of the sensitivity of patterns to model parameters, but here we show that the incorporation of growth results in robustly generated patterns without strict parameter control. In the model, chemotaxis in response to gradients in a morphogen distribution leads to aggregation of one type of pigment cell into a striped spatial pattern. (+info)Down-regulation of melanocortin receptor signaling mediated by the amino terminus of Agouti protein in Xenopus melanophores. (4/1835)
Agouti protein and Agouti-related protein (Agrp) regulate pigmentation and body weight, respectively, by antagonizing melanocortin receptor signaling. A carboxyl-terminal fragment of Agouti protein, Ser73-Cys131, is sufficient for melanocortin receptor antagonism, but Western blot analysis of skin extracts reveals that the electrophoretic mobility of native Agouti protein corresponds to the mature full-length form, His23-Cys131. To investigate the potential role of the amino-terminal residues, we compared the function of full-length and carboxyl-terminal fragments of Agrp and Agouti protein in a sensitive bioassay based on pigment dispersion in Xenopus melanophores. We find that carboxyl-terminal Agouti protein, and all forms of Agrp tested, act solely by competitive antagonism of melanocortin action. However, full-length Agouti protein acts by an additional mechanism that is time- and temperature-dependent, depresses maximal levels of pigment dispersion, and is therefore likely to be mediated by receptor down-regulation. Apparent down-regulation is not observed for a mixture of amino-terminal and carboxyl-terminal fragments. We propose that the phenotypic effects of Agouti in vivo represent a bipartite mechanism: competitive antagonism of agonist binding by the carboxyl-terminal portion of Agouti protein and down-regulation of melanocortin receptor signaling by an unknown mechanism that requires residues in the amino terminus of the Agouti protein. (+info)The permeability to cytochalasin B of the new unpigmented surface in the first cleavage furrow of the newt's egg. (5/1835)
Two of 10 mug/ml cytochalasin B (CB) caused retraction of the first cleavage furrow in Triturus eggs, a spreading of the unpigmented surface from the furrow region and a flattening of the whole egg. CB appears to act against the contractility of the microfilamentous band at mid-cleavage so as to relax the furrow and also to weaken unpigmented surface to allow the egg to flatten. Uncleaved eggs and the initial formation of the cleavage groove were unaffected by CB. A fully-retracted first cleavage furrow reformed itself on transfer of the egg to normal medium but only at the time of second cleavage. Initiation of second cleavage depended upon there being sufficient of the original pigmented surface on the animal hemisphere. Tritium-labelled CB of high specific activty was prepared and used to study its ability to penetrate the surface of newt eggs during cleavage. Scintillation couting of whole eggs showed that CB was not taken into the newt egg until mid-cleavage (about 17 min after the double stripe stage) when new surface began to spread in the cleavage furrow. Fixation in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide retained radioactivity in the egg, but more CB was retained after fixation in osmium tetroxide alone than after double fixation. Most of the retained radioactivity was in yolk platelets. Autoradiographs were prepared to sectioned eggs which had been fixed at late cleavage after [3H]CB had flattend the furrow. These showed that CB entered the egg through the unpigmented surface which formed in the furrow but it could not enter through the pigmented surface. The impermeability of the pigmented surface explains the observations that CB does not prevent initial furrowing at cleavage. Once inside the egg CB is transported slowly. CB penetrates to a limited extent beneath the pigmented surface from its border with the unpigmented surface in the first cleavage furrow and this seems insufficient in some circumstances to suppress the contractile phase of second cleavage. (+info)Deposition of [3H]cocaine, [3H]nicotine, and [3H]flunitrazepam in mouse hair melanosomes after systemic administration. (6/1835)
Microautoradiography was employed to show that association of drugs from the serum directly with forming hair pigment is a primary pathway of deposition into the hair. After systemic administration of [3H]flunitrazepam, [3H]nicotine, and [3H]cocaine, association of all three drugs with melanin in the forming hair was observed within minutes of dosage. Sebum was determined to be an insignificant deposition route for all three drugs. Pigmented mice had significantly higher concentrations of all three drugs than did nonpigmented mice. The results provide a better basis for ultimately using hair for reliable analysis of drug and environmental toxin exposure. (+info)Natural copepods are superior to enriched artemia nauplii as feed for halibut larvae (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) in terms of survival, pigmentation and retinal morphology: relation to dietary essential fatty acids. (7/1835)
Replicate groups of halibut larvae were fed to d 71 post-first feeding (PFF) either the marine copepod, Eurytemora velox, or Artemia nauplii doubly enriched with the marine chromist or golden algae, Schizochytrium sp., (Algamac 2000) and a commercial oil emulsion (SuperSelco). The fatty acid compositions of eyes, brains and livers from larvae fed the two diets were measured, and indices of growth, eye migration and skin pigmentation were recorded along with histological examinations of eye and liver. The docosahexaenoic acid [22:6(n-3); DHA]/eicosapentaenoic acid [20:5(n-3); EPA] ratios in Artemia nauplii enriched with the SuperSelco and Algamac 2000 were 0.4 and 1.0, respectively. The E. velox copepods were divided into two size ranges (125-250 and 250-400 microm) with the smaller size range containing the highest level of (n-3) highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA). The DHA/EPA ratios for the two size ranges of copepods were 2.0 and 0.9, respectively. The total lipids of eyes, brains and livers of larvae fed copepods had higher levels of DHA and lower levels of EPA than those of larvae fed enriched Artemia. The percentage of survival of the halibut larvae was significantly higher when copepods rather than enriched Artemia nauplii were fed, but larval specific growth rates did not differ. The indices of eye migration were high and not significantly different in larvae fed the two diets, but the percentage of larvae undergoing successful metamorphosis (complete eye migration and dorsal pigmentation) was higher in larvae fed copepods (40%) than in larvae fed enriched Artemia (4%). The rod/cone ratios in histological sections of the retina were 2.5 +/- 0.7 in larvae fed copepods and 1.3 +/- 0.6 in larvae fed enriched Artemia (P < 0.01). Histological examination of the livers and intestines of the larvae were consistent with better assimilation of lipid from copepods than lipid from Artemia nauplii up to 46 d post-first feeding. Thus, marine copepods are superior to enriched Artemia as food for halibut larvae in terms of survival, eye development and pigmentation, and this superiority can be related to the level of DHA in the feed. (+info)Notch-mediated segmentation and growth control of the Drosophila leg. (8/1835)
The possession of segmented appendages is a defining characteristic of the arthropods. By analyzing both loss-of-function and ectopic expression experiments, we show that the Notch signaling pathway plays a fundamental role in the segmentation and growth of the Drosophila leg. Local activation of Notch is necessary and sufficient to promote the formation of joints between segments. This segmentation process requires the participation of the Notch ligands, Serrate and Delta, as well as Fringe. These three proteins are each expressed in the developing leg and antennal imaginal discs in a segmentally repeated pattern that is regulated downstream of the action of Wingless and Decapentaplegic. Our studies further show that Notch activation is both necessary and sufficient to promote leg growth. We also identify target genes regulated both positively and negatively downstream of Notch signaling that are required for normal leg development. Together, these observations outline a regulatory hierarchy for the segmentation and growth of the leg. The Notch pathway is also deployed for segmentation during vertebrate somitogenesis, which raises the possibility of a common origin for the segmentation of these distinct tissues. (+info)There are several types of pigmentation disorders, including:
1. Vitiligo: A condition in which white patches develop on the skin due to the loss of melanin-producing cells.
2. Albinism: A rare genetic condition that results in a complete or partial absence of melanin production.
3. Melasma: A hormonal disorder that causes brown or gray patches to appear on the face, often in pregnant women or those taking hormone replacement therapy.
4. Post-inflammatory hypopigmentation (PIH): A condition where inflammation causes a loss of melanin-producing cells, leading to lighter skin tone.
5. Acne vulgaris: A common skin condition that can cause post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH), where dark spots remain after acne has healed.
6. Nevus of Ota: A benign growth that can cause depigmentation and appear as a light or dark spot on the skin.
7. Cafe-au-Lait spots: Flat, light brown patches that can occur anywhere on the body and are often associated with other conditions such as neurofibromatosis type 1.
8. Mongolian spots: Bluish-gray patches that occur in people with darker skin tones and fade with age.
9. Poikiloderma of Civatte: A condition that causes red, thin, and wrinkled skin, often with a pigmentary mottling appearance.
10. Pigmented purpuric dermatosis: A rare condition that causes reddish-brown spots on the skin, often associated with other conditions such as lupus or vasculitis.
Pigmentation disorders can be difficult to treat and may require a combination of topical and systemic therapies, including medications, laser therapy, and chemical peels. It's essential to consult with a dermatologist for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan.
There are several types of hyperpigmentation, including:
1. Melasma: A common form of hyperpigmentation that occurs in women, especially during pregnancy, and is characterized by dark patches on the face.
2. Post-inflammatory hypopigmentation (PIH): This type of hyperpigmentation occurs after an inflammatory condition such as acne, eczema, or a skin infection, and is characterized by lighter areas of skin.
3. Freckles: Small, dark spots that can occur anywhere on the body, but are more common in people with fair skin.
4. Age spots (liver spots): These are flat, brown spots that can occur due to aging and exposure to the sun.
5. Sun damage: Prolonged exposure to the sun can cause hyperpigmentation in the form of freckles, age spots, or uneven skin tone.
There are several treatment options for hyperpigmentation, including topical creams and laser therapy. These treatments can help to reduce the appearance of dark patches and improve the overall appearance of the skin. It is important to consult a dermatologist to determine the best course of treatment for your specific condition.
There are several types of melanosis, including:
1. Melasma: A common condition that causes brown or gray patches on the face, particularly on the cheeks, nose, and forehead. It is more common in women, especially during pregnancy, and can be triggered by hormonal changes or sun exposure.
2. Epidermal melanosis: A condition where there is an excessive production of melanin in the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. This can cause dark spots or patches on the skin.
3. Dermal melanosis: A condition where there is an excessive production of melanin in the dermis, the inner layer of the skin. This can cause darker skin tone and uneven pigmentation.
4. Hormonal melanosis: A condition where there is an increase in melanin production due to hormonal changes, such as during pregnancy or menopause.
5. Congenital melanosis: A condition where there is a present at birth and can be inherited from one's parents.
6. Acquired melanosis: A condition where the excessive production of melanin develops later in life, often due to exposure to UV radiation or certain medical conditions.
Melanosis can be diagnosed through a physical examination and skin biopsy. Treatment options vary depending on the type and severity of the condition, but may include topical creams, chemical peels, microdermabrasion, laser therapy, or surgery. It's important to consult a dermatologist for proper evaluation and treatment.
The most common symptoms of albinism include:
* Pale or white skin, hair, and eyes
* Sensitivity to the sun and risk of sunburn
* Poor vision, including nystagmus (involuntary eye movements) and photophobia (sensitivity to light)
* Increased risk of eye problems, such as strabismus (crossed eyes) and amblyopia (lazy eye)
* Increased risk of skin cancer and other skin problems
* Delayed development of motor skills and coordination
* Increased risk of infection and other health problems due to a weakened immune system
Albinism is caused by mutations in genes that code for enzymes involved in the production of melanin. These mutations can be inherited from one or both parents, or they can occur spontaneously. There is no cure for albinism, but there are treatments available to help manage some of the associated symptoms and vision problems.
Diagnosis of albinism is typically made based on a combination of physical examination, medical history, and genetic testing. Treatment may include sun protection measures, glasses or contact lenses to improve vision, and medication to manage eye problems. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to correct eye alignment or other physical abnormalities.
It's important for people with albinism to receive regular medical care and monitoring to ensure early detection and treatment of any associated health problems. With proper care and support, many people with albinism can lead normal, fulfilling lives.
The symptoms of oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) can vary in severity depending on the type of mutation and the extent of melanin reduction. Common symptoms include:
* Pale skin, hair, and eyes that are highly sensitive to the sun
* Vision problems such as nystagmus (involuntary eye movements), photophobia (sensitivity to light), and poor depth perception
* Increased risk of developing skin cancer due to lack of melanin
* Poor response to immunizations and increased risk of infections
* Delayed development of motor skills such as sitting, standing, and walking
* Delayed speech and language development
* Learning disabilities and intellectual disability in some cases
There is no cure for oculocutaneous albinism, but treatments can help manage the symptoms. These may include:
* Protective clothing and sunscreen to protect the skin from the sun's harmful rays
* Eyewear to correct vision problems
* Medication to reduce sensitivity to light and glare
* Regular check-ups with an ophthalmologist and dermatologist to monitor for signs of skin cancer and other complications
* Speech and language therapy to help with communication skills
* Physical therapy to improve motor skills and coordination
* Special education to address learning disabilities and intellectual disability
It is important for individuals with oculocutaneous albinism to receive early and accurate diagnosis, as well as ongoing medical care and support. With proper management, many individuals with this condition can lead fulfilling lives.
Hypopigmentation can be classified into two main types:
1. Localized hypopigmentation - This type of hypopigmentation occurs in a specific area of the body, such as vitiligo, where there is a loss of melanin-producing cells.
2. Widespread hypopigmentation - This type of hypopigmentation affects multiple areas of the body and can be caused by systemic conditions such as hypothyroidism or Addison's disease.
Some common causes of hypopigmentation include:
1. Vitiligo - An autoimmune condition that causes the loss of melanocytes in specific areas of the skin.
2. Alopecia areata - A condition where hair follicles are damaged or lost, leading to patchy hair loss.
3. Thyroid disorders - Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) can cause decreased melanin production, while hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) can cause increased melanin production.
4. Addison's disease - A rare endocrine disorder that affects the adrenal glands and can cause hypopigmentation.
5. Autoimmune conditions - Conditions such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis can cause inflammation that leads to hypopigmentation.
6. Trauma - Injury to the skin can cause hypopigmentation, especially if it involves the loss of melanocytes.
7. Infections - Certain infections such as tuberculosis or syphilis can cause hypopigmentation.
8. Nutritional deficiencies - Deficiencies in vitamins and minerals such as vitamin B12 or iron can affect melanin production.
Symptoms of hypopigmentation may include:
1. Lighter skin tone than usual
2. Patchy or uneven skin tone
3. Increased risk of sunburn and skin damage due to decreased melanin protection
4. Skin that appears thin and translucent
5. Freckles or other pigmentary changes
6. Hair loss or thinning
7. Nail abnormalities such as ridging or thinning
8. Increased sensitivity to the sun
9. Difficulty healing of wounds or injuries
10. Skin that is prone to irritation or inflammation.
Hypopigmentation can be diagnosed through a physical examination, and in some cases, additional tests such as blood work or biopsies may be necessary to rule out underlying conditions. Treatment for hypopigmentation depends on the underlying cause and may include topical creams or ointments, medications, or laser therapy. It is important to consult a dermatologist or other healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.
There are several types of erythema, including:
1. Erythema migrans (Lyme disease): A rash that occurs due to an infection with the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi and is characterized by a red, expanding rash with a central clearing.
2. Erythema multiforme: A condition that causes small, flat or raised red lesions on the skin, often triggered by an allergic reaction to medication or infection.
3. Erythema nodosum: A condition that causes small, painful lumps under the skin, usually due to an allergic reaction to medication or infection.
4. Erythema infectiosum (Fifth disease): A viral infection that causes a red rash on the face, arms, and legs.
5. Erythema annulare centrifugum: A condition that causes a ring-shaped rash with raised borders, often seen in people with autoimmune disorders or taking certain medications.
Treatment for erythema depends on the underlying cause, and may include topical creams or ointments, oral medications, or antibiotics. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any unusual skin changes or symptoms, as some types of erythema can be a sign of a more serious underlying condition.
1. Onychomycosis: This is a fungal infection of the nail that can cause discoloration, thickening, and brittleness of the nails. It is more common in toenails than fingernails.
2. Paronychia: This is a bacterial or fungal infection of the skin around the nail that can cause redness, swelling, and pus.
3. Nail psoriasis: This is a chronic condition that causes redness, thickening, and pitting of the nails. It is often associated with psoriasis, an autoimmune disorder.
4. Nail trauma: This can occur due to injury or repetitive stress on the nail, such as from biting or picking at the nails.
5. Nail cancer: This is a rare condition that affects the skin underneath the nail and can cause thickening, discoloration, and bleeding.
6. Melanonychia: This is a condition where the nails become darkened due to an increase in melanin production. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including exposure to ultraviolet radiation, certain medications, and underlying medical conditions.
7. Nail fragility: This is a condition where the nails are weak and prone to breaking or splitting. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including nutritional deficiencies, systemic diseases, and trauma.
8. Nail abnormalities: These can occur due to a variety of factors, including genetics, infections, and certain medical conditions. Examples include clubbing of the nails, where the nails curve downward, and koilonychia, where the nails are thin and concave.
Nail diseases can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as nail scrapings, biopsies, or blood tests. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the condition and may involve topical or oral medications, changes to the diet or lifestyle, or surgery in severe cases. It is important to seek medical attention if you notice any changes or abnormalities in your nails, as early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.
There are several types of melanoma, including:
1. Superficial spreading melanoma: This is the most common type of melanoma, accounting for about 70% of cases. It usually appears as a flat or slightly raised discolored patch on the skin.
2. Nodular melanoma: This type of melanoma is more aggressive and accounts for about 15% of cases. It typically appears as a raised bump on the skin, often with a darker color.
3. Acral lentiginous melanoma: This type of melanoma affects the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, or nail beds and accounts for about 5% of cases.
4. Lentigo maligna melanoma: This type of melanoma usually affects the face and is more common in older adults.
The risk factors for developing melanoma include:
1. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure from the sun or tanning beds
2. Fair skin, light hair, and light eyes
3. A history of sunburns
4. Weakened immune system
5. Family history of melanoma
The symptoms of melanoma can vary depending on the type and location of the cancer. Common symptoms include:
1. Changes in the size, shape, or color of a mole
2. A new mole or growth on the skin
3. A spot or sore that bleeds or crusts over
4. Itching or pain on the skin
5. Redness or swelling around a mole
If melanoma is suspected, a biopsy will be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment options for melanoma depend on the stage and location of the cancer and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these. Early detection and treatment are key to successful outcomes in melanoma cases.
In conclusion, melanoma is a type of skin cancer that can be deadly if not detected early. It is important to practice sun safety, perform regular self-exams, and seek medical attention if any suspicious changes are noticed on the skin. By being aware of the risk factors, symptoms, and treatment options for melanoma, individuals can take steps to protect themselves from this potentially deadly disease.
There are several types of ocular albinism, including:
1. Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) - This is the most common form of ocular albinism and affects both the eyes and skin. It is caused by mutations in the TYR gene, which codes for the enzyme tyrosinase, which is involved in the production of melanin.
2. Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) - This is a rare form of ocular albinism that affects both the eyes and platelets. It is caused by mutations in the HPS gene, which codes for the protein hermansky-pudlak syndrome, which is involved in the production of melanin.
3. Juvenile macular degeneration (JMD) - This is a rare form of ocular albinism that affects only the eyes and is caused by mutations in the RPE65 gene, which codes for the protein RPE65, which is involved in the production of melanin.
The symptoms of ocular albinism can vary depending on the type and severity of the condition, but they may include:
* Poor visual acuity (blurred vision)
* Sensitivity to light (photophobia)
* Difficulty seeing colors and fine details
* Eye movements that are slow or uncoordinated
* Increased risk of eye problems such as cataracts, glaucoma, and retinal detachment
* Skin that is pale or freckled
There is no cure for ocular albinism, but treatment options may include glasses or contact lenses to improve vision, medication to reduce the risk of eye problems, and surgery to correct eye alignment or remove cataracts. Early diagnosis and treatment can help manage the symptoms and prevent complications.
There is currently no cure for ochronosis, and treatment is primarily focused on managing symptoms and improving quality of life. This may include topical medications to lighten skin patches, laser therapy to remove dark spots, and eye drops to treat affected vision. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove thickened skin or repair affected tissues.
Ochronosis is a relatively rare condition, and there is ongoing research into its causes and potential treatments. Early diagnosis and management can help improve outcomes for individuals with this condition, and ongoing monitoring and support are important for maintaining quality of life.
The main symptoms of Hermanski-Pudlak syndrome include:
1. Vision loss: People with this condition often experience progressive vision loss, starting in childhood or adolescence, which can lead to blindness in early adulthood.
2. Skin abnormalities: The skin of people with Hermanski-Pudlak syndrome is typically pale and has a characteristic "marbled" appearance due to the presence of white patches.
3. Neurological problems: Some individuals with this condition may experience neurological symptoms such as seizures, learning disabilities, and difficulty with balance and coordination.
4. Hearing loss: Hearing loss is a common feature of Hermanski-Pudlak syndrome, and can range from mild to profound.
5. Other signs: People with this condition may also experience other symptoms such as hair loss, thinning or brittle nails, and an increased risk of infections.
Hermanski-Pudlak syndrome is a rare disorder, and the exact prevalence is not known. However, it is estimated to affect approximately 1 in 1 million people worldwide. The condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means that a person must inherit two copies of the mutated HPS gene (one from each parent) to develop the syndrome.
There is currently no cure for Hermanski-Pudlak syndrome, and treatment is focused on managing the symptoms. This can include medications to control seizures, physical therapy to improve balance and coordination, and assistive devices such as glasses or hearing aids to help with vision and hearing loss.
Overall, Hermanski-Pudlak syndrome is a rare and complex disorder that affects multiple systems in the body. While there is currently no cure, early diagnosis and ongoing management can help improve the quality of life for individuals affected by this condition.
The main features of PJS include:
* Multiple hamartomas in the gastrointestinal tract, which can lead to abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and rectal bleeding.
* Hamartomas in the lungs, which can cause coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.
* Hamartomas in the sex organs, which can lead to infertility, irregular menstrual cycles, and breast tumors.
* An increased risk of developing various types of cancer, including colon, lung, pancreatic, and breast cancer.
* A characteristic "speckled" appearance of the skin, caused by the accumulation of pigmented cells.
PJS is usually diagnosed in children or young adults, and it affects approximately 1 in 250,000 to 1 in 500,000 individuals worldwide. There is no cure for PJS, but regular monitoring and surveillance can help detect and treat hamartomas and cancerous lesions early on. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, depending on the location and severity of the tumors.
Example Sentences:
1. The patient was diagnosed with iris disease and was prescribed antibiotic eye drops to help clear up the infection.
2. The doctor suspected that the patient's blurred vision was caused by an iris disease, so he referred the patient to a specialist for further evaluation.
3. Although the symptoms of iris disease can be uncomfortable, most cases can be effectively treated with medication and proper care.
The exact cause of vitiligo is still unknown, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. In people with vitiligo, the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys melanocytes, leading to a loss of skin pigmentation. The disease can also be triggered by physical or emotional stress, sun exposure, and certain medications.
The symptoms of vitiligo can vary in severity and progression. They may include:
1. White patches on the skin, which can appear suddenly or gradually over time.
2. Loss of skin pigmentation in specific areas, such as the face, hands, or limbs.
3. Thinning or loss of hair on affected areas.
4. Premature whitening or graying of the hair.
5. Itching, pain, or sensitivity in the affected areas.
6. Emotional distress and reduced quality of life due to the visible appearance of the disease.
There is no cure for vitiligo, but various treatments can help manage the symptoms and slow down its progression. These may include:
1. Topical corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system.
2. Topical immunomodulators to suppress the immune system and promote skin repigmentation.
3. Narrowband ultraviolet B (UVB) phototherapy to slow down the progression of the disease and improve skin appearance.
4. Psoralen photochemotherapy to promote skin repigmentation and reduce inflammation.
5. Surgical skin grafting or blister grafting to cover small areas of depigmentation.
6. Camouflage makeup to cover the affected areas and improve self-esteem.
In addition to these treatments, it is essential for patients with vitiligo to protect their skin from the sun by using broad-spectrum sunscreens, wearing protective clothing, and seeking shade when the sun is strongest.
Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can help improve the quality of life for patients with vitiligo. However, the emotional and psychological impact of the disease should not be underestimated, and patients may require long-term support and counseling to cope with the challenges of living with this condition.
1. Gingivitis: An inflammation of the gums that can be caused by poor oral hygiene, smoking, or other factors. Gingivitis is often reversible with proper treatment.
2. Periodontitis: A more severe form of gingival disease that affects the bone and tissues supporting the teeth. Periodontitis can lead to tooth loss if left untreated.
3. Pyorrhea: An inflammatory condition characterized by the presence of pus in the gums and pockets between the teeth and gums. Pyorrhea is often a symptom of periodontitis.
4. Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG): A severe and painful form of gingival disease that can lead to tissue death and tooth loss if left untreated.
5. Desquamative gingivitis: A condition characterized by the thinning and shedding of the gums, often due to smoking or other systemic factors.
6. Necrotizing periodontal disease: A rare but severe form of periodontitis that can lead to tissue death and tooth loss.
7. Peri-implant diseases: Conditions that affect the tissues surrounding dental implants, including peri-implantitis and peri-implant mucositis.
Treatment for gingival diseases may include antibiotics, scaling and root planing, surgical intervention, and lifestyle changes such as improved oral hygiene and smoking cessation. It is important to seek professional dental care if symptoms persist or worsen over time.
Argyria is caused by the deposition of silver or mercury particles in the skin, which can occur through occupational exposure, accidental ingestion, or injection of these metals. The condition is more common in people who work with silver or mercury, such as photographers, dentists, and artisans who use silver-based compounds.
The symptoms of argyria can vary in severity and may include:
* Bluish-gray discoloration of the skin, nails, and eyes
* Patchy or diffuse discoloration of the skin
* Changes in skin texture and thickness
* Difficulty with vision, including blurred vision, sensitivity to light, and double vision
* Nail abnormalities, such as thickening, brittleness, or discoloration
* Eye abnormalities, such as cataracts or glaucoma
There is no cure for argyria, but treatment options are available to help manage the symptoms. These may include:
* Topical medications to lighten skin pigmentation
* Chemical peels to remove discolored skin
* Laser therapy to reduce skin discoloration
* Phototherapy with ultraviolet light to increase collagen production and improve skin texture
* Surgery to remove affected skin or tissue
It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect that you have been exposed to silver or mercury compounds, as early diagnosis and treatment can help minimize the severity of the condition.
There are several types of skin neoplasms, including:
1. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC): This is the most common type of skin cancer, and it usually appears as a small, fleshy bump or a flat, scaly patch. BCC is highly treatable, but if left untreated, it can grow and invade surrounding tissue.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC): This type of skin cancer is less common than BCC but more aggressive. It typically appears as a firm, flat, or raised bump on sun-exposed areas. SCC can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.
3. Melanoma: This is the most serious type of skin cancer, accounting for only 1% of all skin neoplasms but responsible for the majority of skin cancer deaths. Melanoma can appear as a new or changing mole, and it's essential to recognize the ABCDE signs (Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter >6mm, Evolving size, shape, or color) to detect it early.
4. Sebaceous gland carcinoma: This rare type of skin cancer originates in the oil-producing glands of the skin and can appear as a firm, painless nodule on the forehead, nose, or other oily areas.
5. Merkel cell carcinoma: This is a rare and aggressive skin cancer that typically appears as a firm, shiny bump on the skin. It's more common in older adults and those with a history of sun exposure.
6. Cutaneous lymphoma: This type of cancer affects the immune system and can appear as a rash, nodules, or tumors on the skin.
7. Kaposi sarcoma: This is a rare type of skin cancer that affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS. It typically appears as a flat, red or purple lesion on the skin.
While skin cancers are generally curable when detected early, it's important to be aware of your skin and notice any changes or unusual spots, especially if you have a history of sun exposure or other risk factors. If you suspect anything suspicious, see a dermatologist for an evaluation and potential biopsy. Remember, prevention is key to avoiding the harmful effects of UV radiation and reducing your risk of developing skin cancer.
Word Origin: From the Greek "alkapton" meaning "darkening" and the suffix "-uria" indicating a condition characterized by excessive urine production.
Idioms and metaphors related to Melanoma, Amelanotic.
Melanoma, Amelanotic is a type of skin cancer that lacks pigmentation or coloration. It is a rare form of melanoma, accounting for only about 1-3% of all melanoma cases. The lack of pigmentation can make it difficult to diagnose, as it may not be visible on the surface of the skin. Amelanotic melanoma typically affects older individuals and is more common in men than women.
The prognosis for amelanotic melanoma is generally poorer than for other types of melanoma, as it is often diagnosed at a later stage. Treatment may involve surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy, depending on the stage and location of the cancer.
While amelanotic melanoma is rare, it is important to be aware of its symptoms and risk factors in order to seek medical attention if any are present. These may include:
* A flat, tan, or pink patch on the skin that does not go away or gets darker over time
* A raised, smooth, shiny bump on the skin that may be flesh-colored, pink, red, or purple
* Changes in the shape or size of a mole or other markings on the skin
* Pain or itching on the skin
* A scar or sore that does not heal
It is also important to practice sun safety and perform regular self-exams to reduce the risk of developing melanoma, as well as to be aware of one's own skin and any changes that may occur over time. Early detection and treatment are key in improving outcomes for amelanotic melanoma.
Also known as: solar lentigo, senile lentigo, and lentigo simplex.
Nevus (plural: nevi) is a term used in dermatology to describe a benign growth or mark on the skin that is not cancerous. Nevi are usually harmless and can appear as small, dark spots or patches, or as larger, more raised areas. They can be found anywhere on the body, but are most commonly seen on the face, neck, and arms.
There are several different types of nevi, including:
1. Congenital nevi: These are present at birth and are usually darker in color than other types of nevi.
2. Acquired nevi: These appear later in life and can be caused by a variety of factors, such as sun exposure or hormonal changes.
3. Dermal nevi: These grow in the skin's dermis layer and can be soft and flat or raised and bumpy.
4. Pigmented nevi: These contain pigment cells called melanocytes and are usually darker in color than other types of nevi.
5. Plexiform nevi: These are made up of a network of tiny blood vessels and can be larger and more raised than other types of nevi.
While most nevi are benign, it is important to have any new or changing spots or marks on the skin evaluated by a dermatologist to rule out the possibility of skin cancer.
Sunburn can cause damage to the skin cells, leading to premature aging and an increased risk of skin cancer. The severity of a sunburn depends on factors such as the intensity of UV radiation, the duration of exposure, and the individual's skin type and sensitivity.
There are three types of sunburn:
1. First-degree sunburn: This is the mildest form of sunburn and affects only the outer layer of the skin. It is characterized by redness, but not blistering.
2. Second-degree sunburn: This type of sunburn affects both the inner and outer layers of the skin and can cause blisters to form.
3. Third-degree sunburn: This is the most severe form of sunburn and can cause deep, painful blisters and scarring.
Symptoms of sunburn can include:
* Redness and inflammation in the affected area
* Pain or discomfort
* Blistering or peeling of the skin
* Swelling or itching
* Fever or chills
Treatment for sunburn typically involves self-care measures such as applying moisturizers, cool compresses, and avoiding further sun exposure. In severe cases, medical attention may be required to manage complications such as infection or dehydration. Prevention is key to avoiding sunburn, and this includes seeking shade, wearing protective clothing and eyewear, and using sunscreen with a Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of at least 30.
Piebaldism can occur as an isolate or as part of a syndrome, such as Waardenburg syndrome or oculocutaneous albinism (OCA). It is estimated to affect approximately 1 in 36,000 to 1 in 50,000 individuals worldwide.
The symptoms of piebaldism can vary depending on the severity of the condition and may include:
* White patches on the skin and hair
* Vision problems, such as nystagmus (involuntary eye movements) and photophobia (sensitivity to light)
* Hearing loss
* Increased risk of skin cancer
There is no cure for piebaldism, but treatments are available to manage the associated symptoms. These may include:
* Eye glasses or contact lenses to correct vision problems
* Sunscreen and protective clothing to prevent skin cancer
* Hearing aids or cochlear implants to improve hearing
* Medication to treat nystagmus
It's important to note that piebaldism is a benign condition and does not affect the underlying health of the individual. However, it can have a significant impact on the person's quality of life, particularly if associated with vision or hearing problems.
Cafe-au-Lait Spots are usually diagnosed based on their appearance and do not require any specific tests. However, if the spots are suspected to be a sign of an underlying medical condition, further evaluations such as blood tests or imaging studies may be ordered to rule out other conditions.
There is no specific treatment for Cafe-au-Lait Spots, as they are harmless and do not pose any health risks. However, if the spots are causing cosmetic concerns or are associated with other symptoms, treatment options such as topical medications, laser therapy, or surgery may be considered.
It is important to note that Cafe-au-Lait Spots can sometimes be a sign of an underlying genetic condition, such as neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), so if you or your child has multiple spots, it is recommended to consult with a dermatologist or other healthcare professional for proper evaluation and advice.
There are four types of Waardenburg Syndrome:
Type 1: This is the mildest form of the disorder and is characterized by subtle changes in skin and hair pigmentation and slight hearing loss. Individuals with this type typically have blue or grey eyes and a small amount of white hair.
Type 2: This type is more severe than Type 1 and is characterized by more pronounced pigmentation abnormalities, such as white patches on the skin and hair, as well as significant hearing loss. Individuals with this type often have intense blue or grey eyes and may experience developmental delays.
Type 3: This type is also severe and is characterized by a range of physical symptoms including hearing loss, pigmentation abnormalities, and skeletal deformities such as short stature or joint contractures. Individuals with this type often have unique facial features, such as a broad forehead, narrow eyes, and a long nose.
Type 4: This is the most severe form of Waardenburg syndrome and is characterized by profound hearing loss, significant pigmentation abnormalities, and multiple congenital anomalies such as heart defects or digestive system problems. Individuals with this type often have a short life expectancy and may require extensive medical care throughout their lives.
Inheritance Pattern: Waardenburg syndrome is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, meaning that a single copy of the mutated gene is enough to cause the condition. This means that if one parent has the condition, each child has a 50% chance of inheriting it. However, some forms of the condition may be more severe than others and may require specialized medical care.
Treatment and Management: There is no cure for Waardenburg syndrome, but various treatments can help manage its symptoms. Hearing aids or cochlear implants can help improve hearing, while surgery or physical therapy can help correct skeletal deformities. Regular monitoring by a medical professional is also important to ensure that any related health issues are addressed promptly.
In conclusion, Waardenburg syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects the development of pigmentation and hearing in individuals. It can range from mild to severe forms, each with distinct physical characteristics and medical needs. With proper management and care, individuals with Waardenburg syndrome can lead fulfilling lives despite the challenges posed by this condition.
1. Epidermolysis bullosa (EB): A group of rare genetic disorders that affect the skin and mucous membranes, causing blisters and sores to form easily.
2. Ichthyosis: A group of genetic disorders that cause dry, thickened skin and scales to form.
3. Netherton syndrome: A rare genetic disorder that causes a combination of skin symptoms, including thinning of the skin, increased risk of infections, and difficulty healing wounds.
4. Pyoderma gangrenosum: A rare genetic disorder that causes painful, ulcerating sores on the skin.
5. X-linked dystonia-Episodes Myoclonus (XLDE): A rare genetic disorder that causes muscle spasms and movement problems, as well as skin symptoms such as thickened skin and difficulty swallowing.
6. Neurofibromatosis type 1: A genetic disorder that causes tumors to grow on nerve tissue, which can also affect the skin and cause symptoms such as freckling and skin thickening.
7. Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC): A rare genetic disorder that causes non-cancerous growths (tumors) to form in organs such as the brain, heart, kidneys, and skin.
8. Vitiligo: An autoimmune disorder that causes the loss of pigment-producing cells (melanocytes) in the skin, leading to white patches.
9. Alopecia areata: An autoimmune disorder that causes hair loss, often starting with small patches on the scalp or face.
These are just a few examples of genetic skin diseases, and there are many more that can affect the skin in different ways. Treatment for these conditions varies depending on the specific diagnosis and severity of symptoms, but may include medications, lifestyle changes, or surgery to remove growths or improve appearance.
1. Atopic dermatitis: A chronic skin condition characterized by dry, itchy, and inflamed skin.
2. Psoriasis: A chronic autoimmune condition that causes red, scaly patches on the skin.
3. Eczema: A general term for various types of skin conditions that cause dryness, itching, and inflammation.
4. Cellulitis: A bacterial infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissues that can cause swelling, redness, and warmth.
5. Lymphedema: A condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the soft tissues, leading to swelling and discomfort.
6. Varicose veins: Enlarged and twisted veins that can cause aching, cramping, and skin changes such as darkening or thickening.
7. Keratosis pilaris: A condition characterized by the buildup of keratin on the skin, causing small bumps and rough texture.
8. Vitiligo: A condition that causes the loss of melanin-producing cells, leading to white patches on the skin.
9. Necrobiosis lipoidica: A condition characterized by the formation of yellowish, soft, and tender nodules on the skin.
10. Pyoderma gangrenosum: A condition characterized by the development of large, painful ulcers on the skin.
Leg dermatoses can cause significant discomfort, pain, and embarrassment, and may have a negative impact on an individual's quality of life. Treatment options vary depending on the specific condition and its underlying causes, and may include topical medications, oral medications, light therapy, and lifestyle changes. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as early diagnosis and treatment can help to prevent complications and improve outcomes.
The symptoms of microphthalmos may include:
* Small eyes with reduced visual acuity
* Difficulty with depth perception and peripheral vision
* Squinting or crossing of the eyes (strabismus)
* Poor eye movement
* Increased sensitivity to light (photophobia)
* Reduced pupillary reflexes
The causes of microphthalmos can include:
* Genetic mutations or chromosomal abnormalities
* Infections such as rubella, syphilis, or toxoplasmosis during pregnancy
* Maternal exposure to certain medications or chemicals during pregnancy
* Trauma or injury to the eye during fetal development
* Tumors or cysts in the eye or surrounding tissues
Diagnosis of microphthalmos typically involves a comprehensive eye exam, including measurements of the eye's size and visual acuity. Imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI may also be used to evaluate the structure of the eye and surrounding tissues.
Treatment for microphthalmos depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, corrective glasses or contact lenses may be sufficient to improve vision. Surgery may be necessary in more severe cases to realign the eyes or remove tumors or cysts. In cases where the microphthalmos is due to a genetic mutation, there may be no effective treatment other than managing the symptoms.
Example sentence:
The baby was born with a large nevus pigmentosus on his forehead, which later faded somewhat but still remained visible throughout childhood.
Source:
American Academy of Pediatrics. (2015). Nevi (Moles) and Melanoma. Retrieved from
2. Our research focuses on identifying the genetic mutations that contribute to experimental melanoma and developing targeted therapies.
3. The patient's experimental melanoma had spread to her lungs and liver, so we recommended chemotherapy and immunotherapy treatments.
The adrenal cortex is a layer of tissue that surrounds the adrenal gland and produces steroid hormones, such as cortisol and aldosterone. Adrenal cortex diseases are conditions that affect the adrenal cortex and disrupt the normal production of these hormones.
Types of Adrenal Cortex Diseases:
1. Cushing's Syndrome: This is a condition caused by an excess of cortisol in the body, often due to a tumor on the adrenal gland. Symptoms include weight gain, high blood pressure, and diabetes.
2. Addison's Disease: This is a condition where the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol and aldosterone, often due to an autoimmune disorder or injury to the glands. Symptoms include fatigue, weight loss, and low blood pressure.
3. Adrenal Insuficiency: This is a condition where the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol and aldosterone, often due to a genetic disorder or injury to the glands. Symptoms include fatigue, weight loss, and low blood pressure.
4. Adrenal Hyperplasia: This is a condition where the adrenal glands produce too much cortisol, often due to a genetic disorder. Symptoms include high blood pressure, obesity, and diabetes.
5. Adrenocortical Carcinoma: This is a rare type of cancer that affects the adrenal cortex. Symptoms include weight loss, high blood pressure, and abdominal pain.
Treatment Options for Adrenal Cortex Diseases:
1. Medications: Depending on the specific condition, medications such as steroids, anti-inflammatory drugs, or hormone replacement therapy may be prescribed to manage symptoms.
2. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove a tumor or affected tissue.
3. Lifestyle Changes: Patients with adrenal cortex diseases may need to make lifestyle changes such as reducing stress, losing weight, and increasing physical activity.
4. Hormone Replacement Therapy: This is often necessary in cases where the adrenal glands are not producing enough hormones.
5. Radiation Therapy: This is a treatment option for patients with adrenocortical carcinoma.
Prognosis for Adrenal Cortex Diseases:
The prognosis for adrenal cortex diseases varies depending on the specific condition and the severity of symptoms. In general, early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes. However, some conditions such as adrenocortical carcinoma can be difficult to treat and may have a poor prognosis.
Complications of Adrenal Cortex Diseases:
1. High Blood Pressure: Many adrenal cortex diseases can cause high blood pressure, which can lead to complications such as heart disease and stroke.
2. Hormonal Imbalances: Adrenal cortex diseases can disrupt the balance of hormones in the body, leading to a range of symptoms and complications.
3. Weight Gain or Loss: Some adrenal cortex diseases can cause weight gain or loss, which can lead to other health problems such as joint pain and decreased mobility.
4. Fatigue and Weakness: Adrenal cortex diseases can cause fatigue and weakness, making it difficult to perform daily activities.
5. Depression and Anxiety: Hormonal imbalances and other symptoms of adrenal cortex diseases can lead to depression and anxiety.
6. Increased Risk of Infections: Adrenal insufficiency can increase the risk of infections such as pneumonia and meningitis.
7. Decreased Immune Function: Hormonal imbalances can weaken the immune system, making it more difficult to fight off infections.
8. Adrenal Crisis: In rare cases, adrenal cortex diseases can lead to an adrenal crisis, which is a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention.
Prevention of Adrenal Cortex Diseases:
While some adrenal cortex diseases may be genetic and unavoidable, there are steps you can take to prevent or manage the symptoms. Here are some ways to prevent adrenal cortex diseases:
1. Maintain a Balanced Diet: Eating a balanced diet that includes essential nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, and protein can help maintain healthy adrenal function.
2. Reduce Stress: High levels of stress can disrupt hormone production in the adrenal glands. Practicing stress-reducing techniques such as meditation, yoga, or deep breathing exercises can help manage stress.
3. Get Enough Sleep: Getting enough sleep is essential for maintaining healthy adrenal function. Aim for 7-8 hours of sleep per night.
4. Stay Hydrated: Drinking enough water throughout the day can help prevent dehydration, which can affect adrenal function.
5. Exercise Regularly: Regular exercise can help improve adrenal function and overall health. Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per day.
6. Avoid Toxins: Exposure to toxins such as pesticides, heavy metals, and pollution can damage the adrenal glands. Avoiding these toxins by using non-toxic household cleaners, personal care products, and avoiding exposure to pollution can help prevent adrenal cortex diseases.
7. Manage Medications: Certain medications such as corticosteroids can disrupt the normal function of the adrenal glands. Monitoring and managing medications with your healthcare provider can help prevent adrenal cortex diseases.
8. Get Regular Check-Ups: Regular check-ups with your healthcare provider can help identify any potential issues before they become serious.
While some adrenal cortex diseases may be unavoidable, taking these steps can help prevent or manage symptoms and maintain overall health. If you experience any symptoms of adrenal cortex disease, it's essential to seek medical attention from a qualified healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment.
Myxomas are usually slow-growing and may not cause any symptoms until they reach a significant size. They can be painful and tender to the touch, and may be associated with swelling and redness in the affected area.
There are several types of myxoma, including:
1. Cutaneous myxoma: This type of myxoma occurs in the skin and is usually seen on the arms, legs, or trunk. It is a small, firm nodule that may be painful to the touch.
2. Subcutaneous myxoma: This type of myxoma occurs just beneath the skin and can cause swelling and bruising in the affected area.
3. Soft tissue myxoma: This type of myxoma occurs in the soft tissues of the body, such as muscles, tendons, and ligaments. It is usually painless and may not cause any symptoms until it reaches a significant size.
4. Intestinal myxoma: This type of myxoma occurs in the intestines and is rare. It can cause abdominal pain, bleeding, and other gastrointestinal symptoms.
Myxomas are usually diagnosed by a biopsy, which involves taking a sample of the tumor tissue and examining it under a microscope. Treatment for myxoma typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, and in some cases, radiation therapy may be recommended to prevent recurrence.
In summary, myxoma is a rare benign tumor that can occur anywhere in the body where there is connective tissue. It is usually slow-growing and may not cause any symptoms until it reaches a significant size. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the tumor and, in some cases, radiation therapy to prevent recurrence.
Symptoms include redness, swelling, discharge, pain, and sensitivity to light. Treatment includes antibiotics for bacterial infections and anti-inflammatory medication for viral infections. If the condition is caused by a sexually transmitted disease (STD), treatment may include antiviral medication.
Also known as: Ophthalmia Neonatorum, Sympathetic.
Here are some common types of conjunctival diseases:
1. Conjunctivitis: This is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, often caused by a virus or bacteria. It can be highly contagious and can cause symptoms such as redness, itching, and discharge.
2. Pink eye: This is a common term for conjunctivitis that is caused by a virus or bacteria. It can be highly contagious and can cause symptoms such as redness, itching, and discharge.
3. Dry eye syndrome: This is a condition where the eyes do not produce enough tears, leading to dryness, itching, and irritation.
4. Allergic conjunctivitis: This is an inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by an allergic reaction to pollen, dust, or other substances. It can cause symptoms such as redness, itching, and tearing.
5. Contact lens-related conjunctivitis: This is an inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by wearing contact lenses that are not properly cleaned and maintained. It can cause symptoms such as redness, itching, and discharge.
6. Trachoma: This is a bacterial infection of the conjunctiva that is common in developing countries. It can cause symptoms such as redness, itching, and scarring.
7. Blepharitis: This is an inflammation of the eyelids and conjunctiva caused by poor eyelid hygiene or a bacterial infection. It can cause symptoms such as redness, itching, and tearing.
8. Meibomian gland dysfunction: This is a condition where the meibomian glands in the eyelids do not function properly, leading to dryness, itching, and irritation of the eyes.
9. Pink eye (viral conjunctivitis): This is an infection of the conjunctiva caused by a virus, such as the common cold or flu. It can cause symptoms such as redness, itching, and discharge.
10. Chlamydial conjunctivitis: This is an infection of the conjunctiva caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis. It can cause symptoms such as redness, itching, and discharge.
It's important to note that while these conditions may have similar symptoms, they require different treatments and diagnoses. If you suspect you have conjunctivitis or any other eye condition, it's important to consult an eye doctor for proper diagnosis and treatment.
The symptoms of phototoxic dermatitis can vary depending on the individual and the trigger substance, but may include:
* Redness and inflammation of the skin
* Itching or burning sensation on the skin
* Small blisters or hives on the skin
* Swelling and pain in the affected area
The diagnosis of phototoxic dermatitis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and patch testing. Patch testing involves applying small amounts of suspected allergens to the skin and observing the reaction over time.
Treatment for phototoxic dermatitis may involve avoiding exposure to the trigger substance, using topical or oral medications to reduce inflammation and itching, and protecting the skin from further sun exposure. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage symptoms and prevent complications.
Prevention of phototoxic dermatitis involves avoiding exposure to substances that may trigger an allergic reaction, wearing protective clothing and sunscreen when outdoors, and using gentle, fragrance-free products on the skin. If a reaction occurs, it is important to seek medical attention promptly to prevent further complications.
Some common types of skin diseases include:
1. Acne: a condition characterized by oil clogged pores, pimples, and other blemishes on the skin.
2. Eczema: a chronic inflammatory skin condition that causes dry, itchy, and scaly patches on the skin.
3. Psoriasis: a chronic autoimmune skin condition characterized by red, scaly patches on the skin.
4. Dermatitis: a term used to describe inflammation of the skin, often caused by allergies or irritants.
5. Skin cancer: a type of cancer that affects the skin cells, often caused by exposure to UV radiation from the sun or tanning beds.
6. Melanoma: the most serious type of skin cancer, characterized by a mole that changes in size, shape, or color.
7. Vitiligo: a condition in which white patches develop on the skin due to the loss of pigment-producing cells.
8. Alopecia: a condition characterized by hair loss, often caused by autoimmune disorders or genetics.
9. Nail diseases: conditions that affect the nails, such as fungal infections, brittleness, and thickening.
10. Mucous membrane diseases: conditions that affect the mucous membranes, such as ulcers, inflammation, and cancer.
Skin diseases can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as biopsies or blood tests. Treatment options vary depending on the specific condition and may include topical creams or ointments, oral medications, light therapy, or surgery.
Preventive measures to reduce the risk of skin diseases include protecting the skin from UV radiation, using sunscreen, wearing protective clothing, and avoiding exposure to known allergens or irritants. Early detection and treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes for many skin conditions.
Nipple pigmentation
Oral pigmentation
Pigmentation disorder
Drug-induced pigmentation
Idiopathic eruptive macular pigmentation
Abdominal pigmentation in Drosophila melanogaster
Vitiligo
Bird egg
Egg
Desmond Tobin
Café au lait spot
Eunoe spinosa
Eunoe campbellica
Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis
Eunoe crassa
Betanodavirus
Springtail
Fitzpatrick scale
Eunoe nodulosa
Eunoe uniseriata
Eunoe alvinella
Eunoe oerstedi
Eunoe nodosa
Eunoe etheridgei
FVB mouse
Eunoe tritoni
Eunoe kermadeca
Podospora anserina
Eunoe opalina
Eunoe yedoensis
An observational study on the presence of perilimbal conjunctival pigmentation in vernal keratoconjunctivitis - PubMed
Pigmentation
Pigmentation | Broad Institute
Drug-Induced Pigmentation: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
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Clofazimine-related duodenal pigmentation - PubMed
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Skin pigmentation provides evidence of convergent melanism in extinct marine reptiles - ePrints Soton
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Information for Corneal pigmentation
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Skin Pigmentation - Results, Before and After Photos
Hyper Pigmentation1
- Providers are encouraged to proactively offer vaccine regimen options to patients, especially to individuals who have questions or concerns about intradermal vaccine side-effects such as hyper-pigmentation, swelling, or keloid scarring. (cdc.gov)
Abnormal pigmentation2
- Many people in their thirties and older suffer from sun-damaged skin, which can present itself in mottled skin tone and areas of abnormal pigmentation. (whatclinic.com)
- Many people nowadays suffer from sun-damage, elasticity and volume loss of the facial skin which can present itself in many forms: wrinkles and fine lines are often accompanied by dry and rough skin, mottled skin tone, areas of abnormal pigmentation, vascular irregularities and sugginess. (whatclinic.com)
Melanin3
- Melanin is the natural pigment that gives our skin its colour, but too much can lead to pigmentation - a process called melanogenesis. (antipodesnature.com)
- High-performance peptides address melanogenesis by helping to block the synthesis of melanin, which is why they are the key ingredient in this anti pigmentation cream. (antipodesnature.com)
- Physiologic pigmentation occurs when cells in the skin called melanocytes produce pigment (called melanin) and transfer it to other skin cells called keratinocytes. (expertsadvices.net)
Treatments11
- What are Pigmentation Treatments? (whatclinic.com)
- Pigmentation treatments are procedures performed to treat discoloured skin. (whatclinic.com)
- There are many nonsurgical treatments for skin pigmentation like the use of skin lightening products, cosmetic concealers, chemical peels and IPL or laser assisted treatments. (whatclinic.com)
- Are pigmentation treatments painful? (whatclinic.com)
- IPL and laser assisted treatments for pigmentation are performed after rubbing numbing cream over the treatment areas. (whatclinic.com)
- Patients should avoid travelling by air for at least a week after IPL assisted pigmentation treatments. (whatclinic.com)
- Patients can travel by air one day after laser assisted pigmentation treatments after taking the advice of their dermatologist. (whatclinic.com)
- When will I recover after pigmentation treatments? (whatclinic.com)
- It takes from six to 12 weeks to completely recover from laser assisted pigmentation treatments. (whatclinic.com)
- What care is required after having pigmentation treatments? (whatclinic.com)
- Patients should place cold packs over the treatment area to reduce redness after IPL assisted pigmentation treatments. (whatclinic.com)
Disorders3
- Multiple pathologic mechanisms are responsible for drug-induced pigmentation disorders. (medscape.com)
- Skin pigmentation disorders affect the color of your skin. (medlineplus.gov)
- Some pigmentation disorders affect just patches of skin. (medlineplus.gov)
Freckles4
- Age or sun spots and freckles are frequently seen types of 'superficial' pigmentation, and although benign, they can become an issue of cosmetic concern. (whatclinic.com)
- Some common types of physiologic pigmentation include freckles, age spots, and melasma. (expertsadvices.net)
- Exposure to sunlight can cause the skin to produce more pigment, which can lead to the development of freckles, age spots, and other types of physiologic pigmentation. (expertsadvices.net)
- This can lead to the development of freckles, age spots, and other types of physiologic pigmentation. (expertsadvices.net)
Affects3
- In this article, we'll cover how nasal pigmentation affects dogs and the potential health implications it can have. (bullwrinkle.com)
- Pigmentation affects so many people throughout the world. (aestheticinnovationsllc.com)
- Pigmentation also affects floral thermoregulation, suggesting climate warming may additionally impact pigmentation. (clemson.edu)
Uneven2
- Diem Vitamin C targets pigmentation and uneven skin tone, helping to brighten skin and reduce redness, discolouration, age spots, and dark spots, leaving the skin clear and radiant. (antipodesnature.com)
- Now I look in the mirror and see the damage I unknowingly caused-wrinkles, uneven pigmentation, and some sagging skin due to loss of elasticity. (cdc.gov)
Clinic3
- Compare all the dermatologists and contact the pigmentation treatment clinic in Lancashire that's right for you. (whatclinic.com)
- Nova Skin and Hair Clinic, located in Dogok dong, Seoul, South Korea offers patients Pigmentation Treatment procedures among its total of 56 available procedures, across 3 different specialties. (mymeditravel.com)
- Currently, there's no pricing information for Pigmentation Treatment procedures at Nova Skin and Hair Clinic, as all prices are available on request only, whilst the national average price is approximately $128. (mymeditravel.com)
Melasma2
- It is important to protect the skin from excessive sunlight exposure to help prevent the development of certain types of physiologic pigmentation, such as age spots and melasma. (expertsadvices.net)
- Hormonal changes, such as those that occur during pregnancy, can lead to the development of certain types of physiologic pigmentation, such as melasma. (expertsadvices.net)
Redness1
- Is Facial Redness and Pigmentation Treatable? (derma-tech.com)
Clinics2
- We have all the information you need about public and private dermatology clinics that provide pigmentation treatment in Lancashire. (whatclinic.com)
- Pigmentation Treatment prices from £40 - Enquire for a fast quote ★ Choose from 44 Pigmentation Treatment Clinics in Lancashire with 108 verified patient reviews. (whatclinic.com)
Extent3
- QTLs influencing extent of flesh pigmentation were detected on chromosomes 5, 8 and 9. (cornell.edu)
- Globally, the extent of petal UV pigmentation increased significantly across taxa by ~2% per year. (clemson.edu)
- The type and extent of physiologic pigmentation can vary widely among individuals. (expertsadvices.net)
Nipple3
- Members of the band Lamb of God will join local tattoo artist, Amy Black, at a fundraiser for a new charity fund that will help women pay for nipple re-pigmentation tattoo procedures after undergoing mastectomies. (rvanews.com)
- Members of the band Lamb of God will attend an inaugural fund raiser later this week for the Pink Ink Fund, a fund created to help provide financial assistance to breast cancer survivors hoping to have reconstructive tattooed nipple re-pigmentation. (rvanews.com)
- Amy Black, a Richmond-based tattoo artist who provides the nipple re-pigmentation service at her studio, Trademark Tattoo , created the fund to help women pay for the cost of the service, which is not always covered by medical insurance. (rvanews.com)
Skincare1
- By featuring tone-correcting peptides, Diem Vitamin C is the best moisturiser for pigmentation and a must-have for your natural skincare routine in the morning. (antipodesnature.com)
Exposure6
- In addition, exposure to sun or UV light may increase pigmentation, especially after sensitization with a photosensitizing medication. (medscape.com)
- Skin pigmentation is caused by excessive exposure to the sun or the advancement of age. (whatclinic.com)
- In flowering plants, UV exposure favors larger areas of UV-absorbing pigmentation on petals, which protects pollen from UV-damage. (clemson.edu)
- The amount and distribution of physiologic pigmentation can change over time, due to factors such as aging and sun exposure. (expertsadvices.net)
- However, you can take steps to protect your skin from excessive sun exposure, which can help prevent the development of certain types of physiologic pigmentation. (expertsadvices.net)
- It is important to protect the skin from excessive sun exposure, as it can lead to the development of certain types of physiologic pigmentation and increase the risk of skin cancer. (expertsadvices.net)
Biological1
- Biological perspectives on human pigmentation / Ashley H. Robins. (who.int)
Ingredients1
- Discover Diem Vitamin C, the best moisturiser for pigmentation, and treat your skin to ultra-clean, anti pigmentation ingredients from nature. (antipodesnature.com)
Color2
- Results document a rapid phenotypic response of floral pigmentation to anthropogenic climatic change, suggesting that global change may alter pollination through its impact on floral color, with repercussions for plant reproductive fitness. (clemson.edu)
- The immersion of restorative materials in different pigmentation agents caused a significant color variation on the samples. (bvsalud.org)
Patients1
- It takes three days to a week for patients to recover after an IPL assisted pigmentation treatment. (whatclinic.com)
Procedures1
- With MyMediTravel you can browse 7 facilities offering Pigmentation Treatment procedures in South Korea. (mymeditravel.com)
Skin tone2
- When pigmentation is reduced, your natural skin tone can shine. (antipodesnature.com)
- Whatever your skin tone, the best moisturiser for pigmentation can revitalise dull skin and leave it looking radiant and healthy. (antipodesnature.com)
Healthy3
- Managing, reducing, and preventing pigmentation is one of the best ways to achieve a healthy-looking, luminous complexion. (antipodesnature.com)
- Physiologic pigmentation refers to the normal, healthy pigmentation of the skin. (expertsadvices.net)
- Physiologic pigmentation is the normal, healthy pigmentation of the skin. (expertsadvices.net)
Play1
- Your genetics play a role in the amount and distribution of physiologic pigmentation on your skin. (expertsadvices.net)
Change2
- Rapid ozone degradation during the 20th century resulted in elevated UV incidence, yet pigmentation responses to this aspect of global change have yet to be demonstrated. (clemson.edu)
- We used 1238 herbarium specimens collected from 1941 to 2017 to test whether change in UV floral pigmentation was associated with altered ozone and temperature in 42 species spanning three continents. (clemson.edu)
Natural1
- Physiologic pigmentation is a natural part of the skin's response to various stimuli, such as genetics, hormones, and sunlight. (expertsadvices.net)
Patches1
- Clofazimine induced pigmentation in leprosy patches. (bvsalud.org)
Cream2
- Who can use an anti pigmentation cream? (antipodesnature.com)
- When to use an anti pigmentation cream? (antipodesnature.com)
Role1
- For taxa with anthers enclosed within petals, pigmentation declined with increases in temperature, supporting a thermoregulatory role of UV pigmentation. (clemson.edu)
Agents1
- All restorative materials were shown to be susceptible to pigmentation by all agents. (bvsalud.org)
Expand1
- Our analyses expand current knowledge of pigmentation in fossil integument beyond that of feathers2, 10, allowing for the reconstruction of colour over much greater ranges of extinct taxa and anatomy. (soton.ac.uk)
Chemical1
- Here we present direct chemical evidence of pigmentation in fossilized skin, from three distantly related marine reptiles: a leatherback turtle5, a mosasaur6 and an ichthyosaur7. (soton.ac.uk)
Learn1
- So if you're curious about nasal pigmentation in dogs, keep reading to learn more! (bullwrinkle.com)
Responsible1
- through a redox reaction which is capable of pathophysiological darkening of the tooth breaking down the macromolecules responsible for (intrinsic), trauma, iatrogenic endodontic treatment pigmentation, promoting a whitening effect (LIMA and extrinsic stains from enamel/dentine et al. (bvsalud.org)