Photosynthesis. Medical search

The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds. Photosynthesis comprises two separate processes: the light reactions and the dark reactions. In higher plants; GREEN ALGAE; and CYANOBACTERIA; NADPH and ATP formed by the light reactions drive the dark reactions which result in the fixation of carbon dioxide. (from Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2001)

Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)

Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.

A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.

A carboxy-lyase that plays a key role in photosynthetic carbon assimilation in the CALVIN-BENSON CYCLE by catalyzing the formation of 3-phosphoglycerate from ribulose 1,5-biphosphate and CARBON DIOXIDE. It can also utilize OXYGEN as a substrate to catalyze the synthesis of 2-phosphoglycolate and 3-phosphoglycerate in a process referred to as photorespiration.

A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE that is used for experiments in molecular genetic studies in plant physiology and development.

The loss of water vapor by plants to the atmosphere. It occurs mainly from the leaves through pores (stomata) whose primary function is gas exchange. The water is replaced by a continuous column of water moving upwards from the roots within the xylem vessels. (Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

Closable openings in the epidermis of plants on the underside of leaves. They allow the exchange of gases between the internal tissues of the plant and the outside atmosphere.

A phylum of oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria comprised of unicellular to multicellular bacteria possessing CHLOROPHYLL a and carrying out oxygenic PHOTOSYNTHESIS. Cyanobacteria are the only known organisms capable of fixing both CARBON DIOXIDE (in the presence of light) and NITROGEN. Cell morphology can include nitrogen-fixing heterocysts and/or resting cells called akinetes. Formerly called blue-green algae, cyanobacteria were traditionally treated as ALGAE.

A large multisubunit protein complex found in the THYLAKOID MEMBRANE. It uses light energy derived from LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES to catalyze the splitting of WATER into DIOXYGEN and of reducing equivalents of HYDROGEN.

Plant cell inclusion bodies that contain the photosynthetic pigment CHLOROPHYLL, which is associated with the membrane of THYLAKOIDS. Chloroplasts occur in cells of leaves and young stems of plants. They are also found in some forms of PHYTOPLANKTON such as HAPTOPHYTA; DINOFLAGELLATES; DIATOMS; and CRYPTOPHYTA.

Protein complexes that take part in the process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS. They are located within the THYLAKOID MEMBRANES of plant CHLOROPLASTS and a variety of structures in more primitive organisms. There are two major complexes involved in the photosynthetic process called PHOTOSYSTEM I and PHOTOSYSTEM II.

A nonmetallic element with atomic symbol C, atomic number 6, and atomic weight [12.0096; 12.0116]. It may occur as several different allotropes including DIAMOND; CHARCOAL; and GRAPHITE; and as SOOT from incompletely burned fuel.

Large and highly vacuolated cells possessing many chloroplasts occuring in the interior cross-section of leaves, juxtaposed between the epidermal layers.

Adaptation to a new environment or to a change in the old.

A pre-emergent herbicide.

An enzyme with high affinity for carbon dioxide. It catalyzes irreversibly the formation of oxaloacetate from phosphoenolpyruvate and carbon dioxide. This fixation of carbon dioxide in several bacteria and some plants is the first step in the biosynthesis of glucose. EC 4.1.1.31.

Ribulose substituted by one or more phosphoric acid moieties.

Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.

Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop.

Membranous cisternae of the CHLOROPLAST containing photosynthetic pigments, reaction centers, and the electron-transport chain. Each thylakoid consists of a flattened sac of membrane enclosing a narrow intra-thylakoid space (Lackie and Dow, Dictionary of Cell Biology, 2nd ed). Individual thylakoids are interconnected and tend to stack to form aggregates called grana. They are found in cyanobacteria and all plants.

An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.

Complexes containing CHLOROPHYLL and other photosensitive molecules. They serve to capture energy in the form of PHOTONS and are generally found as components of the PHOTOSYSTEM I PROTEIN COMPLEX or the PHOTOSYSTEM II PROTEIN COMPLEX.

Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.

The process by which ELECTRONS are transported from a reduced substrate to molecular OXYGEN. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984, p270)

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in plants.

A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The physiological processes, properties, and states characteristic of plants.

The cycle by which the element carbon is exchanged between organic matter and the earth's physical environment.

Spherical phototrophic bacteria found in mud and stagnant water exposed to light.

Prolonged dry periods in natural climate cycle. They are slow-onset phenomena caused by rainfall deficit combined with other predisposing factors.

The goosefoot plant family of the order Caryophyllales, subclass Caryophyllidae, class Magnoliopsida. It includes beets and chard (BETA VULGARIS), as well as SPINACH, and salt tolerant plants.

An enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of ATP, pyruvate, and orthophosphate to form AMP plus phosphoenolpyruvate plus pyrophosphate. EC 2.7.9.1.

A form-genus of unicellular CYANOBACTERIA in the order Chroococcales. None of the strains fix NITROGEN, there are no gas vacuoles, and sheath layers are never produced.

A large multisubunit protein complex that is found in the THYLAKOID MEMBRANE. It uses light energy derived from LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES to drive electron transfer reactions that result in either the reduction of NADP to NADPH or the transport of PROTONS across the membrane.

Pyrrole containing pigments found in photosynthetic bacteria.

The absence of light.

Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. PLASTID GENOMES are used in phylogenetic studies.

A large family of narrow-leaved herbaceous grasses of the order Cyperales, subclass Commelinidae, class Liliopsida (monocotyledons). Food grains (EDIBLE GRAIN) come from members of this family. RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, SEASONAL can be induced by POLLEN of many of the grasses.

The processes by which organisms use simple inorganic substances such as gaseous or dissolved carbon dioxide and inorganic nitrogen as nutrient sources. Contrasts with heterotrophic processes which make use of organic materials as the nutrient supply source. Autotrophs can be either chemoautotrophs (or chemolithotrophs), largely ARCHAEA and BACTERIA, which also use simple inorganic substances for their metabolic energy reguirements; or photoautotrophs (or photolithotrophs), such as PLANTS and CYANOBACTERIA, which derive their energy from light. Depending on environmental conditions some organisms can switch between different nutritional modes (autotrophy; HETEROTROPHY; chemotrophy; or PHOTOTROPHY) to utilize different sources to meet their nutrient and energy requirements.

Planet that is the third in order from the sun. It is one of the four inner or terrestrial planets of the SOLAR SYSTEM.

Energy transmitted from the sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation.

A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.

The stonecrop plant family of the order ROSALES, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida that grow in warm, dry regions. The leaves are thick. The flower clusters are red, yellow, or white.

The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell.

PLANTS, or their progeny, whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING.

An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.

One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and ARCHAEA), also called Eukarya. These are organisms whose cells are enclosed in membranes and possess a nucleus. They comprise almost all multicellular and many unicellular organisms, and are traditionally divided into groups (sometimes called kingdoms) including ANIMALS; PLANTS; FUNGI; and various algae and other taxa that were previously part of the old kingdom Protista.

A phylum of photosynthetic EUKARYOTA bearing double membrane-bound plastids containing chlorophyll a and b. They comprise the classical green algae, and represent over 7000 species that live in a variety of primarily aquatic habitats. Only about ten percent are marine species, most live in freshwater.

Parts of plants that usually grow vertically upwards towards the light and support the leaves, buds, and reproductive structures. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

A family of flowering plants in the order Caryophyllales, with about 60 genera and more than 800 species of plants, with a few shrubs, trees, and vines. The leaves usually have nonindented edges.

The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis.

Cellular processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of CARBOHYDRATES.

A plant genus of the family CAPPARACEAE that contains cleogynol and 15alpha-acetoxycleomblynol (dammaranes) and 1-epibrachyacarpone (a triterpene), and ISOTHIOCYANATES.

A species of GREEN ALGAE. Delicate, hairlike appendages arise from the flagellar surface in these organisms.

Irradiation directly from the sun.

Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in PLANTS; ANIMALS or micro-organisms.

The common name for the phylum of microscopic unicellular STRAMENOPILES. Most are aquatic, being found in fresh, brackish, and salt water. Diatoms are noted for the symmetry and sculpturing of their siliceous cell walls. They account for 40% of PHYTOPLANKTON, but not all diatoms are planktonic.

Very young plant after GERMINATION of SEEDS.

Any of a group of polysaccharides of the general formula (C6-H10-O5)n, composed of a long-chain polymer of glucose in the form of amylose and amylopectin. It is the chief storage form of energy reserve (carbohydrates) in plants.

A form-genus of spherical to rod-shaped CYANOBACTERIA in the order Chroococcales. They contain THYLAKOIDS and are found in a wide range of habitats.

A plant genus of the family Cuscutaceae. It is a threadlike climbing parasitic plant that is used in DRUGS, CHINESE HERBAL.

The gaseous envelope surrounding a planet or similar body. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

Cytochromes f are found as components of the CYTOCHROME B6F COMPLEX. They play important role in the transfer of electrons from PHOTOSYSTEM I to PHOTOSYSTEM II.

Non-pathogenic ovoid to rod-shaped bacteria that are widely distributed and found in fresh water as well as marine and hypersaline habitats.

New immature growth of a plant including stem, leaves, tips of branches, and SEEDLINGS.

A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE. Members contain NICOTINE and other biologically active chemicals; its dried leaves are used for SMOKING.

The functional hereditary units of PLANTS.

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

The general name for a group of fat-soluble pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. They are aliphatic hydrocarbons consisting of a polyisoprene backbone.

Cultivated plants or agricultural produce such as grain, vegetables, or fruit. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982)

A plant species of the family POACEAE. It is a tall grass grown for its EDIBLE GRAIN, corn, used as food and animal FODDER.

Annual cereal grass of the family POACEAE and its edible starchy grain, rice, which is the staple food of roughly one-half of the world's population.

A non-taxonomic term for unicellular microscopic algae which are found in both freshwater and marine environments. Some authors consider DIATOMS; CYANOBACTERIA; HAPTOPHYTA; and DINOFLAGELLATES as part of microalgae, even though they are not algae.

Proton-translocating ATPases which produce ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE in plants. They derive energy from light-driven reactions that develop high concentrations of protons within the membranous cisternae (THYLAKOIDS) of the CHLOROPLASTS.

A genus of trees of the Myrtaceae family, native to Australia, that yields gums, oils, and resins which are used as flavoring agents, astringents, and aromatics.

A class in the phylum CNIDARIA, comprised mostly of corals and anemones. All members occur only as polyps; the medusa stage is completely absent.

Processes by which phototrophic organisms use sunlight as their primary energy source. Contrasts with chemotrophic processes which do not depend on light and function in deriving energy from exogenous chemical sources. Photoautotrophy (or photolithotrophy) is the ability to use sunlight as energy to fix inorganic nutrients to be used for other organic requirements. Photoautotrophs include all GREEN PLANTS; GREEN ALGAE; CYANOBACTERIA; and green and PURPLE SULFUR BACTERIA. Photoheterotrophs or photoorganotrophs require a supply of organic nutrients for their organic requirements but use sunlight as their primary energy source; examples include certain PURPLE NONSULFUR BACTERIA. Depending on environmental conditions some organisms can switch between different nutritional modes (AUTOTROPHY; HETEROTROPHY; chemotrophy; or phototrophy) to utilize different sources to meet their nutrients and energy requirements.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Proteins that originate from plants species belonging to the genus ARABIDOPSIS. The most intensely studied species of Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis thaliana, is commonly used in laboratory experiments.

A protein complex that includes CYTOCHROME B6 and CYTOCHROME F. It is found in the THYLAKOID MEMBRANE and plays an important role in process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS by transferring electrons from PLASTOQUINONE to PLASTOCYANIN or CYTOCHROME C6. The transfer of electrons is coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the membrane.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain scandenolide (a sesquiterpene lactone) and germacranolides.

A thin layer of cells forming the outer integument of seed plants and ferns. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

Processes orchestrated or driven by a plethora of genes, plant hormones, and inherent biological timing mechanisms facilitated by secondary molecules, which result in the systematic transformation of plants and plant parts, from one stage of maturity to another.

The usually underground portions of a plant that serve as support, store food, and through which water and mineral nutrients enter the plant. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982; Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

Members of the group of vascular plants which bear flowers. They are differentiated from GYMNOSPERMS by their production of seeds within a closed chamber (OVARY, PLANT). The Angiosperms division is composed of two classes, the monocotyledons (Liliopsida) and dicotyledons (Magnoliopsida). Angiosperms represent approximately 80% of all known living plants.

Proteins found in any species of algae.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

A plant genus in the family VITACEAE, order Rhamnales, subclass Rosidae. It is a woody vine cultivated worldwide. It is best known for grapes, the edible fruit and used to make WINE and raisins.

Any of a group of plants formed by a symbiotic combination of a fungus with an algae or CYANOBACTERIA, and sometimes both. The fungal component makes up the bulk of the lichen and forms the basis for its name.

Polyunsaturated side-chain quinone derivative which is an important link in the electron transport chain of green plants during the photosynthetic conversion of light energy by photophosphorylation into the potential energy of chemical bonds.

The process in certain BACTERIA; FUNGI; and CYANOBACTERIA converting free atmospheric NITROGEN to biologically usable forms of nitrogen, such as AMMONIA; NITRATES; and amino compounds.

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

A plant family of the order Nepenthales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida, notable for leaves with sticky gland-tipped hairs that entrap insects.

The sedge plant family of the order Cyperales, subclass Commelinidae, class Liliopsida (monocotyledons)

Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.

Oxygenated forms of carotenoids. They are usually derived from alpha and beta carotene.

A widely cultivated plant, native to Asia, having succulent, edible leaves eaten as a vegetable. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982)

A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its ENVIRONMENT.

The relationship between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other or a relationship between different species where both of the organisms in question benefit from the presence of the other.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

A plant genus of the family POACEAE. The small pointed seeds are grown for hay in North America and western Europe and important as food in China and other Asian countries.

A plant genus of the family JUGLANDACEAE that provides the familiar walnut.

A phylum of anoxygenic, phototrophic bacteria including the family Chlorobiaceae. They occur in aquatic sediments, sulfur springs, and hot springs and utilize reduced sulfur compounds instead of oxygen.

The processes by which organisms utilize organic substances as their nutrient sources. Contrasts with AUTOTROPHIC PROCESSES which make use of simple inorganic substances as the nutrient supply source. Heterotrophs can be either chemoheterotrophs (or chemoorganotrophs) which also require organic substances such as glucose for their primary metabolic energy requirements, or photoheterotrophs (or photoorganotrophs) which derive their primary energy requirements from light. Depending on environmental conditions some organisms can switch between different nutritional modes (AUTOTROPHY; heterotrophy; chemotrophy; or PHOTOTROPHY) to utilize different sources to meet their nutrients and energy requirements.

The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.

Four PYRROLES joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one to position 5 of the next. The conjugated bond system results in PIGMENTATION.

Flagellate EUKARYOTES, found mainly in the oceans. They are characterized by the presence of transverse and longitudinal flagella which propel the organisms in a rotating manner through the water. Dinoflagellida were formerly members of the class Phytomastigophorea under the old five kingdom paradigm.

Peroxidases that utilize ASCORBIC ACID as an electron donor to reduce HYDROGEN PEROXIDE to WATER. The reaction results in the production of monodehydroascorbic acid and DEHYDROASCORBIC ACID.

The transfer of energy of a given form among different scales of motion. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed). It includes the transfer of kinetic energy and the transfer of chemical energy. The transfer of chemical energy from one molecule to another depends on proximity of molecules so it is often used as in techniques to measure distance such as the use of FORSTER RESONANCE ENERGY TRANSFER.

Plants of the division Rhodophyta, commonly known as red algae, in which the red pigment (PHYCOERYTHRIN) predominates. However, if this pigment is destroyed, the algae can appear purple, brown, green, or yellow. Two important substances found in the cell walls of red algae are AGAR and CARRAGEENAN. Some rhodophyta are notable SEAWEED (macroalgae).

The genetic complement of PLASTIDS as represented in their DNA.

Life or metabolic reactions occurring in an environment containing oxygen.

Light energy harvesting structures attached to the THYLAKOID MEMBRANES of CYANOBACTERIA and RED ALGAE. These multiprotein complexes contain pigments (PHYCOBILIPROTEINS) that transfer light energy to chlorophyll a.

The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.

The salinated water of OCEANS AND SEAS that provides habitat for marine organisms.

A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is used for forage.

An absence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably below an accustomed norm.

Proteins encoded by the CHLOROPLAST GENOME or proteins encoded by the nuclear genome that are imported to and resident in the CHOROPLASTS.

The science of the earth and other celestial bodies and their history as recorded in the rocks. It includes the study of geologic processes of an area such as rock formations, weathering and erosion, and sedimentation. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE.

A plant genus of the family SALICACEAE. Balm of Gilead is a common name used for P. candicans, or P. gileadensis, or P. jackii, and sometimes also used for ABIES BALSAMEA or for COMMIPHORA.

The study of the origin, structure, development, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of plants.

The inanimate matter of Earth, the structures and properties of this matter, and the processes that affect it.

A plant genus of the family ACERACEAE, best known for trees with palmately lobed leaves.

A genus herbs of the Asteraceae family. The SEEDS yield oil and are used as food and animal feed; the roots of Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke) are edible.

Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches.

The metal-free blue phycobilin pigment in a conjugated chromoprotein of blue-green algae. It functions as light-absorbing substance together with chlorophylls.

A group of GLYCOLIPIDS in which the sugar group is GALACTOSE. They are distinguished from GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS in lacking nitrogen. They constitute the majority of MEMBRANE LIPIDS in PLANTS.

The unconsolidated mineral or organic matter on the surface of the earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants.

A plant genus of the family AIZOACEAE. It is a native of Africa and widely planted for erosion control to stabilize soil along roadsides and beaches.

A plant species of the family SOLANACEAE, native of South America, widely cultivated for their edible, fleshy, usually red fruit.

A plant family of the order Hydrocharitales, subclass ALISMATIDAE, class Liliopsida (monocotyledons).

Proteins found within the THYLAKOID MEMBRANES of photosynthetic organisms such as PLANTS and PHYTOPLANKTON. Many of the proteins in this class are involved in the process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS and the generation of ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE.

Any of several BRASSICA species that are commonly called mustard. Brassica alba is white mustard, B. juncea is brown or Chinese mustard, and B. nigra is black, brown, or red mustard. The plant is grown both for mustard seed from which oil is extracted or used as SPICES, and for its greens used as VEGETABLES or ANIMAL FEED. There is no relationship to MUSTARD COMPOUNDS.

At low concentrations, this compound inhibits reduction of conventional hydrophilic electron acceptors, probably acting as a plastoquinone antagonist. At higher concentrations, it acts as an electron acceptor, intercepting electrons either before or at the site of its inhibitory activity.

A genus of gram-negative, spiral bacteria that possesses internal photosynthetic membranes. Its organisms divide by binary fission, are motile by means of polar flagella, and are found in aquatic environments.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of (S)-malate and NAD+ to oxaloacetate and NADH. EC 1.1.1.37.

A form-genus of unicellular coccoid to rod-shaped CYANOBACTERIA, in the order Chroococcales. Three different clusters of strains from diverse habitats are included.

A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE dependent enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of GLYCINE with the transfer of an aminomethyl group to the LIPOIC ACID moiety of the GLYCINE DECARBOXYLASE COMPLEX H-PROTEIN. Defects in P-protein are the cause of non-ketotic hyperglycinemia. It is one of four subunits of the glycine decarboxylase complex.

A nonreducing disaccharide composed of GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE linked via their anomeric carbons. It is obtained commercially from SUGARCANE, sugar beet (BETA VULGARIS), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener.

A copper-containing plant protein that is a fundamental link in the electron transport chain of green plants during the photosynthetic conversion of light energy by photophosphorylation into the potential energy of chemical bonds.

A family of zinc-containing enzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. They play an important role in the transport of CARBON DIOXIDE from the tissues to the LUNG. EC 4.2.1.1.

A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. The common name of snakeroot is also used for POLYGALA; SANICULA; ARISTOLOCHIA and others.

A plant family of the order Caryophyllales, subclass Caryophyllidae, class Magnoliopsida.

A plant genus, in the family AMARANTHACEAE, best known as a source of high-protein grain crops and of Red Dye No. 2 (AMARANTH DYE). Tumbleweed sometimes refers to Amaranthus but more often refers to SALSOLA.

A plant genus of the family FAGACEAE that is a source of TANNINS. Do not confuse with Holly (ILEX).

A strand of primary conductive plant tissue consisting essentially of XYLEM, PHLOEM, and CAMBIUM.

Degree of saltiness, which is largely the OSMOLAR CONCENTRATION of SODIUM CHLORIDE plus any other SALTS present. It is an ecological factor of considerable importance, influencing the types of organisms that live in an ENVIRONMENT.

Sudden onset water phenomena with different speed of occurrence. These include flash floods, seasonal river floods, and coastal floods, associated with CYCLONIC STORMS; TIDALWAVES; and storm surges.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A genus of marine planktonic CYANOBACTERIA in the order PROCHLOROPHYTES. They lack PHYCOBILISOMES and contain divinyl CHLOROPHYLL, a and b.

The unfavorable effect of environmental factors (stressors) on the physiological functions of an organism. Prolonged unresolved physiological stress can affect HOMEOSTASIS of the organism, and may lead to damaging or pathological conditions.

A plant genus of the family APIACEAE. The roots are used as food.

Chlorophylls from which the magnesium has been removed by treatment with weak acid.

The vapor state of matter; nonelastic fluids in which the molecules are in free movement and their mean positions far apart. Gases tend to expand indefinitely, to diffuse and mix readily with other gases, to have definite relations of volume, temperature, and pressure, and to condense or liquefy at low temperatures or under sufficient pressure. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A plant species of the genus SOLANUM, family SOLANACEAE. The fruit is a large, egg-shaped berry, varying in color from dark purple to red, yellowish, or white. The leaves are large and ovate. The flowers are pendant, violet, and two inches across.

A plant family of the order Caryophyllales, subclass Caryophyllidae, class Magnoliopsida. There are no true petals; each flower has two to six sepals. They produce betacyanin and betaxanthin pigments and lack anthocyanins.

An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

The five-carbon building blocks of TERPENES that derive from MEVALONIC ACID or deoxyxylulose phosphate.

A plant genus of the family FAGACEAE.

A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped, phototrophic bacteria found in aquatic environments. Internal photosynthetic membranes are present as lamellae underlying the cytoplasmic membrane.

Nucleic acids which hybridize to complementary sequences in other target nucleic acids causing the function of the latter to be affected.

A plant family of the order Proteales, subclass Rosidae class Magnoliopsida. Cluster roots, bottlebrush-like clusters of rootlets which form in response to poor soil, are common in this family.

A plant species of the genus VICIA, family FABACEAE. The edible beans are well known but they cause FAVISM in some individuals with GLUCOSEPHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY. This plant contains vicine, convicine, Vicia lectins, unknown seed protein, AAP2 transport protein, and Vicia faba DNA-binding protein 1.

Plants or plant parts which are harmful to man or other animals.

Physical changes in the growth patterns of a plant brought on by sustained absence of light. These changes are characterized by lengthened internodes which produce long weak stems, fewer leaves, and pale yellow color (chlorosis). The physiological basis for etiolation is induction of the phytohormone, AUXIN.

A plant genus of the family ARACEAE. Members contain beta-glucosidases and trypsin inhibitors.

Plants that can grow well in soils that have a high SALINITY.

A variable annual leguminous vine (Pisum sativum) that is cultivated for its rounded smooth or wrinkled edible protein-rich seeds, the seed of the pea, and the immature pods with their included seeds. (From Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, 1973)

Pesticides used to destroy unwanted vegetation, especially various types of weeds, grasses (POACEAE), and woody plants. Some plants develop HERBICIDE RESISTANCE.

Divisions of the year according to some regularly recurrent phenomena usually astronomical or climatic. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A plant genus of the family CLUSIACEAE. Members contain benzophenones.

The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, and feeding.

Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called CATHODE RAYS.

A plant genus in the family ROSACEAE, order Rosales, subclass Rosidae. It is best known as a source of edible fruits such as apricot, plum, peach, cherry, and almond.

The pattern of GENE EXPRESSION at the level of genetic transcription in a specific organism or under specific circumstances in specific cells.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

Basic functional unit of plants.

The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)

A large family of proteins that have been traditionally classified as the light-harvesting proteins of the photosynthetic reaction complex. Chlorophyll binding proteins are also found in non-photosynthetic settings where they may play a photoprotective role in response to light stress.

The time period of daily exposure that an organism receives from daylight or artificial light. It is believed that photoperiodic responses may affect the control of energy balance and thermoregulation.

An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.

The encapsulated embryos of flowering plants. They are used as is or for animal feed because of the high content of concentrated nutrients like starches, proteins, and fats. Rapeseed, cottonseed, and sunflower seed are also produced for the oils (fats) they yield.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

A phylum of bacteria consisting of the purple bacteria and their relatives which form a branch of the eubacterial tree. This group of predominantly gram-negative bacteria is classified based on homology of equivalent nucleotide sequences of 16S ribosomal RNA or by hybridization of ribosomal RNA or DNA with 16S and 23S ribosomal RNA.

A genus of obligately aerobic marine phototrophic and chemoorganotrophic bacteria, in the family RHODOBACTERACEAE.

A genus of green nonsulfur bacteria in the family Chloroflexaceae. They are photosynthetic, thermophilic, filamentous gliding bacteria found in hot springs.

A plant family of the order Primulales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. The flowers have both stamens and pistil, and the fruits are capsules.

A state in which the environs of hospitals, laboratories, domestic and animal housing, work places, spacecraft, and other surroundings are under technological control with regard to air conditioning, heating, lighting, humidity, ventilation, and other ambient features. The concept includes control of atmospheric composition. (From Jane's Aerospace Dictionary, 3d ed)

Tops of plants when in flower, including the stems, leaves and blooms.

Role of a novel photosystem II-associated carbonic anhydrase in photosynthetic carbon assimilation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. (1/4284)

Intracellular carbonic anhydrases (CA) in aquatic photosynthetic organisms are involved in the CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM), which helps to overcome CO2 limitation in the environment. In the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, this CCM is initiated and maintained by the pH gradient created across the chloroplast thylakoid membranes by photosystem (PS) II-mediated electron transport. We show here that photosynthesis is stimulated by a novel, intracellular alpha-CA bound to the chloroplast thylakoids. It is associated with PSII on the lumenal side of the thylakoid membranes. We demonstrate that PSII in association with this lumenal CA operates to provide an ample flux of CO2 for carboxylation. (+info)

A functional model for O-O bond formation by the O2-evolving complex in photosystem II. (2/4284)

The formation of molecular oxygen from water in photosynthesis is catalyzed by photosystem II at an active site containing four manganese ions that are arranged in di-mu-oxo dimanganese units (where mu is a bridging mode). The complex [H2O(terpy)Mn(O)2Mn(terpy)OH2](NO3)3 (terpy is 2,2':6', 2"-terpyridine), which was synthesized and structurally characterized, contains a di-mu-oxo manganese dimer and catalyzes the conversion of sodium hypochlorite to molecular oxygen. Oxygen-18 isotope labeling showed that water is the source of the oxygen atoms in the molecular oxygen evolved, and so this system is a functional model for photosynthetic water oxidation. (+info)

Prochlorococcus, a marine photosynthetic prokaryote of global significance. (3/4284)

The minute photosynthetic prokaryote Prochlorococcus, which was discovered about 10 years ago, has proven exceptional from several standpoints. Its tiny size (0.5 to 0.7 microm in diameter) makes it the smallest known photosynthetic organism. Its ubiquity within the 40 degrees S to 40 degrees N latitudinal band of oceans and its occurrence at high density from the surface down to depths of 200 m make it presumably the most abundant photosynthetic organism on Earth. Prochlorococcus typically divides once a day in the subsurface layer of oligotrophic areas, where it dominates the photosynthetic biomass. It also possesses a remarkable pigment complement which includes divinyl derivatives of chlorophyll a (Chl a) and Chl b, the so-called Chl a2 and Chl b2, and, in some strains, small amounts of a new type of phycoerythrin. Phylogenetically, Prochlorococcus has also proven fascinating. Recent studies suggest that it evolved from an ancestral cyanobacterium by reducing its cell and genome sizes and by recruiting a protein originally synthesized under conditions of iron depletion to build a reduced antenna system as a replacement for large phycobilisomes. Environmental constraints clearly played a predominant role in Prochlorococcus evolution. Its tiny size is an advantage for its adaptation to nutrient-deprived environments. Furthermore, genetically distinct ecotypes, with different antenna systems and ecophysiological characteristics, are present at depth and in surface waters. This vertical species variation has allowed Prochlorococcus to adapt to the natural light gradient occurring in the upper layer of oceans. The present review critically assesses the basic knowledge acquired about Prochlorococcus both in the ocean and in the laboratory. (+info)

Interpretation of the spatial charge displacements in bacteriorhodopsin in terms of structural changes during the photocycle. (4/4284)

We have recently introduced a method, made possible by an improved orienting technique using a combination of electric and magnetic fields, that allows the three-dimensional detection of the intramolecular charge displacements during the photocycle of bacteriorhodopsin. This method generates electric asymmetry, a prerequisite for the detection of electric signal on the macroscopic sample, in all three spatial dimensions. Purple membrane fragments containing bacteriorhodopsin were oriented so that their permanent electric dipole moment vectors were perpendicular to the membrane plane and pointed in the same direction. The resulting cylindrical symmetry was broken by photoselection, i. e., by flash excitation with low intensity linearly polarized light. From the measured electric signals, the three-dimensional motion of the electric charge center in the bacteriorhodopsin molecules was calculated for the first 400 microseconds. Simultaneous absorption kinetic recording provided the time-dependent concentrations of the intermediates. Combining the two sets of data, we determined the discrete dipole moments of intermediates up to M. When compared with the results of current molecular dynamics calculations, the data provided a decisive experimental test for selecting the optimal theoretical model for the proton transport and should eventually lead to a full description of the mechanism of the bacteriorhodopsin proton pump. (+info)

Light-induced oxidation-reduction reactions of cytochromes in the green sulfur photosynthetic bacterium Prosthecochloris aesturarii. (5/4284)

The light-induced oxidation-reduction reactions of cytochromes in intact cells, starved cells, and chlorobium vesicle fractions of the green sulfur photosynthetic bacterium Prosthecochloris aesturarii were studied under anaerobic conditions. On the basis of both kinetic and spectral properties, at least three cytochrome species were found to be involved in the light-induced oxidation-reduction reactions of intact cells. These cytochromes were designated according to the positions of alpha-band maxima as C555 (rapid and slow components) and C552 (intermediate). By comparing the light-minus-dark difference spectra with the reduced-minus-oxidized difference spectra of purified cytochromes of this organism, rapid component C555 and intermediate component C552 are suggested to correspond to the purified cytochromes c-555(550) and c-551.5, respectively. Although the identity of the slow-phase component is uncertain, one possibility is that the slow phase is due to the bound form of c-555(550). In substrate-depleted (starved) cells, only one cytochrome species, C555 remained in the reduced state in the dark and oxidized upon actinic illumination. This corresponds to the rapid C555 component in intact cells. In the case of chlorobium vesicle fractions, one cytochrome species having an alpha-band maximum at 554 nm was oxidized by actinic light. The effects of several inhibitors on the absorbance changes of intact cells were studied. Antimycin A decreased the rate of the dark reduction of rapid C555 component. The complex effects of CCCP (carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone) on the oxidation-reduction reactions of cytochromes were interpreted as the results of inhibition of the electron donation to oxidized C552 and C555 (slow), and a shift of the dark steady-state redox levels of cytochromes. Based on these findings, it is suggested that the rapid C555 component is located in a cyclic electron transfer pathway. The other two cytochromes, C552 and C555 (slow), may be located in non-cyclic electron transfer pathways and receive electrons from exogenous substrates such as sodium sulfide. A tentative scheme for the electron transfer system in Prosthecochloris aestuarii is presented and its nature is discussed. (+info)

Photosystem I is indispensable for photoautotrophic growth, CO2 fixation, and H2 photoproduction in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. (6/4284)

Certain Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutants deficient in photosystem I due to defects in psaA mRNA maturation have been reported to be capable of CO2 fixation, H2 photoevolution, and photoautotrophic growth (Greenbaum, E., Lee, J. W., Tevault, C. V., Blankinship, S. L. , and Mets, L. J. (1995) Nature 376, 438-441 and Lee, J. W., Tevault, C. V., Owens, T. G.; Greenbaum, E. (1996) Science 273, 364-367). We have generated deletions of photosystem I core subunits in both wild type and these mutant strains and have analyzed their abilities to grow photoautotrophically, to fix CO2, and to photoevolve O2 or H2 (using mass spectrometry) as well as their photosystem I content (using immunological and spectroscopic analyses). We find no instance of a strain that can perform photosynthesis in the absence of photosystem I. The F8 strain harbored a small amount of photosystem I, and it could fix CO2 and grow slowly, but it lost these abilities after deletion of either psaA or psaC; these activities could be restored to the F8-psaADelta mutant by reintroduction of psaA. We observed limited O2 photoevolution in mutants lacking photosystem I; use of 18O2 indicated that this O2 evolution is coupled to O2 uptake (i.e. respiration) rather than CO2 fixation or H2 evolution. We conclude that the reported instances of CO2 fixation, H2 photoevolution, and photoautotrophic growth of photosystem I-deficient mutants result from the presence of unrecognized photosystem I. (+info)

Acclimation of Arabidopsis leaves developing at low temperatures. Increasing cytoplasmic volume accompanies increased activities of enzymes in the Calvin cycle and in the sucrose-biosynthesis pathway. (7/4284)

Photosynthetic and metabolic acclimation to low growth temperatures were studied in Arabidopsis (Heynh.). Plants were grown at 23 degrees C and then shifted to 5 degrees C. We compared the leaves shifted to 5 degrees C for 10 d and the new leaves developed at 5 degrees C with the control leaves on plants that had been left at 23 degrees C. Leaf development at 5 degrees C resulted in the recovery of photosynthesis to rates comparable with those achieved by control leaves at 23 degrees C. There was a shift in the partitioning of carbon from starch and toward sucrose (Suc) in leaves that developed at 5 degrees C. The recovery of photosynthetic capacity and the redirection of carbon to Suc in these leaves were associated with coordinated increases in the activity of several Calvin-cycle enzymes, even larger increases in the activity of key enzymes for Suc biosynthesis, and an increase in the phosphate available for metabolism. Development of leaves at 5 degrees C also led to an increase in cytoplasmic volume and a decrease in vacuolar volume, which may provide an important mechanism for increasing the enzymes and metabolites in cold-acclimated leaves. Understanding the mechanisms underlying such structural changes during leaf development in the cold could result in novel approaches to increasing plant yield. (+info)

The membrane-attached electron carrier cytochrome cy from Rhodobacter sphaeroides is functional in respiratory but not in photosynthetic electron transfer. (8/4284)

Rhodobacter species are useful model organisms for studying the structure and function of c type cytochromes (Cyt c), which are ubiquitous electron carriers with essential functions in cellular energy and signal transduction. Among these species, Rhodobacter capsulatus has a periplasmic Cyt c2Rc and a membrane-bound bipartite Cyt cyRc. These electron carriers participate in both respiratory and photosynthetic electron-transfer chains. On the other hand, until recently, Rhodobacter sphaeroides was thought to have only one of these two cytochromes, the soluble Cyt c2Rs. Recent work indicated that this species has a gene, cycYRs, that is highly homologous to cycYRc, and in the work presented here, functional properties of its gene product (Cyt cyRs) are defined. It was found that Cyt cyRs is unable to participate in photosynthetic electron transfer, although it is active in respiratory electron transfer, unlike its R. capsulatus counterpart, Cyt cyRc. Chimeric constructs have shown that the photosynthetic incapability of Cyt cyRs is caused, at least in part, by its redox active subdomain, which carries the covalently bound heme. It, therefore, seems that this domain interacts differently with distinct redox partners, like the photochemical reaction center and the Cyt c oxidase, and allows the bacteria to funnel electrons efficiently to various destinations under different growth conditions. These findings raise an intriguing evolutionary issue in regard to cellular apoptosis: why do the mitochondria of higher organisms, unlike their bacterial ancestors, use only one soluble electron carrier in their respiratory electron-transport chains? (+info)

The simple equation of photosynthesis is as follows: 6. CO. 2. +. 6. H. 2. O. →. light. C. 6. H. 12. O. 6. +. 6. O. 2. {\ ... Photosynthesis. Main articles: Photosynthesis and Biological pigment. Plants are photosynthetic, which means that they ... The photosynthesis conducted by land plants and algae is the ultimate source of energy and organic material in nearly all ... Through the process of photosynthesis, most plants use the energy in sunlight to convert carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant

Photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthesis splits water to liberate O. 2 and fixes CO. 2 into sugar in what is called a ... The reaction for aerobic respiration is essentially the reverse of photosynthesis and is simplified as: C. 6H. 12O. 6 + 6 O. 2 ... At the current rate of photosynthesis it would take about 2,000 years to regenerate the entire O. 2 in the present atmosphere.[ ... Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere, while respiration, decay, and combustion remove it from the atmosphere. In ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen

Plants modified to boost photosynthesis produce greater yields, study shows *^ Improving photosynthesis and crop productivity ... "Project by Dean Price increasing photosynthesis by 15 to 25%" (PDF).. *^ Additional project by Dean Price; adding of CO²- ... Improved photosynthesis[edit]. Plants use non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) to protect them from excessive amounts of sunlight ... Supercharged' GMO rice could increase yields 50 percent with improved photosynthesis *^ Karki, S; Rizal, G; Quick, W. P (2013 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_engineered_crops

Photosynthesis[edit]. Photosynthesis in cyanobacteria and green algae splits water into hydrogen ions and electrons. The ... "Photosynthesis Research. 102 (2-3): 523-540. doi:10.1007/s11120-009-9415-5. ISSN 0166-8595. PMC 2777220. PMID 19291418.. ... normal photosynthesis) to the production of hydrogen. He found that the enzyme responsible for this reaction is hydrogenase, ... as in normal photosynthesis, to the production of hydrogen.[8][9][10] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_hydrogen_production

Photosynthesis in the Green Sulfur Bacteria[edit]. The green sulfur bacteria use PS I for photosynthesis. Thousands of ... The Reaction Center Photochemistry and Electron Transport". Photosynthesis. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. 10. pp ... Photosynthesis is achieved using a Type 1 reaction centre, which contains bacteriochlorophyll a, and is taken place in ... Green BR (2003). Light-Harvesting Antennas in Photosynthesis. p. 8. ISBN 0792363353.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_sulfur_bacteria

See also: Photosynthesis and C4 photosynthesis. To fix carbon dioxide into sugar molecules in the process of photosynthesis, ... Photosynthesis. Main article: Photosynthesis. One of the main functions of the chloroplast is its role in photosynthesis, the ... plɑːsts/[1][2] are organelles that conduct photosynthesis, where the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy ... They store CO2 in a four-carbon compound, which is why the process is called C4 photosynthesis. The four-carbon compound is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplasts

Hideg É; Kálai T; Hideg K; Vass I (1998). "Photoinhibition of photosynthesis in vivo results in singlet oxygen production ... In the 1980s, photoinhibition became a popular topic in photosynthesis research, and the concept of a damaging reaction ... In this case, the term "dynamic photoinhibition" comprises phenomena that reversibly down-regulate photosynthesis in the light ... ISBN 978-1-4020-3217-2 Powles SB (1984). "Photoinhibition of photosynthesis induced by visible light". Annual Review of Plant ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoinhibition

Photosynthesis occurs in two stages in a cell. In the first stage, light-dependent reactions capture the energy of light and ... Although many texts list a product of photosynthesis as C 6H 12O 6, this is mainly a convenience to counter the equation of ... Bassham J, Benson A, Calvin M (1950). "The path of carbon in photosynthesis" (PDF). J Biol Chem. 185 (2): 781-7. doi:10.2172/ ... The Calvin cycle thus happens when light is available independent of the kind of photosynthesis (C3 carbon fixation, C4 carbon ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_cycle

Photosynthesis has been instrumental in the success of life on Earth "Sociobiology". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 11 ... For example, the function of chlorophyll in a plant is to capture the energy of sunlight for photosynthesis, which contributes ... Shih, Patrick M. (2015). "Photosynthesis and early Earth". Current Biology. 25 (19): R855-R859. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.046. ... Carter, J. Stein (1996). "Photosynthesis". University of Cincinnati. Archived from the original on 2013-06-29. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(biology)

... of photosynthesis, proving that oxygen is evolved during the light requiring steps of photosynthesis. He also made significant ... In his later years Hill worked on the issue of the application of the Second Law of Thermodynamics to photosynthesis. He was an ... Hill continued to receive most of his recognition for his earlier work on photosynthesis, and beginning in the late 1950s, his ... He discovered a new approach to the biochemical study of photosynthesis which enabled him to demonstrate and to measure the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hill_(biochemist)

Photosynthesis. Harms and uses of different plants and animals, overall knowledge of role each organism plays in an ecosystem. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penilaian_Menengah_Rendah

In oxygenic photosynthesis, the first electron donor is water, creating oxygen as a waste product. In anoxygenic photosynthesis ... "The Z-Scheme Diagram of Photosynthesis". Retrieved March 2, 2006. "Photosynthesis". McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and ... The photosynthesis process in chloroplasts begins when an electron of P680 of PSII attains a higher-energy level. This energy ... In photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions take place on the thylakoid membranes. The inside of the thylakoid membrane is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-dependent_reactions

During photosynthesis, the lumen becomes acidic, as low as pH 4, compared to pH 8 in the stroma. This represents a 10,000 fold ... "Photosynthesis" McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 10th ed. 2007. Vol. 13 p. 469 Sato N (2004). "Roles of the ... They are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. Thylakoids consist of a thylakoid membrane surrounding a ... The thylakoids are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. These include light-driven water oxidation and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thylakoid

Berkeley on central questions of photosynthesis (e.g. the path of carbon in photosynthesis, today called the Calvin-Benson- ... Photosynthesis. Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress on Photosynthesis, September 7-13, 1980, Halkidiki, Greece. 1 ... Kandler then decided to transfer their techniques to measuring phosphorylation rates in vivo to photosynthesis studies in ... Arnon, Daniel I.; Whatley, F.R.; Allen, M.B. (1954). "Photosynthesis by isolated chloroplasts II. Photophosphorylation, the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Kandler

She appeared on the BBC Radio 4 programme In Our Time in May 2014 to explain photosynthesis. In October 2014 Knapp was a guest ... "Photosynthesis". In Our Time. BBC. BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 14 May 2020. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) "The Museum of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Knapp

However, photosynthesis is a quantum process and the chemical reactions of photosynthesis are more dependent on the number of ... Photons at longer wavelengths do not carry enough energy to allow photosynthesis to take place. Other living organisms, such as ... Green light, however, penetrates deeper into the leaf interior and can drive photosynthesis more efficiently than red light. ... However, because short-wavelength photons carry more energy per photon, the maximum amount of photosynthesis per incident unit ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthetically_active_radiation

... when the topic was photosynthesis. Lane, N. (2002). Oxygen: The molecule that made the world. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Lane

Photosynthesis: Perspectives on Plastid Biology, Energy Conversion and Carbon Metabolism. Advances in Photosynthesis and ... He is one of the major pioneers in the study of photosynthesis. Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure was born into a wealthy, ... This book was the first summation of the fundamental process of photosynthesis and a major contribution to the understanding of ... In contrast to some of his predecessors in the field of photosynthesis research, Saussure based his conclusions on extensive ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Théodore_de_Saussure

Campbell, N. A. & Reece, J. B. (2005). Photosynthesis. Biology (7th ed.). San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. Curtis, Lersten, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_bundle

Photosynthesis can be described by the simplified chemical reaction 6 H2O + 6 CO2 + energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 where C6H12O6 is ... Photosynthesis measurement systems are not designed to directly measure the amount of light absorbed by the leaf. Nevertheless ... If photosynthesis is inefficient, excess light energy must be dissipated to avoid damaging the photosynthetic apparatus. Energy ... Quoted values sunlight-to-biomass efficiency The following is a breakdown of the energetics of the photosynthesis process from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthetic_efficiency

Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. 25. pp. 1-26. doi:10.1007/1-4020-4516-6_1. ISBN 978-1-4020-4515-8. Gross J (1991). ... Carter JS (1996). "Photosynthesis". University of Cincinnati. Archived from the original on 2013-06-29. Nature (July 5, 2013 ... 2003). Photosynthesis in algae. London: Kluwer. ISBN 978-0-7923-6333-0. Cate TM, Perkins TD (October 2003). "Chlorophyll ... Chlorophyll is vital for photosynthesis, which allows plants to absorb energy from light. Chlorophyll molecules are arranged in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyll

Stryer, Lubert (1995). "Photosynthesis". In: Biochemistry (Fourth ed.). New York: W.H. FreeMan and Company. pp. 653-680. ISBN 0 ... Plants use carbon dioxide gas in the process of photosynthesis, and exhale oxygen gas as waste. The chemical equation of ... Respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis. It reclaims the energy to power chemical reactions in cells. In so doing the ... Their requirement for air, however, is very high as they need CO2 for photosynthesis, which constitutes only 0.04% of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_system

Anoxygenic photosynthesis is the term applied to this process, unlike oxygenic photosynthesis where oxygen is produced during ... Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. 19. Springer. p. 14, 48, 86. Eisen JA, Nelson KE, Paulsen IT, Heidelberg JF, Wu M, ... Chlorophyll a is very important in the energy phase of photosynthesis. Two electrons need to be passed to an electron acceptor ... Raven PH, Evert RF, Eichhorn SE (2005). "Photosynthesis, Light, and Life". Biology of Plants (7th ed.). W. H. Freeman. pp. 119- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyll_a

Organisms that perform photosynthesis are therefore autotrophs. Photosynthesis supplies the majority of the energy necessary ... photosynthesis The process by which nearly all plants and some algae and bacteria convert the energy of sunlight into chemical ... Examples include photosynthesis and chemosynthesis. carbonate Any member of two classes of chemical compounds derived from ... as in photosynthesis) or from inorganic chemical reactions (as in chemosynthesis). Autotrophs do not need to consume another ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_biology

Photosynthesis; Polarized Sunglasses; Amusement Park (November 23, 1991) Tears; Slinky Physics; Bar Codes; Aspirin; Camels ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_Apple

However, photosynthesis is a quantum process and the chemical reactions of photosynthesis are more dependent on the number of ... The spectral levels of light that can be used by plants for photosynthesis is similar to, but not the same as what's measured ... Goins, G. D.; Yorio, N. C.; Sanwo, M. M.; Brown, C. S. (1997-07-01). "Photomorphogenesis, photosynthesis, and seed yield of ... Therefore, when it comes to measuring the amount of light available to plants for photosynthesis, biologists often measure the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grow_light

Leaf photosynthesis releases energy not required in the biochemical process in the form of light in wavelength between 640 and ... FLEX - Report to ESA for mission selection Workshops on the FLEX mission: 2007, 2010, 2014 FLEX Photosynthesis Study FLEX ... Photosynthesis. Energy from the Sun. pp. 1387-1390. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6709-9_299. ISBN 978-1-4020-6707-5. Harnisch, Bernd ... it is now established that fluorescence is a sensitive indicator of photosynthesis in both healthy and physiologically ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLEX_(satellite)

Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. 19. pp. 65-82. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-3218-9_3. ISBN 978-1-4020-3217-2. Genty, ... Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. 19. pp. 713-736. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-3218-9_28. ISBN 978-1-4020-3217-2. Handy ... As such, it can give a measure of the rate of linear electron transport and so indicates overall photosynthesis. q P {\ ... This can mean an imbalance between the absorption of light energy by chlorophyll and the use of energy in photosynthesis. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyll_fluorescence

Since photosynthesis is the single most effective natural regulator of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere, a biochemical ... Jin SH, Jiang DA, Li XQ, Sun JW (August 2004). "Characteristics of photosynthesis in rice plants transformed with an antisense ... Since RuBisCO is often rate-limiting for photosynthesis in plants, it may be possible to improve photosynthetic efficiency by ... In cyanobacteria, inorganic phosphate (Pi) also participates in the co-ordinated regulation of photosynthesis: Pi binds to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuBisCO

As with all phytoplankton, primary production of E. huxleyi through photosynthesis is a sink of carbon dioxide. However, the ... Shiraiwa, Y. (2003). "Physiological regulation of carbon fixation in the photosynthesis and calcification of coccolithophorids ... Photosynthesis Research. 86 (3): 409-417. doi:10.1007/s11120-005-3250-0. PMID 16307310. S2CID 13019942. Obata, T.; Y. Shiraiwa ... and calcification-photosynthesis interactions". Phycologia. 40 (6): 503-529. doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-40-6-503.1. S2CID 84921998 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiliania_huxleyi

The International Society of Photosynthesis Research and its members are dedicated to encouraging the growth and development ... of photosynthesis research as a pure and applied science ... The Photosynthesis Gordon Research Conference will be held on ... About Photosynthesis Research .... Photosynthesis research is best dated from the discovery in 1771 by Joseph Priestley that ... Aliyevs contributions to photosynthesis. Prof. Jalal Aliyev (1928-2016) was a pioneer of photosynthesis research in Azerbaijan ...

http://www.photosynthesisresearch.org

... photosynthesis releases oxygen. This is called oxygenic photosynthesis and is by far the most common type of photosynthesis ... In general outline, photosynthesis is the opposite of cellular respiration: while photosynthesis is a process of reduction of ... Olson JM (May 2006). "Photosynthesis in the Archean era". Photosynthesis Research. 88 (2): 109-117. doi:10.1007/s11120-006-9040 ... Govindjee, Beatty JT, Gest H, Allen JF (2006). Discoveries in Photosynthesis. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. 20. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis

Artificial photosynthesis is a chemical process that replicates the natural process of photosynthesis, a process that converts ... Towards Global Artificial Photosynthesis Lord Howe Island 2011 "Artificial Photosynthesis". Archived from the original on 28 ... "Artificial Photosynthesis". Csiro.au. 20 September 2005. Retrieved 2011-04-19.. *^ "Designing a Better Catalyst for Artificial ... In natural photosynthesis, the NADP+ coenzyme is reducible to NADPH through binding of a proton and two electrons. This reduced ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_photosynthesis

Ironically, photosynthesis is also behind many of the worlds fossil fuels, which formed from decayed prehistoric plants and ... In plants, photosynthesis takes place in structures within their cells called chloroplasts. Chloroplasts, like the mitochondria ... While plants, algae and cyanobacteria all use oxygen-based photosynthesis, there is also a version of the reaction called ... Plants, algae and cyanobacteria use a chemical reaction known as photosynthesis to create the materials they need from whats ...

https://www.newscientist.com/term/photosynthesis/

... is supported by grants from the National Endowment for the Arts and the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual ... This program takes as its starting point two current exhibitions: Will Wilsons PHOTO/SYNTHESIS at the Fred Jones Jr. Museum of ... as she leads a walking tour through PHOTO/SYNTHESIS. Read the press release here.. ... Will Wilson will speak about his Critical Indigenous Photographic Exchange project and the process of completing PHOTO/SYNTHESIS ...

http://www.ou.edu/fjjma/exhibitions1/past-exhibitions/2010-/photo-synthesis

photosynthesis (usually uncountable, plural photosyntheses) *(biology) Any process by which plants and other photoautotrophs ... principally, oxygenic photosynthesis, any process by which plants and algae convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates ... also, non-oxygenic photosynthesis, used by purple and green bacteria, heliobacteria, and acidobacteria. ... Oxygen levels on Earth skyrocketed 2.4 billion years ago, when cyanobacteria evolved photosynthesis: the ability to convert ...

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/photosynthesis

Photo Synthesis. Tag archives for light. Photo Technique: the White Box. Posted by on April 26, 2009 ...

http://scienceblogs.com/photosynthesis/tag/light-2/

Photo Synthesis. Category archives for Perception. Holy Water?. Posted by Erin Johnson on November 3, 2009 ...

http://scienceblogs.com/photosynthesis/category/perception/

Factors that Affect Photosynthesis• Environmental Influences on Photosynthesis * 57. Linking Photosynthesis and Cellular ... A Summary of Photosynthesis• The process of photosynthesis can be summed up by the following chemical equation: Light Energy 6 ... A Summary of Photosynthesis• Photosynthesis happens in two stages: 1. The light reactions - Energy is absorbed from sunlight ... Factors that Affect Photosynthesis• Carbon Dioxide Levels - The CO2 concentration affects the rate of photosynthesis in a ...

https://www.slideshare.net/cavalierem/photosynthesis-15931877

... occurs in plants, algae, and many species of bacteria, but not in archaea. It is the source of energy for nearly ... Photosynthesis is the process whereby biological systems convert sunlight into food and the source of all the fossil fuels we ... Photosynthesis is the process whereby biological systems convert sunlight into food and the source of all the fossil fuels we ... "However, there are trade-offs in nature which mean that photosynthesis is not as efficient as it could be. There is scope to ...

https://www.enn.com/articles/44021

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... everything you need for studying or teaching Photosynthesis. ... Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is the process by which green ... Immediately download the Photosynthesis summary, chapter-by-chapter analysis, book notes, essays, quotes, character ... The meaning of photosynthesis is light putting together. We know now that photosynthesis is the process plants use to grow, but ... In photosynthesis, the suns energy is converted to chemical energy and stored in glucose molecules. In photosynthesis, we see ...

http://www.bookrags.com/Photosynthesis/

Photosynthesis provides the primary energy source for almost all life on Earth. One of its remarkable features is the ... Suspicions that quantum trickery might be involved in the energy transfer processes at the core of photosynthesis are now ... This wavelike characteristic of the energy transfer process can explain the extreme efficiency of photosynthesis, in that vast ... Knowing how plants and bacteria harvest light for photosynthesis so efficiently could provide a clean solution to mankinds ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/446740a?error=cookies_not_supported&code=7dba4629-95a6-4b16-8754-69c97acd9016

Beyond artificial photosynthesis. Artificial photosynthesis has worked remarkably disconnected from other fields that also rely ... Artificial photosynthesis is a process that converts solar energy into a renewable fuel, a so-called solar fuel. This rapidly ... The dynamic pace and progress in artificial photosynthesis research justify the timeliness of this meeting, as we are now at a ... Many systems now claim to exceed natural photosynthesis not only in terms of solar energy conversion efficiency, but also in ...

http://www.rsc.org/events/detail/28423/artificial-photosynthesis-faraday-discussion/venue

Natural photosynthesis isnt all that efficient, so maybe researchers can augment plants with nanomaterials to give ... Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory is working on an artificial photosynthesis process that could produce hydrogen as a fuel. ... photosynthesis a little boost. Adding carbon nanotubes to chloroplasts can enhance photosynthesis by a measurable amount, but ... Nature has developed photosynthesis, but if were going to rely more heavily on solar energy, were going to need to improve on ...

https://www.techdirt.com/blog/?tag=photosynthesis

Included among the rate-limiting steps of the dark stage of photosynthesis are the chemical reactions by which organic ... cell: Photosynthesis: the beginning of the food chain. Sugar molecules are produced by the process of photosynthesis in plants ... The process of photosynthesis: the conversion of light energy to ATP. *The process of photosynthesis: carbon fixation and ... plant: Photosynthesis. The autotrophic mode of nutrition of plants, as discussed above, is derived from oxygenic photosynthesis ...

https://www.britannica.com/science/photosynthesis/Carbon-dioxide

Photosynthesis - Structural features: The intricate structural organization of the photosynthetic apparatus is essential for ... the efficient performance of the complex process of photosynthesis. The chloroplast is enclosed in a double outer membrane, and ... The process of photosynthesis: the conversion of light energy to ATP. *The process of photosynthesis: carbon fixation and ... The process of photosynthesis: the light reactions*Light absorption and energy transfer ...

https://www.britannica.com/science/photosynthesis/Structural-features

The study of photosynthesis has attracted the attention of a legion of biologists, biochemists, chemists and physicists for ... This inspired phrase is a four-word summary of the significance of photosynthesis for life on earth. ... "Discoveries in Photosynthesis is a new edited volume out of the Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration series … . It is ... Discoveries in Photosynthesis presents a sweeping overview of the history of photosynthesis investigations, and detailed ...

https://www.springer.com/us/book/9781402033230

Photosynthesis_photo - Helen Profile , portfolio , Photosynthesis_photos Photos Report this image. Email to a friend. Add to ... Photosynthesis_photo has set a password in order to view this album.. Password:. ... If you would like to view this album, please contact Photosynthesis_photo. ...

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photosynthesis. Spatial and temporal patterns of water quality indicators in reef systems of southwestern Puerto Rico. Mon, 01/ ...

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Cosmic explosions thousands of light-years away could shut down photosynthesis in the ocean at depths of up to 260 feet, a new ... Gamma-Ray Bursts Could Halt Photosynthesis. Cosmic explosions thousands of light-years away could shut down photosynthesis in ... In clear waters, photosynthesis would be totally suppressed down to about 260 feet in the ocean. In more turbid waters, ... Cosmic explosions thousands of light-years away could shut down photosynthesis in the ocean at depths of up to 260 feet, a new ...

https://www.wired.com/2010/07/grb-photosynthesis-shutdown/

Genetic engineering of photosynthesis in cassava is a delicate and lengthy process. De Souza opens a petri dish to show off ... Left: Some of the basic research on the molecular biology of photosynthesis is done in algae in petri dishes. Right: A map of ... To Feed the World, Improve Photosynthesis By reworking the basic metabolism of crops, plant scientists hope to forestall ... Agronomists have not yet pushed photosynthesis to its limits. Thats in spite of the fact that this 160-step biochemical ...

https://www.technologyreview.com/s/608535/to-feed-the-world-improve-photosynthesis/amp/

Sink regulation of photosynthesis.. Paul MJ1, Foyer CH.. Author information. 1. Biochemistry and Physiology Department, IACR- ... Photosynthesis is one of the most highly integrated and regulated metabolic processes to maximize the use of available light, ... However, sink regulation of photosynthesis is highly dependent on the physiology of the rest of the plant. This physiological ... interact with nitrogen supply to control the expression of photosynthesis genes, the development of leaves and the whole plant ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11457898?dopt=Abstract

In order to carry out photosynthesis, plants must first obtain sunlight, water, carbon dioxide and chlorophyll through an ... Photosynthesis is classified as an endergonic process. This means that it uses energy to obtain energy, and by doing so, ... Energy Sources of Photosynthesis. To adequately carry out photosynthesis, sunlight is not the only necessary energy input. ... Photosynthesis is classified as an endergonic process. This means that it uses energy to obtain energy, and by doing so, ...

https://www.ehow.com/about_5105641_photosynthesis-endergonic-exergonic.html

Turbocharging Photosynthesis to Feed the World. A faster enzyme for turning CO2 into sugar is a key step toward much higher ... Artificial Photosynthesis Takes a Step Forward. Researchers have demonstrated a long-lasting device for making hydrogen from ... Supercharged Photosynthesis. Advanced genetic tools could help boost crop yields and feed billions more people. ... New device offers distinct advantages over previous attempts to improve upon natural photosynthesis. ...

https://www.technologyreview.com/g/photosynthesis/

Photosynthesis is the process in green plants by which they create carbohydrates (and the sugar glucose) by absorbing carbon ... Photosynthesis is, for lack of a better explanation, how plants and some other organisms eat. ... Photosynthesis is, for lack of a better explanation, how plants and some other organisms eat. Photosynthesis is the process ... Generally speaking, photosynthesis of a plant will increase with an increase in temperature. At least, that is, up until 25 ...

https://www.ehow.com/how-does_5472190_temperature-affect-photosynthesis.html

... Interactive animated tutorial that demonstrates photosynthesis, develops ... Photosynthesis Interactive Animated Tutorial is categorized in the following disciplines: * Science and Technology/Agriculture ... You just viewed Photosynthesis Interactive Animated... . Please take a moment to rate this material. ... it spells out how each step works to complete the photosynthesis process. ...

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Photosynthesis is the most important bioenergetic innovation in the history of the biosphere and it engendered Earths most ... Photosynthesis dramatically increased global primary production and transformed Earths chemical cycles. At the same time, this ...

http://www.stsci.edu/contents/events/ipl/photosynthesis-a-planetary-revolution

Visit HowStuffWorks to learn about the various artificial photosynthesis applications. ... Artificial photosynthesis applications could help save the planet. ... Artificial photosynthesis might be a solution.. Methanol is another possible output. Instead of emitting pure hydrogen in the ... Artificial photosynthesis could offer a new, possibly ideal way out of our energy predicament. ...

https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-tech/energy-production/artificial-photosynthesis2.htm

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This is called oxygenic photosynthesis and is by far the most common type of photosynthesis used by living organisms. (wikipedia.org)
Although there are some differences between oxygenic photosynthesis in plants , algae , and cyanobacteria , the overall process is quite similar in these organisms. (wikipedia.org)
principally, oxygenic photosynthesis, any process by which plants and algae convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and waste oxygen using solar energy. (wiktionary.org)
The rise of atmospheric oxygen ∼2.4 Ga ( 1 , 2 ) is the most marked environmental change in Earth history, and this transition ultimately stems from a major biological innovation-the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis ( 3 , 4 ). (pnas.org)
The study of this alternative photosystems will not only give insights into the evolution of the process but could also provide clues on the environmental conditions where oxygenic photosynthesis first arose billions of years ago in the early Earth. (eurekalert.org)
T.G. Laughlin, A.N. Bayne, J.F. Trempe, D.F. Savage, and K.M. Davies, "Structure of the complex I-like molecule NDH of oxygenic photosynthesis. (newswise.com)
Until recently, scientists thought Chl a was the only photopigment used in oxygenic photosynthesis. (nasa.gov)
According to NASA postdoc Steve Mielke, lead author of a new study, "It was assumed that, due to the stringent energy requirements for splitting water molecules, longer wavelengths of light (which have lower energy) could not be used for oxygenic photosynthesis. (nasa.gov)
That assumption changed in 1996 when Hideaki Miyashita and colleagues discovered a cyanobacterium named Acaryochloris marina that uses chlorophyll d (Chl d ) instead of Chl a to perform oxygenic photosynthesis with photons from visible light through to wavelengths up to 740 nm in the near-infrared (NIR). (nasa.gov)
However, could A. marina be regularly unsuccessful in using the longer wavelength photons, and could its ability to use NIR be inefficient, at the edge of what the molecular mechanisms of oxygenic photosynthesis are able to handle? (nasa.gov)
For the first time, the team showed that oxygenic photosynthesis can operate well at longer wavelengths! (nasa.gov)
Nancy Kiang of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) explains, "Chl d extends the useful solar radiation for oxygenic photosynthesis by 18% - meaning life can use more wavelengths of light (i.e. more types of light-producing stars) to survive. (nasa.gov)
one includes oxygenic photosynthesis, which is most common and demonstrated through plants, algae and cyanobacteria while the other one is an-oxygenic photosynthesis. (ipl.org)

[2] [3] One way of using natural photosynthesis is for the production of a biofuel , which is an indirect process that suffers from low energy conversion efficiency (due to photosynthesis' own low efficiency in converting sunlight to biomass), the cost of harvesting and transporting the fuel, and conflicts due to the increasing need of land mass for food production. (wikipedia.org)
The fourth project aims to harness the excess light energy that reaches photosynthetic organisms but cannot be used due to bottlenecks in natural photosynthesis. (enn.com)
In higher plants and certain bacterial systems, the initial steps of natural photosynthesis harness light energy with an efficiency of 95% or more - values that we can only aspire to with artificial photocells. (nature.com)
Three representative pigment protein complexes involved in natural photosynthesis. (nature.com)
This first session will discuss the fundamental processes in biological solar energy conversion (e.g., natural photosynthesis) and the possibilities to exploit in vivo systems for solar fuel synthesis. (rsc.org)
Many systems now claim to exceed natural photosynthesis not only in terms of solar energy conversion efficiency, but also in catalytic rate. (rsc.org)
Natural photosynthesis isn't all that efficient, so maybe researchers can augment plants with nanomaterials to give photosynthesis a little boost. (techdirt.com)
New device offers distinct advantages over previous attempts to improve upon natural photosynthesis. (technologyreview.com)
Natural photosynthesis, depending how you calculate it, has an efficiency of about 0.6 percent. (inhabitat.com)
We design and study chemical systems whose reactivity is inspired by natural photosynthesis, in which green plants convert sunlight, water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and carbohydrates. (bnl.gov)
Natural photosynthesis is the process by which green plants uses energy from the sun as well as water in the soil and carbon dioxide in the air to make food in the form of energy-dense glucose - a form of sugar. (dailymail.co.uk)
The artificial process uses the same green light portion of the visible light spectrum used by plants during natural photosynthesis to convert carbon dioxide and water into fuel. (dailymail.co.uk)
This review emphasizes recent experimental observations of long-lasting quantum coherence in photosynthetic systems and the implications of quantum coherence in natural photosynthesis. (nih.gov)

Plants, algae and cyanobacteria use a chemical reaction known as photosynthesis to create the materials they need from what's around them. (newscientist.com)
While plants, algae and cyanobacteria all use oxygen-based photosynthesis , there is also a version of the reaction called anoxygenic photosynthesis. (newscientist.com)
Photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, and many species of bacteria, but not in archaea. (enn.com)
Professor Janet Allen, Director of Research at BBSRC, said: "Photosynthesis has evolved in plants, algae and some other bacteria and in each case the mechanism does the best possible job for the organism in question. (enn.com)
By attempting to transfer parts from algae and bacteria into plants, the researchers hope to make the environment in the plants' cells around Rubisco richer in carbon dioxide which will allow photosynthesis to produce sugars more efficiently. (enn.com)
Early work on artificial photosynthesis was driven by progress in the understanding of natural systems and attempts to exploit in living organisms (e.g., algae). (rsc.org)
The findings dovetail with research by University of Toronto biophysicist Greg Scholes, who found coherence in the photosynthesis of a common marine algae . (wired.com)
Professor Brian Cox sees photosynthesis in action, investigating a unique type of jellyfish that have evolved to carry algae within their bodies and feed off the glucose the plants create. (bbc.co.uk)
Almost all life on Earth depends on food made by organisms that can perform photosynthesis, such as green plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. (dictionary.com)
Researchers have taken an important step towards enhancing photosynthesis by engineering plants with enzymes from blue-green algae that speed up the process of converting carbon dioxide into sugars. (scientificamerican.com)
In green plants and algae, photosynthesis takes place in specialized cellular compartments called chloroplasts . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Algae are a very diverse group of predominantly aquatic photosynthetic organisms that account for almost 50% of the photosynthesis that takes place on Earth. (els.net)
Algae have a wide range of antenna pigments to harvest light energy for photosynthesis giving different types of algae their characteristic colour. (els.net)
The processes of photosynthesis in algae and higher plants are very similar. (els.net)
As school children we learned that plants (as well as algae and cyanobacteria) perform the all important biological "magic trick" known as photosynthesis, which helps generate the atmospheric oxygen we use in every breath. (nasa.gov)
Plants, algae and cyanobacteria alter our planet in a way that only life can: they use photosynthesis to completely change the composition of the Earth's atmosphere. (nasa.gov)
Photosynthesis by plants, algae, and some bacteria supports nearly all living things. (digitaljournal.com)
Photosynthesis by plants, algae, and some bacteria supports nearly all living things by producing food from sunlight, and in the process these organisms release oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide. (digitaljournal.com)
The researchers investigated photosynthesis in a marine Synechococcus, a form of photosynthetic bacteria called cyanobacteria (formerly blue-green algae). (digitaljournal.com)
Photosynthesis is the process where plants, algae, and bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy. (ipl.org)

Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that, through cellular respiration , can later be released to fuel the organism's metabolic activities. (wikipedia.org)
Sunlight energy enters living systems when plants and some other organisms absorb light in the process of photosynthesis. (slideshare.net)
Discoveries in Photosynthesis presents a sweeping overview of the history of photosynthesis investigations, and detailed accounts of research progress in all aspects of the most complex bioenergetic process in living organisms. (springer.com)
The radiation could damage simple organisms' DNA, and even shut off photosynthesis entirely for at least the 10 second duration of the flash. (wired.com)
DOE plans to fund research into organisms that make fuel without photosynthesis. (technologyreview.com)
Photosynthesis is, for lack of a better explanation, how plants and some other organisms 'eat. (ehow.com)
Photosynthesis is the conversion of the energy of sunlight into chemical energy by living organisms. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Although oxygen is, strictly defined, a waste product of photosynthesis reactions, the majority of organisms, including plants, utilize oxygen for cellular respiration. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
This breakthrough in metabolic evolution greatly increased the free energy supply to living organisms: today, more than 10 17 kcal of free energy is stored annually by photosynthesis on earth, which corresponds to the fixation of more than 10 10 tons of carbon into carbohydrates and other organic compounds. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
All green plants and some bacteria conduct photosynthesis for the build-up of biomass, which then is available to other organisms as food. (oase-livingwater.com)
Organisms that conduct photosynthesis meet their energy requirements through absorption and conversion of the light energy of the sun. (oase-livingwater.com)
Photosynthesis by these organisms turns sunlight into cellular energy with exceptional efficiency. (newswise.com)
In fact, the cyanobacteria is just as efficient or more so in storing energy as organisms that rely on Chl a for photosynthesis. (nasa.gov)
This discovery represents a paradigm shift in our view of photosynthesis by organisms in the vast, nutrient-starved areas of the open ocean", says Joe Berry of the Carnegie Institution's Department of Global Ecology. (digitaljournal.com)

Photosynthesis in plants produces the oxygen we breath, the bread and wine, the fuels and fibers that support our everyday lives. (photosynthesisresearch.org)
Photosynthesis is largely responsible for producing and maintaining the oxygen content of the Earth's atmosphere, and supplies most of the energy necessary for life on Earth. (wikipedia.org)
There are also many varieties of anoxygenic photosynthesis , used mostly by certain types of bacteria, which consume carbon dioxide but do not release oxygen. (wikipedia.org)
Photocatalytic water splitting converts water into hydrogen and oxygen, and is a major research topic of artificial photosynthesis. (wikipedia.org)
In plant photosynthesis, water molecules are photo-oxidized to release oxygen and protons. (wikipedia.org)
The light reactions of photosynthesis convert radiant (sunlight) energy into the potential chemical energy found between the carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen bonds in sugar (glucose). (earthlink.net)
Photosynthesis involves the use of light energy to convert water (H20) and carbon dioxide (CO2) into oxygen (O2) and high energy sugars (e.g. (slideshare.net)
Photosynthesis is the most important bioenergetic innovation in the history of the biosphere and it engendered Earth's most marked environmental change: the rise of oxygen. (stsci.edu)
It could also be funneled into a fuel-cell setup, which would effectively reverse the photosynthesis process, creating electricity by combining hydrogen and oxygen into water. (howstuffworks.com)
When plants are alive and healthy, they engage in photosynthesis, absorbing sunlight and carbon dioxide to produce food for the plant, and generating oxygen as a by-product. (caltech.edu)
This interactive feature from the NOVA: Methuselah Tree Web site details the process of photosynthesis and its role in the oxygen/carbon dioxide cycle. (curriki.org)
However, there are some classes of bacteria that utilize a form of photosynthesis that does not produce oxygen (anoxygenic photosynthesis). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
In plants, photosynthesis uses light energy to power the oxidation of water (i.e., the removal of electrons), to produce molecular oxygen, hydrogen ions, and electrons. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Oxygen production is used to measure the rate of photosynthesis. (explorelearning.com)
Determine which conditions are ideal for photosynthesis, and understand how limiting factors affect oxygen production. (explorelearning.com)
Some species of single celled cyanobacteria, through photosynthesis, forever changed the atmosphere of the early Earth by filling it with oxygen, allowing a huge expansion in terms of what life was possible on the planet. (eurekalert.org)
in the advanced online edition of Molecular Biology and Evolution , examined the evolution origins of the D1 protein in cyanobacteria, which forms the heart of Photosystem II, the oxygen-evolving machine of photosynthesis. (eurekalert.org)
Photosystem II's role is to procure electrons for photosynthesis and it does this by ripping them out of water releasing oxygen as a byproduct. (eurekalert.org)
Like real photosynthesis , it turns energy , carbon dioxide , and water into food and oxygen . (everything2.com)
Oxygen is released into the atmosphere as a by-product of photosynthesis. (reference.com)
Splitting of water molecules, during photosynthesis results in liberation of oxygen. (hubpages.com)
Liberation of oxygen during photosynthesis is demonstrated by using hydrilla plant. (hubpages.com)
The uptake of carbon dioxide and the photosynthetic activities didn't match, so we knew that something other than carbon dioxide was being consumed by photosynthesis, and it turned out to be oxygen. (digitaljournal.com)
During the reaction carbon dioxide, water is converted into glucose and oxygen as shown below: Figure 1 (photosynthesis uses light energy to convert carbon dioxide into a carbohydrate) (The Chemical Equation of Photosynthesis. (ipl.org)

In plants, photosynthesis takes place in structures within their cells called chloroplasts. (newscientist.com)
Adding carbon nanotubes to chloroplasts can enhance photosynthesis by a measurable amount, but scaling this augmentation up might be tricky. (techdirt.com)
Use DCPIP as an electron acceptor for the reducing agents produced by chloroplasts in the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis. (nuffieldfoundation.org)
In the Preliminary Activity, you will use a spectrophotometer to measure color changes in DPIP due to photosynthesis by chloroplasts. (vernier.com)
After completing the Preliminary Activity, you will first use reference sources to find out more about photosynthesis by chloroplasts before you choose and investigate a researchable question dealing with photosynthesis. (vernier.com)
The reactions of photosynthesis occur in cellular subcompartments called chloroplasts, which themselves are further compartmentalized by inner and outer membranes separated by an intermembrane space. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The process of photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts, specifically using chlorophyll, the green pigment involved in photosynthesis. (novica.com)

We suggest that the evolution of methane-based photosynthesis is at least as likely as the evolution of anoxygenic photosynthesis on Earth and may support the evolution of complex life. (mit.edu)

Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments. (wikipedia.org)
Photosynthesis is initiated by the excitation, through incident light, of electrons in pigment molecules - chromophores - such as chlorophyll. (nature.com)
In order to carry out photosynthesis, plants must first obtain sunlight, water, carbon dioxide and chlorophyll through an endergonic process. (ehow.com)
Because plants take in solar energy, water, carbon dioxide and chlorophyll to begin the energy process, photosynthesis is considered endergonic. (ehow.com)
To perform photosynthesis, the chlorophyll in leaves absorbs sunlight-most of which is used to create food for the plants or is lost as heat. (caltech.edu)
Because this reemitted light is only produced when the chlorophyll in plants is also absorbing sunlight for photosynthesis, SIF can be used as a way to determine a plant's photosynthetic activity and productivity. (caltech.edu)
a plant that contains chlorophyll is not necessarily undergoing photosynthesis. (caltech.edu)
On a deeper level, other factors like amount of chlorophyll, availability of nutrients (eg Mg is needed for chlorophyll synthesis) will also affect the rate of photosynthesis, though these are rarely covered in discussion of this topic. (answers.com)
The weak but nevertheless detectable SIF signal emerges naturally on sunlight-exposed leaves, when chlorophyll molecules are excited by absorbed photons, and is a proxy for plant photosynthesis. (eurekalert.org)
OCO-2 advances photosynthesis observation from space via solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence", Science . (eurekalert.org)
Chlorophyll is one of the pigment, which helps in the process of photosynthesis to prepare carbohydrate. (hubpages.com)

Methods To determine the rates of photosynthesis for the 5-week-old bean plant and the 5-week-old corn plant, the QUBIT Systems, Inc. apparatus was employed. (bookrags.com)
Several minerals are required for healthy plant growth and for maximum rates of photosynthesis. (britannica.com)
Compare the rates of photosynthesis for plants in different light conditions. (vernier.com)

The study of photosynthesis has attracted the attention of a legion of biologists, biochemists, chemists and physicists for over 200 years. (springer.com)
This user-friendly book provides a range of classical and modern techniques for the study of photosynthesis in a manner accessible to a broad spectrum of researchers. (springer.com)

To adequately carry out photosynthesis, sunlight is not the only necessary energy input. (ehow.com)
2) Suggest TWO structural features which enable this organ to carry out photosynthesis more efficiently. (scribd.com)

The second phase of plant photosynthesis (also known as the Calvin-Benson cycle ) is a light-independent reaction that converts carbon dioxide into glucose (fuel). (wikipedia.org)
During photosynthesis, light energy from the sun is converted into chemical energy in the form of molecules such as ATP and glucose. (slideshare.net)
The Analysis of Spinach Pigmentation During Photosynthesis University of Alabama I. Introduction: 'Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in glucose or ot. (bookrags.com)
In photosynthesis, the sun's energy is converted to chemical energy and stored in glucose molecules. (bookrags.com)
Photosynthesis is the process in green plants by which they create carbohydrates (and the sugar glucose) by absorbing carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil. (ehow.com)
A lab reaction that replicates the natural process of photosynthesis found in plants that produce glucose from water and carbon dioxide. (dailymail.co.uk)
However, instead of producing glucose as the food, artificial photosynthesis would produce acetic acid , more commonly known as vinegar . (everything2.com)
Photosynthesis is a process by which plants take the energy of the sunlight and the molecules from carbon dioxcide and create nutrients, glucose for them selves. (smore.com)

as the temperature increases, the enzymes get more energy so the rate of photosynthesis increases. (answers.com)
The rate of photosynthesis increases with the increase in the number of stomata. (hubpages.com)

Aim: To find out how different light intensities affect the rate of photosynthesis in the elodea. (bookrags.com)
What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis? (answers.com)
Can pH affect the rate of Photosynthesis? (answers.com)
yes, pH could affect the rate of photosynthesis as most enzyme reactions are pH sensitive. (answers.com)
How does the leaf's thickness affect the rate of photosynthesis? (answers.com)
Explain how this would affect the rate of photosynthesis of the plant. (scribd.com)

How Do Variations on Light Intensity Affects the Rate of Photosynthesis in Elodea? (bookrags.com)

Immobilise a culture of an alga such as Scenedesmus in alginate beads and measure the rate of photosynthesis by monitoring their effect on hydrogencarbonate indicator. (nuffieldfoundation.org)

A simple protocol for measuring the rate of photosynthesis in pond weed. (nuffieldfoundation.org)

By increasing the efficiency of photosynthesis, we can dramatically boost agricultural output and indeed reach the required double yield. (wur.nl)

[4] The purpose of artificial photosynthesis is to produce a fuel from sunlight that can be stored conveniently and used when sunlight is not available, by using direct processes, that is, to produce a solar fuel . (wikipedia.org)
Artificial photosynthesis has worked remarkably disconnected from other fields that also rely on light-driven processes. (rsc.org)
In Photosynthesis Research Protocols, well-known researchers describe in step-by-step detail a broad range of basic and advanced biochemical techniques for isolating, treating, and analyzing the photosynthetic materials and processes. (springer.com)
Photosynthesis is one of the most highly integrated and regulated metabolic processes to maximize the use of available light, to minimize the damaging effects of excess light and to optimize the use of limiting carbon and nitrogen resources. (nih.gov)
2. These will be used to act out the processes of photosynthesis and respiration. (nps.gov)
The Artificial Photosynthesis group is a close collaboration involving five principal investigators whose expertise covers various aspects of chemical science and who pursue the common goal of advancing fundamental knowledge of processes leading to efficient conversion of sunlight to viable chemical fuels. (bnl.gov)
Are the proteins and processes involved in photosynthesis in one anything like the other? (csbsju.edu)
Students use puzzle pieces representing the components of the equations for photosynthesis and aerobic cellular respiration and answer questions about these processes. (curriki.org)
Kristiina Visakorpi, a doctoral researcher in Oxford's Department of Zoology, sheds light on her work studying insect herbivores and the effect that they have on plant processes such as photosynthesis, their carbon emission levels and the potential long-term implications for the environment. (ox.ac.uk)
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are distinct processes, as they take place through different sequences of chemical reactions and in different cellular compartments. (wikipedia.org)

Catered to the fifth-grade science curriculum, this photosynthesis fill-in-the-blank worksheet features an in-depth look at plant biology. (education.com)

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants capture sunlight and convert its kinetic energy into chemical energy by manufacturing complex sugar molecules or carbohydrates. (bookrags.com)
The ATP and NADPH molecules power the second part of photosynthesis by the transfer of electrons. (dictionary.com)
Discovered decades ago, a large protein complex called NAD(P)H dehydrogenase-like complex (NDH) helps regulate the steps of photosynthesis where solar energy is captured and stored in two types of cellular energy molecules, ATP and NADPH. (newswise.com)
During normal photosynthesis, light energy splits water molecules. (digitaljournal.com)

Knowing how plants and bacteria harvest light for photosynthesis so efficiently could provide a clean solution to mankind's energy requirements. (nature.com)
Introduction: Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and specific types of bacteria in order to make their own food source from sunlight to chemical energy. (ipl.org)

Photosynthesis is the process whereby biological systems convert sunlight into food and the source of all the fossil fuels we burn today. (enn.com)
Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is the biological conversion of light energy into chemical energy. (bookrags.com)
A startling discovery by scientists at the Carnegie Institution puts a new twist on photosynthesis, arguably the most important biological process on Earth. (digitaljournal.com)
Two studies conducted by research scientists at the Carnegie Institution have enhanced our understanding of photosynthesis which is the most important biological process on Earth. (digitaljournal.com)
Photosynthesis is a biological process. (ipl.org)

How Does Temperature Affect Photosynthesis? (ehow.com)

The dynamic pace and progress in artificial photosynthesis research justify the timeliness of this meeting, as we are now at a decisive stage where some of the fundamental questions have been answered and applications are becoming a reality. (rsc.org)
This Faraday Discussion meeting will bring together scientists with a broad set of expertise who will share knowledge and aim to find consensus on priorities in future development of artificial photosynthesis research. (rsc.org)
The solid-state NMR dept. at Leiden University applies NMR methods for natural and artificial photosynthesis research. (weizmann.ac.il)

Photosynthesis changes sunlight into chemical energy, splits water to liberate O 2 , and fixes CO 2 into sugar. (wikipedia.org)
Unlike solar panels, which can only store energy if they are attached to a battery, the artificial photosynthesis device uses splits water to store solar energy as hydrogen fuel. (inhabitat.com)
With a combination of a x-ray free-electron laser and spectroscopy, the team has managed to see the electronic structure of a manganese complex, a chemical compound related to how photosynthesis splits water. (innovations-report.com)

Prof. Shen will give his lecture at the 9th International Conference on Photosynthesis and Hydrogen Energy Research for Sustainability in Baku, Azebaijan (December 17-18, 2018). (photosynthesisresearch.org)
photosynthesis captures energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrate . (wikipedia.org)
The term, artificial photosynthesis, is commonly used to refer to any scheme for capturing and storing the energy from sunlight in the chemical bonds of a fuel (a solar fuel ). (wikipedia.org)
With the development of catalysts able to reproduce the major parts of photosynthesis, water and sunlight would ultimately be the only needed sources for clean energy production. (wikipedia.org)
Photosynthesis can be divided into 2 stages: - Light Reactions - Light energy is converted to chemical energy, which is temporarily stored in ATP and NADPH. (slideshare.net)
Photosynthesis is a chemical process that converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds, especially sugars, using the energy from sunlight. (enn.com)
The rate of energy capture by photosynthesis is immense, approximately 100 terawatts, which is about six times larger than the power consumption of human civilization. (enn.com)
Photosynthesis The ultimate source of energy for life on Earth is the sun. (bookrags.com)
Plants are able to transform the light energy from the sun into chemical energy through a process called photosynthesis. (bookrags.com)
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, use the energy from sunlight to produce sugar, which c. (bookrags.com)
Photosynthesis is the process that converts energy in. (bookrags.com)
Photosynthesis is the storage of energy in carbon compounds. (bookrags.com)
Artificial photosynthesis is a process that converts solar energy into a renewable fuel, a so-called solar fuel. (rsc.org)
Nature has developed photosynthesis, but if we're going to rely more heavily on solar energy, we're going to need to improve on plants or come up with other ways to create and store solar energy. (techdirt.com)
In photosynthesis, energy-carrying molecular bonds are formed. (ehow.com)
To counteract entropy (energy that is not available for work) during photosynthesis, this energy from sunlight is necessary. (ehow.com)
The two most common electron carriers (the intermediaries which transform energy through photosynthesis into carbon dioxide) are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). (ehow.com)
The energy source for this process comes from sunlight, which allows the chloraphyll in the plants (what makes them green) to utilize sunlight to fuel photosynthesis. (ehow.com)
Scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) have demonstrated a better way to use photosynthesis to produce ethylene, a breakthrough that could change the way materials, chemicals, and transportation fuels are made, and help clean the air. (nrel.gov)
Artificial photosynthesis could offer a new, possibly ideal way out of our energy predicament. (howstuffworks.com)
And unlike most methods of generating alternative energy, artificial photosynthesis has the potential to produce more than one type of fuel. (howstuffworks.com)
The ability to produce a clean fuel without generating any harmful by-products, like greenhouse gasses, makes artificial photosynthesis an ideal energy source for the environment. (howstuffworks.com)
But the mind-bending mechanics seems to be present in many everyday phenomena - including photosynthesis, the driving force behind life's harvest of solar energy. (wired.com)
The sun's energy that bathes the Earth is harnessed by photosynthesis. (bbc.co.uk)
Compared to several wild plant species, crop photosynthesis is not impressive: crops on average use only 1% of the received solar energy. (wur.nl)
If we can directly store solar energy as a chemical fuel, like what nature does with photosynthesis, we could solve a fundamental challenge of renewable energy," said lead researcher Zetian Mi . (inhabitat.com)
Broken into four sections, it explores the measurement of physiological photosynthetic parameters, quantifying photosynthetic enzyme abundance and catalytic activity, visualizing cellular and sub-cellular phenotypes, and photosynthesis-inspired energy generation. (springer.com)
Photosynthesis provides most of the energy necessary for life on Earth to exist. (dailymail.co.uk)
We review recent theoretical and experimental advances in the elucidation of the dynamics of light harvesting in photosynthesis, focusing on recent theoretical developments in structure-based modeling of electronic excitations in photosynthetic complexes and critically examining theoretical models for excitation energy transfer. (nih.gov)
At low temperatures the enzymes responsible for photosynthesis have very little energy so the rate of photosynthesis is very slow. (answers.com)
It provides the enzymes responsible for photosyenthesis more energy, thus increasing the rate of photosynthesis. (answers.com)
Within decades, artificial photosynthesis can be expected to provide one of the most likely and realistic options to address the energy needs of society. (rsc.org)
Photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy to chemical energy and storing it in the bonds of sugar. (novica.com)
Photosynthetic biofuel production still is a promising alternative form of energy supply, and algal photosynthesis is the system of choice for energy applications. (els.net)
Anemaet I, Bekker M and Hellingwerf KJ (2010) Algal photosynthesis as the primary driver for a sustainable development in energy, feed, and food production. (els.net)
Photosynthesis is a process that creates energy for plants to consume for fuel, which classifies it as an anabolic process and thus renders it constructive. (reference.com)
Photosynthesis, the conversion of light to energy in plant cells, requires sunlight to properly function. (reference.com)
Two major research projects at Umeå University are focusing on the development of artificial photosynthesis by imitating plants' very successful way of exploiting solar energy. (innovations-report.com)
Our findings show that this novel cycle occurs in two major ocean basins and suggest that a substantial amount of energy from sunlight gets re-routed away from carbon fixation during photosynthesis. (digitaljournal.com)
We describe the possible chemical routes for photosynthesis starting from methane and show that less energy and lower energy photons could drive CH[subscript 4]-based photosynthesis as compared with CO[subscript 2]-based photosynthesis. (mit.edu)
Out of the lights that were chosen, the blue light was most efficient because it contained the ride out of energy too aid photosynthesis. (ipl.org)
The infrared light does not contain an adequate amount of energy to affect the process of photosynthesis positively. (ipl.org)
Ultraviolet light contains too much energy to properly and consistently assist photosynthesis. (ipl.org)
New York, April 26 (IANS) Researchers have found a way to trigger a process similar to photosynthesis in a synthetic material, turning greenhouse gases into clean air and producing energy -- all at the same time. (yahoo.com)

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory is working on an artificial photosynthesis process that could produce hydrogen as a fuel. (techdirt.com)
Instead of emitting pure hydrogen in the photosynthesis process, the photoelectrochemical cell could generate methanol fuel (CH 3 OH). (howstuffworks.com)
The new machine, which mimics the process of photosynthesis , is capable of producing hydrogen fuel at twice the efficiency of previous technologies. (inhabitat.com)
The chemical reaction the research group aims to understand is the splitting of water in photosystem II, as this understanding is also key for developing artificial photosynthesis- that is, for building devices for producing hydrogen from sunlight and water. (innovations-report.com)

A team including Hanson and plant physiologist Martin Parry of Rothamsted Research in Harpenden, UK, shuttled bacterial Rubisco genes into the genome of the chloroplast - the cellular organelle where photosynthesis takes place - in the tobacco plant ( Nicotiana tabacum ), a common model organism for genetic-engineering research. (scientificamerican.com)
Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast. (reference.com)

Dr. Wim van Ieperen, Assistant Professor Plant Physiology (WUR) provides an explaination and demonstration of the influence of different colours in LED light on photosynthesis and subsequently on plants. (wur.nl)
Study the effect of light on photosynthesis. (vernier.com)

A wonderful collection of the most interesting articles on all aspects of photosynthesis. (springer.com)
Scientists have utilised different algal species, including algal mutants, to study different aspects of photosynthesis. (els.net)

All the food we eat and all the fossil fuels we use are products of photosynthesis. (bookrags.com)

The main component of photosynthesis is sunlight, which is carried through the plant by electrons. (ehow.com)
The team's structural model will let scientists explore the inner workings of this key component of photosynthesis. (newswise.com)

Remember back to that high school biology class when you first saw the equation for photosynthesis. (csbsju.edu)
Equation for Photosynthesis? (prezi.com)

Sink regulation of photosynthesis. (nih.gov)
However, sink regulation of photosynthesis is highly dependent on the physiology of the rest of the plant. (nih.gov)
Photosynthate supply and phytohormones, particularly cytokinins, interact with nitrogen supply to control the expression of photosynthesis genes, the development of leaves and the whole plant nitrogen distribution, which provides the dominant basis for sink regulation of photosynthesis. (nih.gov)
J.H. Zeilstra-Ryalls, M. Gomelsky, A.A. Yeiliseev, J.M. Eraso, and S. Kaplan , Transcriptional Regulation of Photosynthesis Operons in Rhodobacter sphaeroides 241 . (elsevier.com)
S. Rodermel , Use of Antisense Mutants to Study Regulation of Photosynthesis During Leaf Development. (elsevier.com)

Critchley, C., Molecular Adaptation to Irradiance: The Dual Functionality of Photosystem II, Concepts in Photobiology: Photosynthesis and Photomorphogenesis , Singhal, G.S. et al . (springer.com)
The research group has previously used LCLS to perform structural analyses of isolated photosynthesis complexes from plants' photosystem II at room temperature. (innovations-report.com)

Photosynthesis from Light to Life: An ISPR Meeting in Conjunction with Plant Biology 18 was held from July 14 to July 20, 2018 (the ISPR specific component was from July 17 to July 20) in Montreal, Canada. (photosynthesisresearch.org)
Photosynthesis research was further recognized by the Prize in Biology (1991) awarded by the Emperor of Japan to Hatch and Slack (for unraveling the C 4 pathway of carbon metabolism in sugarcane and other plants). (photosynthesisresearch.org)
One of the most important areas in all of biology is the evolution of photosynthesis. (eurekalert.org)
You have experience in biomolecular/solid-state NMR or in biophysical techniques in photosynthesis, and a genuine interest to perform research on the intersection between physics, chemistry and biology. (weizmann.ac.il)

Watching plants perform photosynthesis from space sounds like a futuristic proposal, but a new application of data from NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) satellite may enable scientists to do just that. (caltech.edu)

The way they conduct photosynthesis has been tinkered with so they convert sunlight and carbon dioxide more efficiently into carbohydrates. (technologyreview.com)

Photosynthesis The process by which plants convert carbon dioxide and water into food via sunlight is called photosynthesis, which comes from the Latin words for 'formation in light. (bookrags.com)

The Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis (JCAP) is the nation's largest research program dedicated to the development of an artificial solar-fuel generation technology. (osti.gov)

If the pH is too acidic or too basic, the rate at which photosynthesis occurs will decrease. (answers.com)

There are a number of other factors besides temperature that can affect photosynthesis, though -- such as the amount of carbon dioxide in the air for instance, and what nutrients are in the soil. (ehow.com)
2) calculate the actual amount of carbon dioxide used by this leaf in photosynthesis in the same period. (scribd.com)
This means that even a small amount of damage caused by caterpillars on an individual leaf, adds up to a huge amount of carbon not being assimilated through photosynthesis across the whole tree. (ox.ac.uk)
They allow us to look into relationships between SIF and the gross primary production (GPP) - the amount of carbon fixed by plants through photosynthesis - at scales never explored before. (eurekalert.org)

The first European Congress on Photosynthesis Research ePS-1 was held June 25-28, 2018, Uppsala Sweden. (photosynthesisresearch.org)
ISPR Conference on Microbial Photosynthesis was held August 9-12, 2018, University of British Columbia campus, Vancouver, Canada. (photosynthesisresearch.org)
The First Asia-Oceania International Congress on Photosynthesis was held August 19-23, 2018 Beijing, China. (photosynthesisresearch.org)
Photosynthesis is one of the six themes at the Company Day on 27 September 2018. (wur.nl)
In 2018, the alarm photosynthesis process was exhibited in A. hybridus plants under controlled CO2 starvation conditions. (wikipedia.org)

Because photosynthesis is at the heart of plant bioenergetics, fundamental to plant productivity and biomass, and a major factor in global climate, it is widely studied across the many fields it embraces. (springer.com)
This increase in carbon dioxide directly increases plant photosynthesis, but the size of the increase depends on the species and physiological condition of the plant. (britannica.com)
For land plants, water availability can function as a limiting factor in photosynthesis and plant growth . (britannica.com)
a few hours or days later, however, the rate might fall to the original level because photosynthesis produced more sucrose than the rest of the plant could use. (britannica.com)
This physiological state regulates photosynthesis through signal transduction pathways that co-ordinate the plant carbon : nitrogen balance, which match photosynthetic capacity to growth and storage capacity and underpin and can override the direct short-term controls of photosynthesis by light and CO2. (nih.gov)
Generally speaking, photosynthesis of a plant will increase with an increase in temperature. (ehow.com)
The amount of water is also important, since too little or too much may kill the plant or stunt photosynthesis. (ehow.com)
It's part of the regular plant-based photosynthesis. (slashdot.org)
Because the FMO complex is used as a model system for plant photosynthesis, Engels' findings suggest that coherence is everywhere in the leafy green world. (wired.com)
Dr. Jeremy Harbinson , Department of Plant Sciences of WUR, will continue with exploring the potential of photosynthesis. (wur.nl)
Study the effect that the boiling of plant cells has on photosynthesis. (vernier.com)
Although water is needed as a raw material for photosynthesis, if water is short, it will cause the plant t … o wilt (and thereby lose its ability to capture sunlight) long before it limits photosynthesis at the biochemical level. (answers.com)
Do plant-feeding insects affect photosynthesis? (ox.ac.uk)
Home News Science Blog Do plant-feeding insects affect photosynthesis? (ox.ac.uk)
Photosynthesis takes place in plant leaves, and in some small part, in the stem. (reference.com)
This biochemical appendance of the photosynthetic machinery is a means to alleviate the perpetual plant dilemma of using atmospheric CO2 for photosynthesis and losing water vapor, or saving water and reducing photosynthesis. (wikipedia.org)
The alarm photosynthesis process was first evidenced in pigweed Amaranthus hybridus plant in 2016 when A. hybridus leaves were exposed to drought conditions or exogenous application of abscisic acid. (wikipedia.org)

Photosynthesis is the manufacture of carbohydrates in plants. (bookrags.com)
Amanda Ooten walks us through the process of photosynthesis, also discussing the relationship between photosynthesis and carbohydrates, starch, and fiber -- and how the air we breathe is related to the food we ingest. (youtube.com)

Researchers of artificial photosynthesis are developing photocatalysts that are able to perform both of these reactions. (wikipedia.org)
Last year, RIPE researchers demonstrated for the first time that it was possible to improve crop yields in the field by engineering photosynthesis. (technologyreview.com)
University of Cincinnati researchers describe a method of getting photosynthesis from a high-surface-area foam containing enzymes that produce sugar using light and CO2 (abstract). (slashdot.org)
The researchers from Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, found that gold nanoparticles work particularly well as a catalyst in artificial photosynthesis. (dailymail.co.uk)

Algal photosynthesis account for almost half of the photosynthetic carbon fixed every year. (els.net)
Algal photosynthesis is thought to increase when key nutrients such as N, P and Fe are available. (els.net)
If algal photosynthesis increased more carbon dioxide might be removed from the environment. (els.net)
General scheme of algal photosynthesis showing the separation of the electron transport chain and the Calvin cycle. (els.net)

The rate of photosynthesis is altered by differing carbon dioxide levels and light intensity. (dailymail.co.uk)

In general outline, photosynthesis is the opposite of cellular respiration: while photosynthesis is a process of reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrate, cellular respiration is the oxidation of carbohydrate or other nutrients to carbon dioxide. (wikipedia.org)

Included among the rate-limiting steps of the dark stage of photosynthesis are the chemical reactions by which organic compounds are formed by using carbon dioxide as a carbon source. (britannica.com)

Some factors affecting photosynthesis are:,,« enzymes work in are (35 degrees ¡V 40 degrees). (bookrags.com)
We present a cell-free artificial photosynthesis platform that couples the requisite enzymes of the Calvin cycle with a nanoscale photophosphorylation system engineered into a foam architecture using the Tngara frog surfactant protein Ranaspumin-2. (slashdot.org)
The inner membrane's interior space, called the stroma, is filled with a fluid whose rich supply of enzymes supports light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occurring inside stacks of membranous flattened sacs (thylakoids). (newworldencyclopedia.org)

Because they do not capture this effect, standard approaches 12 , 13 overestimate ecosystem photosynthesis and daytime respiration in the first half of the growing season at our site, and inaccurately portray ecosystem photosynthetic light-use efficiency. (nature.com)
NDH plays multiple roles in photosynthesis, but the most important is to balance the ratio of ATP and NADPH made by photosynthesis for maximum efficiency of carbon dioxide uptake. (newswise.com)
Which frequencies and type of light aided and affected the efficiency of photosynthesis or carbon dioxide consumption in a spinach leaf? (ipl.org)

If the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases, more carbon dioxide could enter through a smaller opening of the stomata, so more photosynthesis could occur with a given supply of water. (britannica.com)
Does Photosynthesis Occur at Night? (reference.com)
Photosynthesis does not occur during the night. (reference.com)
Can Photosynthesis Occur Without Sunlight? (reference.com)
Does Photosynthesis Occur at N. (reference.com)
When Does Photosynthesis Occur? (reference.com)
What Is Needed for Photosynthesis to Occur? (reference.com)
White light contains all colors of the visible light spectrum, so as expected, it enabled to photosynthesis to occur. (ipl.org)

Glasgow scientists Professor Lee Cronin, Gardiner Chair of Chemistry, and Professor Mike Blatt, Regius Professor of Botany, will lead the UK efforts in two of four transatlantic research teams exploring ways to overcome limitations in photosynthesis which could then lead to ways of significantly increasing the yield of important crops for food production or sustainable bioenergy. (enn.com)
This will involve measuring the chemistry of the leaves to see if the tree is producing defensive chemicals to protect itself from the caterpillars, which might be taking up resources needed for photosynthesis. (ox.ac.uk)

Photosynthesis is arguably the most important biochemical pathway, since nearly all life depends on it. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
However, alarm photosynthesis, in contrast to these pathways, operates as a biochemical pump that collects carbon from the organ interior (or from the soil) and not from the atmosphere. (wikipedia.org)

Authoritative and practical, Photosynthesis: Methods and Protocols aims to aid scientists working toward exciting developments in the understanding and application of photosynthesis. (springer.com)
This discovery effects not only scientists' basic understanding of photosynthesis, but importantly, it may also impact how microorganisms in the oceans affect rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide. (digitaljournal.com)

Anatomy16

Organisms78

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs61

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment2

Phenomena and Processes56

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture9

Information Science3

Health Care13

Role of a novel photosystem II-associated carbonic anhydrase in photosynthetic carbon assimilation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. (1/4284)

A functional model for O-O bond formation by the O2-evolving complex in photosystem II. (2/4284)

Prochlorococcus, a marine photosynthetic prokaryote of global significance. (3/4284)

Interpretation of the spatial charge displacements in bacteriorhodopsin in terms of structural changes during the photocycle. (4/4284)

Light-induced oxidation-reduction reactions of cytochromes in the green sulfur photosynthetic bacterium Prosthecochloris aesturarii. (5/4284)

Photosystem I is indispensable for photoautotrophic growth, CO2 fixation, and H2 photoproduction in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. (6/4284)

Acclimation of Arabidopsis leaves developing at low temperatures. Increasing cytoplasmic volume accompanies increased activities of enzymes in the Calvin cycle and in the sucrose-biosynthesis pathway. (7/4284)

The membrane-attached electron carrier cytochrome cy from Rhodobacter sphaeroides is functional in respiratory but not in photosynthetic electron transfer. (8/4284)

Photosynthesis

Plant Leaves

Chlorophyll

Carbon Dioxide

Light

Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase

Flaveria

Plant Transpiration

Plant Stomata

Cyanobacteria

Photosystem II Protein Complex

Chloroplasts

Photosynthetic Reaction Center Complex Proteins

Carbon

Mesophyll Cells

Acclimatization

Diuron

Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase

Ribulosephosphates

Plant Proteins

Biomass

Thylakoids

Nitrogen

Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes

Plants

Electron Transport

Gene Expression Regulation, Plant

Water

Plant Physiological Phenomena

Carbon Cycle

Rhodobacter sphaeroides

Droughts

Chenopodiaceae

Pyruvate, Orthophosphate Dikinase

Synechocystis

Photosystem I Protein Complex

Bacteriochlorophylls

Darkness

Plastids

Poaceae

Autotrophic Processes

Earth (Planet)

Solar Energy

Arabidopsis

Crassulaceae

Cell Respiration

Plants, Genetically Modified

Oxygen

Eukaryota

Chlorophyta

Plant Stems

Amaranthaceae

Fluorescence

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Cleome

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Sunlight

Pigments, Biological

Diatoms

Seedling

Starch

Synechococcus

Cuscuta

Atmosphere

Cytochromes f

Rhodobacter capsulatus

Plant Shoots

Tobacco

Genes, Plant

Oxidation-Reduction

Carotenoids

Crops, Agricultural

Zea mays

Oryza sativa

Microalgae

Chloroplast Proton-Translocating ATPases

Eucalyptus

Anthozoa

Phototrophic Processes

Molecular Sequence Data