Phytoplasma
Acholeplasmataceae
Tenericutes
Hemiptera
Mycoplasmatales
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
DNA, Ribosomal
Citrus aurantiifolia
Prunus
Dictamnus
Ziziphus
Malus
Rosales
Spartium
Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
Alnus
Genes, rRNA
Plumbaginaceae
RNA, Bacterial
Rhamnus
Aster Plant
Ulmus
DNA, Ribosomal Spacer
Molecular Sequence Data
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Sequence Homology
Cocos
Lebanon
Passiflora
Solanaceae
Cassia
Ipomoea batatas
"Candidatus Phytoplasma oryzae", a novel phytoplasma taxon associated with rice yellow dwarf disease. (1/92)
In addition to rice yellow dwarf (RYD) phytoplasma, several phytoplasmas infect gramineous plants, including rice orange leaf, bermuda grass white leaf, brachiaria grass white leaf and sugarcane white leaf phytoplasmas. To investigate whether the RYD phytoplasma is a discrete, species-level taxon, several isolates of the aforementioned phytoplasmas were analysed using PCR-amplified 16S rDNA sequences. Two RYD isolates, RYD-J(T) and RYD-Th, were almost identical (99.2 %), but were distinct (similarities of 96.3-97.9 %) from other phytoplasma isolates of the RYD 16S-group. The notion that the RYD phytoplasma constitutes a unique taxon is also supported by its unique insect vector (Nephotettix sp.), its unique host plant in nature (rice) and its limited geographical distribution (Asia). In Southern blot analysis, chromosomal and extrachromosomal DNA probes of the RYD phytoplasma reportedly did not hybridize with those of closely related phytoplasmas. These properties of the RYD phytoplasma clearly indicate that it represents a novel taxon, 'Candidatus Phytoplasma oryzae'. (+info)Secretion of immunodominant membrane protein from onion yellows phytoplasma through the Sec protein-translocation system in Escherichia coli. (2/92)
A gene that encodes a putative SecE protein, which is a component of the Sec protein-translocation system, was cloned from the onion yellows phytoplasma (OY). The identification of this gene and the previously reported genes encoding SecA and SecY provides evidence that the Sec system exists in phytoplasma. In addition, a gene encoding an antigenic membrane protein (Amp) (a type of immunodominant membrane protein) of OY was cloned and sequenced. The OY amp gene consisted of 702 nt encoding a protein of 233 aa which was highly similar to Amp of aster yellows phytoplasma (AY). Part of OY Amp was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and used to raise an anti-Amp polyclonal antibody. The anti-Amp antibody reacted specifically with an OY-infected plant extract in Western blot analysis and was therefore useful for the detection of OY as well as Amp. Amp has a conserved protein motif that is known to be exported by the Sec system of E. coli. A partial OY Amp protein expressed in E. coli was localized in the periplasm as a shorter, putatively processed form of the protein. It had probably been exported from the cytoplasm to the periplasm through the Sec system. Moreover, OY Amp protein expressed in OY and detected in OY-infected plants was apparently also processed. Because phytoplasmas cannot be cultured or transformed, little information is available regarding their protein secretion systems. This study suggests that the Sec system operates in this phytoplasma to export OY Amp. (+info)Fluctuation of endophytic bacteria and phytoplasmosis in elm trees. (3/92)
A total of 658 heterotrophic bacterial colonies isolated from phloem tissues of roots and branches in four months (April, June, September and December) from two elm plants, one of which affected by phytoplasmosis, were typed by means of ARDRA. This analysis revealed the existence of a high degree of variability within the community and was able to detect 84 different ARDRA groups. The Analysis of Molecular Variance was applied to ARDRA patterns to analyze the differentiation between communities isolated from the various samplings. Data obtained were compared with those from a previous work (Mocali et al. 2003). Results indicated that plants with symptoms of phytoplasmosis showed marked alterations in the extent of the fluctuations of the community along the seasons in the different plant organs. (+info)Detection and molecular characterization of an aster yellows phytoplasma in poker statice and Queen Anne's lace in Alberta, Canada. (4/92)
Queen Anne's lace and poker statice plants were found with a yellows-type disease with typical phytoplasma symptoms in an experimental farm near Brooks, Alberta in 1996. Phytoplasma bodies were detected by transmission electron microscopy in phloem cells of symptomatic plants, but not in healthy plants. The presence of a phytoplasma was confirmed by analysis with the polymerase chain reaction. Using a pair of universal primer sequences derived from phytoplasma 16S rRNA, an amplified product of the expected size (1.2 kb) was observed in samples from infected plants, but not in asymptomatic plants. Sequence analysis of the PCR products from the 16S/23S rDNA intergenic spacer region indicated that the two phytoplasma isolates in Queen Anne's lace and poker statice are genetically closely related to the western aster yellows phytoplasma. (+info)Sequence analysis of two plasmids from the phytoplasma beet leafhopper-transmitted virescence agent. (5/92)
The complete nucleotide sequences of the two plasmids from the phytoplasma beet leafhopper-transmitted virescence agent (BLTVA) have been determined. The larger plasmid, pBLTVA-1, was 10 785 nt in length and contained 11 putative ORFs, almost all of which were duplicated or triplicated on the plasmid due to the presence of large repeated regions. The sequence contained a series of tandem repeats, the largest of which was 338 nt long. The sequences of ORFs 4 and 11 showed homology with the replication genes of plasmids from other phytoplasmas and from geminiviruses. ORF9, the only ORF present as a single copy, showed homology with DNA primase genes from bacterial chromosomes and contained the conserved zinc finger and topoisomerase/primase domains. None of the other eight ORFs showed homology with known sequences in the GenBank database. pBLTVA-2 was 2587 nt in length, and all of its sequence was nearly identical to sequences from pBLTVA-1, most of which spanned ORFs 10 and 11, including the 338 nt tandem repeat. Analysis of 30 strains of BLTVA showed that most of the 11 putative ORFs were present, but the size of the plasmids varied in these strains. (+info)'Candidatus Phytoplasma spartii', 'Candidatus Phytoplasma rhamni' and 'Candidatus Phytoplasma allocasuarinae', respectively associated with spartium witches'-broom, buckthorn witches'-broom and allocasuarina yellows diseases. (6/92)
Spartium witches'-broom (SpaWB), buckthorn witches'-broom (BWB) and allocasuarina yellows (AlloY) are witches'-broom and yellows diseases of Spartium junceum (Spanish broom), Rhamnus catharticus (buckthorn) and Allocasuarina muelleriana (Slaty she-oak), respectively. These diseases are associated with distinct phytoplasmas. The SpaWB, BWB and AlloY phytoplasmas share <97.5 % 16S rDNA sequence similarity with each other and with other known phytoplasmas, including the closely related phytoplasmas of the apple proliferation group. Also, the SpaWB, BWB and AlloY phytoplasmas each have a different natural plant host. Based on their unique properties, it is proposed to designate the mentioned phytoplasmas as novel 'Candidatus' species under the names 'Candidatus Phytoplasma spartii', 'Candidatus Phytoplasma rhamni' and 'Candidatus Phytoplasma allocasuarinae', respectively. (+info)'Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris', a novel phytoplasma taxon associated with aster yellows and related diseases. (7/92)
Aster yellows (AY) group (16SrI) phytoplasmas are associated with over 100 economically important diseases worldwide and represent the most diverse and widespread phytoplasma group. Strains that belong to the AY group form a phylogenetically discrete subclade within the phytoplasma clade and are related most closely to the stolbur phytoplasma subclade, based on analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences. AY subclade strains are related more closely to their culturable relatives, Acholeplasma spp., than any other phytoplasmas known. Within the AY subclade, six distinct phylogenetic lineages were revealed. Congruent phylogenies obtained by analyses of tuf gene and ribosomal protein (rp) operon gene sequences further resolved the diversity among AY group phytoplasmas. Distinct phylogenetic lineages were identified by RFLP analysis of 16S rRNA, tuf or rp gene sequences. Ten subgroups were differentiated, based on analysis of rp gene sequences. It is proposed that AY group phytoplasmas represent at least one novel taxon. Strain OAY, which is a member of subgroups 16SrI-B, rpI-B and tufI-B and is associated with evening primrose (Oenothera hookeri) virescence in Michigan, USA, was selected as the reference strain for the novel taxon 'Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris'. A comprehensive database of diverse AY phytoplasma strains and their geographical distribution is presented. (+info)'Candidatus Phytoplasma cynodontis', the phytoplasma associated with Bermuda grass white leaf disease. (8/92)
Bermuda grass white leaf (BGWL) is a destructive, phytoplasmal disease of Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon). The causal pathogen, the BGWL agent, differs from other phytoplasmas that cluster in the same major branch of the phytoplasma phylogenetic clade in <2.5% of 16S rDNA nucleotide positions, the threshold for assigning species rank to phytoplasmas under the provisional status 'Candidatus'. Thus, the objective of this work was to examine homogeneity of BGWL isolates and to determine whether there are, in addition to 16S rDNA, other markers that support delineation of the BGWL agent at the putative species level. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the 16S rDNA sequences of BGWL strains were identical or nearly identical. Clear differences that support separation of the BGWL agent from related phytoplasmas were observed within the 16S-23S rDNA spacer sequence, by serological comparisons, in vector transmission and in host-range specificity. From these results, it can be concluded that the BGWL phytoplasma is a discrete taxon at the putative species level, for which the name 'Candidatus Phytoplasma cynodontis' is proposed. Strain BGWL-C1 was selected as the reference strain. Phytoplasmas that are associated with brachiaria white leaf, carpet grass white leaf and diseases of date palms showed 16S rDNA and/or 16S-23S rDNA spacer sequences that were identical or nearly identical to those of the BGWL phytoplasmas. However, the data available do not seem to be sufficient for a proper taxonomic assignment of these phytoplasmas. (+info)Phytoplasmas are tiny, wall-less, bacteria-like organisms that lack a cell wall and have a unique, small circular DNA genome. They are classified in the class Mollicutes and are obligate parasites, meaning they can only survive inside living cells. They infect a wide range of plant species, as well as some insects, and can cause various diseases that affect the growth, development, and yield of crops and ornamental plants.
Phytoplasmas are typically transmitted from plant to plant by sap-sucking insects such as leafhoppers, planthoppers, and psyllids. Once inside a plant host, they manipulate the host's metabolism and cause various symptoms, including yellowing of leaves, stunting, witches' broom (excessive branching), virescence (greening of flowers), and phyllody (transformation of floral parts into leaf-like structures).
Phytoplasmas are difficult to culture in the laboratory, which has made their study challenging. However, advances in molecular biology techniques such as PCR and DNA sequencing have facilitated their identification and characterization. Controlling phytoplasma diseases is also a challenge due to their complex transmission cycles and the lack of effective chemical treatments. Management strategies typically involve integrated pest management (IPM) approaches that combine cultural, biological, and chemical methods to reduce disease incidence and spread.
Acholeplasmataceae is a family of bacteria that are characterized by their lack of a cell wall and their ability to grow without the need for sterols, which are required by many other related bacterial groups. These organisms are typically found in various environments such as soil, water, and the mouths of animals. They are gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, and have a unique morphology with a distinct polar tuft of flagella that allows them to move. Some members of this family can cause diseases in animals, but their role in human health is not well understood.
Tenericutes is a taxonomic class of bacteria that lack a cell wall and have a reduced genome. They were previously classified as a subphylum within the phylum Firmicutes but are now considered a separate phylum. The most well-known member of this group is the genus Mycoplasma, which includes several species that can cause diseases in humans, animals, and plants.
Mycoplasmas are known for their small size, simple structure, and ability to exist as parasites or commensals in various host organisms. They lack a cell wall, which makes them resistant to many antibiotics that target the cell wall synthesis of other bacteria. Mycoplasma species can cause a variety of diseases, including respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, and sexually transmitted infections in humans. In animals, they can cause pneumonia, mastitis, and arthritis, among other conditions.
It's worth noting that the classification of Tenericutes has been debated, as some researchers argue that they should be considered a group of wall-less bacteria rather than a distinct phylum. Nonetheless, Tenericutes remains a widely recognized and studied taxonomic class in bacteriology.
A plant disease is a disorder that affects the normal growth and development of plants, caused by pathogenic organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or nematodes, as well as environmental factors like nutrient deficiencies, extreme temperatures, or physical damage. These diseases can cause various symptoms, including discoloration, wilting, stunted growth, necrosis, and reduced yield or productivity, which can have significant economic and ecological impacts.
"Vinca" is not a medical term itself, but it refers to a group of plants that belong to the genus Vinca or the family Apocynaceae. Some species of Vinca are used in medicine and are known as "vinca alkaloids." These alkaloids include vincristine and vinblastine, which have been isolated from the Madagascar periwinkle (Vinca rosea) plant.
Vincristine and vinblastine are antimicrotubule agents that disrupt microtubule function during mitosis, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (programmed cell death). They have been used in the treatment of various types of cancer, including leukemias, lymphomas, and testicular cancer.
Therefore, when referring to "Vinca" in a medical context, it typically means the use of vinca alkaloids as anticancer agents.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Hemiptera" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic order in the classification of living things, also known as "true bugs." This group includes species such as cicadas, aphids, and bedbugs. If you have a medical term in mind, please provide it so I can give you an accurate definition.
Mycoplasmatales is an order of bacteria that lack a cell wall and are characterized by their small size and simple genome. They are commonly found in various environments, including the human body, where they can be part of the normal flora or associated with diseases. The order Mycoplasmatales contains several genera, including Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, and Acholeplasma, among others. These bacteria can cause a variety of infections, such as respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, and sexually transmitted diseases. Due to their small size and lack of a cell wall, they can be resistant to many antibiotics, making them difficult to treat in some cases.
Tamaricaceae is not a medical term, but a botanical term referring to a family of flowering plants known as the tamarisk family. It includes trees and shrubs that are often found in dry or saline habitats. Some species in this family have been used in traditional medicine, although it's important to note that the use of botanicals for medicinal purposes should be done under the guidance of a healthcare provider due to potential risks and interactions with other medications.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes, which are complex structures inside cells where protein synthesis occurs. The "16S" refers to the sedimentation coefficient of the rRNA molecule, which is a measure of its size and shape. In particular, 16S rRNA is a component of the smaller subunit of the prokaryotic ribosome (found in bacteria and archaea), and is often used as a molecular marker for identifying and classifying these organisms due to its relative stability and conservation among species. The sequence of 16S rRNA can be compared across different species to determine their evolutionary relationships and taxonomic positions.
"Fragaria" is the genus name for plants in the family Rosaceae, which includes various species of strawberries. These plants are native to temperate regions of the world and are widely cultivated for their edible fruits. The term "Fragaria" itself does not have a specific medical definition, but certain compounds found in strawberries, such as flavonoids and vitamin C, have been studied for potential health benefits.
Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) refers to the specific regions of DNA in a cell that contain the genes for ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Ribosomes are complex structures composed of proteins and rRNA, which play a crucial role in protein synthesis by translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins.
In humans, there are four types of rRNA molecules: 18S, 5.8S, 28S, and 5S. These rRNAs are encoded by multiple copies of rDNA genes that are organized in clusters on specific chromosomes. In humans, the majority of rDNA genes are located on the short arms of acrocentric chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22.
Each cluster of rDNA genes contains both transcribed and non-transcribed spacer regions. The transcribed regions contain the genes for the four types of rRNA, while the non-transcribed spacers contain regulatory elements that control the transcription of the rRNA genes.
The number of rDNA copies varies between species and even within individuals of the same species. The copy number can also change during development and in response to environmental factors. Variations in rDNA copy number have been associated with various diseases, including cancer and neurological disorders.
'Citrus aurantiifolia' is the scientific name for a species of citrus fruit known as Key lime or Mexican lime. It is a small, thorny evergreen tree that typically grows to around 5 meters in height. The fruit of this tree is small and round, with a green, thin, and wrinkled skin that turns yellow when ripe. The interior of the fruit is juicy, tart, and aromatic, making it popular for use in various culinary applications, particularly in the preparation of Key lime pie.
The Key lime is native to Southeast Asia but was brought to the Americas by Spanish explorers in the 16th century. It is now widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including Florida and Mexico, where it is a significant commercial crop. The Key lime tree is also valued for its attractive flowers and decorative foliage.
"Prunus" is a term that refers to a genus of plants, which includes many familiar fruits such as plums, cherries, peaches, and almonds. It's not a medical term, but rather a botanical one. The fruit of these plants are often used in food medicine due to their nutritional value and health benefits. For example, prunes (dried plums) are known for their laxative effects. However, the plant itself or its extracts can also have medicinal uses, mainly as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and cardioprotective agents.
"Heracleum" is a genus of plants in the family Apiaceae, also known as the carrot or parsley family. Many species in this genus are large herbaceous plants native to Europe and Asia, with some found in North America. One well-known species is Heracleum persicum, commonly called "giant hogweed," which can grow up to 15 feet tall and has been identified as an invasive species in certain regions.
The sap of giant hogweed contains toxic compounds that can cause phytophotodermatitis, a skin reaction characterized by redness, pain, itching, and blistering when the affected area is exposed to sunlight. This reaction can be severe and may result in scarring or long-term sensitivity to light. It's essential to exercise caution when handling or coming into contact with giant hogweed or any other members of the Heracleum genus.
In a medical context, it's crucial to differentiate between 'Heracleum' as a plant genus and 'heracleum' as a term used in anatomy. In anatomy, 'heracleum' refers to a muscle in certain animals, specifically the external abdominal oblique muscle in ruminants like cows and sheep. However, this usage is not directly related to human medicine or healthcare.
"Dictamnus" is a genus name in botany, which refers to the plant species commonly known as "burning bush" or "dittany." The most common species is Dictamnus albus. It is a perennial herb that belongs to the family Rutaceae (the rue family). This plant is native to southern Europe and parts of Asia, and it has been used in traditional medicine for various purposes, such as treating skin conditions, digestive issues, and menstrual problems. However, it's important to note that the use of this plant in modern medicine is not well-studied, and its safety and efficacy are not established.
"Ziziphus" is a genus of plants that includes several species of shrubs and small trees. While it doesn't have a specific medical definition, one of its most well-known species, Ziziphus jujuba, also known as the jujube or Chinese date, has been used in traditional medicine for centuries.
In traditional Chinese medicine, the fruit, seeds, and bark of the jujube tree are used to treat a variety of ailments. The fruits are rich in antioxidants and have been used to treat coughs, sore throats, and stomach disorders. The seeds are used as a sedative and painkiller, while the bark is used to treat skin conditions and wounds.
However, it's important to note that while some studies suggest that jujube may have health benefits, more research is needed before any definitive medical claims can be made. Additionally, consuming large amounts of jujube or its parts can have potential side effects, so it's always recommended to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new treatment regimen.
Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.
Bacterial DNA refers to the genetic material found in bacteria. It is composed of a double-stranded helix containing four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) - that are linked together by phosphodiester bonds. The sequence of these bases in the DNA molecule carries the genetic information necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of bacteria.
Bacterial DNA is circular in most bacterial species, although some have linear chromosomes. In addition to the main chromosome, many bacteria also contain small circular pieces of DNA called plasmids that can carry additional genes and provide resistance to antibiotics or other environmental stressors.
Unlike eukaryotic cells, which have their DNA enclosed within a nucleus, bacterial DNA is present in the cytoplasm of the cell, where it is in direct contact with the cell's metabolic machinery. This allows for rapid gene expression and regulation in response to changing environmental conditions.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Malus" is not a medical term. It is a genus name in the plant kingdom, referring to the apple tree. If you have a different term or concept in mind, please provide it so I can give you an accurate definition or explanation.
Fagaceae is a family of plants that includes beeches, oaks, and chestnuts. It is a group of woody trees and shrubs that are widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, with some species also found in South America and Southeast Asia. The family is characterized by simple, lobed leaves and hard, durable woods. Many species in this family produce nuts that are an important food source for both wildlife and humans. In a medical context, Fagaceae may be mentioned in relation to allergies or other health effects associated with exposure to the pollen, leaves, or nuts of these plants.
I apologize for any confusion, but "Rosales" is not a medical term. It is a botanical term used in the classification of plants. Rosales is an order of flowering plants that includes roses, as well as many other plants such as apples, cherries, almonds, and strawberries. The plants in this group are characterized by having flowers with multiple stamens and styles. I hope this clarifies any confusion. If you have any medical terms you would like defined, please let me know!
"Vaccinium" is not a medical term, but a scientific name for a genus of plants in the family Ericaceae. It includes several species of shrubs that produce berries, such as blueberries, cranberries, and huckleberries. While these fruits have nutritional and potential medicinal benefits, "Vaccinium" itself does not have a medical definition.
I believe there might be some confusion in your question. "Spartium" is not a medical term, but a genus of flowering plants native to the Mediterranean region. The most common species is *Spartium junceum*, also known as Spanish broom or weaver's broom. It belongs to the family Fabaceae (legumes).
If you are referring to a specific medical term that resembles "Spartium" and I misunderstood your question, please provide more context or clarify your request so I can give an accurate answer.
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) is a term used in molecular biology and genetics. It refers to the presence of variations in DNA sequences among individuals, which can be detected by restriction enzymes. These enzymes cut DNA at specific sites, creating fragments of different lengths.
In RFLP analysis, DNA is isolated from an individual and treated with a specific restriction enzyme that cuts the DNA at particular recognition sites. The resulting fragments are then separated by size using gel electrophoresis, creating a pattern unique to that individual's DNA. If there are variations in the DNA sequence between individuals, the restriction enzyme may cut the DNA at different sites, leading to differences in the length of the fragments and thus, a different pattern on the gel.
These variations can be used for various purposes, such as identifying individuals, diagnosing genetic diseases, or studying evolutionary relationships between species. However, RFLP analysis has largely been replaced by more modern techniques like polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods and DNA sequencing, which offer higher resolution and throughput.
"Alnus" is a genus of flowering plants in the family Betulaceae, commonly known as alders. They are deciduous or evergreen trees or shrubs with simple, alternate leaves and catkins. The term "Alnus" itself is the genus name and does not have a medical definition. However, various species of alders have been used in traditional medicine for their anti-inflammatory, astringent, and diuretic properties. For example, the bark of Alnus glutinosa (common alder) has been used to treat skin diseases, wounds, and diarrhea. It is important to note that the use of alders in modern medicine is limited and further research is needed to establish their safety and efficacy.
rRNA (ribosomal RNA) is not a type of gene itself, but rather a crucial component that is transcribed from genes known as ribosomal DNA (rDNA). In cells, rRNA plays an essential role in protein synthesis by assembling with ribosomal proteins to form ribosomes. Ribosomes are complex structures where the translation of mRNA into proteins occurs. There are multiple types of rRNA molecules, including 5S, 5.8S, 18S, and 28S rRNAs in eukaryotic cells, each with specific functions during protein synthesis.
In summary, 'Genes, rRNA' would refer to the genetic regions (genes) that code for ribosomal RNA molecules, which are vital components of the protein synthesis machinery within cells.
Plumbaginaceae is not a medical term, but a taxonomic category in botany. It refers to the family of flowering plants known as the leadworts or pinks, which includes around 850-900 species. Some members of this family contain the naphthoquinone compound plumbagin, which has been studied for its potential medicinal properties. However, Plumbaginaceae itself is not a medical term or concept.
Bacterial RNA refers to the genetic material present in bacteria that is composed of ribonucleic acid (RNA). Unlike higher organisms, bacteria contain a single circular chromosome made up of DNA, along with smaller circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These bacterial genetic materials contain the information necessary for the growth and reproduction of the organism.
Bacterial RNA can be divided into three main categories: messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA). mRNA carries genetic information copied from DNA, which is then translated into proteins by the rRNA and tRNA molecules. rRNA is a structural component of the ribosome, where protein synthesis occurs, while tRNA acts as an adapter that brings amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.
Bacterial RNA plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including gene expression, protein synthesis, and regulation of metabolic pathways. Understanding the structure and function of bacterial RNA is essential for developing new antibiotics and other therapeutic strategies to combat bacterial infections.
"Rhamnus" is a genus of plants, and it does not have a medical definition. It belongs to the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) and includes several species of shrubs and small trees that are found in various parts of the world, including Europe, Asia, and North America.
Some Rhamnus species have been used in traditional medicine for their laxative properties due to the presence of anthraquinones in their bark and leaves. However, it is important to note that the use of these plants as medicine should be done under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as they can cause adverse effects if not used properly.
I couldn't find a medical definition for "Aster plant" since the term "Aster" is primarily used in botany and horticulture, referring to a large genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. The name "Asters" comes from the Greek word 'astron,' which means 'star,' due to their star-shaped flower heads.
Although Aster plants do not have specific medical relevance, some traditional medicine systems and folklore use certain species for various purposes. For example, in traditional Chinese medicine, Mianto (Aster tataricus) is used as an antitussive and expectorant. However, it's essential to consult scientific research and healthcare professionals before using any plant material for medicinal purposes, as many require further study and may have potential side effects or interactions with other treatments.
'Clematis' is a term that refers to a genus of woody climbing vines and shrubs, primarily found in the northern hemisphere. These plants are known for their beautiful and showy flowers, which come in a variety of colors, shapes, and sizes. While 'Clematis' is not a medical term, it is possible that you may have been looking for "clematide," which is a type of protein found in some animals and has been studied in the context of cancer research. However, without more context, I cannot be sure.
I apologize for any confusion, but "Ulmus" is not a medical term. It is the genus name for a group of trees commonly known as elms. If you have any questions about a medical term or concept, please provide it and I would be happy to help define it for you.
The ribosomal spacer in DNA refers to the non-coding sequences of DNA that are located between the genes for ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These spacer regions are present in the DNA of organisms that have a nuclear genome, including humans and other animals, plants, and fungi.
In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, there are two ribosomal RNA genes, 16S and 23S, separated by a spacer region known as the intergenic spacer (IGS). In eukaryotic cells, there are multiple copies of ribosomal RNA genes arranged in clusters called nucleolar organizer regions (NORs), which are located on the short arms of several acrocentric chromosomes. Each cluster contains hundreds to thousands of copies of the 18S, 5.8S, and 28S rRNA genes, separated by non-transcribed spacer regions known as internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and external transcribed spacers (ETS).
The ribosomal spacer regions in DNA are often used as molecular markers for studying evolutionary relationships among organisms because they evolve more rapidly than the rRNA genes themselves. The sequences of these spacer regions can be compared among different species to infer their phylogenetic relationships and to estimate the time since they diverged from a common ancestor. Additionally, the length and composition of ribosomal spacers can vary between individuals within a species, making them useful for studying genetic diversity and population structure.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
DNA Sequence Analysis is the systematic determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It is a critical component of modern molecular biology, genetics, and genetic engineering. The process involves determining the exact order of the four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - in a DNA molecule or fragment. This information is used in various applications such as identifying gene mutations, studying evolutionary relationships, developing molecular markers for breeding, and diagnosing genetic diseases.
The process of DNA Sequence Analysis typically involves several steps, including DNA extraction, PCR amplification (if necessary), purification, sequencing reaction, and electrophoresis. The resulting data is then analyzed using specialized software to determine the exact sequence of nucleotides.
In recent years, high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics, enabling the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes. This has led to an explosion of genomic data and new insights into the genetic basis of many diseases and traits.
Sequence homology is a term used in molecular biology to describe the similarity between the nucleotide or amino acid sequences of two or more genes or proteins. It is a measure of the degree to which the sequences are related, indicating a common evolutionary origin.
In other words, sequence homology implies that the compared sequences have a significant number of identical or similar residues in the same order, suggesting that they share a common ancestor and have diverged over time through processes such as mutation, insertion, deletion, or rearrangement. The higher the degree of sequence homology, the more closely related the sequences are likely to be.
Sequence homology is often used to identify similarities between genes or proteins from different species, which can provide valuable insights into their functions, structures, and evolutionary relationships. It is commonly assessed using various bioinformatics tools and algorithms, such as BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool), Clustal Omega, and multiple sequence alignment (MSA) methods.
I could not find a medical definition specifically for "Cocos." However, Cocos is a geographical name that may refer to:
* The Cocos (Keeling) Islands, an Australian territory in the Indian Ocean.
* Cocos nucifera, the scientific name for the coconut palm tree.
There are some medical conditions related to the consumption of coconuts or exposure to the coconut palm tree, such as allergies to coconut products, but there is no specific medical term "Cocos."
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Lebanon" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in the Middle East, known officially as the Lebanese Republic. If you have any questions about medical conditions or terms, please provide them, and I would be happy to help.
"Passiflora" is a genus of flowering plants, commonly known as passion flowers or passion vines. While it is not a medical term itself, certain species of Passiflora are used in herbal medicine. The most common medicinal use of Passiflora is Passiflora incarnata, also known as maypop or purple passionflower. This plant is used as a natural sedative and anxiety reliever due to its calming effects on the nervous system. It contains various chemical compounds such as flavonoids, indole alkaloids, and glycosides which contribute to its medicinal properties. It's often used in teas, supplements, and tinctures for promoting relaxation, reducing insomnia, and treating symptoms of anxiety and stress.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "onions" are not a medical term. They are a type of vegetable, specifically a variety of bulb vegetables, known scientifically as Allium cepa. Onions are widely used in cooking and have been cultivated for centuries for their unique, pungent flavor and potential health benefits. If you have any questions about onions in a culinary or nutritional context, I'd be happy to try to help answer those!
"Solanaceae" is not a medical term but a taxonomic category in biology, referring to the Nightshade family of plants. This family includes several plants that have economic and medicinal importance, as well as some that are toxic or poisonous. Some common examples of plants in this family include:
- Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)
- Solanum tuberosum (potato)
- Capsicum annuum (bell pepper and chili pepper)
- Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco)
- Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade)
- Hyoscyamus niger (henbane)
While Solanaceae isn't a medical term itself, certain plants within this family have medical significance. For instance, some alkaloids found in these plants can be used as medications or pharmaceutical precursors, such as atropine and scopolamine from Atropa belladonna, hyoscine from Hyoscyamus niger, and capsaicin from Capsicum species. However, it's important to note that many of these plants also contain toxic compounds, so they must be handled with care and used only under professional supervision.
'Cassia' is a botanical term that refers to several species of plants in the family Fabaceae, which is also known as the legume family. The most well-known species is Cinnamomum cassia, which is commonly called Chinese cinnamon or cassia cinnamon. This tree is native to China and other parts of Asia, and its bark is used to make a type of cinnamon that is less expensive and has a stronger flavor than Ceylon cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum).
Other species of Cassia include Senna obtusifolia, also known as coffee senna or sicklepod, which is a plant native to Africa that is used in traditional medicine, and Cassia fistula, also known as the golden shower tree, which is a tropical tree with large, yellow flowers.
It's worth noting that while some species of Cassia have medicinal uses, others can be toxic if ingested in large quantities. Therefore, it's important to consult with a healthcare professional before using any plant or herbal remedy for medical purposes.
'Ipomoea batatas' is the scientific name for a plant species, commonly known as sweet potato. It is a starchy, root vegetable that comes in various colors and sizes. While I am primarily designed to answer legal, financial, and business questions, I can provide general information about various topics. However, for medical advice or information, it is always best to consult with a healthcare professional.
A bacterial genome is the complete set of genetic material, including both DNA and RNA, found within a single bacterium. It contains all the hereditary information necessary for the bacterium to grow, reproduce, and survive in its environment. The bacterial genome typically includes circular chromosomes, as well as plasmids, which are smaller, circular DNA molecules that can carry additional genes. These genes encode various functional elements such as enzymes, structural proteins, and regulatory sequences that determine the bacterium's characteristics and behavior.
Bacterial genomes vary widely in size, ranging from around 130 kilobases (kb) in Mycoplasma genitalium to over 14 megabases (Mb) in Sorangium cellulosum. The complete sequencing and analysis of bacterial genomes have provided valuable insights into the biology, evolution, and pathogenicity of bacteria, enabling researchers to better understand their roles in various diseases and potential applications in biotechnology.
Phytoplasma - Wikipedia
Lavender decline stolbur phytoplasma - Encyclopedia of Life
Reductive evolution suggested from the complete genome sequence of a plant-pathogenic phytoplasma | Nature Genetics
Phytoplasma Effector SAP54 Hijacks Plant Reproduction by Degrading MADS-box Proteins and Promotes Insect Colonization in a...
Sequence heterogeneity in the two 16S rRNA genes of Phormium yellow leaf phytoplasma - PubMed
Novel aspects of grapevine response to phytoplasma infection investigated by a proteomic and phospho-proteomic approach with...
Phytoplasma | The Beatsheet
Viroids | Encyclopedia.com
The significance of Napier Grass Stunt Phytoplasma and Its transmission to cereals and sugarcane -ORCA
Candidatus Phytoplasma mali`, `Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri` and
Occurrence and molecular characterization of a 16SrI-R subgroup phytoplasma associated with Aquilegia vulgaris phyllody...
Dodonaea yellows phytoplasma (PHYP32)[Overview]| EPPO Global Database
Phytoplasmas in declining cherry plants.
Pests | Pests Entities | Viruses & Phytoplasmas - PestNet
Survey Status of Flavescence doree - Candidatus Phytoplasma vitis 16SrV-C (2023)
Plus it
Phytoplasmas Morphology and its Symptoms | Open Access Journals
"Candidatus Phytoplasma solani" associated with Eucalyptus witches' broom in Iran | SeqCode...
Development of efficient methods and identification of barcodes for discriminating Grapevine flavescence dorée sensu-stricto...
AGES National Reference Laboratory for Plant Health - Viruses, Viroids and Phytoplasmas - AGES
Papers Ribosomal protein coding genes SSU12p and LSU36p as molecular markers for phytoplasma detection and differentiation
'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' interferes with the distribution and uptake of iron in tomato | BMC Genomics | Full...
Induced expression of sucrose synthase and alcohol dehydrogenase I genes in phytoplasma-infected grapevine plants grown in the...
'Candidatus Phytoplasma mali', 'Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri' and 'Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum', the causal agents of apple...
Incidence of the beet leafhopper and beet leafhopper transmitted virescence agent phytoplasma (BLTVA) in the southern Columbia...
Selection of reference genes for quantitative PCR analysis in Citrus aurantifolia during phytoplasma infection<...
Оповещения о вредных организмах: Hungary - Международная конвенция по карантину и защите растений
Solani5
- Stolburul tomatelor ( Phytoplasma solani ) este o fitoplasmoza ce afecteaza grav atat plantele cat si productia de rosii . (horticultorul.ro)
- MH085227, MH085228, and MH085229) and C. arvensis (MH085225 and MH085226) in Jordan had identity of 99% to the deposited sequence of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' from of Vitis vinifera L. in Jordan (KC835139) and the 'Ca. P. solani' strain sequence from Capsicum annuum L. from Serbia (AF248959). (ilvo.be)
- It is associated with 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani', but molecular interactions between the causal pathogen and its host plant are not well understood. (uni-lj.si)
- Grapevine Bois noir (BN) is associated with infection by "Candidatus Phytoplasma solani" (CaPsol). (univr.it)
- Spatiotemporal and Quantitative Monitoring of the Fate of " Candidatus Phytoplasma Solani" in Tomato Plants Infected by Grafting. (nih.gov)
Candidatus14
- Little cherry is a symptom of little cherry disease, caused by little cherry virus -1 and -2 and X-disease (caused by Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni). (oregonstate.edu)
- Candidatus (Ca.) Phytoplasma asteris) is an obligate bacterial pathogen that is the causative agent of multiple diseases in herbaceous plants. (biorxiv.org)
- 'Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense' is causing commercial potato ( Solanum tuberosum ) crops in New Zealand to exhibit symptoms similar to those of zebra chip. (pestalerts.org)
- 2004. "Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense" in Coprosma robusta in New Zealand. (pestalerts.org)
- 2005. An isolate of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense' group associated with Nivun-Haamir-Die Back disease of papaya in Israel. (pestalerts.org)
- 2006. First detection of Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense in Liquidambar styraciflua in Australia. (pestalerts.org)
- 2005. First report of an isolate of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense' associated with a yellow leaf roll disease of peach (Prunus persicae) in Bolivia. (pestalerts.org)
- 2006. 'Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense' is associated with diseases of red clover and paddy melon in south-west Australia. (pestalerts.org)
- Resulting sequences had close to 100% nucleotide identity to pigeon pea little leaf phytoplasma, Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia (16Sr-II group), which has been previously reported in Australia from pigeon pea (Canjanus cajan) and stylosanthes. (qld.gov.au)
- The genus ' Candidatus ( Ca. ) Phytoplasma' comprises a diverse group of bacteria that cause economically important insect-transmitted diseases around the world (Hogenhout et al. (biomedcentral.com)
- Sequence identity results from BLAST and phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences confirmed that the phytoplasma identified in C. macrophylla in Oman is a 'Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia'-related strain. (elsevierpure.com)
- Al-Subhi, AM , Al-Yahyai, RA & Al-Sadi, AM 2019, ' First report of a 'candidatus phytoplasma aurantifolia'-related strain in citrus macrophylla in Oman ', Phytopathogenic Mollicutes , vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 7-8. (elsevierpure.com)
- Although phytoplasmas are associated with habitats and ecology different from acholepalsmas, the two genera Acholeplasma and 'Candidatus Phytoplasma' are phylogenetically related and form a distinct clade within the Mollicutes. (usda.gov)
- Until supplemental phenotypic traits become available, the genus 'Candidatus Phytoplasma', is designated, on the basis of phylogeny, as a tentative member in the family Acholeplasmataceae. (usda.gov)
Infection4
- A phytoplasma infection often triggers leaf yellowing, probably due to the presence of phytoplasma cells in phloem, which can affect phloem function and carbohydrate transport, inhibit chlorophyll biosynthesis, and trigger chlorophyll breakdown. (wikipedia.org)
- The aster leafhopper is a migratory insect pest that overwinters in the southern United States, and historical data suggest these insects migrate from southern overwintering locations to northern latitudes annually, transmitting and driving phytoplasma infection rates as they migrate. (biorxiv.org)
- Overall, the recent advances concerning the knowledge on microbial symbioses in phytoplasma plant and insect hosts can consistently support future research regarding the phytoplasma infection process, and eventually drive new control strategies against phytoplasma-associated diseases. (agri.gov.il)
- To our knowledge, this is the first report of phytoplasma infection of grapevine in Montenegro. (ac.rs)
Diseases11
- References to diseases now known to be caused by phytoplasmas can be found as far back as 1603 (mulberry dwarf disease in Japan). (wikipedia.org)
- Such diseases were originally thought to be caused by viruses, which, like phytoplasmas, require insect vectors, and cannot be cultured. (wikipedia.org)
- Recent inquiries about yellowing or odd-looking milkweeds inspired us to dig into plant diseases, specifically milkweed yellows phytoplasma. (monarchjointventure.org)
- These phloem-feeding insect vectors can transfer diseases, such as milkweed yellows phytoplasma, by feeding on an infected plant and spreading it to healthy plants. (monarchjointventure.org)
- The knowledge on traits of microbial relations involving phytoplasmas in insects and plants is regarded as a valuable tool for designing new control methods against the diseases associated with these pathogens, by displaying direct antagonistic activities, altering the vector fitness or competence for transmission, or promoting plant immune response or growth. (agri.gov.il)
- These novel actors may present a new reference framework for research and diagnostics of phytoplasma diseases of grapevine. (uni-lj.si)
- Phytoplasmas are uncultivable insect-transmitted plant pathogens associated with more than a thousand diseases including many economically important ones. (usda.gov)
- In this book chapter we described 36 proposed phytoplasma species and 14 acholeplasma species and the diseases they cause. (usda.gov)
- The information will be used by scientific communities, quarantine regulators, and plant diagnosticians to identify the phytoplasmas and to determine how to combat the diseases they cause. (usda.gov)
- The research on phytoplasmas presents spectacular examples of how single genes can turn parasites into excellent puppeteers of other organisms and take control of the surrounding environments: this cauldron of curious science may contain a cure for major diseases of plants and humans. (jic.ac.uk)
- Plant diseases caused by PHYTOPLASMA bacteria. (bvsalud.org)
Insect25
- Phytoplasmas are obligate intracellular parasites of plant phloem tissue and of the insect vectors that are involved in their plant-to-plant transmission. (wikipedia.org)
- Phytoplasmas are bacteria transmitted by insect vectors that infect plants causing their deformation and affecting the services they offer to people. (treefund.org)
- Insect vectors feed on infected plants and carry phytoplasmas to healthy plants. (treefund.org)
- Finally, potential insect vectors, will be tested to determine its ability to transmit phytoplasmas by feeding from artificial feeders. (treefund.org)
- Leafhoppers aren't the only insect that can spread phytoplasma, but most known vectors are in the insect order Hemiptera. (monarchjointventure.org)
- After feeding on a diseased plant, the phytoplasma cells replicate in the insect and are injected into a healthy plant's phytoplasma cells via the insect's saliva during feeding. (monarchjointventure.org)
- Since insect vectors spread the disease, one way to get phytoplasma under control is to quickly and effectively eliminate any milkweeds suspected of phytoplasma at the first sign of the disease. (monarchjointventure.org)
- Phytoplasmas are transmitted by hemipteran insect vectors such as leaf hoppers, in which the bacteria are also able to survive and replicate. (blogspot.com)
- The hosts of phytoplasmas, i.e. plants and insect vectors, are inhabited by diverse microorganisms having interactions spanning from mutualism to parasitism. (agri.gov.il)
- In insect vectors, which mainly host bacterial associates, with few yeast-like symbionts, direct interactions with phytoplasmas were described for bacteria of the genera Frauteria in Hyalesthes obsoletus and Asaia in Euscelidius variegatus. (agri.gov.il)
- Phytoplasmas are restricted to the plant host's phloem tissue and are transmitted by phloem-feeding insect vectors. (thebeatsheet.com.au)
- We are continuing further studies to determine: the diversity of phytoplasma across crop and weed hosts and geographical range, which insect species are vectors, and possible management options. (qld.gov.au)
- Phytoplasmas are small bacterial parasites that lack cell walls and are transmitted in a persistent-propagative manner by insect vectors. (biomedcentral.com)
- However, detailed multiplication patterns and movements of phytoplasmas within host plant and insect vector remain elusive. (biomedcentral.com)
- Many studies have described the interactions of phytoplasma extracellular membrane proteins, such as antigenic membrane protein (Amp), immunodominant membrane protein (Imp), and variable membrane protein A (VmpA), with insect proteins such as actin microfilaments, ATP synthase, and surface glycoprotein (Galetto et al. (biomedcentral.com)
- 2019 ). These interactions may enable the adhesion, entry, or movement of phytoplasmas in insect vectors. (biomedcentral.com)
- However, at the ultrastructural level, how phytoplasmas overcome membrane and tissue barriers of midgut and salivary glands during their acquisition and transmission by insect vectors remains unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
- A more general unanswered question is how phytoplasmas propagate in plant hosts and insect vectors. (biomedcentral.com)
- The inability to culture phloem-inhabiting phytoplasmas is likely attributed to their reduced genomes, making them rely on host phloem or insect vector for survival and multiplication (Firrao et al. (biomedcentral.com)
- The lack of cell wall and inability to culture in vitro contribute to the difficulty in understanding the propagation modes of phytoplasmas in host plants and insect vectors. (biomedcentral.com)
- Plant parasites such as phytoplasma bacteria, and also other bacteria and plant viruses, are spread by insect vectors such as aphids, plant lice and leafhoppers. (jic.ac.uk)
- Professor Saskia Hogenhout, explains: "Our work on the phytoplasma has revealed how a parasite modulates plant defences and turn plants into better hosts for insect vectors. (jic.ac.uk)
- It's important that we understand the plant defence and immune system so that we can engineer durable resistance of crops to phytoplasmas and their insect vectors. (jic.ac.uk)
- The wine industry in France, Italy, and Croatia regularly experiences losses, because it is challenging to reduce phytoplasma outbreaks in grape vines without using chemical pesticides to control the phytoplasma insect vectors. (jic.ac.uk)
- As such, our work on the phytoplasma parasites is relevant to other parasites, such as the insect-vectored malaria and virus parasites that jeopardise human and animal health. (jic.ac.uk)
Bacteria7
- The growth and biochemical and biological characterization of these bacteria is therefore the most important recent step in the study of phytoplasmas that will allow to improve their knowledge and to carry out focused management in the field in order to reduce their impact on cultivated and wild crops worldwide. (unibo.it)
- Here, many bacteria, mainly of the genera Pseudomonas, Burkholderia and Paenibacillus, as well as the fungal endophyte Epicoccum nigrum, were shown to inhibit phytoplasma growth and related symptoms in the plant hosts. (agri.gov.il)
- Phytoplasmas are small bacteria that lack cell walls and have been classified into 44 ' Ca. Phytoplasma' species to date (Firrao et al. (biomedcentral.com)
- Phytoplasmas and its close relatives, acholeplasmas are cell wall-less bacteria. (usda.gov)
- Research from the Hogenhout group at the John Innes Centre and collaborators has identified a manipulation molecule produced by phytoplasma bacteria to hijack plant development. (jic.ac.uk)
- Phytoplasma bacteria are often responsible for the witches' brooms seen in trees where an excessive number of branches grow close together. (jic.ac.uk)
- Researchers have uncovered the intricate molecular mechanism used by parasitic phytoplasma bacteria, known for inducing 'zombie-like' effects in plants. (jic.ac.uk)
Stolbur4
- Aster yellows and 'stolbur' phytoplasmas, group 16SrI and 16SrXII, respectively, were consistently grown from diverse host plants such as grapevine and coconut palms. (unibo.it)
- PCR with stolbur specific primers confirmed the presence of stolbur phytoplasma in grapevine samples from Montenegro. (ac.rs)
- Sequence and RFLP analysis of the tuf gene indicated the presence of the tufAY-a and tufAY-b types of stolbur phytoplasma. (ac.rs)
- 2010) and by "stolbur" phytoplasma specific quantitative PCR (16S rDNA, Hren et al. (ilvo.be)
Aster Yellows3
- Symptomatic carrots were sampled and assayed for the presence of the Aster Yellows phytoplasma. (biorxiv.org)
- Aster Yellows disease progression was determined to be significantly associated with calendar date, crop density, location within the field, and phytoplasma subgroup. (biorxiv.org)
- Seed transmission in corn of aster yellows phytoplasmas was also confirmed by isolation from seedlings of viable cells. (unibo.it)
Presence of phytoplasmas2
- These insects will also be tested to determine the presence of phytoplasmas in them. (treefund.org)
- From the 42 plants sampled, 36 were positive for the presence of phytoplasmas. (ac.rs)
Characterization1
- Isolation and cultivation together with the first biochemical and biological characterization of some phytoplasmas were consistently obtained. (unibo.it)
Pathogens6
- Phytoplasmas are pathogens of agriculturally important plants, including coconut, sugarcane, sandalwood, and cannabis as well as horticultural crops like sweet cherry, peaches, and nectarines in which they cause a wide variety of symptoms ranging from mild yellowing, small fruit, and reduced sugar content to death. (wikipedia.org)
- Phytoplasmas are bacterial plant pathogens that cause significant losses in agricultural production worldwide. (blogspot.com)
- Phytoplasmas in a phloem cell of a plant Phytoplasmas are bacterial plant pathogens that cause significant losses in agricultural prod. (blogspot.com)
- These relations are still poorly recognized for phytoplasmas, even though many beneficial or harmful interactions have been described for other plant pathogens. (agri.gov.il)
- Conversely, the genus 'Ca. Phytoplasma' includes plant pathogens of major economic relevance worldwide. (usda.gov)
- The phytoplasmas that the Hogenhout group are studying are related to the human and animal mycoplasma pathogens, which may use similar mechanisms to modulate cells. (jic.ac.uk)
Symptoms7
- citation needed] Phytoplasmas can infect and cause various symptoms in more than 700 plant species. (wikipedia.org)
- To spot problems and develop a plan of action, focus on enations, rosetting and little cherries - symptoms of the most serious viruses and phytoplasmas in Oregon. (oregonstate.edu)
- Since many symptoms indicate several viruses or phytoplasmas, consider sending samples to a lab to confirm the diagnosis. (oregonstate.edu)
- Phytoplasmas were constantly detected by the DAPI technique and by PCR amplification of DNA from European plums (Prunus domestica) cv 'Susina di Dro' with symptoms similar to those reported for Japanese plum leptonecrosis. (fmach.it)
- Etiological studies determined that phytoplasmas were associated with ash trees showing ash decline symptoms. (isa-arbor.com)
- Puffy pod symptoms in phytoplasma-infected mungbeans with netted pattern on pods and shrivelled, brown seeds. (thebeatsheet.com.au)
- In September 2017, 30 trees from a 2-ha orchard of cultivar 'Early Queen' showing possible phytoplasma symptoms of leaf yellowing and reddening, stunted growth, and witches' broom were observed. (ilvo.be)
Witches1
- citation needed] Many phytoplasma-infected plants develop a bushy or "witches' broom" appearance due to changes in their normal growth patterns. (wikipedia.org)
Species3
- Quercus humboldtii' phytoplasma is a species of in the family Acholeplasmataceae . (eol.org)
- RFLP analysis, revealed that the phytoplasma isolated from the affected plum trees is closely related to the other phytoplasmas present in Prunus species in Europe and can be included in the apple proliferation cluster. (fmach.it)
- To date, 36 'Ca. Phytoplasma species' have been described. (usda.gov)
Strain1
- Infected plant samples should be sent to Murray Sharman for molecular (PCR) testing to determine the strain of phytoplasma in affected crops, distribution and host range. (thebeatsheet.com.au)
Obligate1
- Phytoplasmas are obligate parasites with a dual-host life cycle that alternates between plants and insects. (biomedcentral.com)
Leaf2
- A known leaf hopper vector of phytoplasma, Orosius orientalis, was collected from some affected mung bean crops but it is not certain it was associated with these disease outbreaks. (qld.gov.au)
- In this study, a specific antibody against the immunodominant membrane protein (Imp) of rice orange leaf phytoplasma (ROLP) was generated and subjected to the frozen section immune gold labeling assay, immune gold labeling microscopy, and immune fluorescence labeling assay to investigate how ROLP enters, propagates, and spreads in rice and its leafhopper vector Recilia dorsalis at the ultrastructural level. (biomedcentral.com)
Crops7
- While plantings of spring mungbeans have been limited by dry weather in many regions, phytoplasma has been observed in spring 2017 Burdekin crops, but at lower levels than in the spring of 2016. (thebeatsheet.com.au)
- Phytoplasma has also been observed in mostly low levels in many chickpea crops in Queensland and NSW. (thebeatsheet.com.au)
- Seed transmission is highly unlikely to be responsible for last season's outbreaks, as the incidence of phytoplasma in pigeon pea crops in different paddocks (planted with the same seed) varied from very low to extremely high. (thebeatsheet.com.au)
- Phytoplasma disease outbreaks were common and widespread in grain legume crops including mung bean (Vigna radiata), soybean (Glycine max) and peanut (Arachis hypogaea) in late 2016 and early 2017. (qld.gov.au)
- Several soybean crops from Cecil Plains were also affected by phytoplasma in late autumn 2016. (qld.gov.au)
- Capsicum and eggplant crops also had phytoplasma at higher than normal levels. (qld.gov.au)
- To our knowledge, this is the most significant, widespread outbreak of phytoplasma in broad acre crops to occur in this region of Australia. (qld.gov.au)
Phloem7
- In 1967, phytoplasmas were discovered in ultrathin sections of plant phloem tissue and were termed mycoplasma-like organisms due to their physiological resemblance. (wikipedia.org)
- Although phytoplasmas are restricted to phloem, TENGU is transported from phloem to other cells, including those of the apical and axillary meristems. (wikipedia.org)
- The phytoplasma is found in plant's phloem and is vectored by leafhoppers (Cicadellidae: Hemiptera), including the aster leafhopper, Macrosteles quadrilineatus Forbes. (biorxiv.org)
- Their piercing/sucking mouthparts allow them to feed on the phloem of plants, where phytoplasmas live. (monarchjointventure.org)
- Phytoplasmas were detected in the phloem sieve tube elements of plants using the DAPI microscopic test, and phytoplasma DNA was detected in ash tissue using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. (isa-arbor.com)
- leafhoppers have been documented as transmitting phytoplasma in Australia and overseas, and feed on the plant's phloem tissue, In contrast, other bugs such as the green vegetable jassid ( Austroasca viridigrisea ) and Rutherglen bugs ( Nysius vinitor) are not phloem feeders and are therefore most unlikely to have been responsible for the current outbreaks. (thebeatsheet.com.au)
- In plants, phytoplasmas colonize the cytoplasm of vascular phloem cells that transport nutrients to growing plant tissues (Pagliari et al. (biomedcentral.com)
Yellows Caused1
- Grape yellows caused by phytoplasmas afflict several important wine-producing areas of Europe. (edu.sa)
Outbreaks1
- Indeed, major previous outbreaks of vegetable jassids and Rutherglen bug have not coincided with phytoplasma outbreaks of the magnitude experienced in recent years. (thebeatsheet.com.au)
Grapevine3
- Phytoplasmas were successfully grown from grapevine, cassava and coconut palm tissues severely infected and in some cases also from asymptomatic tissues from trees or plants growing in severely infected areas. (unibo.it)
- A survey of the grape growing area of Montenegro was conducted to identify and determine the distribution of phytoplasmas associated with grapevine. (ac.rs)
- Bois noir is the most widespread phytoplasma grapevine disease in Europe. (uni-lj.si)
Viruses2
- Cherry viruses and virus-like problems such as phytoplasmas are common in orchards throughout Oregon. (oregonstate.edu)
- Controlling these viruses and phytoplasmas is vital to the state's cherry industry. (oregonstate.edu)
Mollicutes2
- Phytoplasmas are Mollicutes, which are bound by a triple-layered membrane, rather than a cell wall. (wikipedia.org)
- It was later shown that the phytoplasmas, a large group of uncultivable, wall less, non helical mollicutes that are associated with plants and insects, shared taxonomically relevant properties with members of the genus Acholeplasma. (usda.gov)
Universal primers2
- Phytoplasmas were detected in symptomatic vine plants using PCR with universal primers for amplification of the phytoplasma 16S rRNA gene. (ac.rs)
- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the 16S ribosomal gene of phytoplasmas with the universal primers P1/P7 as a direct PCR and R16F2n / R16R2 primers for the nested PCR. (elsevierpure.com)
Ribosomal1
- Phytoplasmas from diverse ribosomal groups were isolated in particular from cassava with frog skin the detected prokaryotes in culture were molecularly identified as belonging to the 16SrIII group as in the original plants. (unibo.it)
RDNA1
- RFLP profiles of the 16S rDNA of all phytoplasma positive isolates tested indicated that they belong to 16SrXII-A phylogenetic group. (ac.rs)
Molecular1
- Labs use molecular methods to identify the virus or phytoplasma causing the symptom. (oregonstate.edu)
19941
- The organisms were renamed phytoplasmas in 1994, at the 10th Congress of the International Organization for Mycoplasmology. (wikipedia.org)
Plants3
- Phytoplasma-harboring flowering plants may nevertheless be sterile. (wikipedia.org)
- The expression of genes involved in maintaining the apical meristem or in the development of floral organs is altered in the morphologically affected floral organs of phytoplasma-infected plants. (wikipedia.org)
- A BLASTn similarity analysis of the assembled consensus sequences derived from the plum and the bindweed host plants revealed that the sequences of phytoplasmas infecting P. domestica (accession nos. (ilvo.be)
Plum trees1
- Interestingly, no phytoplasma was detected in 10 samples from symptomatic plum trees as well as from all the asymptomatic trees. (ilvo.be)
Membrane1
- The phytoplasma cell membranes studied to date usually contain a single immunodominant protein of unknown function that constitutes most of the protein in the membrane. (wikipedia.org)
Vitro1
- The persisting inability to grow the phytoplasmas in vitro hinders the identification of their distinctive phenotypic traits, important criteria for mollicute classification. (usda.gov)
Spatiotemporal1
- 2020 ) previously investigated the spatiotemporal dynamics of onion yellows phytoplasma in the leafhopper vector Macrosteles striifrons using immunofluorescence microscopy. (biomedcentral.com)
Vector1
- This is the most likely vector and has been widely observed in summer and winter pulses infected with phytoplasma. (thebeatsheet.com.au)