Phosphorylation. Medical search

A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

Electron transfer through the cytochrome system liberating free energy which is transformed into high-energy phosphate bonds.

The phosphoric acid ester of serine.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Protein kinases that catalyze the PHOSPHORYLATION of TYROSINE residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

An serine-threonine protein kinase that requires the presence of physiological concentrations of CALCIUM and membrane PHOSPHOLIPIDS. The additional presence of DIACYLGLYCEROLS markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by PHORBOL ESTERS and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

A group of enzymes that are dependent on CYCLIC AMP and catalyze the phosphorylation of SERINE or THREONINE residues on proteins. Included under this category are two cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase subtypes, each of which is defined by its subunit composition.

An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

A protein-serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHOSPHORYLATION in response to GROWTH FACTORS or INSULIN. It plays a major role in cell metabolism, growth, and survival as a core component of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. Three isoforms have been described in mammalian cells.

A superfamily of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES, which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES).

The phosphoric acid ester of threonine. Used as an identifier in the analysis of peptides, proteins, and enzymes.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Analysis of PEPTIDES that are generated from the digestion or fragmentation of a protein or mixture of PROTEINS, by ELECTROPHORESIS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; or MASS SPECTROMETRY. The resulting peptide fingerprints are analyzed for a variety of purposes including the identification of the proteins in a sample, GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS, patterns of gene expression, and patterns diagnostic for diseases.

A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.

Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.

A PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE family that was originally identified by homology to the Rous sarcoma virus ONCOGENE PROTEIN PP60(V-SRC). They interact with a variety of cell-surface receptors and participate in intracellular signal transduction pathways. Oncogenic forms of src-family kinases can occur through altered regulation or expression of the endogenous protein and by virally encoded src (v-src) genes.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A group of enzymes removing the SERINE- or THREONINE-bound phosphate groups from a wide range of phosphoproteins, including a number of enzymes which have been phosphorylated under the action of a kinase. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992)

Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

A proline-directed serine/threonine protein kinase which mediates signal transduction from the cell surface to the nucleus. Activation of the enzyme by phosphorylation leads to its translocation into the nucleus where it acts upon specific transcription factors. p40 MAPK and p41 MAPK are isoforms.

Proteins and peptides that are involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION within the cell. Included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and cellular processes in response to signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. Intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors.

A CALMODULIN-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of proteins. This enzyme is also sometimes dependent on CALCIUM. A wide range of proteins can act as acceptor, including VIMENTIN; SYNAPSINS; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE; MYOSIN LIGHT CHAINS; and the MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p277)

Phosphotransferases that catalyzes the conversion of 1-phosphatidylinositol to 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. Many members of this enzyme class are involved in RECEPTOR MEDIATED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION and regulation of vesicular transport with the cell. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases have been classified both according to their substrate specificity and their mode of action within the cell.

A glycogen synthase kinase that was originally described as a key enzyme involved in glycogen metabolism. It regulates a diverse array of functions such as CELL DIVISION, microtubule function and APOPTOSIS.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

A 44-kDa extracellular signal-regulated MAP kinase that may play a role the initiation and regulation of MEIOSIS; MITOSIS; and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. It phosphorylates a number of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; and MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

A mitogen-activated protein kinase subfamily that is widely expressed and plays a role in regulation of MEIOSIS; MITOSIS; and post mitotic functions in differentiated cells. The extracellular signal regulated MAP kinases are regulated by a broad variety of CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS and can be activated by certain CARCINOGENS.

Serologic tests in which a positive reaction manifested by visible CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION occurs when a soluble ANTIGEN reacts with its precipitins, i.e., ANTIBODIES that can form a precipitate.

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

An intracellular signaling system involving the MAP kinase cascades (three-membered protein kinase cascades). Various upstream activators, which act in response to extracellular stimuli, trigger the cascades by activating the first member of a cascade, MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES; (MAPKKKs). Activated MAPKKKs phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES which in turn phosphorylate the MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; (MAPKs). The MAPKs then act on various downstream targets to affect gene expression. In mammals, there are several distinct MAP kinase pathways including the ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway, the SAPK/JNK (stress-activated protein kinase/c-jun kinase) pathway, and the p38 kinase pathway. There is some sharing of components among the pathways depending on which stimulus originates activation of the cascade.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

The aggregation of soluble ANTIGENS with ANTIBODIES, alone or with antibody binding factors such as ANTI-ANTIBODIES or STAPHYLOCOCCAL PROTEIN A, into complexes large enough to fall out of solution.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

A broad category of carrier proteins that play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They generally contain several modular domains, each of which having its own binding activity, and act by forming complexes with other intracellular-signaling molecules. Signal-transducing adaptor proteins lack enzyme activity, however their activity can be modulated by other signal-transducing enzymes

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

A mitogen-activated protein kinase subfamily that regulates a variety of cellular processes including CELL GROWTH PROCESSES; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; APOPTOSIS; and cellular responses to INFLAMMATION. The P38 MAP kinases are regulated by CYTOKINE RECEPTORS and can be activated in response to bacterial pathogens.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

The smaller subunits of MYOSINS that bind near the head groups of MYOSIN HEAVY CHAINS. The myosin light chains have a molecular weight of about 20 KDa and there are usually one essential and one regulatory pair of light chains associated with each heavy chain. Many myosin light chains that bind calcium are considered "calmodulin-like" proteins.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.

A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. (Thromb Res 1992;67(4):345-54 & Cancer Res 1993;53(2):239-41)

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

Phosphoprotein with protein kinase activity that functions in the G2/M phase transition of the CELL CYCLE. It is the catalytic subunit of the MATURATION-PROMOTING FACTOR and complexes with both CYCLIN A and CYCLIN B in mammalian cells. The maximal activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 is achieved when it is fully dephosphorylated.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

Agents that inhibit PROTEIN KINASES.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

Antibodies directed against immunogen-coupled phosphorylated PEPTIDES corresponding to amino acids surrounding the PHOSPHORYLATION site. They are used to study proteins involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathways. (From Methods Mol Biol 2000; 99:177-89)

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

An enzyme group that specifically dephosphorylates phosphotyrosyl residues in selected proteins. Together with PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE, it regulates tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in cellular signal transduction and may play a role in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.

A family of non-receptor, PROLINE-rich protein-tyrosine kinases.

A family of ribosomal protein S6 kinases that are structurally distinguished from RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 KINASES, 70-KDA by their apparent molecular size and the fact they contain two functional kinase domains. Although considered RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 KINASES, members of this family are activated via the MAP KINASE SIGNALING SYSTEM and have been shown to act on a diverse array of substrates that are involved in cellular regulation such as RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 and CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN.

Cell lines whose original growing procedure consisted being transferred (T) every 3 days and plated at 300,000 cells per plate (J Cell Biol 17:299-313, 1963). Lines have been developed using several different strains of mice. Tissues are usually fibroblasts derived from mouse embryos but other types and sources have been developed as well. The 3T3 lines are valuable in vitro host systems for oncogenic virus transformation studies, since 3T3 cells possess a high sensitivity to CONTACT INHIBITION.

A large family of signal-transducing adaptor proteins present in wide variety of eukaryotes. They are PHOSPHOSERINE and PHOSPHOTHREONINE binding proteins involved in important cellular processes including SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; CELL CYCLE control; APOPTOSIS; and cellular stress responses. 14-3-3 proteins function by interacting with other signal-transducing proteins and effecting changes in their enzymatic activity and subcellular localization. The name 14-3-3 derives from numerical designations used in the original fractionation patterns of the proteins.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.

The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Paxillin is a signal transducing adaptor protein that localizes to FOCAL ADHESIONS via its four LIM domains. It undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION in response to integrin-mediated CELL ADHESION, and interacts with a variety of proteins including VINCULIN; FOCAL ADHESION KINASE; PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN PP60(C-SRC); and PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN C-CRK.

Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.

A phosphoprotein phosphatase subtype that is comprised of a catalytic subunit and two different regulatory subunits. At least two genes encode isoforms of the protein phosphatase catalytic subunit, while several isoforms of regulatory subunits exist due to the presence of multiple genes and the alternative splicing of their mRNAs. Protein phosphatase 2 acts on a broad variety of cellular proteins and may play a role as a regulator of intracellular signaling processes.

A non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase that is localized to FOCAL ADHESIONS and is a central component of integrin-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. Focal adhesion kinase 1 interacts with PAXILLIN and undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION in response to adhesion of cell surface integrins to the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. Phosphorylated p125FAK protein binds to a variety of SH2 DOMAIN and SH3 DOMAIN containing proteins and helps regulate CELL ADHESION and CELL MIGRATION.

A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).

A eukayrotic protein serine-threonine phosphatase subtype that dephosphorylates a wide variety of cellular proteins. The enzyme is comprised of a catalytic subunit and regulatory subunit. Several isoforms of the protein phosphatase catalytic subunit exist due to the presence of multiple genes and the alternative splicing of their mRNAs. A large number of proteins have been shown to act as regulatory subunits for this enzyme. Many of the regulatory subunits have additional cellular functions.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species.

A serine-threonine protein kinase family whose members are components in protein kinase cascades activated by diverse stimuli. These MAPK kinases phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES and are themselves phosphorylated by MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES. JNK kinases (also known as SAPK kinases) are a subfamily.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A cell line generated from human embryonic kidney cells that were transformed with human adenovirus type 5.

A group of protein-serine-threonine kinases that was originally identified as being responsible for the PHOSPHORYLATION of CASEINS. They are ubiquitous enzymes that have a preference for acidic proteins. Casein kinases play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION by phosphorylating a variety of regulatory cytoplasmic and regulatory nuclear proteins.

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.

A family of protein serine/threonine kinases which act as intracellular signalling intermediates. Ribosomal protein S6 kinases are activated through phosphorylation in response to a variety of HORMONES and INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS. Phosphorylation of RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 by enzymes in this class results in increased expression of 5' top MRNAs. Although specific for RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 members of this class of kinases can act on a number of substrates within the cell. The immunosuppressant SIROLIMUS inhibits the activation of ribosomal protein S6 kinases.

Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.

A structurally-related group of signaling proteins that are phosphorylated by the INSULIN RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE. The proteins share in common an N-terminal PHOSPHOLIPID-binding domain, a phosphotyrosine-binding domain that interacts with the phosphorylated INSULIN RECEPTOR, and a C-terminal TYROSINE-rich domain. Upon tyrosine phosphorylation insulin receptor substrate proteins interact with specific SH2 DOMAIN-containing proteins that are involved in insulin receptor signaling.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

Protein kinases that control cell cycle progression in all eukaryotes and require physical association with CYCLINS to achieve full enzymatic activity. Cyclin-dependent kinases are regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

A subgroup of mitogen-activated protein kinases that activate TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1 via the phosphorylation of C-JUN PROTEINS. They are components of intracellular signaling pathways that regulate CELL PROLIFERATION; APOPTOSIS; and CELL DIFFERENTIATION.

A serine threonine kinase that controls a wide range of growth-related cellular processes. The protein is referred to as the target of RAPAMYCIN due to the discovery that SIROLIMUS (commonly known as rapamycin) forms an inhibitory complex with TACROLIMUS BINDING PROTEIN 1A that blocks the action of its enzymatic activity.

A ribosomal protein that may play a role in controlling cell growth and proliferation. It is a major substrate of RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 KINASES and plays a role in regulating the translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) of RNAs that contain an RNA 5' TERMINAL OLIGOPYRIMIDINE SEQUENCE.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with MYOSINS, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle.

Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible.

A signal transducer and activator of transcription that mediates cellular responses to INTERLEUKIN-6 family members. STAT3 is constitutively activated in a variety of TUMORS and is a major downstream transducer for the CYTOKINE RECEPTOR GP130.

The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.

A rather large group of enzymes comprising not only those transferring phosphate but also diphosphate, nucleotidyl residues, and others. These have also been subdivided according to the acceptor group. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.

A serine-threonine kinase that plays important roles in CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL MIGRATION; and CELL DEATH of NERVE CELLS. It is closely related to other CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES but does not seem to participate in CELL CYCLE regulation.

A casein kinase that was originally described as a monomeric enzyme with a molecular weight of 30-40 kDa. Several ISOENZYMES of casein kinase I have been found which are encoded by separate genes. Many of the casein kinase I isoenzymes have been shown to play distinctive roles in intracellular SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION.

Regions of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE similarity in the SRC-FAMILY TYROSINE KINASES that fold into specific functional tertiary structures. The SH1 domain is a CATALYTIC DOMAIN. SH2 and SH3 domains are protein interaction domains. SH2 usually binds PHOSPHOTYROSINE-containing proteins and SH3 interacts with CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Membrane-associated tyrosine-specific kinases encoded by the c-src genes. They have an important role in cellular growth control. Truncation of carboxy-terminal residues in pp60(c-src) leads to PP60(V-SRC) which has the ability to transform cells. This kinase pp60 c-src should not be confused with csk, also known as c-src kinase.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.

A cell surface receptor involved in regulation of cell growth and differentiation. It is specific for EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR and EGF-related peptides including TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA; AMPHIREGULIN; and HEPARIN-BINDING EGF-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR. The binding of ligand to the receptor causes activation of its intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and rapid internalization of the receptor-ligand complex into the cell.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

A group of phenyl benzopyrans named for having structures like FLAVONES.

Small chromosomal proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. Classification into the various types (designated histone I, histone II, etc.) is based on the relative amounts of arginine and lysine in each.

A group of hydrolases which catalyze the hydrolysis of monophosphoric esters with the production of one mole of orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

Derivatives of the steroid androstane having two double bonds at any site in any of the rings.

Eukaryotic initiation factor of protein synthesis. In higher eukaryotes the factor consists of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. As initiation proceeds, eIF-2 forms a ternary complex with Met-tRNAi and GTP.

Intracellular signaling protein kinases that play a signaling role in the regulation of cellular energy metabolism. Their activity largely depends upon the concentration of cellular AMP which is increased under conditions of low energy or metabolic stress. AMP-activated protein kinases modify enzymes involved in LIPID METABOLISM, which in turn provide substrates needed to convert AMP into ATP.

CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.

A cell surface receptor for INSULIN. It comprises a tetramer of two alpha and two beta subunits which are derived from cleavage of a single precursor protein. The receptor contains an intrinsic TYROSINE KINASE domain that is located within the beta subunit. Activation of the receptor by INSULIN results in numerous metabolic changes including increased uptake of GLUCOSE into the liver, muscle, and ADIPOSE TISSUE.

Intracellular fluid from the cytoplasm after removal of ORGANELLES and other insoluble cytoplasmic components.

Processes that stimulate the GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of a gene or set of genes.

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

A ubiquitously expressed protein kinase that is involved in a variety of cellular SIGNAL PATHWAYS. Its activity is regulated by a variety of signaling protein tyrosine kinase.

A protein that has been shown to function as a calcium-regulated transcription factor as well as a substrate for depolarization-activated CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES. This protein functions to integrate both calcium and cAMP signals.

Ubiquitous, inducible, nuclear transcriptional activator that binds to enhancer elements in many different cell types and is activated by pathogenic stimuli. The NF-kappa B complex is a heterodimer composed of two DNA-binding subunits: NF-kappa B1 and relA.

Electrophoresis in which a second perpendicular electrophoretic transport is performed on the separate components resulting from the first electrophoresis. This technique is usually performed on polyacrylamide gels.

A family of ribosomal protein S6 kinases that are considered the major physiological kinases for RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6. Unlike RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 KINASES, 90KDa the proteins in this family are sensitive to the inhibitory effects of RAPAMYCIN and contain a single kinase domain. They are referred to as 70kDa proteins, however ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of mRNAs for proteins in this class also results in 85kDa variants being formed.

A multifunctional calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subtype that occurs as an oligomeric protein comprised of twelve subunits. It differs from other enzyme subtypes in that it lacks a phosphorylatable activation domain that can respond to CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE KINASE.

Src-family kinases that associate with T-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTOR and phosphorylate a wide variety of intracellular signaling molecules.

A phosphoinositide phospholipase C subtype that is primarily regulated by PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES. It is structurally related to PHOSPHOLIPASE C DELTA with the addition of SRC HOMOLOGY DOMAINS and pleckstrin homology domains located between two halves of the CATALYTIC DOMAIN.

Microtubule-associated proteins that are mainly expressed in neurons. Tau proteins constitute several isoforms and play an important role in the assembly of tubulin monomers into microtubules and in maintaining the cytoskeleton and axonal transport. Aggregation of specific sets of tau proteins in filamentous inclusions is the common feature of intraneuronal and glial fibrillar lesions (NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; NEUROPIL THREADS) in numerous neurodegenerative disorders (ALZHEIMER DISEASE; TAUOPATHIES).

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

An enzyme that phosphorylates myosin light chains in the presence of ATP to yield myosin-light chain phosphate and ADP, and requires calcium and CALMODULIN. The 20-kDa light chain is phosphorylated more rapidly than any other acceptor, but light chains from other myosins and myosin itself can act as acceptors. The enzyme plays a central role in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.

Gated transport mechanisms by which proteins or RNA are moved across the NUCLEAR MEMBRANE.

A subclass of phospholipases that hydrolyze the phosphoester bond found in the third position of GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS. Although the singular term phospholipase C specifically refers to an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE (EC 3.1.4.3), it is commonly used in the literature to refer to broad variety of enzymes that specifically catalyze the hydrolysis of PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOLS.

The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm.

The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.

Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different GENES, or from the same gene by ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.

Proteins that are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. Deficiencies or abnormalities in these proteins may lead to unregulated cell growth and tumor development.

A group of enzymes that transfers a phosphate group onto an alcohol group acceptor. EC 2.7.1.

An indolocarbazole that is a potent PROTEIN KINASE C inhibitor which enhances cAMP-mediated responses in human neuroblastoma cells. (Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995;214(3):1114-20)

Amino acids that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

A cytoplasmic serine threonine kinase involved in regulating CELL DIFFERENTIATION and CELLULAR PROLIFERATION. Overexpression of this enzyme has been shown to promote PHOSPHORYLATION of BCL-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS and chemoresistance in human acute leukemia cells.

A Janus kinase subtype that is involved in signaling from GROWTH HORMONE RECEPTORS; PROLACTIN RECEPTORS; and a variety of CYTOKINE RECEPTORS such as ERYTHROPOIETIN RECEPTORS and INTERLEUKIN RECEPTORS. Dysregulation of Janus kinase 2 due to GENETIC TRANSLOCATIONS have been associated with a variety of MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS.

A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels.

A group of intracellular-signaling serine threonine kinases that bind to RHO GTP-BINDING PROTEINS. They were originally found to mediate the effects of rhoA GTP-BINDING PROTEIN on the formation of STRESS FIBERS and FOCAL ADHESIONS. Rho-associated kinases have specificity for a variety of substrates including MYOSIN-LIGHT-CHAIN PHOSPHATASE and LIM KINASES.

Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.

Compounds of the general formula R-O-R arranged in a ring or crown formation.

Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.

A group of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES which activate critical signaling cascades in double strand breaks, APOPTOSIS, and GENOTOXIC STRESS such as ionizing ultraviolet A light, thereby acting as a DNA damage sensor. These proteins play a role in a wide range of signaling mechanisms in cell cycle control.

Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells.

Four carbon unsaturated hydrocarbons containing two double bonds.

An isoflavonoid derived from soy products. It inhibits PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE and topoisomerase-II (DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE II); activity and is used as an antineoplastic and antitumor agent. Experimentally, it has been shown to induce G2 PHASE arrest in human and murine cell lines and inhibits PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE.

Monomeric subunits of primarily globular ACTIN and found in the cytoplasmic matrix of almost all cells. They are often associated with microtubules and may play a role in cytoskeletal function and/or mediate movement of the cell or the organelles within the cell.

An abundant 43-kDa mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase subtype with specificity for MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 1 and MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 3.

A phosphoprotein phosphatase that is specific for MYOSIN LIGHT CHAINS. It is composed of three subunits, which include a catalytic subunit, a myosin binding subunit, and a third subunit of unknown function.

Compounds with a six membered aromatic ring containing NITROGEN. The saturated version is PIPERIDINES.

A signal transducer and activator of transcription that mediates cellular responses to INTERFERONS. Stat1 interacts with P53 TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN and regulates expression of GENES involved in growth control and APOPTOSIS.

A ubiquitously expressed raf kinase subclass that plays an important role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. The c-raf Kinases are MAP kinase kinase kinases that have specificity for MAP KINASE KINASE 1 and MAP KINASE KINASE 2.

A transferase that catalyzes the addition of aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic FREE RADICALS as well as EPOXIDES and arene oxides to GLUTATHIONE. Addition takes place at the SULFUR. It also catalyzes the reduction of polyol nitrate by glutathione to polyol and nitrite.

A peptide initiation factor that binds specifically to the 5' MRNA CAP STRUCTURE of MRNA in the CYTOPLASM. It is a component of the trimeric complex EIF4F.

Injuries to DNA that introduce deviations from its normal, intact structure and which may, if left unrepaired, result in a MUTATION or a block of DNA REPLICATION. These deviations may be caused by physical or chemical agents and occur by natural or unnatural, introduced circumstances. They include the introduction of illegitimate bases during replication or by deamination or other modification of bases; the loss of a base from the DNA backbone leaving an abasic site; single-strand breaks; double strand breaks; and intrastrand (PYRIMIDINE DIMERS) or interstrand crosslinking. Damage can often be repaired (DNA REPAIR). If the damage is extensive, it can induce APOPTOSIS.

The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.

A continuous cell line of high contact-inhibition established from NIH Swiss mouse embryo cultures. The cells are useful for DNA transfection and transformation studies. (From ATCC [Internet]. Virginia: American Type Culture Collection; c2002 [cited 2002 Sept 26]. Available from http://www.atcc.org/)

A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.

Membrane-tethered Drosophila Armadillo cannot transduce Wingless signal on its own. (1/72374)

Drosophila Armadillo and its vertebrate homolog beta-catenin are key effectors of Wingless/Wnt signaling. In the current model, Wingless/Wnt signal stabilizes Armadillo/beta-catenin, which then accumulates in nuclei and binds TCF/LEF family proteins, forming bipartite transcription factors which activate transcription of Wingless/Wnt responsive genes. This model was recently challenged. Overexpression in Xenopus of membrane-tethered beta-catenin or its paralog plakoglobin activates Wnt signaling, suggesting that nuclear localization of Armadillo/beta-catenin is not essential for signaling. Tethered plakoglobin or beta-catenin might signal on their own or might act indirectly by elevating levels of endogenous beta-catenin. We tested these hypotheses in Drosophila by removing endogenous Armadillo. We generated a series of mutant Armadillo proteins with altered intracellular localizations, and expressed these in wild-type and armadillo mutant backgrounds. We found that membrane-tethered Armadillo cannot signal on its own; however it can function in adherens junctions. We also created mutant forms of Armadillo carrying heterologous nuclear localization or nuclear export signals. Although these signals alter the subcellular localization of Arm when overexpressed in Xenopus, in Drosophila they have little effect on localization and only subtle effects on signaling. This supports a model in which Armadillo's nuclear localization is key for signaling, but in which Armadillo intracellular localization is controlled by the availability and affinity of its binding partners. (+info)

Cell polarization: chemotaxis gets CRACKing. (2/72374)

An early stage in the establishment of cell polarity during chemotaxis of Dictyostelium dicoideum has been identified by a recent study; the new results also show that the development of cell polarity does not rely upon cytoskeletal rearrangement, and may use a spatial sensing mechanism. (+info)

The hematopoietic-specific adaptor protein gads functions in T-cell signaling via interactions with the SLP-76 and LAT adaptors. (3/72374)

BACKGROUND: The adaptor protein Gads is a Grb2-related protein originally identified on the basis of its interaction with the tyrosine-phosphorylated form of the docking protein Shc. Gads protein expression is restricted to hematopoietic tissues and cell lines. Gads contains a Src homology 2 (SH2) domain, which has previously been shown to have a similar binding specificity to that of Grb2. Gads also possesses two SH3 domains, but these have a distinct binding specificity to those of Grb2, as Gads does not bind to known Grb2 SH3 domain targets. Here, we investigated whether Gads is involved in T-cell signaling. RESULTS: We found that Gads is highly expressed in T cells and that the SLP-76 adaptor protein is a major Gads-associated protein in vivo. The constitutive interaction between Gads and SLP-76 was mediated by the carboxy-terminal SH3 domain of Gads and a 20 amino-acid proline-rich region in SLP-76. Gads also coimmunoprecipitated the tyrosine-phosphorylated form of the linker for activated T cells (LAT) adaptor protein following cross-linking of the T-cell receptor; this interaction was mediated by the Gads SH2 domain. Overexpression of Gads and SLP-76 resulted in a synergistic augmentation of T-cell signaling, as measured by activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), and this cooperation required a functional Gads SH2 domain. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that Gads plays an important role in T-cell signaling via its association with SLP-76 and LAT. Gads may promote cross-talk between the LAT and SLP-76 signaling complexes, thereby coupling membrane-proximal events to downstream signaling pathways. (+info)

Tyrosine phosphorylation is required for actin-based motility of vaccinia but not Listeria or Shigella. (4/72374)

Studies of the actin-based motility of pathogens have provided important insights into the events occurring at the leading edge of motile cells [1] [2] [3]. To date, several actin-cytoskeleton-associated proteins have been implicated in the motility of Listeria or Shigella: vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), vinculin and the actin-related protein complex of Arp2 and Arp3 [4] [5] [6] [7]. To further investigate the underlying mechanism of actin-tail assembly, we examined the localization of components of the actin cytoskeleton including Arp3, VASP, vinculin and zyxin during vaccinia, Listeria and Shigella infections. The most striking difference between the systems was that a phosphotyrosine signal was observed only at the site of vaccinia actin-tail assembly. Micro-injection experiments demonstrated that a phosphotyrosine protein plays an important role in vaccinia actin-tail formation. In addition, we observed a phosphotyrosine signal on clathrin-coated vesicles that have associated actin-tail-like structures and on endogenous vesicles in Xenopus egg extracts which are able to nucleate actin tails [8] [9]. Our observations indicate that a host phosphotyrosine protein is required for the nucleation of actin filaments by vaccinia and suggest that this phosphoprotein might be associated with cellular membranes that can nucleate actin. (+info)

Intracellular signalling: PDK1--a kinase at the hub of things. (5/72374)

Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) is at the hub of many signalling pathways, activating PKB and PKC isoenzymes, as well as p70 S6 kinase and perhaps PKA. PDK1 action is determined by colocalization with substrate and by target site availability, features that may enable it to operate in both resting and stimulated cells. (+info)

Prodigious substrate specificity of AAC(6')-APH(2"), an aminoglycoside antibiotic resistance determinant in enterococci and staphylococci. (6/72374)

BACKGROUND: High-level gentamicin resistance in enterococci and staphylococci is conferred by AAC(6')-APH(2"), an enzyme with 6'-N-acetyltransferase and 2"-O-phosphotransferase activities. The presence of this enzyme in pathogenic gram-positive bacteria prevents the successful use of gentamicin C and most other aminoglycosides as therapeutic agents. RESULTS: In an effort to understand the mechanism of aminoglycoside modification, we expressed AAC(6')-APH(2") in Bacillus subtilis. The purified enzyme is monomeric with a molecular mass of 57 kDa and displays both the expected aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferase and O-phosphotransferase activities. Structure-function analysis with various aminoglycosides substrates reveals an enzyme with broad specificity in both enzymatic activities, accounting for AAC(6')-APH(2")'s dramatic negative impact on clinical aminoglycoside therapy. Both lividomycin A and paromomycin, aminoglycosides lacking a 6'-amino group, were acetylated by AAC(6')-APH(2"). The infrared spectrum of the product of paromomycin acetylation yielded a signal consistent with O-acetylation. Mass spectral and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of the products of neomycin phosphorylation indicated that phosphoryl transfer occurred primarily at the 3'-OH of the 6-aminohexose ring A, and that some diphosphorylated material was also present with phosphates at the 3'-OH and the 3"'-OH of ring D, both unprecedented observations for this enzyme. Furthermore, the phosphorylation site of lividomycin A was determined to be the 5"-OH of the pentose ring C. CONCLUSIONS: The bifunctional AAC(6')-APH(2") has the capacity to inactivate virtually all clinically important aminoglycosides through N- and O-acetylation and phosphorylation of hydroxyl groups. The extremely broad substrate specificity of this enzyme will impact on future development of aminoglycosides and presents a significant challenge for antibiotic design. (+info)

High-throughput screening of small molecules in miniaturized mammalian cell-based assays involving post-translational modifications. (7/72374)

BACKGROUND: Fully adapting a forward genetic approach to mammalian systems requires efficient methods to alter systematically gene products without prior knowledge of gene sequences, while allowing for the subsequent characterization of these alterations. Ideally, these methods would also allow function to be altered in a temporally controlled manner. RESULTS: We report the development of a miniaturized cell-based assay format that enables a genetic-like approach to understanding cellular pathways in mammalian systems using small molecules, rather than mutations, as the source of gene-product alterations. This whole-cell immunodetection assay can sensitively detect changes in specific cellular macromolecules in high-density arrays of mammalian cells. Furthermore, it is compatible with screening large numbers of small molecules in nanoliter to microliter culture volumes. We refer to this assay format as a 'cytoblot', and demonstrate the use of cytoblotting to monitor biosynthetic processes such as DNA synthesis, and post-translational processes such as acetylation and phosphorylation. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of these assays to natural-product screening through the identification of marine sponge extracts exhibiting genotype-specific inhibition of 5-bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and suppression of the anti-proliferative effect of rapamycin. CONCLUSIONS: We show that cytoblots can be used for high-throughput screening of small molecules in cell-based assays. Together with small-molecule libraries, the cytoblot assay can be used to perform chemical genetic screens analogous to those used in classical genetics and thus should be applicable to understanding a wide variety of cellular processes, especially those involving post-transitional modifications. (+info)

Tyrosine phosphorylation and complex formation of Cbl-b upon T cell receptor stimulation. (8/72374)

Cbl-b, a mammalian homolog of Cbl, consists of an N-terminal region (Cbl-b-N) highly homologous to oncogenic v-Cbl, a Ring finger, and a C-terminal region containing multiple proline-rich stretches and potential tyrosine phosphorylation sites. In the present study, we demonstrate that upon engagement of the T cell receptor (TCR), endogenous Cbl-b becomes rapidly tyrosine-phosphorylated. In heterogeneous COS-1 cells, Cbl-b was phosphorylated on tyrosine residues by both Syk- (Syk/Zap-70) and Src- (Fyn/Lck) family kinases, with Syk kinase inducing the most prominent effect. Syk associates and phosphorylates Cbl-b in Jurkat T cells. A Tyr-316 Cbl-binding site in Syk was required for the association with and for the maximal tyrosine phosphorylation of Cbl-b. Mutation at a loss-of-function site (Gly-298) in Cbl-b-N disrupts its interaction with Syk. Cbl-b constitutively binds Grb2 and becomes associated with Crk-L upon TCR stimulation. The Grb2- and the Crk-L-binding regions were mapped to the C-terminus of Cbl-b. The Crk-L-binding sites were further determined to be Y655DVP and Y709KIP, with the latter being the primary binding site. Taken together, these results implicate that Cbl-b is involved in TCR-mediated intracellular signaling pathways. (+info)

Protein phosphorylation often activates (or deactivates) many enzymes. Phosphorylation of sugars is often the first stage in ... While phosphorylation is performed by ATPs during preparatory steps, phosphorylation during payoff phase is maintained by ... Protein phosphorylation is the most abundant post-translational modification in eukaryotes. Phosphorylation can occur on serine ... Thr and Tyr phosphorylation. The prominent role of protein phosphorylation in biochemistry is illustrated by the huge body of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylation

Phosphorylation of the enzyme GSK-3 by AKT (Protein kinase B) as part of the insulin signaling pathway. Phosphorylation of Src ... Within a protein, phosphorylation can occur on several amino acids. Phosphorylation on serine is thought to be the most common ... Tyrosine phosphorylation is relatively rare but lies at the head of many protein phosphorylation signalling pathways (e.g. in ... Histidine phosphorylation of eukaryotic proteins appears to be much more frequent than tyrosine phosphorylation. In prokaryotic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_phosphorylation

... (UK /ɒkˈsɪd.ə.tɪv/, US /ˈɑːk.sɪˌdeɪ.tɪv/ ) or electron transport-linked phosphorylation or terminal ... This phosphorylation reaction is an equilibrium, which can be shifted by altering the proton-motive force. In the absence of a ... Oxidative phosphorylation uses these molecules and O2 to produce ATP, which is used throughout the cell whenever energy is ... The term oxidative phosphorylation was coined by Volodymyr Belitser [uk] in 1939. For another twenty years, the mechanism by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation

Regulation with tyrosine phosphorylation plays a very important role in gene regulation. Tyrosine phosphorylation can influence ... suggest that tyrosine phosphorylation may regulate synaptic transmission. The role of tyrosine phosphorylation in the ... Tyrosine phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate (PO43−) group to the amino acid tyrosine on a protein. It is one of the ... leading to autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of several receptor substrates. Phosphorylation of selected tyrosine sites ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine_phosphorylation

A phosphorylation cascade is a sequence of signaling pathway events where one enzyme phosphorylates another, causing a chain ... MAP kinase not only plays an important function during growth of cell in the M phase phosphorylation cascade but also plays an ... The end product of a Phosphorylation cascade is the changes occurring inside the cell. One best example that explains this ... Denhardt, David T. (1996-09-15). "Signal-transducing protein phosphorylation cascades mediated by Ras/Rho proteins in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylation_cascade

Unlike oxidative phosphorylation, oxidation and phosphorylation are not coupled in the process of substrate-level ... Most ATP is generated by oxidative phosphorylation in aerobic or anaerobic respiration while substrate-level phosphorylation ... producing 3-phosphoglycerate and ATP through a substrate-level phosphorylation. The second substrate-level phosphorylation ... Substrate-level phosphorylation is a metabolism reaction that results in the production of ATP or GTP by the transfer of a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate-level_phosphorylation

Phosphorylation. It consists of the addition of a phosphate group (HPO3). In EHD3, there are two serine phosphorylations; one ... Apart from an EF-hand domain, it can also include tyrosine phosphorylation sites and coiled coils. This domain is often related ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EHD3

Furthermore, the second phosphorylation event is necessary to allow the formation of two charged groups (rather than only one) ... The phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of these enzymes (ultimately in response to the glucose level in the blood) is the ... A final substrate-level phosphorylation now forms a molecule of pyruvate and a molecule of ATP by means of the enzyme pyruvate ... This step, one of the two substrate-level phosphorylation steps, requires ADP; thus, when the cell has plenty of ATP (and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis

Berg, Jeremy M.; Tymoczko, J. L.; Stryer, L. (2006). "Oxidative phosphorylation". Biochemistry (5 ed.). pp. 491-526. ISBN 978- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion-limited_enzyme

Whittam's research was on electrolyte and water in relation to metabolism; oxidative phosphorylation; the relationship between ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Whittam

Serine phosphorylation. Most of the seven STATs (except STAT2) undergo serine phosphorylation. Serine phosphorylation of STATs ... It has been proposed that phosphorylation of serine can regulate STAT1 dimerization, and that continuous serine phosphorylation ... Phosphorylation then recruits an adaptor protein called Shc, which activates the MAPK/ERK pathway, and this facilitates gene ... Liu, L.; McBride, K. M.; Reich, N. C. (2005). "STAT3 nuclear import is independent of tyrosine phosphorylation and mediated by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAK-STAT_signaling_pathway

"Phosphorylation - US". www.thermofisher.com. Retrieved 2020-05-03. "ELM - Detail for TRG_NLS_Bipartite_1". elm.eu.org. ... Phosphorylation will affect different cellular processes and thus regulating protein function. SMIM15 has a transmembrane ... Finally, there are four predicted sites for phosphorylation of tyrosine on position 20, threonine on positions 25 and 31, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMIM15

For example, phosphorylation of TMEM128 may make it bind to different substrates through conformational change. TMEM128 also ... "Phosphorylation - US". www.thermofisher.com. Retrieved May 2, 2020. "Expression of TMEM128 in cancer - Summary - The Human ... phosphorylation, SUMOylation, and O-GlcNAc as seen below: Post-translational modification alters protein structure and can thus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TMEM128

Phosphorylation events, therefore, are controlled not only by the balanced activity of PKs and PPs but also by their restricted ... Phosphorylation involves the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to the enzyme, the energy for which comes from hydrolysing ... Protein phosphorylation is one of the most common forms of reversible protein posttranslational modification (PTM), with up to ... Protein phosphorylation plays a crucial role in biological functions and controls nearly every cellular process, including ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_phosphatase

The biosynthesis of ATP is achieved throughout processes such as substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, ... "Oxidative phosphorylation". W H Freeman, 2002. Retrieved 4 April 2013. Medh, J. D. "Electron Transport Chain (Overview)" (PDF ... It is this energy coupling and phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that gives the electron transport chain the name oxidative ... Oxidative phosphorylation produces 26 of the 30 equivalents of ATP generated in cellular respiration by transferring electrons ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate

A total of 13 likely phosphorylation sites were predicted: Ser: 5 Thr: 6 Tyr: 2 The main concentration of the phosphorylation ... ". "ExPASy Phosphorylation". "ExPASy Phyre2". "ExPASy SOSUI". Archived from the original on 2004-03-20. (Orphaned articles from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncharacterized_LOC644249_gene

Aguirre V, Werner ED, Giraud J, Lee YH, Shoelson SE, White MF (January 2002). "Phosphorylation of Ser307 in insulin receptor ... This protein then begins a phosphorylation cascade, culminating in the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), ... Pearson RB, Kemp BE (1991). "Protein kinase phosphorylation site sequences and consensus specificity motifs: tabulations". ... Benaim G, Villalobo A (August 2002). "Phosphorylation of calmodulin. Functional implications". European Journal of Biochemistry ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin_receptor

July 2002). "Formation of an hER alpha-COUP-TFI complex enhances hER alpha AF-1 through Ser118 phosphorylation by MAPK". The ... Lannigan DA (January 2003). "Estrogen receptor phosphorylation". Steroids. 68 (1): 1-9. doi:10.1016/S0039-128X(02)00110-1. PMID ... "Activation of estrogen receptor alpha by S118 phosphorylation involves a ligand-dependent interaction with TFIIH and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen_receptor_alpha

Utilizing one full oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation requires the transfer of four electrons. The oxygen will then consume ... "Oxidative phosphorylation revisited". Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 112 (3): 429-437. doi:10.1002/bit.25492. ISSN 1097-0290 ... 464 An electrochemical gradient is essential to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. The final step of cellular respiration ... bacteriorhodopsin and noncyclic photophosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. The way bacteriorhodopsin generates a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemical_gradient

Hashimoto Y, Katayama H, Kiyokawa E, Ota S, Kurata T, Gotoh N, Otsuka N, Shibata M, Matsuda M (July 1998). "Phosphorylation of ... Takahashi K, Suzuki K, Tsukatani Y (July 1997). "Induction of tyrosine phosphorylation and association of beta-catenin with EGF ... Olive DM (October 2004). "Quantitative methods for the analysis of protein phosphorylation in drug development". Expert Review ... There are several quantitative methods available that use protein phosphorylation detection to identify EGFR family inhibitors ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor_receptor

Studies on phosphorylation. Part II. The reaction of dialkyl phosphites with polyhalogen compounds in presence of bases. A new ... method for the phosphorylation of amines", Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed) (in German), pp. 660-663, doi:10.1039/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherton–Todd_reaction

The dissertation was entitled "The influence of thyroidhormones in vivo on oxidative phosphorylation and enzyme activities in ... 1800, 205-212 (2010). B. Kadenbach (ed.): Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation. Nuclear-Encodes Genes, Enzyme Regulation, ... Subunit Composition and Phosphorylation Sites of Cytochrome c Oxidase: A trailblazer's tale - Bernhard Kadenbach". ... New extension of the Mitchell Theory for oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria of living organisms, Biochim. Biophys. Acta ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Kadenbach

Minakami R, Jinnai N, Sugiyama H (1997). "Phosphorylation and calmodulin binding of the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype ... Benaim G, Villalobo A (2002). "Phosphorylation of calmodulin. Functional implications" (PDF). Eur. J. Biochem. 269 (15): 3619- ... interactions with melittin and microtubule-associated tau proteins and inhibition of phosphorylation of tau proteins by protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CALM2

Marx SO, Reiken S, Hisamatsu Y, Jayaraman T, Burkhoff D, Rosemblit N, Marks AR (May 2000). "PKA phosphorylation dissociates ... Benaim G, Villalobo A (Aug 2002). "Phosphorylation of calmodulin. Functional implications". European Journal of Biochemistry. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_polypeptide_receptor_1

Three phosphorylation sites were identified with conservation between human and mouse genotypes at T112-p, S114-p, and T-379-p ... "FAM43A phosphorylation sites". Phosphosite. Retrieved 8 April 2018. "FAM43A". IMP Bioinformatics. Retrieved 8 April 2018. " ... involved in the phosphorylation of SR splicing factors and the regulation of splicing. SRSF protein kinase 2 promotes neural ... apoptosis by up-regulating cyclin-D1 expression through the suppression of p53/TP53 phosphorylation. Protein phosphatase 2A is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAM43A

Benaim G, Villalobo A (August 2002). "Phosphorylation of calmodulin. Functional implications". European Journal of Biochemistry ... interactions with melittin and microtubule-associated tau proteins and inhibition of phosphorylation of tau proteins by protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CALM3

Benaim G, Villalobo A (2002). "Phosphorylation of calmodulin. Functional implications". Eur. J. Biochem. 269 (15): 3619-31. doi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calmodulin_1

First, phosphorylation occurs. This creates a reactive intermediate, which in the second stage undergoes concerted ... diphosphate decarboxylase probably evolved from a common ancestor since they have a similar fold and catalyze phosphorylation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphosphomevalonate_decarboxylase

CSK acts by suppressing the activity of the Src family of protein kinases by phosphorylation of Src family members at a ... Y184F - Abolishes phosphorylation. Y304F - Decreases activity by two-thirds and alters conformation. S364A - Strong decrease of ... Upon phosphorylation by other kinases, Src-family members engage in intramolecular interactions between the phosphotyrosine ... "Identification of csk tyrosine phosphorylation sites and a tyrosine residue important for kinase domain structure". The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine-protein_kinase_CSK

Twarog R, Wolfe RS (August 1962). "Enzymatic phosphorylation of butyrate". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 237: 2474-7. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyrate_kinase

Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 1 is a severe condition that primarily impairs neurological and liver function. ... Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 1 is caused by mutations in the GFM1 gene. This gene provides instructions for ... Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 1 is likely a rare disorder, although its prevalence is unknown. At least 12 ... Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 1 is a severe condition that primarily impairs neurological and liver function. ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/combined-oxidative-phosphorylation-deficiency-1/

News-Medical.Net provides this medical information service in accordance with these terms and conditions. Please note that medical information found on this website is designed to support, not to replace the relationship between patient and physician/doctor and the medical advice they may provide. ...

https://www.news-medical.net/?tag=/Phosphorylation

Protein phosphorylation is a complex network of signaling and regulatory events that affects virtually every cellular process. ... Finally, we identified double phosphorylation motifs that may be involved in ordered phosphorylation. ... Large-scale phosphorylation analysis of mouse liver Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jan 30;104(5):1488-93. doi: 10.1073/pnas. ... Protein phosphorylation is a complex network of signaling and regulatory events that affects virtually every cellular process. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17242355/

Home FAQs DNA End Modification: Phosphorylation FAQ: DNA End Modification: Phosphorylation. Links to this resource. ...

https://www.neb.com/faqs/2013/12/12/dna-end-treatment-phosphorylation-faq

IP7 phosphorylation appears selective for eukaryotic organisms, with none seen in Escherichia coli extracts. Phosphorylation ... ATP-free phosphorylation. For the first time, scientists have described a way for cells to add phosphate groups to proteins ... "Whats also remarkable is we have evidence not just of phosphorylation of proteins, but of pyrophosphorylation, adding a ...

https://www.the-scientist.com/briefs/atp-free-phosphorylation-49158

In the present study, we demonstrated that FAK is implicated in RCP-induced EGFR phosphorylation and ovarian cancer cell ... Ectopic expression of RCP induced FAK phosphorylation, which links β1 integrin with EGFR and participates in a positive ... 4: Rab11 and Rab25 are required for RCP-induced FAK phosphorylation.. a, b SKOV-3 cells were co-transfected with the indicated ... 5: Curcumin inhibits stabilization of β1 integrin protein and FAK phosphorylation.. a SKOV-3 cells were transfected the ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s12276-018-0078-1?error=cookies_not_supported&code=21a248c5-1142-4b8b-bf40-85a66da108ff

... and that process is what we call Oxidative Phosphorylation. Oxidative, Oxidative Phosphorylation. Now the main player, when ... You wouldnt be able to use it to actually do useful work, and so the process of Oxidative Phosphorylation is all about doing ... How oxidation of co-enzymes like NADH can lead to the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. ... which can then be oxidized as part of Oxidative Phosphorylation. Other times, well actually, thats going to be attached to an ...

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cellular-energetics/cellular-respiration-ap/v/oxidative-phosphorylation-and-the-electon-transport-chain

Oxidative phosphorylation - Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress) [ Pathway menu , Organism menu , Pathway entry , Download KGML ...

https://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/show_pathway?org_name=ath&mapno=00190

We found that Pin1 could affect the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, have no obvious difference in extracellular signal-regulated ... We found that Pin1 could affect the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, have no obvious difference in extracellular signal-regulated ... change the conformation of proteins through protein phosphorylation, thus regulate various cellular processes in the body. Pin1 ... change the conformation of proteins through protein phosphorylation, thus regulate various cellular processes in the body. Pin1 ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.620238/full

... Reversible protein phosphorylation plays a key role in signaling ... Tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins at two different stages in zebrafish embryonic development was studied by immuno-affinity ... We detected differential phosphorylation of known regulators of gastrulation cell movements, including Gravin, PDLIM5 and small ... Therefore we have explored the possibilities to use zebrafish development as a model system to study in vivo phosphorylation ...

https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/26694

A novel mechanism of regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3 -kinase: Tyrosine phosphorylation of p85 residue 688. ...

https://www.proquest.com/openview/fec7e7f58ca708d7250bee303a94d7a6/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y

"Oxidative Phosphorylation Coupling Factors" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Oxidative Phosphorylation Coupling Factors" by people in ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Oxidative Phosphorylation Coupling Factors" by people in Profiles. ... Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Oxidative Phosphorylation Coupling Factors". ...

https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/Concept/Oxidative%20Phosphorylation%20Coupling%20Factors

Fibroin and sericin from Bombyx mori silk stimulate cell migration through upregulation and phosphorylation of c-Jun. PloS one ... Gentisic acid induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation in HaCaT cells. HaCaT cells were treated with various concentration of gentisic ... Gentisic Acid Stimulates Keratinocyte Proliferation through ERK1/2 Phosphorylation Minho Kim1, JaeGoo Kim1, Yu-Kyong Shin2, Ki- ... Gentisic Acid Stimulates Keratinocyte Proliferation through ERK1/2 Phosphorylation. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17(5):626-631. doi: ...

https://medsci.org/v17p0626.htm

Gene expression values, collected using RNA sequencing, were analyzed for glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and ... complex I and complex IV in oxidative phosphorylation, and within the secondary part of the Hippo Kinase Signaling cascade. ... Expression of Glycolysis, Oxidative Phosphorylation, and the Hippo Signaling Pathway in Preeclampsia. Undergraduate Honors ... Gene expression values, collected using RNA sequencing, were analyzed for glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and ...

https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/honorsembargoed/304/

phosphorylation ; hotspots ; hotspot ; kinase ; PTMs ; Protein kinase ; Ubiquitination ... These regions of conserved phosphorylation, defined as phosphorylation hotspots, were determined us- ing phosphosite data for a ... Structural analysis of phosphorylation hotspots and kinase target preferences Author: Strumillo, Marta Julia ORCID: 0000-0003- ... To better predict phosphorylation of high functional relevance I analysed phosphosites that are highly conserved across species ...

https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.793029

Nevertheless, we demonstrate here temperature-compensated, robust circadian cycling of KaiC phosphorylation even without kaiBC ... No Transcription-Translation Feedback in Circadian Rhythm of KaiC Phosphorylation *Tomita, Jun ... Nevertheless, we demonstrate here temperature-compensated, robust circadian cycling of KaiC phosphorylation even without kaiBC ...

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...307..251T

Crystal Structure of Full Length Circadian Clock Protein KaiC with Correct Geometry at Phosphorylation Sites ... Crystal Structure of Full Length Circadian Clock Protein KaiC with Correct Geometry at Phosphorylation Sites. *PDB DOI: 10.2210 ... Crystal Structure of Full Length Circadian Clock Protein KaiC with Correct Geometry at Phosphorylation Sites. Pattanayek, R., ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3DVL

Protein Phosphorylation involves the addition of phosphate groups to proteins, most commonly serine (S), threonine (T) or ...

https://www.gbiosciences.com/Bioassays/Antibodies/Phospho_Antibodies

Jia J., Zhang L., Zhang Q., Tong C., Wang B., Hou F., Amanai K., Jiang J., Phosphorylation by double-time/CKIε and CKIα targets ... Chen Y., Sasai N., Ma G., Yue T., Jia J., Briscoe J., Jiang J., Sonic Hedgehog dependent phosphorylation by CK1α and GRK2 is ... PKA-mediated phosphorylation of Smo further enhanced its association with PKAc to form stable kinase-substrate complexes that ... Jia H., Liu Y., Yan W., Jia J., PP4 and PP2A regulate Hedgehog signaling by controlling Smo and Ci phosphorylation. Development ...

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scisignal.2005414?keytype2=tf_ipsecsha&ijkey=e8773894965eac29af5ba27d38dc3b7e6ad4d4cb

PI4KIIα phosphorylation by GSK3 directs vesicular trafficking to lysosomes James W. Robinson; James W. Robinson ... Blocking phosphorylation reduces trafficking to the lysosome, stabilizing PI4KIIα and its cargo proteins for redistribution ... Importantly, a reduction in PI4KIIα expression or phosphorylation increases α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic ... PI4KIIα phosphorylation by GSK3 directs vesicular trafficking to lysosomes. Biochem J 15 November 2014; 464 (1): 145-156. doi: ...

https://portlandpress.com/biochemj/article-abstract/464/1/145/48031/PI4KII-phosphorylation-by-GSK3-directs-vesicular?redirectedFrom=PDF

Hardwick, L. J., Azzarelli, R., & Philpott, A. (2018). Cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation and regulation of cellular ... Here, we focus on a direct mechanistic link involving phosphorylation of differentiation-associated transcription factors by ... Phosphorylation, Cell Lineage, Embryonic Development, Homeostasis, Transcriptome ...

https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283056

Erratum for Bouzioukh et al., Tyrosine Phosphorylation Sites in ephrinB2 Are Required for Hippocampal Long-Term Potentiation ... Erratum for Bouzioukh et al., Tyrosine Phosphorylation Sites in ephrinB2 Are Required for Hippocampal Long-Term Potentiation ... Erratum for Bouzioukh et al., Tyrosine Phosphorylation Sites in ephrinB2 Are Required for Hippocampal Long-Term Potentiation ... Erratum for Bouzioukh et al., Tyrosine Phosphorylation Sites in ephrinB2 Are Required for Hippocampal Long-Term Potentiation ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/27/45/12430/tab-e-letters

... Ghent University. Faculty of Sciences, 2019. ... Vu, L. D. (2019). Phosphorylation mediates high temperature signalling in plants. Ghent University. Faculty of Sciences, Ghent ... L. D. Vu, "Phosphorylation mediates high temperature signalling in plants," Ghent University. Faculty of Sciences, Ghent, ... Phosphorylation mediates high temperature signalling in plants. [Ghent, Belgium]: Ghent University. Faculty of Sciences; 2019. ...

https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8604292

Inhibition of pRb phosphorylation and cell-cycle progression by a 20-residue peptide from p16CDKN2/INK4A by R. Fåhraeus et al. ... G1/S phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein is associated with an altered affinity for the nuclear compartment. *S. ... Inhibition of pRb phosphorylation and cell cycle progression by an antennapedia-p16(INK4A) fusion peptide in pancreatic cancer ... Inhibition of pRb phosphorylation and cell-cycle progression by a 20-residue peptide from p16CDKN2/INK4A. @article{ ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Inhibition-of-pRb-phosphorylation-and-cell-cycle-by-F%C3%A5hraeus-Paramio/bfba3f77bdb9a8520398ffd7c0d56f99c1d1bb49

A curated compendium of phosphorylation motifs. 2007, Pubmed Amanchy, A curated compendium of phosphorylation motifs. 2007, ... phosphorylation site. Figure S3. Heat map of all phosphorylation site changes. Related to Figure 4. (A) Full heat map of all ... Inserts of each panel identify the detected sites of phosphorylation. Figure 6. Consensus phosphorylation sites. GproX was used ... Heat map of all phosphorylation site changes. Related to Figure 4. &RKHQ¶V Analysis of individual phosphorylation sites ...

https://www.xenbase.org/entry/literature/article.do?method=display&articleId=54290

... using fluorescence-labelled peptides as substrate at 70 uM after 90 mins by microfluidic peptide phosphorylation assay. ... Inhibition of human FGFR2 N549H mutant catalytic domain expressed in baculovirus assessed as substrate phosphorylation ...

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/1078739

The H2A.X Phosphorylation Assay Kit (Flow cytometry) is a cell based assay formatted for flow cytometric detection of levels of ... Phosphorylation of the histone variant H2A.X is a rapid and sensitive response to double strand DNA breaks. The H2A.X ... The H2A.X Phosphorylation Assay Kit (Flow cytometry) is a cell based assay formatted for flow cytometric detection of levels of ... The H2A.X Phosphorylation Assay Kit (Flow cytometry) is a cell based assay formatted for flow cytometric detection of levels of ...

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/mm/17344

... Show full item record ... Functional Analysis of Phosphorylation on Saccharomyces cerevisiae Syntaxin 1 Homologues Sso1p and Sso2p. ... Yuan , Q & Jäntti , J 2010 , Functional Analysis of Phosphorylation on Saccharomyces cerevisiae Syntaxin 1 Homologues Sso1p ...

https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/165614

Cell-cycle dependent phosphorylation of yeast pericentrin regulates γ-TuSC-mediated microtubule nucleation. ... Cell-cycle dependent phosphorylation of yeast pericentrin regulates γ-TuSC-mediated microtubule nucleation ... Cell-cycle dependent phosphorylation of yeast pericentrin regulates γ-TuSC-mediated microtubule nucleation ...

https://elifesciences.org/articles/02208v1

Specifically, we wanted to determine whether increased phosphorylation (via Actn4S160D/S160D mice) or absent phosphorylation ( ... Phosphorylation of ACTN4 Leads to Podocyte Vulnerability and Proteinuric Glomerulosclerosis. Di Feng, Mukesh Kumar, Jan Muntel ... Phosphorylation of ACTN4 Leads to Podocyte Vulnerability and Proteinuric Glomerulosclerosis. Di Feng, Mukesh Kumar, Jan Muntel ... 66 Although the above-mentioned phosphorylation events were associated with cellular changes, we did not detect phosphorylation ...

https://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/31/7/1479

We found that Pin1 could affect the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, have no obvious difference in extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) and Jun-amino-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling. (frontiersin.org)
Tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins at two different stages in zebrafish embryonic development was studied by immuno-affinity purification and multi-dimensional LC-MS. Tyrosine kinases including members of the Src family of kinases, Eph receptors and Focal adhesion kinase as well as adaptor proteins such as Paxillin, Crk and p130Cas were identified. (uu.nl)
Western blot analysis of proteins in the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathway showed that ERK1/2 phosphorylation was increased by gentisic acid treatment. (medsci.org)
Significance testing demonstrated change in expression for the first step of glycolysis, complex I and complex IV in oxidative phosphorylation, and within the secondary part of the Hippo Kinase Signaling cascade. (unl.edu)
Protein Phosphorylation involves the addition of phosphate groups to proteins, most commonly serine (S), threonine (T) or tyrosine (Y) residue by a kinase and is essential for pathway activation in cellular regulation, cell signaling and growth. (gbiosciences.com)
Hedgehog binds to the transmembrane receptor Patched to relieve inhibition of the seven-transmembrane protein Smoothened (Smo), which in turn activates the transcription factor Ci by inhibiting its phosphorylation by the kinase PKA. (science.org)
PKA-mediated phosphorylation of Smo further enhanced its association with PKAc to form stable kinase-substrate complexes that promoted the PKA-mediated transphosphorylation of Smo dimers. (science.org)
Fascaplysin will prove to be a useful tool in studying the consequence of Cdk4 inhibition, especially in cells containing inactivated p16, and caused G1 arrest and prevented pRb phosphorylation at sites implicated as being specific for Cdk 4 kinase. (semanticscholar.org)
Age-associated impairment of Akt phosphorylation in primary rat hepatocytes is remediated by alpha-lipoic acid through PI3 kinase, PTEN, and PP2A. (oregonstate.edu)

Genes on mtDNA provide instructions for proteins that are primarily involved in the process of converting the energy from food into a form cells can use ( oxidative phosphorylation ). (medlineplus.gov)
As a result, fewer mitochondrial proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation are produced. (medlineplus.gov)
The process of oxidative phosphorylation involves five groups of proteins, or complexes. (medlineplus.gov)
Using our integrated analytical platform, we report the identification of 5,635 nonredundant phosphorylation sites from 2,328 proteins from mouse liver. (nih.gov)
What's also remarkable is we have evidence not just of phosphorylation of proteins, but of pyrophosphorylation, adding a phosphate on top of a phosphate. (the-scientist.com)
Pin1 is the only known peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) that can specifically recognize and isomerize the phosphorylated Serine/Threonine-Proline (pSer/Thr-Pro) motif, change the conformation of proteins through protein phosphorylation, thus regulate various cellular processes in the body. (frontiersin.org)
Blocking phosphorylation reduces trafficking to the lysosome, stabilizing PI4KIIα and its cargo proteins for redistribution throughout the cell. (portlandpress.com)
We detected the expected phosphorylation of MAP kinases, translational regulatory proteins, and subunits of APC/C that validate the accuracy of our measurements. (xenbase.org)
We find that more than half the identified proteins possess multiple sites of phosphorylation that are often clustered, where kinases work together in a hierarchical manner to create stretches of phosphorylated residues, which may be a means to amplify signals or stabilize a particular protein conformation. (xenbase.org)
Conversely, other proteins have opposing sites of phosphorylation that seemingly reflect distinct changes in activity during this developmental timeline. (xenbase.org)
Here, we will focus on control of trafficking processes via the action of the SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) family of proteins, in particular their regulation by phosphorylation. (strath.ac.uk)
Role of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins in the regulation of the metabolic activity of chloroplasts]. (uchicago.edu)
Fibroblast growth factor or nerve growth factor (NGF) stimulation leads to tyrosine phosphorylation of the FGF Receptor Substrate 2 (FRS2) docking proteins. (novusbio.com)
downstream of GPCR activation, including activation via second messenger, immediate phosphorylation or immediate G proteins interaction. (tsfaq.info)
They found that ICP0 exploits phosphorylation, a chemical mark that is often used in cells to promote interactions between proteins, especially as part of the cellular signaling response to DNA damage. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
The researchers also found that ICP0 exploits the same phosphorylation signal to bind to other cellular proteins in addition to RNF8, a hint that it may play a broader role in defeating antiviral defenses and manipulating cellular machinery. (infectioncontroltoday.com)

FGF stimulation leads to phosphorylation of Shp2 on a tyrosine residue forming a complex with an additional molecule of Grb2. (novusbio.com)
Grb2/Sos complexes are thus recruited directly and indirectly via Shp2 upon tyrosine phosphorylation of FRS2a in response to growth factor stimulation. (novusbio.com)

In the present study, we demonstrated that FAK is implicated in RCP-induced EGFR phosphorylation and ovarian cancer cell invasion with inhibition by curcumin. (nature.com)
Inhibition of pRb phosphorylation and cell cycle progression by an antennapedia-p16(INK4A) fusion peptide in pancreatic cancer cells. (semanticscholar.org)
The mechanism of inhibition involves phosphorylation of Ser162 on KdpB, which can be reversed in vitro by treatment with serine phosphatase. (sdu.dk)
The study suggests that the mechanical changes caused by inhibition of cellular respiration may involve the combined effect of several metabolic alterations, including decreased LC20 phosphorylation during contraction, but apparently not decreased intracellular Ca2+ concentration or sensitivity of the contractile system to Ca2+. (lu.se)

Structural changes in phosphorylated triple helical collagen-like peptides and requirements for in vitro enzymatic phosphorylation. (tufts.edu)
Structural characterization and in vitro phosphorylation of short, collagen-like peptides containing phosphorylation sites found in human the human type I alpha-I collagen chain. (tufts.edu)

Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 1 is a severe condition that primarily impairs neurological and liver function. (medlineplus.gov)
Liver disease is common in people with combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 1, with individuals quickly developing liver failure. (medlineplus.gov)
Individuals with combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 1 usually do not survive past early childhood, although some people live longer. (medlineplus.gov)
Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 1 is likely a rare disorder, although its prevalence is unknown. (medlineplus.gov)
Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 1 is caused by mutations in the GFM1 gene. (medlineplus.gov)
The condition is called combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 1 because it impairs the function of more than one of these complexes. (medlineplus.gov)
A shortage of energy in these tissues leads to cell death, causing the neurological and liver problems in people with combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 1. (medlineplus.gov)

Many differences in expression or phosphorylation state were observed for these two embryonic stages. (uu.nl)
Importantly, a reduction in PI4KIIα expression or phosphorylation increases α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor expression at the surface of hippocampal neurons. (portlandpress.com)

We identified multiple basic residues in the carboxyl terminus of Smo that were required for interaction with PKAc, Smo phosphorylation, and Hh pathway activation. (science.org)
R)-alpha-lipoic acid (LA), a dithiol compound with antioxidant properties, is effective against age-related increases in oxidative stress and has been used to improve glucose utilization through insulin receptor (IR) pathway-mediated Akt phosphorylation. (oregonstate.edu)

Analyses of the transport cycle show that serine phosphorylation abolishes the K + -dependence of ATP hydrolysis and blocks the catalytic cycle after formation of the aspartyl phosphate intermediate (E1~P). This regulatory mechanism is unique amongst P-type pumps and this study furthers our understanding of how bacteria control potassium homeostasis to maintain cell volume and osmotic potential. (sdu.dk)
Phosphorylation of the serine residues in estrogen receptor (ER) α is important in transcriptional activation. (reading.ac.uk)
HDAC2 and N-Myc reduced TP53INP1 gene expression by direct binding to the TP53INP1 gene promoter, leading to transcriptional repression of TP53INP1, p53 protein de-phosphorylation at serine 46, neuroblastoma cell proliferation and survival. (garvan.org.au)

Thus, our study indicates that gentisic acid promotes the proliferation of keratinocyte by phosphorylation of ERK1/2. (medsci.org)
For example, in alkali burn wound recovery, phosphorylation of ERK1/2 has been promoted by the compound body protective compound-157 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells to facilitate proliferation and wound repair [ 13 ]. (medsci.org)
Treatment of HEK293 cells (50,000 cells/well) with EGF for 10 min at RT induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 at T202/Y204. (bmglabtech.com)
iwasakii exhibits cell cycle dysregulation, ERK1/2/p38 MAPK/AKT phosphorylation, and reduced MMP-9-mediated metastatic capacity in prostate cancer models in vitro and in vivo. (bvsalud.org)
CE stimulated the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38 MAPK , and AKT in DU145 cells , but only p38 MAPK phosphorylation was increased in LNCaP cells . (bvsalud.org)

Investigation into the possible mechanism(s) underlying this activation revealed that these membranes contain endogenous systems which prefer to utilize GTP, rather than ATP, in the phosphorylation of specific protein substrates with apparent M.W. of 54K and 33K. (elsevier.com)
In particular, phosphorylation of the ERα is one possible outcome of activation of the putative membrane estrogen receptor (mER), GPR30. (reading.ac.uk)
After activation the level of phosphorylation increased to 30 +/- 3% (n = 9) in the control veins. (lu.se)
In summary, this study identified a novel binding partner of CYLD and characterised the phosphorylation-mediated activation of its DUB activity. (bl.uk)
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) phosphorylation and activation has been identified as one important mediator of inflammatory cytokine release from these cells. (cdc.gov)

TAp73alpha induces tau phosphorylation in HEK293a cells via a transcription-dependent mechanism. (ox.ac.uk)
In this pilot study we show by Western blotting that TAp73alpha induces phosphorylation of human 2N4R tau at threonine-205 and at the PHF-1 epitope (serine366/serine404) in HEK293a cells. (ox.ac.uk)

Protein phosphorylation is a complex network of signaling and regulatory events that affects virtually every cellular process. (nih.gov)
Now the main player, when we're talking about cellular respiration and Oxidative Phosphorylation, is NADH. (khanacademy.org)
Taken together this research emphasizes the strength of mass spectrometry based phosphoproteomics in the elucidation of endogenous signaling pathways via the large scale identification of phosphoproteins and phosphorylation sites and the obtained results contribute to a better understanding of biological pathways and critical cellular processes. (uu.nl)
Cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation and regulation of cellular differentiation. (cam.ac.uk)
We now show that short-term treatment of quiescent Swiss 3T3 cells with RA yields marked increases in uridine phosphorylation and total cellular RNA synthesis as well as 2-deoxyglucose uptake. (aacrjournals.org)
Conclusions: These studies extend the evidence for EGFRs as important cellular targets for components of HDE and they reveal novel patterns of EGFR phosphorylation and binding changes that vary among airway epithelial cell types. (cdc.gov)
In HSV-1 infection, the phosphorylation signal on ICP0 attracts a cellular DNA damage response protein, RNF8, which binds to the false signaling marker and is then degraded. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Viral E3 Ubiquitin Ligase-Mediated Degradation of a Cellular E3: Viral Mimicry of a Cellular Phosphorylation Mark Targets the RNF8 FHA Domain,' Molecular Cell, published online March 8, 2012, to appear in print, April 13, 2012. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Thus, low availability of the above-mentioned macrominerals would be expected to delay postprandial cellular uptake of glucose, impair phosphorylation, and eventually hinder carbohydrate metabolism and energy production (10). (who.int)

High extracellular glucose and TGF- β levels stimulate ACTN4 phosphorylation. (asnjournals.org)
Oral treatment of specific commercial Bifidobacterium longum and Bifidobacterium bifidum enhanced bile acid signaling contributing to potentiate oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in adipose tissues, leading to reduction of body weight gain and improvement in hepatic steatosis and glucose homeostasis. (biomedcentral.com)

Recent studies on C6 sugar nucleoside antifungal natural products, such as nikkomycins and polyoxins, revealed a novel biosynthetic mechanism involving cryptic phosphorylation. (duke.edu)
Here, we examine the transcription of genes associated with all five mitochondrial and nuclear genome-encoded oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes, the primary physiological mechanism responsible for the production of ATP, in whitefish species pairs from Cliff Lake and Webster Lake in Maine, USA. (datadryad.org)

While PTM comprises a vast range of residues and cleavage sites, the phosphorylation of amino acid side chains is by far the most common modiﬁcation. (bmglabtech.com)

Therefore we have explored the possibilities to use zebrafish development as a model system to study in vivo phosphorylation using mass spectrometry. (uu.nl)

My studies reveal a novel phosphorylation site (S568) on CYLD which regulates CYLD activity and its ability to restrict innate immune signalling. (bl.uk)

Importance of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in advanced melanoma. (harvard.edu)

These findings suggest that, in addition to genetic mutations, increased phosphorylation of ACTN4 may mediate podocyte injury and kidney disease. (asnjournals.org)

H2A.X Phosphorylation Assay Kit (Flow Cytometry) The H2A.X Phosphorylation Assay Kit (Flow cytometry) is a cell based assay formatted for flow cytometric detection of levels of phosphorylated Histone H2A.X. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The H2A.X Phosphorylation Assay Kit (Flow cytometry) is a cell based assay formatted for flow cytometric detection of levels of phosphorylated Histone H2A.X. Cells are cultured in microplates, treated with agents that induce DNA damage or apoptosis, which stimulates H2A.X phosphorylation. (sigmaaldrich.com)

Nevertheless, we demonstrate here temperature-compensated, robust circadian cycling of KaiC phosphorylation even without kaiBC messenger RNA accumulation under continuous dark conditions. (harvard.edu)

We also found that C-terminal phosphorylation was more frequent than at any other location and that the distribution of potential kinases for these sites was unique. (nih.gov)
We identified more than 1000 phosphorylation sites in 60 embryos. (uu.nl)
Comparison with human datasets revealed surprising conservation of phosphorylation sites, suggesting specialized function. (uu.nl)
Heatmap displaying changes in absolute occupancy of individual phosphorylation sites. (xenbase.org)
Nine groups were manually selected from the top 25% of sites having the greatest variation in phosphorylation across the seven experimental time points. (xenbase.org)
This activity is independent of the identified phosphorylation sites. (portlandpress.com)
identify the phosphorylation sites of ARX. (portlandpress.com)

Incubation of HeLa cells (50,000 cells/well) with Anisomycin for 60 min at 37°C stimulates phosphorylation of p38αβγ at T180/Y182. (bmglabtech.com)

Regulation of RCAN1 protein activity by Dyrk1A protein-mediated phosphorylation. (bvsalud.org)

The molecular basis for tissue specificity of the oxidative phosphorylation deficiencies in patients with mutations in the mitochondrial translation factor EFG1. (medlineplus.gov)

2017), Phosphorylation Dynamics Dominate the Regulated. (xenbase.org)

Ectopic expression of RCP induced FAK phosphorylation, which links β1 integrin with EGFR and participates in a positive regulation loop with EGFR. (nature.com)
In the present study, we showed that FAK is implicated in RCP-induced EGFR phosphorylation, leading to ovarian cancer cell invasion. (nature.com)
EGFR phosphorylation, expression, and localization were assessed with anti-EGFR antibodies and either blotting or confocal microscopy. (cdc.gov)
HDE stimulated EGFR phosphorylation at both 15 min and 18 hr in BEAS-2B cells and primary cells, but only at 15 min in H292 cells, indicating that the different EGFR binding changes among these cell types is likely related to their different time-dependent changes in phosphorylation. (cdc.gov)

Furthermore, the anti-ERK2 DARPin is seen to inhibit ERK phosphorylation as it blocks the target inside the cell. (uzh.ch)

Phosphorylation mediates high tempera. (ugent.be)
L. D. Vu, "Phosphorylation mediates high temperature signalling in plants," Ghent University. (ugent.be)
Here we link BRI1-mediated phosphorylation to another growth regulatory network that directly mediates protein stability. (jic.ac.uk)

Organs that have high energy demands, such as the brain and liver, are particularly affected by the resulting impairment of oxidative phosphorylation. (medlineplus.gov)

This dual monoubiquitylation-phosphorylation regulation supports the key role of BR levels in maintaining the proliferative potential of cells during organ growth. (jic.ac.uk)
Upon subsequent treatment of the cells with phorbol myristate acetate, a direct correlation between the comitogenic activity of RA and its stimulation of uridine phosphorylation and RNA synthesis is apparent. (aacrjournals.org)
Details] Phosphorylation and gene expression of p53 are not affected in human cells exposed to 2.1425 GHz band CW or W-CDMA modulated radiation allocated to mobile radio base stations [med. (emf-portal.org)

Here we show that a phosphoablative substitution in MacP that blocks StkP-mediated phosphorylation prevents PBP2a activity without affecting the MacP-PBP2a interaction. (whiterose.ac.uk)

Phosphorylation of the histone variant H2A.X is a rapid and sensitive response to double strand DNA breaks. (sigmaaldrich.com)

Mapping protein phosphorylation in zebrafish development Reversible protein phosphorylation plays a key role in signaling processes that are vital for a cell and organism. (uu.nl)
A quantitative proteomics approach, using stable isotope di-methyl labeling was used to compare protein phosphorylation between wild type and Fyn/Yes knockdown embryos that display convergence and extension cell movement defects. (uu.nl)
We detected differential phosphorylation of known regulators of gastrulation cell movements, including Gravin, PDLIM5 and small GTPase regulators. (uu.nl)
Here, we focus on a direct mechanistic link involving phosphorylation of differentiation-associated transcription factors by cell cycle-associated Cyclin-dependent kinases. (cam.ac.uk)
Brassinosteroids (BR) have centrally important functions in plant growth by promoting cell proliferation and cell expansion through phosphorylation-mediated regulatory cascades that are initiated by perception of BR by receptor-like kinases of the BRI1 family. (jic.ac.uk)
Biphasic changes in airway epithelial cell EGF receptor binding and phosphorylation induced by components of hogbarn dust. (cdc.gov)

Using in situ protein phosphorylation analyzed by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography, we observed that B-50 phosphorylation was significantly decreased by 3,4-DAP in the presence of extracellular Ca2+ and completely inhibited by removal of extracellular Ca2+. (chinaphar.com)

Details] Mobile phone base station-emitted radiation does not induce phosphorylation of Hsp27 [med. (emf-portal.org)

Phosphorylation of the 20-kDa regulatory light chains (LC20) of the myosin molecule was studied in the relaxed state and at the plateau of high-K+ contractures for comparison with the mechanical data. (lu.se)

Here, we focus on a few examples of SNARE phosphorylation which exemplify distinct ways in which SNARE machinery phosphorylation may regulate membrane fusion. (strath.ac.uk)

A protein expressed by yeast system could be modificated such as glycosylation, acylation, phosphorylation and so on to ensure the native protein conformation. (antikoerper-online.de)

The results established zebrafish as a good model to study in vivo phosphorylation and reveal that surprising homology exists with human phosphoproteins. (uu.nl)

Phosphorylation patterns. (the-scientist.com)

In this thesis in vivo phosphorylation was studied at different stages and under different experimental conditions in developing zebrafish embryos. (uu.nl)
To show in vivo effect of these phosphorylations, we created mouse TWIST1 expression vector and converted the codons of S42, T125, and S127 to unphosphorylatable alanine and phosphorylation mimicking Glutamic acid. (tubitak.gov.tr)
Los experimentos in Vivo de Lai y Singh (1995, 1996) ameritan especial atención, teniendo en cuenta el interés que despertaron. (rfcom.ca)

The earliest stages of animal development are largely controlled by changes in protein phosphorylation mediated by signaling pathways and cyclin-dependent kinases. (xenbase.org)
K in its turn acts as a cofactor for several enzymes involved in carbohydrate phosphorylation and oxidation, such as protein kinases and phosphatases. (who.int)

IP7 phosphorylation appears selective for eukaryotic organisms, with none seen in Escherichia coli extracts. (the-scientist.com)

We found an age-related lesion in Akt activity via loss of phosphorylation on Ser473. (oregonstate.edu)
Neither the dominant negative isoform, DeltaNp73, nor a transcriptionally inactive mutant TAp73alpha(R292H) altered tau phosphorylation indicating that tau phosphorylation is dependent on the transcriptional activity of TAp73alpha. (ox.ac.uk)
In the second part of the thesis I investigate the regulation of CYLD's catalytic activity by phosphorylation. (bl.uk)
Therefore, dual biomarkers of BChE activity and phosphorylation (OP-BChE) will be obtained simultaneously. (cdc.gov)

As a consequence protein phosphorylation and the elucidation of signaling pathways have received considerable attention over the past years. (uu.nl)

Erythrocyte membrane phosphorylation in Plasmodium berghei infected mice / by Porntip Chaimanee. (who.int)

These BR-mediated growth responses have been explained by transcriptional controls mediated by phosphorylation of BES1/BZR1 transcription factors. (jic.ac.uk)

Anatomy25

Organisms9

Chemicals and Drugs159

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment14

Phenomena and Processes45

Information Science3

Membrane-tethered Drosophila Armadillo cannot transduce Wingless signal on its own. (1/72374)

Cell polarization: chemotaxis gets CRACKing. (2/72374)

The hematopoietic-specific adaptor protein gads functions in T-cell signaling via interactions with the SLP-76 and LAT adaptors. (3/72374)

Tyrosine phosphorylation is required for actin-based motility of vaccinia but not Listeria or Shigella. (4/72374)

Intracellular signalling: PDK1--a kinase at the hub of things. (5/72374)

Prodigious substrate specificity of AAC(6')-APH(2"), an aminoglycoside antibiotic resistance determinant in enterococci and staphylococci. (6/72374)

High-throughput screening of small molecules in miniaturized mammalian cell-based assays involving post-translational modifications. (7/72374)

Tyrosine phosphorylation and complex formation of Cbl-b upon T cell receptor stimulation. (8/72374)

Serine

Phosphorylation

Tyrosine

Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases

Phosphoproteins

Protein Kinases

Enzyme Activation

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Phosphoserine

Amino Acid Sequence

Cell Line

Threonine

Molecular Sequence Data

Protein-Tyrosine Kinases

Protein Kinase C

Cells, Cultured

Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases

Phosphopeptides

Phosphotyrosine

Protein Binding

Enzyme Inhibitors

Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases

Phosphothreonine

Kinetics

Blotting, Western

Mutation

Transfection

Peptide Mapping

Casein Kinase II

Protein Processing, Post-Translational

src-Family Kinases

Signal Transduction

Phosphoprotein Phosphatases

Proto-Oncogene Proteins

Binding Sites

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1

Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins

Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases

Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases

Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Recombinant Proteins

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3

Cell Line, Tumor

Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases

Precipitin Tests

Immunoblotting

Mutagenesis, Site-Directed

Calcium

MAP Kinase Signaling System

DNA-Binding Proteins

Immunoprecipitation

HeLa Cells

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing

COS Cells

p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases

Proteins

Cell Cycle Proteins

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

Myosin Light Chains

Models, Biological

Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate

Okadaic Acid

Adenosine Triphosphate

CDC2 Protein Kinase

Substrate Specificity

Cyclic AMP

Carrier Proteins

Protein Transport

Protein Kinase Inhibitors

Cell Nucleus

Apoptosis

Antibodies, Phospho-Specific

Time Factors

Membrane Proteins

Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases

Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases

Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa