Photosynthesis
The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds. Photosynthesis comprises two separate processes: the light reactions and the dark reactions. In higher plants; GREEN ALGAE; and CYANOBACTERIA; NADPH and ATP formed by the light reactions drive the dark reactions which result in the fixation of carbon dioxide. (from Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2001)
Plant Leaves
Chlorophyll
Carbon Dioxide
Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase
A carboxy-lyase that plays a key role in photosynthetic carbon assimilation in the CALVIN-BENSON CYCLE by catalyzing the formation of 3-phosphoglycerate from ribulose 1,5-biphosphate and CARBON DIOXIDE. It can also utilize OXYGEN as a substrate to catalyze the synthesis of 2-phosphoglycolate and 3-phosphoglycerate in a process referred to as photorespiration.
Flaveria
Plant Transpiration
Plant Stomata
Cyanobacteria
A phylum of oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria comprised of unicellular to multicellular bacteria possessing CHLOROPHYLL a and carrying out oxygenic PHOTOSYNTHESIS. Cyanobacteria are the only known organisms capable of fixing both CARBON DIOXIDE (in the presence of light) and NITROGEN. Cell morphology can include nitrogen-fixing heterocysts and/or resting cells called akinetes. Formerly called blue-green algae, cyanobacteria were traditionally treated as ALGAE.
Photosystem II Protein Complex
Chloroplasts
Plant cell inclusion bodies that contain the photosynthetic pigment CHLOROPHYLL, which is associated with the membrane of THYLAKOIDS. Chloroplasts occur in cells of leaves and young stems of plants. They are also found in some forms of PHYTOPLANKTON such as HAPTOPHYTA; DINOFLAGELLATES; DIATOMS; and CRYPTOPHYTA.
Photosynthetic Reaction Center Complex Proteins
Protein complexes that take part in the process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS. They are located within the THYLAKOID MEMBRANES of plant CHLOROPLASTS and a variety of structures in more primitive organisms. There are two major complexes involved in the photosynthetic process called PHOTOSYSTEM I and PHOTOSYSTEM II.
Carbon
Mesophyll Cells
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase
Plant Proteins
Biomass
Thylakoids
Membranous cisternae of the CHLOROPLAST containing photosynthetic pigments, reaction centers, and the electron-transport chain. Each thylakoid consists of a flattened sac of membrane enclosing a narrow intra-thylakoid space (Lackie and Dow, Dictionary of Cell Biology, 2nd ed). Individual thylakoids are interconnected and tend to stack to form aggregates called grana. They are found in cyanobacteria and all plants.
Nitrogen
Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes
Plants
Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.
Electron Transport
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
Water
Plant Physiological Phenomena
Carbon Cycle
Rhodobacter sphaeroides
Droughts
Chenopodiaceae
Pyruvate, Orthophosphate Dikinase
Synechocystis
Photosystem I Protein Complex
Plastids
Poaceae
Autotrophic Processes
The processes by which organisms use simple inorganic substances such as gaseous or dissolved carbon dioxide and inorganic nitrogen as nutrient sources. Contrasts with heterotrophic processes which make use of organic materials as the nutrient supply source. Autotrophs can be either chemoautotrophs (or chemolithotrophs), largely ARCHAEA and BACTERIA, which also use simple inorganic substances for their metabolic energy reguirements; or photoautotrophs (or photolithotrophs), such as PLANTS and CYANOBACTERIA, which derive their energy from light. Depending on environmental conditions some organisms can switch between different nutritional modes (autotrophy; HETEROTROPHY; chemotrophy; or PHOTOTROPHY) to utilize different sources to meet their nutrient and energy requirements.
Earth (Planet)
Arabidopsis
Crassulaceae
Cell Respiration
Plants, Genetically Modified
Oxygen
Eukaryota
One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and ARCHAEA), also called Eukarya. These are organisms whose cells are enclosed in membranes and possess a nucleus. They comprise almost all multicellular and many unicellular organisms, and are traditionally divided into groups (sometimes called kingdoms) including ANIMALS; PLANTS; FUNGI; and various algae and other taxa that were previously part of the old kingdom Protista.
Chlorophyta
A phylum of photosynthetic EUKARYOTA bearing double membrane-bound plastids containing chlorophyll a and b. They comprise the classical green algae, and represent over 7000 species that live in a variety of primarily aquatic habitats. Only about ten percent are marine species, most live in freshwater.
Plant Stems
Amaranthaceae
Fluorescence
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Cleome
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Diatoms
Starch
Synechococcus
Cuscuta
Atmosphere
Cytochromes f
Rhodobacter capsulatus
Tobacco
Oxidation-Reduction
A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).
Carotenoids
Crops, Agricultural
Zea mays
Oryza sativa
Microalgae
Chloroplast Proton-Translocating ATPases
Eucalyptus
Anthozoa
Phototrophic Processes
Processes by which phototrophic organisms use sunlight as their primary energy source. Contrasts with chemotrophic processes which do not depend on light and function in deriving energy from exogenous chemical sources. Photoautotrophy (or photolithotrophy) is the ability to use sunlight as energy to fix inorganic nutrients to be used for other organic requirements. Photoautotrophs include all GREEN PLANTS; GREEN ALGAE; CYANOBACTERIA; and green and PURPLE SULFUR BACTERIA. Photoheterotrophs or photoorganotrophs require a supply of organic nutrients for their organic requirements but use sunlight as their primary energy source; examples include certain PURPLE NONSULFUR BACTERIA. Depending on environmental conditions some organisms can switch between different nutritional modes (AUTOTROPHY; HETEROTROPHY; chemotrophy; or phototrophy) to utilize different sources to meet their nutrients and energy requirements.
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Arabidopsis Proteins
Cytochrome b6f Complex
A protein complex that includes CYTOCHROME B6 and CYTOCHROME F. It is found in the THYLAKOID MEMBRANE and plays an important role in process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS by transferring electrons from PLASTOQUINONE to PLASTOCYANIN or CYTOCHROME C6. The transfer of electrons is coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the membrane.
Models, Biological
Mikania
Plant Epidermis
Plant Development
Plant Roots
Angiosperms
Members of the group of vascular plants which bear flowers. They are differentiated from GYMNOSPERMS by their production of seeds within a closed chamber (OVARY, PLANT). The Angiosperms division is composed of two classes, the monocotyledons (Liliopsida) and dicotyledons (Magnoliopsida). Angiosperms represent approximately 80% of all known living plants.
Temperature
Vitis
Lichens
Plastoquinone
Nitrogen Fixation
Carbon Isotopes
Droseraceae
Cyperaceae
Pentanes
Spinacia oleracea
Ecosystem
Adaptation, Physiological
Symbiosis
Setaria Plant
Chlorobi
Heterotrophic Processes
The processes by which organisms utilize organic substances as their nutrient sources. Contrasts with AUTOTROPHIC PROCESSES which make use of simple inorganic substances as the nutrient supply source. Heterotrophs can be either chemoheterotrophs (or chemoorganotrophs) which also require organic substances such as glucose for their primary metabolic energy requirements, or photoheterotrophs (or photoorganotrophs) which derive their primary energy requirements from light. Depending on environmental conditions some organisms can switch between different nutritional modes (AUTOTROPHY; heterotrophy; chemotrophy; or PHOTOTROPHY) to utilize different sources to meet their nutrients and energy requirements.
Tetrapyrroles
Dinoflagellida
Flagellate EUKARYOTES, found mainly in the oceans. They are characterized by the presence of transverse and longitudinal flagella which propel the organisms in a rotating manner through the water. Dinoflagellida were formerly members of the class Phytomastigophorea under the old five kingdom paradigm.
Ascorbate Peroxidases
Energy Transfer
The transfer of energy of a given form among different scales of motion. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed). It includes the transfer of kinetic energy and the transfer of chemical energy. The transfer of chemical energy from one molecule to another depends on proximity of molecules so it is often used as in techniques to measure distance such as the use of FORSTER RESONANCE ENERGY TRANSFER.
Rhodophyta
Plants of the division Rhodophyta, commonly known as red algae, in which the red pigment (PHYCOERYTHRIN) predominates. However, if this pigment is destroyed, the algae can appear purple, brown, green, or yellow. Two important substances found in the cell walls of red algae are AGAR and CARRAGEENAN. Some rhodophyta are notable SEAWEED (macroalgae).
Phycobilisomes
Biological Evolution
Chloroplast Proteins
Geology
Populus
Botany
Geological Phenomena
Helianthus
Trees
Phycocyanin
Galactolipids
Soil
Mesembryanthemum
Lycopersicon esculentum
Hydrocharitaceae
Thylakoid Membrane Proteins
Mustard Plant
Any of several BRASSICA species that are commonly called mustard. Brassica alba is white mustard, B. juncea is brown or Chinese mustard, and B. nigra is black, brown, or red mustard. The plant is grown both for mustard seed from which oil is extracted or used as SPICES, and for its greens used as VEGETABLES or ANIMAL FEED. There is no relationship to MUSTARD COMPOUNDS.
Dibromothymoquinone
Rhodospirillum
Malate Dehydrogenase
Cyanothece
Glycine Dehydrogenase (Decarboxylating)
A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE dependent enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of GLYCINE with the transfer of an aminomethyl group to the LIPOIC ACID moiety of the GLYCINE DECARBOXYLASE COMPLEX H-PROTEIN. Defects in P-protein are the cause of non-ketotic hyperglycinemia. It is one of four subunits of the glycine decarboxylase complex.
Sucrose
Plastocyanin
Carbonic Anhydrases
Ageratina
Amaranthus
Quercus
Plant Vascular Bundle
Salinity
Floods
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Mutation
Prochlorococcus
Stress, Physiological
Gases
The vapor state of matter; nonelastic fluids in which the molecules are in free movement and their mean positions far apart. Gases tend to expand indefinitely, to diffuse and mix readily with other gases, to have definite relations of volume, temperature, and pressure, and to condense or liquefy at low temperatures or under sufficient pressure. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Amino Acid Sequence
Solanum melongena
Portulacaceae
Singlet Oxygen
Hemiterpenes
Rhodopseudomonas
Antisense Elements (Genetics)
Proteaceae
Vicia faba
A plant species of the genus VICIA, family FABACEAE. The edible beans are well known but they cause FAVISM in some individuals with GLUCOSEPHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY. This plant contains vicine, convicine, Vicia lectins, unknown seed protein, AAP2 transport protein, and Vicia faba DNA-binding protein 1.
Etiolation
Physical changes in the growth patterns of a plant brought on by sustained absence of light. These changes are characterized by lengthened internodes which produce long weak stems, fewer leaves, and pale yellow color (chlorosis). The physiological basis for etiolation is induction of the phytohormone, AUXIN.
Alocasia
Peas
Herbicides
Seasons
Circadian Rhythm
Electrons
Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called CATHODE RAYS.
Prunus
Transcriptome
Evolution, Molecular
Oxidoreductases
The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)
Chlorophyll Binding Proteins
Photoperiod
Sulfur
Seeds
Proteobacteria
A phylum of bacteria consisting of the purple bacteria and their relatives which form a branch of the eubacterial tree. This group of predominantly gram-negative bacteria is classified based on homology of equivalent nucleotide sequences of 16S ribosomal RNA or by hybridization of ribosomal RNA or DNA with 16S and 23S ribosomal RNA.
Roseobacter
Chloroflexus
Primulaceae
Environment, Controlled
A state in which the environs of hospitals, laboratories, domestic and animal housing, work places, spacecraft, and other surroundings are under technological control with regard to air conditioning, heating, lighting, humidity, ventilation, and other ambient features. The concept includes control of atmospheric composition. (From Jane's Aerospace Dictionary, 3d ed)
Role of a novel photosystem II-associated carbonic anhydrase in photosynthetic carbon assimilation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. (1/4284)
Intracellular carbonic anhydrases (CA) in aquatic photosynthetic organisms are involved in the CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM), which helps to overcome CO2 limitation in the environment. In the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, this CCM is initiated and maintained by the pH gradient created across the chloroplast thylakoid membranes by photosystem (PS) II-mediated electron transport. We show here that photosynthesis is stimulated by a novel, intracellular alpha-CA bound to the chloroplast thylakoids. It is associated with PSII on the lumenal side of the thylakoid membranes. We demonstrate that PSII in association with this lumenal CA operates to provide an ample flux of CO2 for carboxylation. (+info)A functional model for O-O bond formation by the O2-evolving complex in photosystem II. (2/4284)
The formation of molecular oxygen from water in photosynthesis is catalyzed by photosystem II at an active site containing four manganese ions that are arranged in di-mu-oxo dimanganese units (where mu is a bridging mode). The complex [H2O(terpy)Mn(O)2Mn(terpy)OH2](NO3)3 (terpy is 2,2':6', 2"-terpyridine), which was synthesized and structurally characterized, contains a di-mu-oxo manganese dimer and catalyzes the conversion of sodium hypochlorite to molecular oxygen. Oxygen-18 isotope labeling showed that water is the source of the oxygen atoms in the molecular oxygen evolved, and so this system is a functional model for photosynthetic water oxidation. (+info)Prochlorococcus, a marine photosynthetic prokaryote of global significance. (3/4284)
The minute photosynthetic prokaryote Prochlorococcus, which was discovered about 10 years ago, has proven exceptional from several standpoints. Its tiny size (0.5 to 0.7 microm in diameter) makes it the smallest known photosynthetic organism. Its ubiquity within the 40 degrees S to 40 degrees N latitudinal band of oceans and its occurrence at high density from the surface down to depths of 200 m make it presumably the most abundant photosynthetic organism on Earth. Prochlorococcus typically divides once a day in the subsurface layer of oligotrophic areas, where it dominates the photosynthetic biomass. It also possesses a remarkable pigment complement which includes divinyl derivatives of chlorophyll a (Chl a) and Chl b, the so-called Chl a2 and Chl b2, and, in some strains, small amounts of a new type of phycoerythrin. Phylogenetically, Prochlorococcus has also proven fascinating. Recent studies suggest that it evolved from an ancestral cyanobacterium by reducing its cell and genome sizes and by recruiting a protein originally synthesized under conditions of iron depletion to build a reduced antenna system as a replacement for large phycobilisomes. Environmental constraints clearly played a predominant role in Prochlorococcus evolution. Its tiny size is an advantage for its adaptation to nutrient-deprived environments. Furthermore, genetically distinct ecotypes, with different antenna systems and ecophysiological characteristics, are present at depth and in surface waters. This vertical species variation has allowed Prochlorococcus to adapt to the natural light gradient occurring in the upper layer of oceans. The present review critically assesses the basic knowledge acquired about Prochlorococcus both in the ocean and in the laboratory. (+info)Interpretation of the spatial charge displacements in bacteriorhodopsin in terms of structural changes during the photocycle. (4/4284)
We have recently introduced a method, made possible by an improved orienting technique using a combination of electric and magnetic fields, that allows the three-dimensional detection of the intramolecular charge displacements during the photocycle of bacteriorhodopsin. This method generates electric asymmetry, a prerequisite for the detection of electric signal on the macroscopic sample, in all three spatial dimensions. Purple membrane fragments containing bacteriorhodopsin were oriented so that their permanent electric dipole moment vectors were perpendicular to the membrane plane and pointed in the same direction. The resulting cylindrical symmetry was broken by photoselection, i. e., by flash excitation with low intensity linearly polarized light. From the measured electric signals, the three-dimensional motion of the electric charge center in the bacteriorhodopsin molecules was calculated for the first 400 microseconds. Simultaneous absorption kinetic recording provided the time-dependent concentrations of the intermediates. Combining the two sets of data, we determined the discrete dipole moments of intermediates up to M. When compared with the results of current molecular dynamics calculations, the data provided a decisive experimental test for selecting the optimal theoretical model for the proton transport and should eventually lead to a full description of the mechanism of the bacteriorhodopsin proton pump. (+info)Light-induced oxidation-reduction reactions of cytochromes in the green sulfur photosynthetic bacterium Prosthecochloris aesturarii. (5/4284)
The light-induced oxidation-reduction reactions of cytochromes in intact cells, starved cells, and chlorobium vesicle fractions of the green sulfur photosynthetic bacterium Prosthecochloris aesturarii were studied under anaerobic conditions. On the basis of both kinetic and spectral properties, at least three cytochrome species were found to be involved in the light-induced oxidation-reduction reactions of intact cells. These cytochromes were designated according to the positions of alpha-band maxima as C555 (rapid and slow components) and C552 (intermediate). By comparing the light-minus-dark difference spectra with the reduced-minus-oxidized difference spectra of purified cytochromes of this organism, rapid component C555 and intermediate component C552 are suggested to correspond to the purified cytochromes c-555(550) and c-551.5, respectively. Although the identity of the slow-phase component is uncertain, one possibility is that the slow phase is due to the bound form of c-555(550). In substrate-depleted (starved) cells, only one cytochrome species, C555 remained in the reduced state in the dark and oxidized upon actinic illumination. This corresponds to the rapid C555 component in intact cells. In the case of chlorobium vesicle fractions, one cytochrome species having an alpha-band maximum at 554 nm was oxidized by actinic light. The effects of several inhibitors on the absorbance changes of intact cells were studied. Antimycin A decreased the rate of the dark reduction of rapid C555 component. The complex effects of CCCP (carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone) on the oxidation-reduction reactions of cytochromes were interpreted as the results of inhibition of the electron donation to oxidized C552 and C555 (slow), and a shift of the dark steady-state redox levels of cytochromes. Based on these findings, it is suggested that the rapid C555 component is located in a cyclic electron transfer pathway. The other two cytochromes, C552 and C555 (slow), may be located in non-cyclic electron transfer pathways and receive electrons from exogenous substrates such as sodium sulfide. A tentative scheme for the electron transfer system in Prosthecochloris aestuarii is presented and its nature is discussed. (+info)Photosystem I is indispensable for photoautotrophic growth, CO2 fixation, and H2 photoproduction in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. (6/4284)
Certain Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutants deficient in photosystem I due to defects in psaA mRNA maturation have been reported to be capable of CO2 fixation, H2 photoevolution, and photoautotrophic growth (Greenbaum, E., Lee, J. W., Tevault, C. V., Blankinship, S. L. , and Mets, L. J. (1995) Nature 376, 438-441 and Lee, J. W., Tevault, C. V., Owens, T. G.; Greenbaum, E. (1996) Science 273, 364-367). We have generated deletions of photosystem I core subunits in both wild type and these mutant strains and have analyzed their abilities to grow photoautotrophically, to fix CO2, and to photoevolve O2 or H2 (using mass spectrometry) as well as their photosystem I content (using immunological and spectroscopic analyses). We find no instance of a strain that can perform photosynthesis in the absence of photosystem I. The F8 strain harbored a small amount of photosystem I, and it could fix CO2 and grow slowly, but it lost these abilities after deletion of either psaA or psaC; these activities could be restored to the F8-psaADelta mutant by reintroduction of psaA. We observed limited O2 photoevolution in mutants lacking photosystem I; use of 18O2 indicated that this O2 evolution is coupled to O2 uptake (i.e. respiration) rather than CO2 fixation or H2 evolution. We conclude that the reported instances of CO2 fixation, H2 photoevolution, and photoautotrophic growth of photosystem I-deficient mutants result from the presence of unrecognized photosystem I. (+info)Acclimation of Arabidopsis leaves developing at low temperatures. Increasing cytoplasmic volume accompanies increased activities of enzymes in the Calvin cycle and in the sucrose-biosynthesis pathway. (7/4284)
Photosynthetic and metabolic acclimation to low growth temperatures were studied in Arabidopsis (Heynh.). Plants were grown at 23 degrees C and then shifted to 5 degrees C. We compared the leaves shifted to 5 degrees C for 10 d and the new leaves developed at 5 degrees C with the control leaves on plants that had been left at 23 degrees C. Leaf development at 5 degrees C resulted in the recovery of photosynthesis to rates comparable with those achieved by control leaves at 23 degrees C. There was a shift in the partitioning of carbon from starch and toward sucrose (Suc) in leaves that developed at 5 degrees C. The recovery of photosynthetic capacity and the redirection of carbon to Suc in these leaves were associated with coordinated increases in the activity of several Calvin-cycle enzymes, even larger increases in the activity of key enzymes for Suc biosynthesis, and an increase in the phosphate available for metabolism. Development of leaves at 5 degrees C also led to an increase in cytoplasmic volume and a decrease in vacuolar volume, which may provide an important mechanism for increasing the enzymes and metabolites in cold-acclimated leaves. Understanding the mechanisms underlying such structural changes during leaf development in the cold could result in novel approaches to increasing plant yield. (+info)The membrane-attached electron carrier cytochrome cy from Rhodobacter sphaeroides is functional in respiratory but not in photosynthetic electron transfer. (8/4284)
Rhodobacter species are useful model organisms for studying the structure and function of c type cytochromes (Cyt c), which are ubiquitous electron carriers with essential functions in cellular energy and signal transduction. Among these species, Rhodobacter capsulatus has a periplasmic Cyt c2Rc and a membrane-bound bipartite Cyt cyRc. These electron carriers participate in both respiratory and photosynthetic electron-transfer chains. On the other hand, until recently, Rhodobacter sphaeroides was thought to have only one of these two cytochromes, the soluble Cyt c2Rs. Recent work indicated that this species has a gene, cycYRs, that is highly homologous to cycYRc, and in the work presented here, functional properties of its gene product (Cyt cyRs) are defined. It was found that Cyt cyRs is unable to participate in photosynthetic electron transfer, although it is active in respiratory electron transfer, unlike its R. capsulatus counterpart, Cyt cyRc. Chimeric constructs have shown that the photosynthetic incapability of Cyt cyRs is caused, at least in part, by its redox active subdomain, which carries the covalently bound heme. It, therefore, seems that this domain interacts differently with distinct redox partners, like the photochemical reaction center and the Cyt c oxidase, and allows the bacteria to funnel electrons efficiently to various destinations under different growth conditions. These findings raise an intriguing evolutionary issue in regard to cellular apoptosis: why do the mitochondria of higher organisms, unlike their bacterial ancestors, use only one soluble electron carrier in their respiratory electron-transport chains? (+info)
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Natural photosynthesisOxygenic photosynthesisAlgaeOrganismsOxygenChloroplastsAnoxygenic photosynthesisChlorophyllPlantsRates of photosynthesisStudy of photosynthesisCarry out photosynthesisRate of photosynthesis increasesAffect the rate of photosynthesisAffects the Rate of PhotosynthesisMeasure the rate of photosynthesisMeasuring the rate of photosynthesisIncreasing the efficiency of photosynthesisGlucoseFill-in-the-blank worksheetMoleculesProcessesTemperature Affect PhotosynthesisArtificial photosynthesis researchEnergy from sunlightSplits waterBiological2018Process that convertsChloroplastEquationLight on photosynthesisForms of photosynthesisAspects of photosynthesisProducts of photosynthesisComponent of photosynthesisPhotonsPhotosystem IIHydrogenBiologySolarConduct photosynthesisPlantOccursAmount of carbonCarbohydratesResearchersBiochemicalAlgalCarbon dioxide levelsCellularRegulationOrganic compoundsEnzymesElectronEfficiencyOccur
Natural photosynthesis13
- [2] [3] One way of using natural photosynthesis is for the production of a biofuel , which is an indirect process that suffers from low energy conversion efficiency (due to photosynthesis' own low efficiency in converting sunlight to biomass), the cost of harvesting and transporting the fuel, and conflicts due to the increasing need of land mass for food production. (wikipedia.org)
- The fourth project aims to harness the excess light energy that reaches photosynthetic organisms but cannot be used due to bottlenecks in natural photosynthesis. (enn.com)
- In higher plants and certain bacterial systems, the initial steps of natural photosynthesis harness light energy with an efficiency of 95% or more - values that we can only aspire to with artificial photocells. (nature.com)
- Three representative pigment protein complexes involved in natural photosynthesis. (nature.com)
- This first session will discuss the fundamental processes in biological solar energy conversion (e.g., natural photosynthesis) and the possibilities to exploit in vivo systems for solar fuel synthesis. (rsc.org)
- Many systems now claim to exceed natural photosynthesis not only in terms of solar energy conversion efficiency, but also in catalytic rate. (rsc.org)
- Natural photosynthesis isn't all that efficient, so maybe researchers can augment plants with nanomaterials to give photosynthesis a little boost. (techdirt.com)
- New device offers distinct advantages over previous attempts to improve upon natural photosynthesis. (technologyreview.com)
- Natural photosynthesis, depending how you calculate it, has an efficiency of about 0.6 percent. (inhabitat.com)
- We design and study chemical systems whose reactivity is inspired by natural photosynthesis, in which green plants convert sunlight, water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and carbohydrates. (bnl.gov)
- Natural photosynthesis is the process by which green plants uses energy from the sun as well as water in the soil and carbon dioxide in the air to make food in the form of energy-dense glucose - a form of sugar. (dailymail.co.uk)
- The artificial process uses the same green light portion of the visible light spectrum used by plants during natural photosynthesis to convert carbon dioxide and water into fuel. (dailymail.co.uk)
- This review emphasizes recent experimental observations of long-lasting quantum coherence in photosynthetic systems and the implications of quantum coherence in natural photosynthesis. (nih.gov)
Oxygenic photosynthesis12
- This is called oxygenic photosynthesis and is by far the most common type of photosynthesis used by living organisms. (wikipedia.org)
- Although there are some differences between oxygenic photosynthesis in plants , algae , and cyanobacteria , the overall process is quite similar in these organisms. (wikipedia.org)
- principally, oxygenic photosynthesis, any process by which plants and algae convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and waste oxygen using solar energy. (wiktionary.org)
- The study of this alternative photosystems will not only give insights into the evolution of the process but could also provide clues on the environmental conditions where oxygenic photosynthesis first arose billions of years ago in the early Earth. (eurekalert.org)
- T.G. Laughlin, A.N. Bayne, J.F. Trempe, D.F. Savage, and K.M. Davies, "Structure of the complex I-like molecule NDH of oxygenic photosynthesis. (newswise.com)
- Until recently, scientists thought Chl a was the only photopigment used in oxygenic photosynthesis. (nasa.gov)
- According to NASA postdoc Steve Mielke, lead author of a new study, "It was assumed that, due to the stringent energy requirements for splitting water molecules, longer wavelengths of light (which have lower energy) could not be used for oxygenic photosynthesis. (nasa.gov)
- That assumption changed in 1996 when Hideaki Miyashita and colleagues discovered a cyanobacterium named Acaryochloris marina that uses chlorophyll d (Chl d ) instead of Chl a to perform oxygenic photosynthesis with photons from visible light through to wavelengths up to 740 nm in the near-infrared (NIR). (nasa.gov)
- However, could A. marina be regularly unsuccessful in using the longer wavelength photons, and could its ability to use NIR be inefficient, at the edge of what the molecular mechanisms of oxygenic photosynthesis are able to handle? (nasa.gov)
- For the first time, the team showed that oxygenic photosynthesis can operate well at longer wavelengths! (nasa.gov)
- Nancy Kiang of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) explains, "Chl d extends the useful solar radiation for oxygenic photosynthesis by 18% - meaning life can use more wavelengths of light (i.e. more types of light-producing stars) to survive. (nasa.gov)
- one includes oxygenic photosynthesis, which is most common and demonstrated through plants, algae and cyanobacteria while the other one is an-oxygenic photosynthesis. (ipl.org)
Algae23
- Plants, algae and cyanobacteria use a chemical reaction known as photosynthesis to create the materials they need from what's around them. (newscientist.com)
- While plants, algae and cyanobacteria all use oxygen-based photosynthesis , there is also a version of the reaction called anoxygenic photosynthesis. (newscientist.com)
- Photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, and many species of bacteria, but not in archaea. (enn.com)
- Professor Janet Allen, Director of Research at BBSRC, said: "Photosynthesis has evolved in plants, algae and some other bacteria and in each case the mechanism does the best possible job for the organism in question. (enn.com)
- By attempting to transfer parts from algae and bacteria into plants, the researchers hope to make the environment in the plants' cells around Rubisco richer in carbon dioxide which will allow photosynthesis to produce sugars more efficiently. (enn.com)
- Early work on artificial photosynthesis was driven by progress in the understanding of natural systems and attempts to exploit in living organisms (e.g., algae). (rsc.org)
- Canadian-Iranian designer Roya Aghighi has created clothes made from algae that turn carbon dioxide into oxygen via photosynthesis , as a more sustainable alternative to fast fashion. (dezeen.com)
- London-based architecture office EcoLogicStudio harnesses photosynthesis in algae to remove air pollution with this living curtain, designed to rest over building facades. (dezeen.com)
- The findings dovetail with research by University of Toronto biophysicist Greg Scholes, who found coherence in the photosynthesis of a common marine algae . (wired.com)
- Professor Brian Cox sees photosynthesis in action, investigating a unique type of jellyfish that have evolved to carry algae within their bodies and feed off the glucose the plants create. (bbc.co.uk)
- Almost all life on Earth depends on food made by organisms that can perform photosynthesis, such as green plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. (dictionary.com)
- Researchers have taken an important step towards enhancing photosynthesis by engineering plants with enzymes from blue-green algae that speed up the process of converting carbon dioxide into sugars. (scientificamerican.com)
- In green plants and algae, photosynthesis takes place in specialized cellular compartments called chloroplasts . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Algae are a very diverse group of predominantly aquatic photosynthetic organisms that account for almost 50% of the photosynthesis that takes place on Earth. (els.net)
- Algae have a wide range of antenna pigments to harvest light energy for photosynthesis giving different types of algae their characteristic colour. (els.net)
- The processes of photosynthesis in algae and higher plants are very similar. (els.net)
- As school children we learned that plants (as well as algae and cyanobacteria) perform the all important biological "magic trick" known as photosynthesis, which helps generate the atmospheric oxygen we use in every breath. (nasa.gov)
- Plants, algae and cyanobacteria alter our planet in a way that only life can: they use photosynthesis to completely change the composition of the Earth's atmosphere. (nasa.gov)
- Photosynthesis by plants, algae, and some bacteria supports nearly all living things. (digitaljournal.com)
- Photosynthesis by plants, algae, and some bacteria supports nearly all living things by producing food from sunlight, and in the process these organisms release oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide. (digitaljournal.com)
- The researchers investigated photosynthesis in a marine Synechococcus, a form of photosynthetic bacteria called cyanobacteria (formerly blue-green algae). (digitaljournal.com)
- Photosynthesis is the process where plants, algae, and bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy. (ipl.org)
- Photosynthesis is a biochemical process by which the energy of light is converted into chemical energy in plants , algae , and certain bacteria . (fact-index.com)
Organisms14
- Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that, through cellular respiration , can later be released to fuel the organism's metabolic activities. (wikipedia.org)
- Sunlight energy enters living systems when plants and some other organisms absorb light in the process of photosynthesis. (slideshare.net)
- Discoveries in Photosynthesis presents a sweeping overview of the history of photosynthesis investigations, and detailed accounts of research progress in all aspects of the most complex bioenergetic process in living organisms. (springer.com)
- The radiation could damage simple organisms' DNA, and even shut off photosynthesis entirely for at least the 10 second duration of the flash. (wired.com)
- DOE plans to fund research into organisms that make fuel without photosynthesis. (technologyreview.com)
- Photosynthesis is, for lack of a better explanation, how plants and some other organisms 'eat. (ehow.com)
- Photosynthesis is the conversion of the energy of sunlight into chemical energy by living organisms. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Although oxygen is, strictly defined, a waste product of photosynthesis reactions, the majority of organisms, including plants, utilize oxygen for cellular respiration. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- This breakthrough in metabolic evolution greatly increased the free energy supply to living organisms: today, more than 10 17 kcal of free energy is stored annually by photosynthesis on earth, which corresponds to the fixation of more than 10 10 tons of carbon into carbohydrates and other organic compounds. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- All green plants and some bacteria conduct photosynthesis for the build-up of biomass, which then is available to other organisms as food. (oase-livingwater.com)
- Organisms that conduct photosynthesis meet their energy requirements through absorption and conversion of the light energy of the sun. (oase-livingwater.com)
- Photosynthesis by these organisms turns sunlight into cellular energy with exceptional efficiency. (newswise.com)
- In fact, the cyanobacteria is just as efficient or more so in storing energy as organisms that rely on Chl a for photosynthesis. (nasa.gov)
- This discovery represents a paradigm shift in our view of photosynthesis by organisms in the vast, nutrient-starved areas of the open ocean", says Joe Berry of the Carnegie Institution's Department of Global Ecology. (digitaljournal.com)
Oxygen25
- Photosynthesis in plants produces the oxygen we breath, the bread and wine, the fuels and fibers that support our everyday lives. (photosynthesisresearch.org)
- Photosynthesis is largely responsible for producing and maintaining the oxygen content of the Earth's atmosphere, and supplies most of the energy necessary for life on Earth. (wikipedia.org)
- There are also many varieties of anoxygenic photosynthesis , used mostly by certain types of bacteria, which consume carbon dioxide but do not release oxygen. (wikipedia.org)
- Photocatalytic water splitting converts water into hydrogen and oxygen, and is a major research topic of artificial photosynthesis. (wikipedia.org)
- In plant photosynthesis, water molecules are photo-oxidized to release oxygen and protons. (wikipedia.org)
- Photosynthesis involves the use of light energy to convert water (H20) and carbon dioxide (CO2) into oxygen (O2) and high energy sugars (e.g. (slideshare.net)
- This 3D-printed concept wheel by tyre manufacturer Goodyear uses living moss to absorb moisture from the road, before converting it into oxygen through photosynthesis. (dezeen.com)
- Photosynthesis is the most important bioenergetic innovation in the history of the biosphere and it engendered Earth's most marked environmental change: the rise of oxygen. (stsci.edu)
- It could also be funneled into a fuel-cell setup, which would effectively reverse the photosynthesis process, creating electricity by combining hydrogen and oxygen into water. (howstuffworks.com)
- When plants are alive and healthy, they engage in photosynthesis, absorbing sunlight and carbon dioxide to produce food for the plant, and generating oxygen as a by-product. (caltech.edu)
- This interactive feature from the NOVA: Methuselah Tree Web site details the process of photosynthesis and its role in the oxygen/carbon dioxide cycle. (curriki.org)
- However, there are some classes of bacteria that utilize a form of photosynthesis that does not produce oxygen (anoxygenic photosynthesis). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- In plants, photosynthesis uses light energy to power the oxidation of water (i.e., the removal of electrons), to produce molecular oxygen, hydrogen ions, and electrons. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Oxygen production is used to measure the rate of photosynthesis. (explorelearning.com)
- Determine which conditions are ideal for photosynthesis, and understand how limiting factors affect oxygen production. (explorelearning.com)
- Some species of single celled cyanobacteria, through photosynthesis, forever changed the atmosphere of the early Earth by filling it with oxygen, allowing a huge expansion in terms of what life was possible on the planet. (eurekalert.org)
- in the advanced online edition of Molecular Biology and Evolution , examined the evolution origins of the D1 protein in cyanobacteria, which forms the heart of Photosystem II, the oxygen-evolving machine of photosynthesis. (eurekalert.org)
- Photosystem II's role is to procure electrons for photosynthesis and it does this by ripping them out of water releasing oxygen as a byproduct. (eurekalert.org)
- Like real photosynthesis , it turns energy , carbon dioxide , and water into food and oxygen . (everything2.com)
- Oxygen is released into the atmosphere as a by-product of photosynthesis. (reference.com)
- In photosynthesis carbon dioxide and water are converted into glucose and oxygen in the presence of light. (prezi.com)
- Splitting of water molecules, during photosynthesis results in liberation of oxygen. (hubpages.com)
- Liberation of oxygen during photosynthesis is demonstrated by using hydrilla plant. (hubpages.com)
- The uptake of carbon dioxide and the photosynthetic activities didn't match, so we knew that something other than carbon dioxide was being consumed by photosynthesis, and it turned out to be oxygen. (digitaljournal.com)
- During the reaction carbon dioxide, water is converted into glucose and oxygen as shown below: Figure 1 (photosynthesis uses light energy to convert carbon dioxide into a carbohydrate) (The Chemical Equation of Photosynthesis. (ipl.org)
Chloroplasts7
- In plants, photosynthesis takes place in structures within their cells called chloroplasts. (newscientist.com)
- Adding carbon nanotubes to chloroplasts can enhance photosynthesis by a measurable amount, but scaling this augmentation up might be tricky. (techdirt.com)
- Use DCPIP as an electron acceptor for the reducing agents produced by chloroplasts in the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis. (nuffieldfoundation.org)
- In the Preliminary Activity, you will use a spectrophotometer to measure color changes in DPIP due to photosynthesis by chloroplasts. (vernier.com)
- After completing the Preliminary Activity, you will first use reference sources to find out more about photosynthesis by chloroplasts before you choose and investigate a researchable question dealing with photosynthesis. (vernier.com)
- The reactions of photosynthesis occur in cellular subcompartments called chloroplasts, which themselves are further compartmentalized by inner and outer membranes separated by an intermembrane space. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- The process of photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts, specifically using chlorophyll, the green pigment involved in photosynthesis. (novica.com)
Anoxygenic photosynthesis1
- We suggest that the evolution of methane-based photosynthesis is at least as likely as the evolution of anoxygenic photosynthesis on Earth and may support the evolution of complex life. (mit.edu)
Chlorophyll14
- Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments. (wikipedia.org)
- Photosynthesis is initiated by the excitation, through incident light, of electrons in pigment molecules - chromophores - such as chlorophyll. (nature.com)
- Photosynthesis in plants is dependent upon capturing light energy in the pigment chlorophyll , and in particular chlorophyll a. (gsu.edu)
- Chlorophylla-a is the primary pigment for photosynthesis in plants, but the range of light absorption is extended by chlorophyll-b, beta-carotene and other accessory pigments. (gsu.edu)
- In order to carry out photosynthesis, plants must first obtain sunlight, water, carbon dioxide and chlorophyll through an endergonic process. (ehow.com)
- Because plants take in solar energy, water, carbon dioxide and chlorophyll to begin the energy process, photosynthesis is considered endergonic. (ehow.com)
- To perform photosynthesis, the chlorophyll in leaves absorbs sunlight-most of which is used to create food for the plants or is lost as heat. (caltech.edu)
- Because this reemitted light is only produced when the chlorophyll in plants is also absorbing sunlight for photosynthesis, SIF can be used as a way to determine a plant's photosynthetic activity and productivity. (caltech.edu)
- a plant that contains chlorophyll is not necessarily undergoing photosynthesis. (caltech.edu)
- On a deeper level, other factors like amount of chlorophyll, availability of nutrients (eg Mg is needed for chlorophyll synthesis) will also affect the rate of photosynthesis, though these are rarely covered in discussion of this topic. (answers.com)
- The weak but nevertheless detectable SIF signal emerges naturally on sunlight-exposed leaves, when chlorophyll molecules are excited by absorbed photons, and is a proxy for plant photosynthesis. (eurekalert.org)
- OCO-2 advances photosynthesis observation from space via solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence", Science . (eurekalert.org)
- The most important pigment of photosynthesis is CHLOROPHYLL. (prezi.com)
- Chlorophyll is one of the pigment, which helps in the process of photosynthesis to prepare carbohydrate. (hubpages.com)
Plants46
- Special issue of Philosophical Transactions B - Enhancing photosynthesis in crop plants: targets for improvement, organised and edited by Christine H Foyer, Alexander V Ruban and Peter Nixon. (photosynthesisresearch.org)
- Photosynthesis research was further recognized by the Prize in Biology (1991) awarded by the Emperor of Japan to Hatch and Slack (for unraveling the C 4 pathway of carbon metabolism in sugarcane and other plants). (photosynthesisresearch.org)
- Schematic of photosynthesis in plants. (wikipedia.org)
- Ironically, photosynthesis is also behind many of the world's fossil fuels, which formed from decayed prehistoric plants and animals. (newscientist.com)
- Photosynthesis The process by which plants convert carbon dioxide and water into food via sunlight is called photosynthesis, which comes from the Latin words for 'formation in light. (bookrags.com)
- Plants are able to transform the light energy from the sun into chemical energy through a process called photosynthesis. (bookrags.com)
- Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants capture sunlight and convert its kinetic energy into chemical energy by manufacturing complex sugar molecules or carbohydrates. (bookrags.com)
- We know now that photosynthesis is the process plants use to grow, but Aristotle did not know that. (bookrags.com)
- Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, use the energy from sunlight to produce sugar, which c. (bookrags.com)
- Photosynthesis is the manufacture of carbohydrates in plants. (bookrags.com)
- Knowing how plants and bacteria harvest light for photosynthesis so efficiently could provide a clean solution to mankind's energy requirements. (nature.com)
- Nature has developed photosynthesis, but if we're going to rely more heavily on solar energy, we're going to need to improve on plants or come up with other ways to create and store solar energy. (techdirt.com)
- For land plants, water availability can function as a limiting factor in photosynthesis and plant growth . (britannica.com)
- Chlorophylla-a is the primary pigment for photosynthesis in plants. (gsu.edu)
- If you turn off photosynthesis for 10 seconds, that's no big deal,' Thomas said -- plants are used to not being able to produce for hours at a time at night. (wired.com)
- Photosynthesis is the process in green plants by which they create carbohydrates (and the sugar glucose) by absorbing carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil. (ehow.com)
- The energy source for this process comes from sunlight, which allows the chloraphyll in the plants (what makes them green) to utilize sunlight to fuel photosynthesis. (ehow.com)
- That temperature is considered the optimum for many plants, and photosynthesis will not increase no matter how the temperature does. (ehow.com)
- Additionally, plants are naturally accustomed to periods of cooler temperature during the night, so these should also be simulated in order to achieve maximum photosynthesis. (ehow.com)
- This session will explain and show how and why we measure photosynthesis activity in plants with lasers. (wur.nl)
- Dr. Wim van Ieperen, Assistant Professor Plant Physiology (WUR) provides an explaination and demonstration of the influence of different colours in LED light on photosynthesis and subsequently on plants. (wur.nl)
- In nature there are plants which show a much more efficient photosynthesis than agricultural crops. (wur.nl)
- Photosynthesis led to two more singularities-plants and animals appeared. (caltech.edu)
- Watching plants perform photosynthesis from space sounds like a futuristic proposal, but a new application of data from NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) satellite may enable scientists to do just that. (caltech.edu)
- But photosynthesis does more than keep plants alive. (caltech.edu)
- Kok, B. On the interrelation of respiration and photosynthesis in green plants. (nature.com)
- A lab reaction that replicates the natural process of photosynthesis found in plants that produce glucose from water and carbon dioxide. (dailymail.co.uk)
- Photosynthesis is vital for the life of plants and for all animals on the planet. (nuffieldfoundation.org)
- Compare the rates of photosynthesis for plants in different light conditions. (vernier.com)
- Of course, we are much more familiar with the idea of photosynthesis in plants. (csbsju.edu)
- Photosynthesis is an essential part of the exchange between humans and plants. (youtube.com)
- The leaf is the primary site of photosynthesis in plants. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- They allow us to look into relationships between SIF and the gross primary production (GPP) - the amount of carbon fixed by plants through photosynthesis - at scales never explored before. (eurekalert.org)
- Photosynthesis is a process that creates energy for plants to consume for fuel, which classifies it as an anabolic process and thus renders it constructive. (reference.com)
- The main advantages of artificial photosynthesis are that it cannot "die" like plants do. (everything2.com)
- Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants manufacture their own nutrition in their green leaves. (reference.com)
- Whatever may be the food item ( rice, pulses, vegetables, fruits, nuts etc.,) we use in food (which come from plants) is prepared by photosynthesis. (hubpages.com)
- During photosynthesis, plants emit what is called fluorescence - a form of light invisible to the naked eye but detectable by satellites orbiting hundreds of miles above Earth. (nasa.gov)
- The research group has previously used LCLS to perform structural analyses of isolated photosynthesis complexes from plants' photosystem II at room temperature. (innovations-report.com)
- Two major research projects at Umeå University are focusing on the development of artificial photosynthesis by imitating plants' very successful way of exploiting solar energy. (innovations-report.com)
- In 2018, the alarm photosynthesis process was exhibited in A. hybridus plants under controlled CO2 starvation conditions. (wikipedia.org)
- Photosynthesis is a process by which plants take the energy of the sunlight and the molecules from carbon dioxcide and create nutrients, glucose for them selves. (smore.com)
- This experiment considers the photosynthesis of aquatic plants and how various concentrations of CO2 effect this process. (ipl.org)
- Introduction: Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and specific types of bacteria in order to make their own food source from sunlight to chemical energy. (ipl.org)
- Read up on photosynthesis and find out what plants eat for lunch in this life science passage. (education.com)
- Think of it as an artificial photosynthesis process similar to the way plants convert carbon dioxide (CO2) and sunlight into food. (yahoo.com)
Rates of photosynthesis2
- Methods To determine the rates of photosynthesis for the 5-week-old bean plant and the 5-week-old corn plant, the QUBIT Systems, Inc. apparatus was employed. (bookrags.com)
- Several minerals are required for healthy plant growth and for maximum rates of photosynthesis. (britannica.com)
Study of photosynthesis2
- The study of photosynthesis has attracted the attention of a legion of biologists, biochemists, chemists and physicists for over 200 years. (springer.com)
- This user-friendly book provides a range of classical and modern techniques for the study of photosynthesis in a manner accessible to a broad spectrum of researchers. (springer.com)
Carry out photosynthesis2
- To adequately carry out photosynthesis, sunlight is not the only necessary energy input. (ehow.com)
- 2) Suggest TWO structural features which enable this organ to carry out photosynthesis more efficiently. (scribd.com)
Rate of photosynthesis increases2
- as the temperature increases, the enzymes get more energy so the rate of photosynthesis increases. (answers.com)
- The rate of photosynthesis increases with the increase in the number of stomata. (hubpages.com)
Affect the rate of photosynthesis8
- Aim: To find out how different light intensities affect the rate of photosynthesis in the elodea. (bookrags.com)
- What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis? (answers.com)
- Can pH affect the rate of Photosynthesis? (answers.com)
- yes, pH could affect the rate of photosynthesis as most enzyme reactions are pH sensitive. (answers.com)
- How does the leaf's thickness affect the rate of photosynthesis? (answers.com)
- Explain how this would affect the rate of photosynthesis of the plant. (scribd.com)
- You need light, water, and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis to occur, so the amount of each of these that is available will affect the rate of photosynthesis. (prezi.com)
- Photosynthesis is performed by enzymes, so anything that affects enzyme function will affect the rate of photosynthesis. (prezi.com)
Affects the Rate of Photosynthesis1
- How Do Variations on Light Intensity Affects the Rate of Photosynthesis in Elodea? (bookrags.com)
Measure the rate of photosynthesis1
- Immobilise a culture of an alga such as Scenedesmus in alginate beads and measure the rate of photosynthesis by monitoring their effect on hydrogencarbonate indicator. (nuffieldfoundation.org)
Measuring the rate of photosynthesis1
- A simple protocol for measuring the rate of photosynthesis in pond weed. (nuffieldfoundation.org)
Increasing the efficiency of photosynthesis1
- By increasing the efficiency of photosynthesis, we can dramatically boost agricultural output and indeed reach the required double yield. (wur.nl)
Glucose5
- The second phase of plant photosynthesis (also known as the Calvin-Benson cycle ) is a light-independent reaction that converts carbon dioxide into glucose (fuel). (wikipedia.org)
- During photosynthesis, light energy from the sun is converted into chemical energy in the form of molecules such as ATP and glucose. (slideshare.net)
- The Analysis of Spinach Pigmentation During Photosynthesis University of Alabama I. Introduction: 'Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in glucose or ot. (bookrags.com)
- In photosynthesis, the sun's energy is converted to chemical energy and stored in glucose molecules. (bookrags.com)
- However, instead of producing glucose as the food, artificial photosynthesis would produce acetic acid , more commonly known as vinegar . (everything2.com)
Fill-in-the-blank worksheet1
- Catered to the fifth-grade science curriculum, this photosynthesis fill-in-the-blank worksheet features an in-depth look at plant biology. (education.com)
Molecules3
- The ATP and NADPH molecules power the second part of photosynthesis by the transfer of electrons. (dictionary.com)
- Discovered decades ago, a large protein complex called NAD(P)H dehydrogenase-like complex (NDH) helps regulate the steps of photosynthesis where solar energy is captured and stored in two types of cellular energy molecules, ATP and NADPH. (newswise.com)
- During normal photosynthesis, light energy splits water molecules. (digitaljournal.com)
Processes10
- [4] The purpose of artificial photosynthesis is to produce a fuel from sunlight that can be stored conveniently and used when sunlight is not available, by using direct processes, that is, to produce a solar fuel . (wikipedia.org)
- Artificial photosynthesis has worked remarkably disconnected from other fields that also rely on light-driven processes. (rsc.org)
- In Photosynthesis Research Protocols, well-known researchers describe in step-by-step detail a broad range of basic and advanced biochemical techniques for isolating, treating, and analyzing the photosynthetic materials and processes. (springer.com)
- Photosynthesis is one of the most highly integrated and regulated metabolic processes to maximize the use of available light, to minimize the damaging effects of excess light and to optimize the use of limiting carbon and nitrogen resources. (nih.gov)
- 2. These will be used to act out the processes of photosynthesis and respiration. (nps.gov)
- The Artificial Photosynthesis group is a close collaboration involving five principal investigators whose expertise covers various aspects of chemical science and who pursue the common goal of advancing fundamental knowledge of processes leading to efficient conversion of sunlight to viable chemical fuels. (bnl.gov)
- Are the proteins and processes involved in photosynthesis in one anything like the other? (csbsju.edu)
- Students use puzzle pieces representing the components of the equations for photosynthesis and aerobic cellular respiration and answer questions about these processes. (curriki.org)
- Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are distinct processes, as they take place through different sequences of chemical reactions and in different cellular compartments. (wikipedia.org)
- Kristiina Visakorpi, a doctoral researcher in Oxford's Department of Zoology, sheds light on her work studying insect herbivores and the effect that they have on plant processes such as photosynthesis, their carbon emission levels and the potential long-term implications for the environment. (ox.ac.uk)
Temperature Affect Photosynthesis1
- How Does Temperature Affect Photosynthesis? (ehow.com)
Artificial photosynthesis research3
- The dynamic pace and progress in artificial photosynthesis research justify the timeliness of this meeting, as we are now at a decisive stage where some of the fundamental questions have been answered and applications are becoming a reality. (rsc.org)
- This Faraday Discussion meeting will bring together scientists with a broad set of expertise who will share knowledge and aim to find consensus on priorities in future development of artificial photosynthesis research. (rsc.org)
- The solid-state NMR dept. at Leiden University applies NMR methods for natural and artificial photosynthesis research. (weizmann.ac.il)
Energy from sunlight5
- photosynthesis captures energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrate . (wikipedia.org)
- The term, artificial photosynthesis, is commonly used to refer to any scheme for capturing and storing the energy from sunlight in the chemical bonds of a fuel (a solar fuel ). (wikipedia.org)
- Photosynthesis is a chemical process that converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds, especially sugars, using the energy from sunlight. (enn.com)
- To counteract entropy (energy that is not available for work) during photosynthesis, this energy from sunlight is necessary. (ehow.com)
- Our findings show that this novel cycle occurs in two major ocean basins and suggest that a substantial amount of energy from sunlight gets re-routed away from carbon fixation during photosynthesis. (digitaljournal.com)
Splits water3
- Photosynthesis changes sunlight into chemical energy, splits water to liberate O 2 , and fixes CO 2 into sugar. (wikipedia.org)
- Unlike solar panels, which can only store energy if they are attached to a battery, the artificial photosynthesis device uses splits water to store solar energy as hydrogen fuel. (inhabitat.com)
- With a combination of a x-ray free-electron laser and spectroscopy, the team has managed to see the electronic structure of a manganese complex, a chemical compound related to how photosynthesis splits water. (innovations-report.com)
Biological5
- Photosynthesis is the process whereby biological systems convert sunlight into food and the source of all the fossil fuels we burn today. (enn.com)
- Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is the biological conversion of light energy into chemical energy. (bookrags.com)
- A startling discovery by scientists at the Carnegie Institution puts a new twist on photosynthesis, arguably the most important biological process on Earth. (digitaljournal.com)
- Two studies conducted by research scientists at the Carnegie Institution have enhanced our understanding of photosynthesis which is the most important biological process on Earth. (digitaljournal.com)
- Photosynthesis is a biological process. (ipl.org)
20186
- Prof. Shen will give his lecture at the 9th International Conference on Photosynthesis and Hydrogen Energy Research for Sustainability in Baku, Azebaijan (December 17-18, 2018). (photosynthesisresearch.org)
- The first European Congress on Photosynthesis Research ePS-1 was held June 25-28, 2018, Uppsala Sweden. (photosynthesisresearch.org)
- Photosynthesis from Light to Life: An ISPR Meeting in Conjunction with Plant Biology 18 was held from July 14 to July 20, 2018 (the ISPR specific component was from July 17 to July 20) in Montreal, Canada. (photosynthesisresearch.org)
- ISPR Conference on Microbial Photosynthesis was held August 9-12, 2018, University of British Columbia campus, Vancouver, Canada. (photosynthesisresearch.org)
- The First Asia-Oceania International Congress on Photosynthesis was held August 19-23, 2018 Beijing, China. (photosynthesisresearch.org)
- Photosynthesis is one of the six themes at the Company Day on 27 September 2018. (wur.nl)
Process that converts2
- Photosynthesis is the process that converts energy in. (bookrags.com)
- Artificial photosynthesis is a process that converts solar energy into a renewable fuel, a so-called solar fuel. (rsc.org)
Chloroplast3
- A team including Hanson and plant physiologist Martin Parry of Rothamsted Research in Harpenden, UK, shuttled bacterial Rubisco genes into the genome of the chloroplast - the cellular organelle where photosynthesis takes place - in the tobacco plant ( Nicotiana tabacum ), a common model organism for genetic-engineering research. (scientificamerican.com)
- Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast. (reference.com)
- Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast. (prezi.com)
Equation2
- Remember back to that high school biology class when you first saw the equation for photosynthesis. (csbsju.edu)
- Equation for Photosynthesis? (prezi.com)
Light on photosynthesis1
- Study the effect of light on photosynthesis. (vernier.com)
Forms of photosynthesis1
- One of the simplest forms of photosynthesis, termed cyclic photophosphorylation, is carried out by the bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris (Rpal). (washington.edu)
Aspects of photosynthesis2
- A wonderful collection of the most interesting articles on all aspects of photosynthesis. (springer.com)
- Scientists have utilised different algal species, including algal mutants, to study different aspects of photosynthesis. (els.net)
Products of photosynthesis1
- All the food we eat and all the fossil fuels we use are products of photosynthesis. (bookrags.com)
Component of photosynthesis2
- The main component of photosynthesis is sunlight, which is carried through the plant by electrons. (ehow.com)
- The team's structural model will let scientists explore the inner workings of this key component of photosynthesis. (newswise.com)
Photons1
- We describe the possible chemical routes for photosynthesis starting from methane and show that less energy and lower energy photons could drive CH[subscript 4]-based photosynthesis as compared with CO[subscript 2]-based photosynthesis. (mit.edu)
Photosystem II2
- Critchley, C., Molecular Adaptation to Irradiance: The Dual Functionality of Photosystem II, Concepts in Photobiology: Photosynthesis and Photomorphogenesis , Singhal, G.S. et al . (springer.com)
- The chemical reaction the research group aims to understand is the splitting of water in photosystem II, as this understanding is also key for developing artificial photosynthesis- that is, for building devices for producing hydrogen from sunlight and water. (innovations-report.com)
Hydrogen3
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory is working on an artificial photosynthesis process that could produce hydrogen as a fuel. (techdirt.com)
- Instead of emitting pure hydrogen in the photosynthesis process, the photoelectrochemical cell could generate methanol fuel (CH 3 OH). (howstuffworks.com)
- The new machine, which mimics the process of photosynthesis , is capable of producing hydrogen fuel at twice the efficiency of previous technologies. (inhabitat.com)
Biology2
- One of the most important areas in all of biology is the evolution of photosynthesis. (eurekalert.org)
- You have experience in biomolecular/solid-state NMR or in biophysical techniques in photosynthesis, and a genuine interest to perform research on the intersection between physics, chemistry and biology. (weizmann.ac.il)
Solar4
- But the mind-bending mechanics seems to be present in many everyday phenomena - including photosynthesis, the driving force behind life's harvest of solar energy. (wired.com)
- Compared to several wild plant species, crop photosynthesis is not impressive: crops on average use only 1% of the received solar energy. (wur.nl)
- If we can directly store solar energy as a chemical fuel, like what nature does with photosynthesis, we could solve a fundamental challenge of renewable energy," said lead researcher Zetian Mi . (inhabitat.com)
- The Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis (JCAP) is the nation's largest research program dedicated to the development of an artificial solar-fuel generation technology. (osti.gov)
Conduct photosynthesis1
- The way they conduct photosynthesis has been tinkered with so they convert sunlight and carbon dioxide more efficiently into carbohydrates. (technologyreview.com)
Plant19
- Because photosynthesis is at the heart of plant bioenergetics, fundamental to plant productivity and biomass, and a major factor in global climate, it is widely studied across the many fields it embraces. (springer.com)
- This increase in carbon dioxide directly increases plant photosynthesis, but the size of the increase depends on the species and physiological condition of the plant. (britannica.com)
- a few hours or days later, however, the rate might fall to the original level because photosynthesis produced more sucrose than the rest of the plant could use. (britannica.com)
- However, sink regulation of photosynthesis is highly dependent on the physiology of the rest of the plant. (nih.gov)
- This physiological state regulates photosynthesis through signal transduction pathways that co-ordinate the plant carbon : nitrogen balance, which match photosynthetic capacity to growth and storage capacity and underpin and can override the direct short-term controls of photosynthesis by light and CO2. (nih.gov)
- Photosynthate supply and phytohormones, particularly cytokinins, interact with nitrogen supply to control the expression of photosynthesis genes, the development of leaves and the whole plant nitrogen distribution, which provides the dominant basis for sink regulation of photosynthesis. (nih.gov)
- Generally speaking, photosynthesis of a plant will increase with an increase in temperature. (ehow.com)
- The amount of water is also important, since too little or too much may kill the plant or stunt photosynthesis. (ehow.com)
- It's part of the regular plant-based photosynthesis. (slashdot.org)
- Because the FMO complex is used as a model system for plant photosynthesis, Engels' findings suggest that coherence is everywhere in the leafy green world. (wired.com)
- Dr. Jeremy Harbinson , Department of Plant Sciences of WUR, will continue with exploring the potential of photosynthesis. (wur.nl)
- Study the effect that the boiling of plant cells has on photosynthesis. (vernier.com)
- Although water is needed as a raw material for photosynthesis, if water is short, it will cause the plant t … o wilt (and thereby lose its ability to capture sunlight) long before it limits photosynthesis at the biochemical level. (answers.com)
- Do plant-feeding insects affect photosynthesis? (ox.ac.uk)
- Home News Science Blog Do plant-feeding insects affect photosynthesis? (ox.ac.uk)
- Photosynthesis takes place in plant leaves, and in some small part, in the stem. (reference.com)
- Photosynthesis, the conversion of light to energy in plant cells, requires sunlight to properly function. (reference.com)
- This biochemical appendance of the photosynthetic machinery is a means to alleviate the perpetual plant dilemma of using atmospheric CO2 for photosynthesis and losing water vapor, or saving water and reducing photosynthesis. (wikipedia.org)
- The alarm photosynthesis process was first evidenced in pigweed Amaranthus hybridus plant in 2016 when A. hybridus leaves were exposed to drought conditions or exogenous application of abscisic acid. (wikipedia.org)
Occurs1
- If the pH is too acidic or too basic, the rate at which photosynthesis occurs will decrease. (answers.com)
Amount of carbon3
- There are a number of other factors besides temperature that can affect photosynthesis, though -- such as the amount of carbon dioxide in the air for instance, and what nutrients are in the soil. (ehow.com)
- 2) calculate the actual amount of carbon dioxide used by this leaf in photosynthesis in the same period. (scribd.com)
- This means that even a small amount of damage caused by caterpillars on an individual leaf, adds up to a huge amount of carbon not being assimilated through photosynthesis across the whole tree. (ox.ac.uk)
Carbohydrates1
- Amanda Ooten walks us through the process of photosynthesis, also discussing the relationship between photosynthesis and carbohydrates, starch, and fiber -- and how the air we breathe is related to the food we ingest. (youtube.com)
Researchers5
- Researchers of artificial photosynthesis are developing photocatalysts that are able to perform both of these reactions. (wikipedia.org)
- Last year, RIPE researchers demonstrated for the first time that it was possible to improve crop yields in the field by engineering photosynthesis. (technologyreview.com)
- University of Cincinnati researchers describe a method of getting photosynthesis from a high-surface-area foam containing enzymes that produce sugar using light and CO2 (abstract). (slashdot.org)
- The researchers from Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, found that gold nanoparticles work particularly well as a catalyst in artificial photosynthesis. (dailymail.co.uk)
- New York, April 26 (IANS) Researchers have found a way to trigger a process similar to photosynthesis in a synthetic material, turning greenhouse gases into clean air and producing energy -- all at the same time. (yahoo.com)
Biochemical2
- Photosynthesis is arguably the most important biochemical pathway, since nearly all life depends on it. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- However, alarm photosynthesis, in contrast to these pathways, operates as a biochemical pump that collects carbon from the organ interior (or from the soil) and not from the atmosphere. (wikipedia.org)
Algal6
- Algal photosynthesis account for almost half of the photosynthetic carbon fixed every year. (els.net)
- Algal photosynthesis is thought to increase when key nutrients such as N, P and Fe are available. (els.net)
- If algal photosynthesis increased more carbon dioxide might be removed from the environment. (els.net)
- Photosynthetic biofuel production still is a promising alternative form of energy supply, and algal photosynthesis is the system of choice for energy applications. (els.net)
- General scheme of algal photosynthesis showing the separation of the electron transport chain and the Calvin cycle. (els.net)
- Anemaet I, Bekker M and Hellingwerf KJ (2010) Algal photosynthesis as the primary driver for a sustainable development in energy, feed, and food production. (els.net)
Carbon dioxide levels1
- The rate of photosynthesis is altered by differing carbon dioxide levels and light intensity. (dailymail.co.uk)
Cellular2
- Broken into four sections, it explores the measurement of physiological photosynthetic parameters, quantifying photosynthetic enzyme abundance and catalytic activity, visualizing cellular and sub-cellular phenotypes, and photosynthesis-inspired energy generation. (springer.com)
- In general outline, photosynthesis is the opposite of cellular respiration: while photosynthesis is a process of reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrate, cellular respiration is the oxidation of carbohydrate or other nutrients to carbon dioxide. (wikipedia.org)
Regulation2
- J.H. Zeilstra-Ryalls, M. Gomelsky, A.A. Yeiliseev, J.M. Eraso, and S. Kaplan , Transcriptional Regulation of Photosynthesis Operons in Rhodobacter sphaeroides 241 . (elsevier.com)
- S. Rodermel , Use of Antisense Mutants to Study Regulation of Photosynthesis During Leaf Development. (elsevier.com)
Organic compounds1
- Included among the rate-limiting steps of the dark stage of photosynthesis are the chemical reactions by which organic compounds are formed by using carbon dioxide as a carbon source. (britannica.com)
Enzymes5
- Some factors affecting photosynthesis are:,,« enzymes work in are (35 degrees ¡V 40 degrees). (bookrags.com)
- We present a cell-free artificial photosynthesis platform that couples the requisite enzymes of the Calvin cycle with a nanoscale photophosphorylation system engineered into a foam architecture using the Tngara frog surfactant protein Ranaspumin-2. (slashdot.org)
- At low temperatures the enzymes responsible for photosynthesis have very little energy so the rate of photosynthesis is very slow. (answers.com)
- It provides the enzymes responsible for photosyenthesis more energy, thus increasing the rate of photosynthesis. (answers.com)
- The inner membrane's interior space, called the stroma, is filled with a fluid whose rich supply of enzymes supports light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occurring inside stacks of membranous flattened sacs (thylakoids). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Electron1
- The two most common electron carriers (the intermediaries which transform energy through photosynthesis into carbon dioxide) are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). (ehow.com)
Efficiency3
- Because they do not capture this effect, standard approaches 12 , 13 overestimate ecosystem photosynthesis and daytime respiration in the first half of the growing season at our site, and inaccurately portray ecosystem photosynthetic light-use efficiency. (nature.com)
- NDH plays multiple roles in photosynthesis, but the most important is to balance the ratio of ATP and NADPH made by photosynthesis for maximum efficiency of carbon dioxide uptake. (newswise.com)
- Which frequencies and type of light aided and affected the efficiency of photosynthesis or carbon dioxide consumption in a spinach leaf? (ipl.org)
Occur9
- If the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases, more carbon dioxide could enter through a smaller opening of the stomata, so more photosynthesis could occur with a given supply of water. (britannica.com)
- Does Photosynthesis Occur at Night? (reference.com)
- Photosynthesis does not occur during the night. (reference.com)
- Can Photosynthesis Occur Without Sunlight? (reference.com)
- Does Photosynthesis Occur at N. (reference.com)
- When Does Photosynthesis Occur? (reference.com)
- What Is Needed for Photosynthesis to Occur? (reference.com)
- In order for photosynthesis to occur light must first be trapped. (prezi.com)
- White light contains all colors of the visible light spectrum, so as expected, it enabled to photosynthesis to occur. (ipl.org)