Phylogeny. Medical search

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.

Functions constructed from a statistical model and a set of observed data which give the probability of that data for various values of the unknown model parameters. Those parameter values that maximize the probability are the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Double-stranded DNA of MITOCHONDRIA. In eukaryotes, the mitochondrial GENOME is circular and codes for ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, and about 10 proteins.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

A theorem in probability theory named for Thomas Bayes (1702-1761). In epidemiology, it is used to obtain the probability of disease in a group of people with some characteristic on the basis of the overall rate of that disease and of the likelihood of that characteristic in healthy and diseased individuals. The most familiar application is in clinical decision analysis where it is used for estimating the probability of a particular diagnosis given the appearance of some symptoms or test result.

Remains, impressions, or traces of animals or plants of past geological times which have been preserved in the earth's crust.

The intergenic DNA segments that are between the ribosomal RNA genes (internal transcribed spacers) and between the tandemly repeated units of rDNA (external transcribed spacers and nontranscribed spacers).

DNA sequences encoding RIBOSOMAL RNA and the segments of DNA separating the individual ribosomal RNA genes, referred to as RIBOSOMAL SPACER DNA.

The splitting of an ancestral species into daughter species that coexist in time (King, Dictionary of Genetics, 6th ed). Causal factors may include geographic isolation, HABITAT geometry, migration, REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION, random GENETIC DRIFT and MUTATION.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Constituent of the 40S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 18S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of CHLOROPLASTS.

Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.

A field of study concerned with the principles and processes governing the geographic distributions of genealogical lineages, especially those within and among closely related species. (Avise, J.C., Phylogeography: The History and Formation of Species. Harvard University Press, 2000)

Constituent of the 60S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 28S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes.

The genetic complement of MITOCHONDRIA as represented in their DNA.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The systematic arrangement of entities in any field into categories classes based on common characteristics such as properties, morphology, subject matter, etc.

The naturally occurring transmission of genetic information between organisms, related or unrelated, circumventing parent-to-offspring transmission. Horizontal gene transfer may occur via a variety of naturally occurring processes such as GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; and TRANSFECTION. It may result in a change of the recipient organism's genetic composition (TRANSFORMATION, GENETIC).

Warm-blooded vertebrate animals belonging to the class Mammalia, including all that possess hair and suckle their young.

Members of the group of vascular plants which bear flowers. They are differentiated from GYMNOSPERMS by their production of seeds within a closed chamber (OVARY, PLANT). The Angiosperms division is composed of two classes, the monocotyledons (Liliopsida) and dicotyledons (Magnoliopsida). Angiosperms represent approximately 80% of all known living plants.

Genes that are located on the MITOCHONDRIAL DNA. Mitochondrial inheritance is often referred to as maternal inheritance but should be differentiated from maternal inheritance that is transmitted chromosomally.

The science dealing with the earth and its life, especially the description of land, sea, and air and the distribution of plant and animal life, including humanity and human industries with reference to the mutual relations of these elements. (From Webster, 3d ed)

Gymnosperms are a group of vascular plants whose seeds are not enclosed by a ripened ovary (fruit), in contrast to ANGIOSPERMS whose seeds are surrounded by an ovary wall. The seeds of many gymnosperms (literally, "naked seed") are borne in cones and are not visible. Taxonomists now recognize four distinct divisions of extant gymnospermous plants (CONIFEROPHYTA; CYCADOPHYTA; GINKGOPHYTA; and GNETOPHYTA).

Animals that have no spinal column.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of plants.

Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. PLASTID GENOMES are used in phylogenetic studies.

Members of the phylum Arthropoda, composed of organisms having a hard, jointed exoskeleton and paired jointed legs. It includes the class INSECTS and the subclass ARACHNIDA, many species of which are important medically as parasites or as vectors of organisms capable of causing disease in man.

The most abundant form of RNA. Together with proteins, it forms the ribosomes, playing a structural role and also a role in ribosomal binding of mRNA and tRNAs. Individual chains are conventionally designated by their sedimentation coefficients. In eukaryotes, four large chains exist, synthesized in the nucleolus and constituting about 50% of the ribosome. (Dorland, 28th ed)

A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

The variety of all native living organisms and their various forms and interrelationships.

Processes occurring in various organisms by which new genes are copied. Gene duplication may result in a MULTIGENE FAMILY; supergenes or PSEUDOGENES.

One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and ARCHAEA), also called Eukarya. These are organisms whose cells are enclosed in membranes and possess a nucleus. They comprise almost all multicellular and many unicellular organisms, and are traditionally divided into groups (sometimes called kingdoms) including ANIMALS; PLANTS; FUNGI; and various algae and other taxa that were previously part of the old kingdom Protista.

The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA.

The genetic complement of a BACTERIA as represented in its DNA.

Warm-blooded VERTEBRATES possessing FEATHERS and belonging to the class Aves.

Animals having a vertebral column, members of the phylum Chordata, subphylum Craniata comprising mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes.

Genes, found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which are transcribed to produce the RNA which is incorporated into RIBOSOMES. Prokaryotic rRNA genes are usually found in OPERONS dispersed throughout the GENOME, whereas eukaryotic rRNA genes are clustered, multicistronic transcriptional units.

The ceasing of existence of a species or taxonomic groups of organisms.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

The relationship between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other or a relationship between different species where both of the organisms in question benefit from the presence of the other.

Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.

A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.

The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (GENOME) of organisms.

A phylum of fungi which have cross-walls or septa in the mycelium. The perfect state is characterized by the formation of a saclike cell (ascus) containing ascospores. Most pathogenic fungi with a known perfect state belong to this phylum.

A plant division that includes hornworts, named for the horn-like appearance of the spore-producing plant (sporophyte).

A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.

A suborder of PRIMATES consisting of the following five families: CHEIROGALEIDAE; Daubentoniidae; Indriidae; LEMURIDAE; and LORISIDAE.

One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and Eukarya), formerly called Archaebacteria under the taxon Bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct. They are characterized by: (1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; (2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; (3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits; and (4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication. The domain contains at least four kingdoms: CRENARCHAEOTA; EURYARCHAEOTA; NANOARCHAEOTA; and KORARCHAEOTA.

A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.

Peptide elongation factor 1 is a multisubunit protein that is responsible for the GTP-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNAs to eukaryotic ribosomes. The alpha subunit (EF-1alpha) binds aminoacyl-tRNA and transfers it to the ribosome in a process linked to GTP hydrolysis. The beta and delta subunits (EF-1beta, EF-1delta) are involved in exchanging GDP for GTP. The gamma subunit (EF-1gamma) is a structural component.

A phylum of acoelomate, bilaterally symmetrical flatworms, without a definite anus. It includes three classes: Cestoda, Turbellaria, and Trematoda.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of fungi.

Sequential operating programs and data which instruct the functioning of a digital computer.

The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY and NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of genes, gene products, and species.

The sequential location of genes on a chromosome.

An order of wholly aquatic MAMMALS occurring in all the OCEANS and adjoining seas of the world, as well as in certain river systems. They feed generally on FISHES, cephalopods, and crustaceans. Most are gregarious and most have a relatively long period of parental care and maturation. Included are DOLPHINS; PORPOISES; and WHALES. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, pp969-70)

A group of cold-blooded, aquatic vertebrates having gills, fins, a cartilaginous or bony endoskeleton, and elongated bodies covered with scales.

The functional genetic units of ARCHAEA.

Plants of the division Rhodophyta, commonly known as red algae, in which the red pigment (PHYCOERYTHRIN) predominates. However, if this pigment is destroyed, the algae can appear purple, brown, green, or yellow. Two important substances found in the cell walls of red algae are AGAR and CARRAGEENAN. Some rhodophyta are notable SEAWEED (macroalgae).

A phylum of EUKARYOTES characterized by the presence of cilia at some time during the life cycle. It comprises three classes: KINETOFRAGMINOPHOREA; OLIGOHYMENOPHOREA; and POLYMENOPHOREA.

The study of early forms of life through fossil remains.

Any of the DNA in between gene-coding DNA, including untranslated regions, 5' and 3' flanking regions, INTRONS, non-functional pseudogenes, and non-functional repetitive sequences. This DNA may or may not encode regulatory functions.

The class Insecta, in the phylum ARTHROPODA, whose members are characterized by division into three parts: head, thorax, and abdomen. They are the dominant group of animals on earth; several hundred thousand different kinds having been described. Three orders, HEMIPTERA; DIPTERA; and SIPHONAPTERA; are of medical interest in that they cause disease in humans and animals. (From Borror et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p1)

Family of the suborder HAPLORHINI (Anthropoidea) comprising bipedal primate MAMMALS. It includes modern man (HOMO SAPIENS) and the great apes: gorillas (GORILLA GORILLA), chimpanzees (PAN PANISCUS and PAN TROGLODYTES), and orangutans (PONGO PYGMAEUS).

A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.

Those nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity which are located within the CHLOROPLAST DNA.

Constituent of the 60S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 5.8S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes.

A class in the phylum MOLLUSCA comprised of SNAILS and slugs. The former have coiled external shells and the latter usually lack shells.

One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)

An order of flagellate protozoa. Characteristics include the presence of one or two flagella arising from a depression in the cell body and a single mitochondrion that extends the length of the body.

A phylum of photosynthetic EUKARYOTA bearing double membrane-bound plastids containing chlorophyll a and b. They comprise the classical green algae, and represent over 7000 species that live in a variety of primarily aquatic habitats. Only about ten percent are marine species, most live in freshwater.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

A genus of the family HYLOBATIDAE consisting of six species. The members of this genus inhabit rain forests in southeast Asia. They are arboreal and differ from other anthropoids in the great length of their arms and very slender bodies and limbs. Their major means of locomotion is by swinging from branch to branch by their arms. Hylobates means dweller in the trees. Some authors refer to Symphalangus and Nomascus as Hylobates. The six genera include: H. concolor (crested or black gibbon), H. hoolock (Hoolock gibbon), H. klossii (Kloss's gibbon; dwarf siamang), H. lar (common gibbon), H. pileatus (pileated gibbon), and H. syndactylus (siamang). H. lar is also known as H. agilis (lar gibbon), H. moloch (agile gibbon), and H. muelleri (silvery gibbon).

A phylum of fungi that produce their sexual spores (basidiospores) on the outside of the basidium. It includes forms commonly known as mushrooms, boletes, puffballs, earthstars, stinkhorns, bird's-nest fungi, jelly fungi, bracket or shelf fungi, and rust and smut fungi.

The science of the earth and other celestial bodies and their history as recorded in the rocks. It includes the study of geologic processes of an area such as rock formations, weathering and erosion, and sedimentation. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Cells lacking a nuclear membrane so that the nuclear material is either scattered in the cytoplasm or collected in a nucleoid region.

Databases devoted to knowledge about specific genes and gene products.

An order of insect eating MAMMALS including MOLES; SHREWS; HEDGEHOGS and tenrecs.

A group of the proteobacteria comprised of facultatively anaerobic and fermentative gram-negative bacteria.

A monocot family within the order Liliales. This family is divided by some botanists into other families such as Convallariaceae, Hyacinthaceae and Amaryllidaceae. Amaryllidaceae, which have inferior ovaries, includes CRINUM; GALANTHUS; LYCORIS; and NARCISSUS and are known for AMARYLLIDACEAE ALKALOIDS.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

Direct nucleotide sequencing of gene fragments from multiple housekeeping genes for the purpose of phylogenetic analysis, organism identification, and typing of species, strain, serovar, or other distinguishable phylogenetic level.

The genetic complement of a plant (PLANTS) as represented in its DNA.

A large plant family of the order Asterales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida. The family is also known as Compositae. Flower petals are joined near the base and stamens alternate with the corolla lobes. The common name of "daisy" refers to several genera of this family including Aster; CHRYSANTHEMUM; RUDBECKIA; TANACETUM.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

A class of EUKARYOTA (traditionally algae), characterized by biflagellated cells and found in both freshwater and marine environments. Pigmentation varies but only one CHLOROPLAST is present. Unique structures include a nucleomorph and ejectosomes.

The small ribonucleoprotein component of RIBOSOMES. It contains the MESSENGER RNA binding site and two TRANSFER RNA binding sites - one for the incoming AMINO ACYL TRNA (A site) and the other (P site) for the peptidyl tRNA carrying the elongating peptide chain.

Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane.

A large subphylum of mostly marine ARTHROPODS containing over 42,000 species. They include familiar arthropods such as lobsters (NEPHROPIDAE), crabs (BRACHYURA), shrimp (PENAEIDAE), and barnacles (THORACICA).

A plant genus of the family MORACEAE. It is the source of the familiar fig fruit and the latex from this tree contains FICAIN.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

The genetic complement of PLASTIDS as represented in their DNA.

A phylum of bacteria consisting of the purple bacteria and their relatives which form a branch of the eubacterial tree. This group of predominantly gram-negative bacteria is classified based on homology of equivalent nucleotide sequences of 16S ribosomal RNA or by hybridization of ribosomal RNA or DNA with 16S and 23S ribosomal RNA.

The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

The presence of two or more genetic loci on the same chromosome. Extensions of this original definition refer to the similarity in content and organization between chromosomes, of different species for example.

Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

The relative amounts of the PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in a nucleic acid.

A plant division. They are simple plants that lack vascular tissue and possess rudimentary rootlike organs (rhizoids). Like MOSSES, liverworts have alternation of generations between haploid gamete-bearing forms (gametophytes) and diploid spore-bearing forms (sporophytes).

The functional hereditary units of PLANTS.

Techniques for standardizing and expediting taxonomic identification or classification of organisms that are based on deciphering the sequence of one or a few regions of DNA known as the "DNA barcode".

Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.

The family of Old World monkeys and baboons consisting of two subfamilies: CERCOPITHECINAE and COLOBINAE. They are found in Africa and part of Asia.

The largest of the continents. It was known to the Romans more specifically as what we know today as Asia Minor. The name comes from at least two possible sources: from the Assyrian asu (to rise) or from the Sanskrit usa (dawn), both with reference to its being the land of the rising sun, i.e., eastern as opposed to Europe, to the west. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p82 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p34)

Highly repeated sequences, 100-300 bases long, which contain RNA polymerase III promoters. The primate Alu (ALU ELEMENTS) and the rodent B1 SINEs are derived from 7SL RNA, the RNA component of the signal recognition particle. Most other SINEs are derived from tRNAs including the MIRs (mammalian-wide interspersed repeats).

The inanimate matter of Earth, the structures and properties of this matter, and the processes that affect it.

A plant family of the order Solanales, subclass Asteridae. Among the most important are POTATOES; TOMATOES; CAPSICUM (green and red peppers); TOBACCO; and BELLADONNA.

A phylum of the most familiar marine invertebrates. Its class Stelleroidea contains two subclasses, the Asteroidea (the STARFISH or sea stars) and the Ophiuroidea (the brittle stars, also called basket stars and serpent stars). There are 1500 described species of STARFISH found throughout the world. The second class, Echinoidea, contains about 950 species of SEA URCHINS, heart urchins, and sand dollars. A third class, Holothuroidea, comprises about 900 echinoderms known as SEA CUCUMBERS. Echinoderms are used extensively in biological research. (From Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology, 5th ed, pp773-826)

The genetic complement of an archaeal organism (ARCHAEA) as represented in its DNA.

An order of protozoa characterized by their ability to aggregate to form a multicellular pseudoplasmodium, which gives rise to a multispored fruiting body. A stalk tube is present.

A class in the phylum PROTEOBACTERIA comprised mostly of two major phenotypes: purple non-sulfur bacteria and aerobic bacteriochlorophyll-containing bacteria.

A large supergroup of mostly amoeboid EUKARYOTES whose three main subgroups are CERCOZOA; FORAMINIFERA; and HAPLOSPORIDA. Nearly all of the species possess MITOCHONDRIA and historically many were considered ANIMALS.

The physical measurements of a body.

A mammalian order which consists of 29 families and many genera.

An order of New World mammals characterized by the absence of incisors and canines from among their teeth, and comprising the ARMADILLOS, the SLOTHS, and the anteaters. The order is distinguished from all others by what are known as xenarthrous vertebrae (xenos, strange; arthron, joint): there are secondary, and sometimes even more, articulations between the vertebrae of the lumbar series. The order was formerly called Edentata. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed; Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, vol. I, p515)

A process that includes the determination of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE of a protein (or peptide, oligopeptide or peptide fragment) and the information analysis of the sequence.

The discipline studying genetic composition of populations and effects of factors such as GENETIC SELECTION, population size, MUTATION, migration, and GENETIC DRIFT on the frequencies of various GENOTYPES and PHENOTYPES using a variety of GENETIC TECHNIQUES.

An extensive order of highly specialized insects including bees, wasps, and ants.

An order of small mammals comprising two families, Ochotonidae (pikas) and Leporidae (RABBITS and HARES). Head and body length ranges from about 125 mm to 750 mm. Hares and rabbits have a short tail, and the pikas lack a tail. Rabbits are born furless and with both eyes and ears closed. HARES are born fully haired with eyes and ears open. All are vegetarians. (From Nowak, Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p539-41)

A phylum of metazoan invertebrates comprising the segmented worms, and including marine annelids (POLYCHAETA), freshwater annelids, earthworms (OLIGOCHAETA), and LEECHES. Only the leeches are of medical interest. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Flagellate EUKARYOTES, found mainly in the oceans. They are characterized by the presence of transverse and longitudinal flagella which propel the organisms in a rotating manner through the water. Dinoflagellida were formerly members of the class Phytomastigophorea under the old five kingdom paradigm.

A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event.

Differential and non-random reproduction of different genotypes, operating to alter the gene frequencies within a population.

The phylum of sponges which are sessile, suspension-feeding, multicellular animals that utilize flagellated cells called choanocytes to circulate water. Most are hermaphroditic. They are probably an early evolutionary side branch that gave rise to no other group of animals. Except for about 150 freshwater species, sponges are marine animals. They are a source of ALKALOIDS; STEROLS; and other complex molecules useful in medicine and biological research.

A stochastic process such that the conditional probability distribution for a state at any future instant, given the present state, is unaffected by any additional knowledge of the past history of the system.

Sequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some introns code for separate genes.

The branch of science concerned with the interrelationship of organisms and their ENVIRONMENT, especially as manifested by natural cycles and rhythms, community development and structure, interactions between different kinds of organisms, geographic distributions, and population alterations. (Webster's, 3d ed)

A monophyletic group of green plants that includes all land plants (EMBRYOPHYTA) and all green algae (CHLOROPHYTA and STREPTOPHYTA).

Any of numerous winged hymenopterous insects of social as well as solitary habits and having formidable stings.

The general name for NORTH AMERICA; CENTRAL AMERICA; and SOUTH AMERICA unspecified or combined.

An infraorder of New World monkeys, comprised of the families AOTIDAE; ATELIDAE; CEBIDAE; and PITHECIIDAE. They are found exclusively in the Americas.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of protozoa.

A technique of operations research for solving certain kinds of problems involving many variables where a best value or set of best values is to be found. It is most likely to be feasible when the quantity to be optimized, sometimes called the objective function, can be stated as a mathematical expression in terms of the various activities within the system, and when this expression is simply proportional to the measure of the activities, i.e., is linear, and when all the restrictions are also linear. It is different from computer programming, although problems using linear programming techniques may be programmed on a computer.

Any of numerous burrowing mammals found in temperate regions and having minute eyes often covered with skin.

INSECTS of the order Coleoptera, containing over 350,000 species in 150 families. They possess hard bodies and their mouthparts are adapted for chewing.

The genetic complement of CHLOROPLASTS as represented in their DNA.

A plant family of the order ZINGIBERALES, subclass Zingiberidae, class Liliopsida best known for banana (MUSA). The slender false trunk, formed by leaf sheaths of the spirally arranged leaves, may rise to 15 meters (50 feet). There is a crown of large leaves at the top.

Mammals of the families Delphinidae (ocean dolphins), Iniidae, Lipotidae, Pontoporiidae, and Platanistidae (all river dolphins). Among the most well-known species are the BOTTLE-NOSED DOLPHIN and the KILLER WHALE (a dolphin). The common name dolphin is applied to small cetaceans having a beaklike snout and a slender, streamlined body, whereas PORPOISES are small cetaceans with a blunt snout and rather stocky body. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, pp978-9)

The relationship between an invertebrate and another organism (the host), one of which lives at the expense of the other. Traditionally excluded from definition of parasites are pathogenic BACTERIA; FUNGI; VIRUSES; and PLANTS; though they may live parasitically.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

A novel genetic screen for snRNP assembly factors in yeast identifies a conserved protein, Sad1p, also required for pre-mRNA splicing. (1/52004)

The assembly pathway of spliceosomal snRNPs in yeast is poorly understood. We devised a screen to identify mutations blocking the assembly of newly synthesized U4 snRNA into a functional snRNP. Fifteen mutant strains failing either to accumulate the newly synthesized U4 snRNA or to assemble a U4/U6 particle were identified and categorized into 13 complementation groups. Thirteen previously identified splicing-defective prp mutants were also assayed for U4 snRNP assembly defects. Mutations in the U4/U6 snRNP components Prp3p, Prp4p, and Prp24p led to disassembly of the U4/U6 snRNP particle and degradation of the U6 snRNA, while prp17-1 and prp19-1 strains accumulated free U4 and U6 snRNA. A detailed analysis of a newly identified mutant, the sad1-1 mutant, is presented. In addition to having the snRNP assembly defect, the sad1-1 mutant is severely impaired in splicing at the restrictive temperature: the RP29 pre-mRNA strongly accumulates and splicing-dependent production of beta-galactosidase from reporter constructs is abolished, while extracts prepared from sad1-1 strains fail to splice pre-mRNA substrates in vitro. The sad1-1 mutant is the only splicing-defective mutant analyzed whose mutation preferentially affects assembly of newly synthesized U4 snRNA into the U4/U6 particle. SAD1 encodes a novel protein of 52 kDa which is essential for cell viability. Sad1p localizes to the nucleus and is not stably associated with any of the U snRNAs. Sad1p contains a putative zinc finger and is phylogenetically highly conserved, with homologues identified in human, Caenorhabditis elegans, Arabidospis, and Drosophila. (+info)

The nuclear receptor superfamily has undergone extensive proliferation and diversification in nematodes. (2/52004)

The nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily is the most abundant class of transcriptional regulators encoded in the Caenorhabditis elegans genome, with >200 predicted genes revealed by the screens and analysis of genomic sequence reported here. This is the largest number of NR genes yet described from a single species, although our analysis of available genomic sequence from the related nematode Caenorhabditis briggsae indicates that it also has a large number. Existing data demonstrate expression for 25% of the C. elegans NR sequences. Sequence conservation and statistical arguments suggest that the majority represent functional genes. An analysis of these genes based on the DNA-binding domain motif revealed that several NR classes conserved in both vertebrates and insects are also represented among the nematode genes, consistent with the existence of ancient NR classes shared among most, and perhaps all, metazoans. Most of the nematode NR sequences, however, are distinct from those currently known in other phyla, and reveal a previously unobserved diversity within the NR superfamily. In C. elegans, extensive proliferation and diversification of NR sequences have occurred on chromosome V, accounting for > 50% of the predicted NR genes. (+info)

Isolation of zebrafish gdf7 and comparative genetic mapping of genes belonging to the growth/differentiation factor 5, 6, 7 subgroup of the TGF-beta superfamily. (3/52004)

The Growth/differentiation factor (Gdf) 5, 6, 7 genes form a closely related subgroup belonging to the TGF-beta superfamily. In zebrafish, there are three genes that belong to the Gdf5, 6, 7 subgroup that have been named radar, dynamo, and contact. The genes radar and dynamo both encode proteins most similar to mouse GDF6. The orthologous identity of these genes on the basis of amino acid similarities has not been clear. We have identified gdf7, a fourth zebrafish gene belonging to the Gdf5, 6, 7 subgroup. To assign correct orthologies and to investigate the evolutionary relationships of the human, mouse, and zebrafish Gdf5, 6, 7 subgroup, we have compared genetic map positions of the zebrafish and mammalian genes. We have mapped zebrafish gdf7 to linkage group (LG) 17, contact to LG9, GDF6 to human chromosome (Hsa) 8 and GDF7 to Hsa2p. The radar and dynamo genes have been localized previously to LG16 and LG19, respectively. A comparison of syntenies shared among human, mouse, and zebrafish genomes indicates that gdf7 is the ortholog of mammalian GDF7/Gdf7. LG16 shares syntenic relationships with mouse chromosome (Mmu) 4, including Gdf6. Portions of LG16 and LG19 appear to be duplicate chromosomes, thus suggesting that radar and dynamo are both orthologs of Gdf6. Finally, the mapping data is consistent with contact being the zebrafish ortholog of mammalian GDF5/Gdf5. (+info)

Novel endotheliotropic herpesviruses fatal for Asian and African elephants. (4/52004)

A highly fatal hemorrhagic disease has been identified in 10 young Asian and African elephants at North American zoos. In the affected animals there was ultrastructural evidence for herpesvirus-like particles in endothelial cells of the heart, liver, and tongue. Consensus primer polymerase chain reaction combined with sequencing yielded molecular evidence that confirmed the presence of two novel but related herpesviruses associated with the disease, one in Asian elephants and another in African elephants. Otherwise healthy African elephants with external herpetic lesions yielded herpesvirus sequences identical to that found in Asian elephants with endothelial disease. This finding suggests that the Asian elephant deaths were caused by cross-species infection with a herpesvirus that is naturally latent in, but normally not lethal to, African elephants. A reciprocal relationship may exist for the African elephant disease. (+info)

Evolutionary relationships of pathogenic clones of Vibrio cholerae by sequence analysis of four housekeeping genes. (5/52004)

Studies of the Vibrio cholerae population, using molecular typing techniques, have shown the existence of several pathogenic clones, mainly sixth-pandemic, seventh-pandemic, and U.S. Gulf Coast clones. However, the relationship of the pathogenic clones to environmental V. cholerae isolates remains unclear. A previous study to determine the phylogeny of V. cholerae by sequencing the asd (aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase) gene of V. cholerae showed that the sixth-pandemic, seventh-pandemic, and U.S. Gulf Coast clones had very different asd sequences which fell into separate lineages in the V. cholerae population. As gene trees drawn from a single gene may not reflect the true topology of the population, we sequenced the mdh (malate dehydrogenase) and hlyA (hemolysin A) genes from representatives of environmental and clinical isolates of V. cholerae and found that the mdh and hlyA sequences from the three pathogenic clones were identical, except for the previously reported 11-bp deletion in hlyA in the sixth-pandemic clone. Identical sequences were obtained, despite average nucleotide differences in the mdh and hlyA genes of 1.52 and 3.25%, respectively, among all the isolates, suggesting that the three pathogenic clones are closely related. To extend these observations, segments of the recA and dnaE genes were sequenced from a selection of the pathogenic isolates, where the sequences were either identical or substantially different between the clones. The results show that the three pathogenic clones are very closely related and that there has been a high level of recombination in their evolution. (+info)

Three receptor genes for plasminogen related growth factors in the genome of the puffer fish Fugu rubripes. (6/52004)

Plasminogen related growth factors (PRGFs) and their receptors play major roles in embryogenesis, tissue regeneration and neoplasia. In order to investigate the complexity and evolution of the PRGF receptor family we have cloned and sequenced three receptors for PRGFs in the teleost fish Fugu rubripes, a model vertebrate with a compact genome. One of the receptor genes isolated encodes the orthologue of mammalian MET, whilst the other two may represent Fugu rubripes orthologues of RON and SEA. This is the first time three PRGF receptors have been identified in a single species. (+info)

Cloning, molecular analysis and differential cell localisation of the p36 RACK analogue antigen from the parasite protozoon Crithidia fasciculata. (7/52004)

The family of the RACK molecules (receptors for activated C kinases) are present in all the species studied so far. In the genus Leishmania, these molecules also induce a strong immune reaction against the infection. We have cloned and characterised the gene that encodes the RACK analogue from the parasite trypanosomatid Crithidia fasciculata (CACK). The molecule seems to be encoded by two genes. The sequence analysis of the cloned open reading frame indicates the existence of a high degree of conservation not only with other members of the Trypanosomatidae but also with mammalians. The study of the protein kinase C phosphorylation sites shows the presence of three of them, shared with the mammalian species, additional to those present in the other protozoa suggesting a certain phylogenetic distance between the protozoon Crithidia fasciculata and the rest of the Trypanosomatidae. The CACK-encoded polypeptide shows an additional sequence of four amino acids at the carboxy-terminal end, which produces a different folding of the fragment with the presence of an alpha-helix instead of the beta-sheet usual in all the other species studied. A similar result is elicited at the amino-terminal end by the change of three amino acid residues. The immunolocalisation experiments show that the CACK displays a pattern with a distribution mainly at the plasma membrane, different from that of the related Leishmania species used as control, that displays a distribution close to the nucleus. Altogether, the data suggest that the existence of the structural differences found may have functional consequences. (+info)

Rhodanobacter lindaniclasticus gen. nov., sp. nov., a lindane-degrading bacterium. (8/52004)

Lindane-degrading activity under aerobic conditions has been observed in two bacterial strains: UT26, phenotypically identified as Sphingomonas paucimobilis, and a new single unidentified isolate named RP5557T. The rrs (16S rDNA) sequences for both strains and the phenotypic characteristics for the unidentified isolate RP5557T were determined. RP5557T does not have high identity (less than 90% in all cases) with any sequence in the GenBank or RDP databases. A phylogenetic analysis based on rrs sequences indicated that RP5557T belongs to the gamma-Proteobacteria in a coherent phylum that includes the genera Xanthomonas and Xylella (100% bootstrap), whereas UT26 is clearly separate from the Xanthomonas cluster. Based on the phylogenetic analyses and on the phenotypic characteristics, a new genus, Rhodanobacter, containing a single species, Rhodanobacter lindaniclasticus, is proposed for strain RP5557T (= LMG 18385T), which becomes the type strain. (+info)

Fossil history and phylogeny. Cephalopods have existed for 500 million years and octopus ancestors were in the Carboniferous ... Two possible extant cephalopod phylogenies, based on genetics studies by Strugnell et al. 2007, are shown in the possible ... Strugnell, J.; Nishiguchi, M. K. (2007). "Molecular phylogeny of coleoid cephalopods (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) inferred from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopoda

Phylogeny. The whales are part of the largely terrestrial mammalian clade Laurasiatheria. Whales do not form a clade or order; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale

Geographical range and body size predominantly explains diet composition of Neotropical parrots rather than phylogeny.[55] ... from the Green River Formation and a Combined Phylogeny of Pan-Psittaciformes". Journal of Paleontology. 85 (5): 835-852. doi: ... from the Green River Formation and a Combined Phylogeny of Pan-Psittaciformes". Journal of Paleontology. 85 (5): 835-852. doi: ... "Diet of Neotropical parrots is independent of phylogeny but correlates with body size and geographical range". Ibis. 160 (4): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittaciformes

Phylogeny[edit]. Below is a cladogram showing the phylogenetic relationships of osteostracans from Sansom (2009):[3] ... Sansom, R. S. (2009). "Phylogeny, classification and character polarity of the Osteostraci (Vertebrata)". Journal of Systematic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteostraci

Phylogeny[edit]. Below is a simplified phylogeny of Telluraves which is the clade where the birds of prey belong to along with ... Griffiths, C. S.; Barrowclough, G. F.; Groth, J. G.; Mertz, L. A. (2007). "Phylogeny, diversity, and classification of the ... Joseph, L.; Lessa, E. P.; Christidis, L. (1999). "Phylogeny and biogeography in the evolution of migration: shorebirds of the ... The phylogeny of Accipitriformes is complex and difficult to unravel. Widespread paraphylies were observed in many phylogenetic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds_of_prey

Phylogeny[edit]. The squirrel glider's closest relatives come from the same genus, Petaurus, and they include the sugar glider ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrel_glider

Senter, P. (2007). "A new look at the phylogeny of Coelurosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda)." Journal of Systematic Palaeontology ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therizinosaurus

Taxonomy and phylogeny[edit]. The giant anteater got its binomial name from Carl Linnaeus in 1758. Its generic name, ... Gaudin, T. J.; Branham, D. G. (1998). "The phylogeny of the Myrmecophagidae (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Vermilingua) and the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_Anteater

"Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Retrieved 30 December 2015.. *^ "Taxonomic lists- Aves". Paleofile.com (net, info). Archived from ... Species, Phylogeny and Evolution. 1: 59-64. ISSN 1098-660X. Retrieved 12 August 2009.. ... Phylogeny[edit]. Living Podicipediformes based on the work by John Boyd.[29] ... "Systematics and evolution of the Gruiformes (class Aves). 3, Phylogeny of the suborder Grues". Bulletin of the American Museum ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podicipediformes

Phylogeny[edit]. Despite being classified in Caranx based on anatomical features, the generic affinities of the false scad have ... been questioned after a molecular phylogeny of the Carangidae was published. Using mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences, the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_scad

Taxonomy and phylogeny[edit]. American zoologist Samuel Garman published the original description of the longtail stingray in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longtail_stingray

a b Witmer, L.M. (2005). "The Debate on Avian Ancestry; Phylogeny, Function and Fossils", "Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of ... Phylogeny[edit]. The 2007 cladistic analysis of Turner and colleagues recovered the Oviraptorosauria as a maniraptoran clade ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviraptorosauria

Phylogeny[edit]. Below is a cladogram modified from Brochu (2011).[4] Alligatoridae Alligatorinae ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caiman

2005). "A complete phylogeny of the whales, dolphins and even-toed hoofed mammals (Cetartiodactyla)". Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc ... Phylogeny. The traditional view has been that Mysticeti (baleen whales) and Odontoceti (toothed whales) arose from more ... 2008). "The phylogeny of Cetartiodactyla: the importance of dense taxon sampling, missing data, and the remarkable promise of ... Heyning, J. (23 August 2006). "Sperm Whale Phylogeny Revisited: Analysis of the Morphological Evidence". Marine Mammal Science ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_whale

Phylogeny[edit]. The following phylogenetic tree has been suggested in 2012 for the relationship of the gharial:[28] .mw-parser ... "True and false gharials: a nuclear gene phylogeny of Crocodylia" (PDF). Systematic Biology. 52 (3): 386-402. doi:10.1080/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gharial

Phylogeny[edit]. The Sahul Shelf and the Sunda Shelf during the past 12,000 years: Tasmania separated from the mainland 12,000 ... "26-Phylogeny and the tree of life". Campbell Biology Australian and New Zealand version (10 ed.). Pierson Australia. pp. 561- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingo

Phylogeny[edit]. There are six classes within the phylum Chloroflexi: Chloroflexi, Anaerolinea, Caldilinea, Dehalococcoidia ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehalogenimonas_lykanthroporepellens

Phylogeny[edit]. Adephagans diverged from their sister group in the late Permian, the most recent common ancestor of living ... The phylogeny of adephagans is disputed. The group is usually divided into two main groups: *The Geadephaga comprise the two ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adephaga

Phylogeny[edit]. The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN ... 4] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)[5] and the phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 111 by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrelia

"Evolution and phylogeny of Old world deer" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 33 (3): 880-95. doi:10.1016/j.ympev. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chital

Taxonomy and phylogeny[edit]. Garman's illustration of the frilled shark, accompanying his 1884 species description ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydoselachus_anguineus

Phylogeny[edit]. The relationships among Maratus and related genera are unclear, and many species await description. Otto and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratus

Phylogeny[edit]. Below is the phylogeny of the Pinophyta based on cladistic analysis of molecular data. It shows the position ... "Relationships of the Wollemi Pine (Wollemia nobilis) and a molecular phylogeny of the Araucariaceae". Telopea. 7 (3): 275-290 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araucariaceae

Taxonomy and phylogeny[edit]. Taxonomy[edit]. The redhead is in the family Anatidae (ducks, swans, geese) and genus Aythya ( ... Phylogeny[edit]. The redhead and the common pochard form a sister group which itself is sister to the canvasback.[5] This group ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redhead_

Phylogeny[edit]. A phylogenetic tree showing the position of the hemichordates is: .mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing ... Ken Halanych "Phylogeny and Evolution of Hemichordates". *Dr. Chris Lowe "Genomics and Development of Saccoglossus kowalevskii" ... Cameron, C.B. (2005). "A phylogeny of the hemichordates based on morphological characters". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 83 (1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemichordates

Phylogeny[edit]. The genus Wollemia shares morphological characteristics with the genera Araucaria and Agathis. Wollemia and ... Below is the phylogeny of the Araucariaceae based on the consensus from the most recent cladistic analysis of molecular data. ... "Relationships of the Wollemi Pine (Wollemia nobilis) and a molecular phylogeny of the Araucariaceae" (PDF). Telopea. 7: 275-91 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wollemi_Pine

Phylogeny[edit]. Molecular studies of phylogeny indicate that hutias nest within the Neotropical spiny rats (Echimyidae).[4] ... Upham, Nathan S.; Patterson, Bruce D. (2015). "Evolution of Caviomorph rodents: a complete phylogeny and timetree for living ... "Mitogenomic Phylogeny, Diversification, and Biogeography of South American Spiny Rats". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 34 (3 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiodontini

Phylogeny[edit]. Reisz (1972) tentatively classified Echinerpeton as an ophiacodontid in its initial description, but later ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinerpeton

Phylogeny[edit]. Amaryllidinae are placed within Amaryllideae as follow: These are phylogenetically related as follows: .mw- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaryllis

Phylogeny[edit]. Based on recent DNA-analysis, the red-headed quelea forms a clade with the cardinal quelea (Q. cardinalis), ... A first robust phylogeny based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 109: 21-32. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-headed_quelea

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families ... Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. System (1998-2009). *An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants (APG I) ... Spears, Priscilla (2006), A tour of the flowering plants based on the classification system of the Angiosperm phylogeny group, ... An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group

Gonzalo Giribet s (USA) study of the evolution and phylogeny of the Bivalvia again raised the question of the monophyly of the ... One of the centerpieces of the Perth Congress was the symposium on the Phylogeny of Molluscs organized by Winston F. Ponder ( ... The current state of knowledge regarding caenogastropod phylogeny was summarized by Winston Ponder (Australia). Opisthobranch ... asked what we really know about pulmonate phylogeny. ... phylogeny was explored by Heike W egel and Annette Klussmann- ...

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/museum/news/news_briefs/perth08042004.html

... Michel Laurin and Jacques A. Gauthier Even though diapsid phylogeny has been intensively studied, relatively ... Page: Tree of Life Diapsid Phylogeny Authored by Michel Laurin and Jacques A. Gauthier. The TEXT of this page is licensed under ... This phylogeny suggests that turtles are actually diapsids that have lost their temporal fenestrae. While this conclusion ... More recently, phylogenies based on data matrices incorporating several diapsid terminal taxa (more than 20) were presented. ...

http://tolweb.org/notes/?note_id=464

One such example is that of Incomplete Directed Perfect Phylogeny. This concept involves utilizing perfect phylogenies with ... Character state matrices An example of a character matrix that can be depicted as a perfect phylogeny Perfect phylogeny is a ... "Clonality Inference in Tumors Using Phylogeny" (CITUP) Github for "Exact inference under the perfect phylogeny model" (EXACT) ... Inferring a phylogeny from noisy VAF data under the PPM is a hard problem. Most inference tools include some heuristic step to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_phylogeny

Research on harvestman phylogeny (that is, the phylogenetic tree) is in a state of flux. While some families are clearly ... There is not yet a proposed phylogeny for the whole group of Laniatores, although some families have been researched in this ... Garwood, Russell J.; Dunlop, Jason A.; Knecht, Brian J.; Hegna, Thomas A. (2017). "The phylogeny of fossil whip spiders". BMC ... The Dyspnoi are probably the best studied harvestman group regarding phylogeny. They are clearly monophyletic, and divided into ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvestman_phylogeny

Phylogeny of living Amniota. Major lineages are distinguished by the number and placement of temporal openings. The ancestral ...

https://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Phylogeny_of_Amniota2.html

... The Class Reptilia is a grade comprising the scaly tetrapod descendants of Carboniferous Cotylosaurs. It ...

http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Phylogeny_of_Reptilia.htm

Phylogeny is a potentially powerful tool for conserving biodiversity. This book explores how it can be used to tackle questions ... Phylogeny and Conservation. Series: Conservation Biology (No. 10). Edited by Andrew Purvis Imperial College of Science, ... 1. Phylogeny and conservation Andy Purvis, John L. Gittleman and Thomas M. Brooks; Part I. Units and Currencies: 2. Molecular ... Using case studies from many different taxa and regions of the world, the volume evaluates how useful phylogeny is in ...

http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521532006

Algae Alveolata Amoebozoa Archaeplastida Biodiversity Discoba Eukaryote Metamonada Obazoa Opisthokonta Phylogeny Protist ... Simpson A.G.B., Slamovits C.H., Archibald J.M. (2017) Protist Diversity and Eukaryote Phylogeny. In: Archibald J. et al. (eds) ... Baldauf, S. L., Roger, A. J., Wenk-Siefert, I., & Doolittle, W. F. (2000). A kingdom-level phylogeny of eukaryotes based on ... Leliaert, F., Smith, D. R., Moreau, H., Herron, M. D., Verbruggen, H., Delwiche, C. F., & De Clerck, O. (2012). Phylogeny and ...

https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-319-32669-6_45-1

Flora Piperales Polle botanical research development evolution phylogeny plant synthesis the origin wood wood anatomy ... Thorne Chapter Molecular Phylogenies and the Diversification of the Angiosperms 314 Kenneth J. Sytsma and David A. Baum 341 ...

https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/b102239

The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of ... Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of ... Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 1998. An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants. Annals of the Missouri ... Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) - międzynarodowa grupa systematyków roślin (taksonomów) stworzona w celu ustalenia wspólnego ...

https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group

... David Baum and Susan Offner. The American Biology Teacher, April 2008, pp. 222-229 ... There are several lessons on the ENSI site that involve the use of phylogenies and the proper construction of cladograms. Go to ... Another value is to show how phylogenies are predictive, leading to new discoveries, as paleontologist Neil Shubin describes in ... An interesting and useful application for phylogenies is to show your class where a particular physiological or anatomical ...

http://www.indiana.edu/~ensiweb/phylo.%20tree.html

... S. LaBonne labonnes at csc.albany.edu Fri Dec 16 14:00:45 EST 1994 *Previous message: HSP phylogeny? ...

http://bio.net/bionet/mm/mol-evol/1994-December/002172.html

Phylogeny is a pseudo-scientific concept that describes the alleged relationships between groups of animals as understood by ... Phylogenetics, the science of phylogeny, is one part of the larger field of systematics, which also includes taxonomy. Taxonomy ... Evolutionist Ernst Haeckel is well known for his claim that "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny," meaning that organisms pass ... Evolutionists often argue that not only is phylogeny important for understanding paleontology, however, many Evolutionist ...

https://www.conservapedia.com/Phylogeny

... Hans Sluiman h.sluiman at rbge.org.uk Mon Aug 20 10:21:47 EST 2001 *Previous message: The bushy hominid ... phylogeny methods. , , , In particular - is there a way to assess the error or confidence , ,level in a tree? I understand ...

http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/mol-evol/2001-August/007232.html

Bioinformatics: Sequences, Structures, Phylogeny Herausgeber. * Asheesh Shanker Copyright. 2018. Verlag. Springer Singapore. ...

https://www.springer.com/de/book/9789811315619

It is probably worth mentioning that the phylogeny of Outlaw and Ricklef (1) is only as good as the data on which it is based ... Robust phylogenies allow us to test hypotheses about how parasites have moved from one species to another, and knowing how this ... Verifying these losses will not only provide a test of the phylogeny of Outlaw and Ricklef (1) but will yield invaluable ... 2002) A molecular phylogeny of malarial parasites recovered from cytochrome b gene sequences. J Parasitol 88:972-978. ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/108/32/12973

Phylogeny Confounds Ontogeny. Recapitulate. Jukka. military-industrial complex. The Theory of Evolution is a valid theory. ... The statement "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny" is credited to Ernst Haeckel, and was the credo and motivation for much ... The prevailing theory now holds that a correlation between ontogeny and phylogeny still holds true, but in the reverse ... phylogeny. "Those suckers are alive!". The Triple Helix. ... In fact, the modern credo is instead "phylogeny recapitulates ...

https://everything2.com/title/Ontogeny+recapitulates+phylogeny?showwidget=showCs856882

... Michel Laurin and Jean-Sébastien Steyer ,== Zatrachydidae. ,==10,. , `== ... Page: Tree of Life Phylogeny and Apomorphies of Temnospondyls Authored by Michel Laurin and Jean-S bastien Steyer. The TEXT of ... The phylogeny of the higher temnospondyls (Vertebrata: Choanata) and its implications for the monophyly and origins of the ... Ontogeny and phylogeny of temnospondyl amphibians, a new method of analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 130: 449 ...

http://tolweb.org/notes/?note_id=582

Everything2 is a community for fiction, nonfiction, poetry, reviews, and more. Get writing help or enjoy nearly a half million pieces of original writing.

https://everything2.com/title/Phylogeny+Confounds+Ontogeny

... Xuhua Xia xia at cc.umanitoba.ca Thu Apr 7 21:21:34 EST 1994 *Previous message: archaebacteria and the ... I am only popularizing the idea about ontogeny and phylogeny that may be interesting to some netters. The idea is not found in ...

http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/mol-evol/1994-April/001548.html

Evolution and phylogeny of fungi: Fungi have ancient origins, with evidence indicating they likely first appeared about one ... Evolution and phylogeny of fungi. Fungi have ancient origins, with evidence indicating they likely first appeared about one ... also known as their phylogeny. The genes possessed by organisms in the present day have come to them through the lineage of ...

https://www.britannica.com/science/fungus/Evolution-and-phylogeny-of-fungi

Researchers are beginning to realize that when it comes to the different ways bacteria and archaea evolve, what we dont know vastly outweighs what we do know. However, with the advent of metagenomics and increasingly sophisticated methods of study, scientists are starting to learn more about how these organisms came to be.

https://www.genomeweb.com/pcrsample-prep/dont-know-much-about-phylogeny

Phylogeny. the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species ...

https://prezi.com/zu5cfdghnl1p/phylogeny/

This book is composed of 13 chapters that describe the methods of deducing phylogenies of protists from biochemical data. ... These chapters also provide a summary of numerous research studies biochemical phylogeny.This book will prove useful to ... A Biochemical Phylogeny of the Protists covers a wide variety of biochemical characters and their usefulness in phylogenetics. ... A biochemical phylogeny of the protists. Mark A. Ragan,David J. Chapman. Snippet view - 1978. ...

https://books.google.com/books?id=BqqnNKmU8I8C

Data sharing is important-it helps scientists to reproduce others results, add data to previous analyses, and otherwise maximize the impact of an individual publication. This isnt really news, of course. But, now that we ...

http://blogs.plos.org/paleo/tag/phylogeny/

ClustalW2 Phylogeny generates phylogenetic trees from multiple sequence alignment data. Users can choose between two methods of ... calculating phylogeny; neighbor joining or UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean). The ClustalW2 Phylogeny ...

https://www.programmableweb.com/api/ebi-clustalw2-phylogeny/frameworks

... Xuhua Xia xia at cc.umanitoba.ca Mon Apr 11 18:12:11 EST 1994 *Previous message: Archaebacteria and ... Ontogeny and Phylogeny II: The Length of the Ontogenic Chain and its Evolutionary Implications In a previous posting I have ...

http://bio.net/bionet/mm/mol-evol/1994-April/001564.html

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Make research projects and school reports about Phylogeny easy with credible articles from our FREE, online encyclopedia and ... Phylogeny Plant Sciences COPYRIGHT 2001 The Gale Group Inc.. Phylogeny. Before the mid-1800s, classification of organisms into ... Phylogeny. Phylogeny is the inferred evolutionary history of a group of organisms (including microorganisms ). Paleontologists ... phylogeny A Dictionary of Earth Sciences © A Dictionary of Earth Sciences 1999, originally published by Oxford University Press ...

https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/biology-and-genetics/biology-general/phylogeny

Phylogenetics, the science of phylogeny, is one part of the larger field of systematics , which also includes taxonomy . (conservapedia.com)
The molecular phylogeny and systematics of the actinomycetes. (nih.gov)
This phylogeny- part of Gunther Jansen 's Ph.D. thesis- finally sets the systematics of Myrmica on a firm evolutionary footing. (myrmecos.net)
Systematics is concerned both with Taxonomy , the naming and classification of life, and Phylogeny , the science and study of understanding the family tree of all life on Earth . (palaeos.com)
Each methodology and sub-branch thereof claims to be the true one , either accepting the others as subordinates (e.g. many phylogenetic workers consider morphology-based cladistics secondary to molecular phylogeny) or rejecting them as outmoded (e.g. cladistics rejects evolutionary systematics). (palaeos.com)
In fact, each has a different methodology and deals with different aspects of phylogeny and systematics, so it is not a matter of contradiction but complementarity. (palaeos.com)
The Green Plant Phylogeny Research Coordination Group (GPPRCG) was formed in 1994 in order to remedy these shortcomings by facilitating or initiating interactions between distinct research groups that have independent foci yet entail some aspect of green plant phylogeny or systematics. (berkeley.edu)
Acquisition and loss of photosynthesis in Euglenophyceae, Structure and evolution of nuclear, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes, Origin and evolution of introns in Euglenophyceae, Character evolution in Euglenophyceae, Phylogeny and Systematics of Euglenophyceae. (frontiersin.org)

Therefore, rather than naming all the individual contributors a decision was made to adopt the name Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification, or APG for short. (wikipedia.org)
Bernhard A. Huber "Phylogeny and classification of Pholcidae (Araneae): an update," The Journal of Arachnology 39(2), 211-222, (1 August 2011). (bioone.org)
Cavalier‐Smith T and Chao EEY (2003) Phylogeny and classification of phylum Cercozoa (Protozoa). (els.net)

Mathematics of Evolution and Phylogeny ( 2003 and 2005 ). (lirmm.fr)

The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group , or APG , is an informal international group of systematic botanists who collaborate to establish a consensus on the taxonomy of flowering plants (angiosperms) that reflects new knowledge about plant relationships discovered through phylogenetic studies. (wikipedia.org)
the trees represent the phylogeny of some some kind of sequence feature, protein or nucleotide, or actual organism taxonomy trees. (gmod.org)
Phylogeny has yielded more precise taxonomy of animals, like the turtle. (howstuffworks.com)

The reconstruction of phylogeny - How do we infer phylogeny? (blackwellpublishing.com)
Phylogenetic trees and Reconstructing Phylogeny uses Java applets that can create random phylogenies to illustrate and teach some of the basic principles behind phylogeny reconstruction. (merlot.org)
Determining the most suitable model for phylogeny reconstruction constitutes a fundamental step in numerous evolutionary studies. (nature.com)
Animal phylogeny is undergoing a major revolution due to the availability of an exponentially increasing amount of molecular data and the application of novel methods of phylogenetic reconstruction, as well as the many spectacular advances in palaeontology and molecular developmental biology. (platekompaniet.no)

A phylogenetic tree, also known as a tree of life or simply a phylogeny, describes branching relationships among species, showing which species shares its most recent common ancestor with which other species. (blackwellpublishing.com)
Species are arranged in a phylogeny such that the smallest number of evolutionary changes is required. (blackwellpublishing.com)
Species are arranged in a phylogeny such that each species is grouped with the other species that it shares the most characters with. (blackwellpublishing.com)
A phylogeny is usually represented as a phylogenetic tree or cladogram, which are like genealogies of species. (encyclopedia.com)
Here, we analyse higher-level squamate phylogeny with a molecular dataset of unprecedented size, including 161 squamate species for up to 44 nuclear genes each (33 717 base pairs), using both concatenated and species-tree methods for the first time. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
A broad-scale "family tree" (phylogeny, genealogy) will be estimated using DNA sequences from approximately 250 species, representing all 126 families into which Lepidoptera are currently divided. (umd.edu)
Jansen used genetic data from several loci and 106 specimens to infer the history of the genus, recovering a well-supported phylogeny spanning roughly half of the extant species. (myrmecos.net)
Ribosomal phylogenies are useful for inferring relationships within protistan phyla and for species identification. (els.net)
Sax, 1922) provided information on genome constitution, phylogeny and the evolution of Triticum and Aegilops species (summarized in Lilienfield, 1951). (fao.org)
Specific details of the phylogeny could change with additional species or analysis with a different program. (carnivorousplants.org)
The most basal species of the Nepenthes phylogeny is Nepenthes distillatoria . (carnivorousplants.org)
books.google.com.au - 'Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny' was Haeckel's answer--the wrong one--to the most vexing question of nineteenth-century biology: what is the relationship between individual development (ontogeny) and the evolution of species and lineages (phylogeny)? (google.com.au)
Phylogenies can likewise include just one genus (i.e., depict species relationships) or span an entire kingdom. (jove.com)

Evolutionist Ernst Haeckel is well known for his claim that " ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny," meaning that organisms pass through stages in development that mirror their evolutionary history. (conservapedia.com)
Phylogeny refers to evolutionary history behind the development of a taxon or trait. (reed.edu)
A phylogeny is a proposal of how organisms are related by their evolutionary history. (wikipedia.org)
The main emphasis is on mapping shape data on existing phylogenies to reconstruct the evolutionary history of shape diversification, as well as comparative methods that take phylogeny into account. (physanth.org)

The statement " ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny " is credited to Ernst Haeckel , and was the credo and motivation for much embrological research in the 19th and early 20th century. (everything2.com)

This book covers the major aspects of phylogeny and reproductive biology of frogs in chapters written by major authorities. (routledge.com)

Gauthier (1994) reviewed amniote phylogeny. (tolweb.org)
Consensus phylogeny of temnospondyls, from Milner and Sequeira (1994, 1998), Yates and Warren (2000) and Steyer (2000), and Laurin and Soler-Gijón (2006). (tolweb.org)

A Biochemical Phylogeny of the Protists covers a wide variety of biochemical characters and their usefulness in phylogenetics. (google.com)
Perfect phylogeny is a term used in computational phylogenetics to denote a phylogenetic tree in which all internal nodes may be labeled such that all characters evolve down the tree without homoplasy. (wikipedia.org)
A fourth, phenetics , is little used nowadays but contributed to the statistical and philosophical (such as the distinction between hypothesis and phylogeny) approach of modern phylogenetics. (palaeos.com)

Felsenstein J (1988) Phylogenies from molecular sequences: inference and reliability. (els.net)
A guide tree then helps to select neighbor sequences to be used as input for the phylogeny pipeline. (nih.gov)

Gardiner's (1982) and LØvtrup's (1985) study of amniote phylogeny exemplifies this differential treatment, and we focused on that group of organisms to test the proposition that fossils cannot overturn a theory of relationships based only on the Recent biota. (umich.edu)

As an introduction to the Handbook of the Protists, Second Edition, we provide a brief account of the diversity of protistan eukaryotes, set within the context of eukaryote phylogeny as currently understood. (springer.com)
The beginning of this century brought spectacular changes in our understanding of eukaryote phylogeny, especially the early evolution of microeukaryotic lineages commonly called protists. (els.net)

For decades, parasitologists had hypothesized that Plasmodium falciparum was so pathogenic because it had only been acquired recently as a human pathogen from a bird origin, and one the first 18S rDNA phylogenies seemed to confirm this hypothesis ( 10 ). (pnas.org)
In fact, the modern credo is instead "phylogeny recapitulates ontogeny", the reverse of Haeckel's idea and in fact the hypothesis originally put forth by Karl Ernst von Baer, Haeckel's predecessor . (everything2.com)
Kosakovsky Pond SL, Frost SD and Muse SV (2005) HyPhy: hypothesis testing using phylogenies. (els.net)

Molecular phylogenetic inferences have been not only supportive of traditional phylogenies, but also instrumental in resolving some difficult questions regarding branching orders within many evolutionary lineages. (els.net)
The phylogeny of the Phocinae suggests that the ancestors of Cystophora (hooded seal) and the Phocini (e.g. harp seal, ringed seal) adapted to Arctic conditions and ice-breeding before 12 MYA (million years ago) as supported by the white natal coat of these lineages. (nih.gov)

Felsenstein J (1993) PHYLIP (phylogeny inference package). (els.net)

The ClustalW2 Phylogeny API, provided by the European Bioinformatics Institute, makes these functions available over SOAP and REST protocols. (programmableweb.com)

Previous phylogenies based on molecular data indicated that segregate genera from both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres ( Hepatica , Pulsatilla , Knowltonia, Oreithales, and Barneoudia ) are embedded within Anemone and should be subsumed within the genus. (ingentaconnect.com)
However, less commonly found genera have not been sampled in recent molecular phylogenies and their phylogenetic affiliation remains unclear. (frontiersin.org)

Recent molecular analyses have suggested a very different squamate phylogeny relative to morphological hypotheses, but many aspects remain uncertain from molecular data. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
Recent molecular analyses have suggested a phylogeny that differs dramatically from morphological hypotheses, especially in placing iguanians with snakes and anguimorphans [ 3 - 5 ]. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
All analyses yield phylogeny trees on which C. indicum has close relationships with C. plagiosum . (hindawi.com)
the first ones will find up-to-date tools chained in a phylogeny pipeline to analyze their data in a simple and robust way, while the specialists will be able to easily build and run sophisticated analyses. (nih.gov)

It's a multi-locus molecular phylogeny of the ant genus Linepithema , a group of mostly obscure Neotropical ants that would be overlooked if they didn't happen to contain the infamous Argentine Ant . (myrmecos.net)
To address this, we are estimating the phylogeny of the genus using a diverse array of data sets, including mtDNA, ncDNA. (uidaho.edu)

1998. The phylogeny of the Canterbury Tales. (virginia.edu)

By utilizing algorithms derived from perfect phylogeny data we are able to attempt to reconstruct a phylogenetic tree in spite of these limitations. (wikipedia.org)
Maximum parsimony and Bayesian were used to reconstruct their phylogeny trees. (hindawi.com)

Huelsenbeck JP, Ronquist F, Nielsen R and Bollback J (2001) Bayesian inference of phylogeny and its impact on evolutionary biology. (els.net)
Parameter inference, whether performed within the maximum likelihood (ML) or Bayesian inference paradigms, relies on explicit definition of the substitution process, which may vary in spatial manner (across the alignment sites) and in temporal manner (branches of the phylogeny). (nature.com)
Based on various phylogeny research I've come across and some inference of mine. (deviantart.com)
Multiple alignment was done with the Phylogeny Inference Package (PHYLIP version 3. (acronymfinder.com)

Felsenstein J (1985) Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. (els.net)

More recently, phylogenies based on data matrices incorporating several diapsid terminal taxa (more than 20) were presented. (tolweb.org)
Using case studies from many different taxa and regions of the world, the volume evaluates how useful phylogeny is in understanding the processes that have generated today's diversity and the processes that now threaten it. (cambridge.org)
Here, we analyse squamate phylogeny using extensive sampling of taxa (161) and characters (44 loci), the largest dataset yet assembled. (royalsocietypublishing.org)

This volume correlates available data and ideas concerning the development, reproductive morphology, function, and phylogeny of chondrichthyan fishes. (routledge.com)
The phylogeny, genetic divergence estimates, and morphology indicate that P. xanthopygus rupestris is polyphyletic, and that populations from the Pacific slope of the Andes currently assigned to that taxon are specifically distinct from P. xanthopygus . (fsu.edu)

This hybrid field is called phylogeny , where the interrelatedness of organisms is established based on their shared DNA. (howstuffworks.com)
Phylogeny is concerned with the evolutionary diversification of organisms or groups of organisms. (jove.com)

Phylogeny is a potentially powerful tool for conserving biodiversity. (cambridge.org)

As molecular phylogeny increasingly shapes our understanding of organismal relationships, no molecule has been applied to more questions than have ribosomal RNAs. (nih.gov)

Nature 1997) as well as on the spectacular tree of life phylogeny created by David M. Hillis, Derrick Zwickl, and Robin Gutell, University of Texas. (prezi.com)

Mapping of a complementary matrix of morphological and ecological traits onto the phylogeny allows a reinterpretation of choanoflagellate character evolution and predicts the nature of their last common ancestor. (pnas.org)
The phylogeny of the holometabolous insect orders inferred from transcriptomic, genomic, and morphological data. (zfmk.de)

A kingdom-level phylogeny of eukaryotes based on combined protein data. (springer.com)
This book is composed of 13 chapters that describe the methods of deducing phylogenies of protists from biochemical data. (google.com)
ClustalW2 Phylogeny generates phylogenetic trees from multiple sequence alignment data. (programmableweb.com)
It is rare that actual data adheres to the concept of perfect phylogeny. (wikipedia.org)
By utilizing the concepts and algorithms described in perfect phylogeny one can determine information regarding missing and unavailable haplotype data. (wikipedia.org)
By assuming that the set of haplotypes that result from genotype mapping corresponds and adheres to the concept of perfect phylogeny (as well as other assumptions such as perfect Mendelian inheritance and the fact that there is only one mutation per SNP), one is able to infer missing haplotype data. (wikipedia.org)
Inferring a phylogeny from noisy VAF data under the PPM is a hard problem. (wikipedia.org)
A central project feature, also borrowed from modern genomics, will be an interactive website allowing the project team plus any other researcher to contribute and download data, methods, analysis and commentary on lepidopteran phylogeny at any level. (umd.edu)
Baldauf SL, Roger AJ, Wenk‐Siefert I and Doolittle WF (2000) A kingdom‐level phylogeny of eukaryotes based on combined protein data. (els.net)
All the data sets and findings of these symposia will be reflected on the GPPRCG web site, several series of papers in specialized professional journals, a review paper commissioned by Science, as well as in a planned book on the Phylogeny of Green Plants. (berkeley.edu)

2005) Polyubiquitin insertions and the phylogeny of Cercozoa and Rhizaria. (els.net)

Molecular phylogenies drastically changed our understanding of eukaryotes evolution. (els.net)
Deschamps P and Moreira D (2009) Signal conflicts in the phylogeny of the primary photosynthetic eukaryotes. (els.net)

These latter results have important implications for all studies that attempt to resolve phylogenies with large-scale phylogenomic datasets. (royalsocietypublishing.org)

The statistical components of a perfect phylogenetic tree can best be described as follows: A perfect phylogeny for an n x m character state matrix M is a rooted tree T with n leaves satisfying: i. (wikipedia.org)
Research on harvestman phylogeny (that is, the phylogenetic tree) is in a state of flux. (wikipedia.org)
Beyond providing a "backbone" phylogeny, the project is designed to catalyze a world-wide community effort to further resolve the lepidopteran tree, incorporating more traditional evidence from anatomy and behavior in addition to DNA. (umd.edu)
Return this tree, a PhyloXML-compatible Phylogeny object. (biopython.org)
Create a new Phylogeny given a Tree (from Newick/Nexus or BaseTree). (biopython.org)
The second is Cladistics , itself divided into several types, such as the older single tree parsimony-based approach and the newer computational statistical-based methodologies, and Molecular phylogeny . (palaeos.com)
This is the most pervasive element in the phylogeny module, cataloging the "phylonodes" of tree graphs. (gmod.org)
Yet as phylogeny has come increasingly into use, it's shown that perhaps the roots of the tree of life are somewhat atypical. (howstuffworks.com)
Typically, phylogeny is represented by a tree. (jove.com)
Deep Phylogeny-How a Tree Can Help Characterize Early Life on Earth. (jove.com)

The evidence for phylogeny comes from palaeontology , comparative anatomy , and DNA sequence analysis . (wikipedia.org)

Another value is to show how phylogenies are predictive , leading to new discoveries, as paleontologist Neil Shubin describes in his excellent book Your Inner Fish (Pantheon 2008). (indiana.edu)

Phylogeny.fr offers three main modes. (nih.gov)

phylogeny methods. (bio.net)
Character state matrices An example of a character matrix that can be depicted as a perfect phylogeny Perfect phylogeny is a theoretical framework that can also be used in more practical methods. (wikipedia.org)

Molecular phylogeny has confirmed a close relationship between choanoflagellates and Metazoa, and the first choanoflagellate genome sequence has recently been published. (pnas.org)
If you do not know what that means, the important point is it is a different DNA sequence from the Drosera phylogeny. (carnivorousplants.org)

Phylogeny of novel naked filose and reticulose Cercozoa: Granofilosea cl. (springer.com)

This concept involves utilizing perfect phylogenies with real, and therefore incomplete and imperfect, datasets. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy5

Organisms59

Chemicals and Drugs19

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment12

Phenomena and Processes46

Disciplines and Occupations8

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena2

Information Science10

Health Care6

Geographicals7

A novel genetic screen for snRNP assembly factors in yeast identifies a conserved protein, Sad1p, also required for pre-mRNA splicing. (1/52004)

The nuclear receptor superfamily has undergone extensive proliferation and diversification in nematodes. (2/52004)

Isolation of zebrafish gdf7 and comparative genetic mapping of genes belonging to the growth/differentiation factor 5, 6, 7 subgroup of the TGF-beta superfamily. (3/52004)

Novel endotheliotropic herpesviruses fatal for Asian and African elephants. (4/52004)

Evolutionary relationships of pathogenic clones of Vibrio cholerae by sequence analysis of four housekeeping genes. (5/52004)

Three receptor genes for plasminogen related growth factors in the genome of the puffer fish Fugu rubripes. (6/52004)

Cloning, molecular analysis and differential cell localisation of the p36 RACK analogue antigen from the parasite protozoon Crithidia fasciculata. (7/52004)

Rhodanobacter lindaniclasticus gen. nov., sp. nov., a lindane-degrading bacterium. (8/52004)

Phylogeny

Evolution, Molecular

Sequence Analysis, DNA

Biological Evolution

Likelihood Functions

Molecular Sequence Data

DNA, Mitochondrial

Species Specificity

Sequence Alignment

Bayes Theorem

Fossils

DNA, Ribosomal Spacer

DNA, Ribosomal

Genetic Speciation

Models, Genetic

RNA, Ribosomal, 18S

Genetic Variation

DNA, Chloroplast

RNA, Ribosomal, 16S

Phylogeography

RNA, Ribosomal, 28S

Genome, Mitochondrial

Base Sequence

Classification

Gene Transfer, Horizontal

Mammals

Angiosperms

Genes, Mitochondrial

Geography

Gymnosperms

Invertebrates

DNA, Plant

Plastids

Arthropods

RNA, Ribosomal

Primates

Multigene Family

Biodiversity

Gene Duplication

Eukaryota

Genome

Genome, Bacterial

Birds

Vertebrates

Genes, rRNA

Extinction, Biological

Amino Acid Sequence

Computational Biology

Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid

Symbiosis

Plants

Cluster Analysis

Genomics

Ascomycota

Anthocerotophyta

Algorithms

Strepsirhini

Archaea

Ecosystem

DNA, Bacterial

Bacteria

Peptide Elongation Factor 1

Platyhelminths

DNA, Fungal

Software

Sequence Homology

Gene Order

Cetacea

Fishes

Genes, Archaeal

Lizards

Rhodophyta

Ciliophora

Paleontology

DNA, Intergenic

Insects

Hominidae

Fungi

Genes, Chloroplast

RNA, Ribosomal, 5.8S