Phosphorus Metabolism Disorders
Phosphorus
Lipid Metabolism Disorders
Calcium Metabolism Disorders
Metabolic Diseases
Parathyroid Hormone
Iron Metabolism Disorders
Glucose Metabolism Disorders
Calcium
Phosphorus, Dietary
Effects of partial and total colectomy on mineral and acid-base homoeostasis in the rat: magnesium deficiency, hyperphosphaturia and osteopathy, in the presence of high serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D but normal parathyroid hormone. (1/41)
The effects of colectomy on acid-base status, extra-osseous and bone minerals, calciotropic hormones and bone morphology have not yet been studied. To rectify this, groups of normally fed male rats were subjected to distal (n=11), proximal (n=12) or total (n=12) colectomy. Sham-operated rats (n=12) served as controls. At 112 (+/-2) days after colectomy the following changes were noted: (1) weight gain was delayed; (2) faecal excretion of calcium and phosphorus was normal, whereas that of magnesium was increased; (3) intestinal calcium secretion and absorption of calcium and phosphorus were normal, but magnesium absorption was decreased; (4) urinary excretion of magnesium was also decreased, that of phosphorus was increased, and that of pyridinium and deoxypyridinium tended to be high; (5) the serum levels of ionized magnesium, total calcium, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone were normal, while that of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D was markedly elevated; and (6) bone magnesium and phosphorus content were decreased, but bone calcium was normal, and thus the bone calcium/phosphorus ratio was high. These abnormalities were associated with moderate metabolic acidosis, as reflected by high urinary ammonium, low citrate and low total CO(2), but normal blood gases. Significant structural abnormalities of bone were not detectable, but trabecular bone tended to show rarefication. Distal colectomy had the least effect, whereas proximal and total colectomies had a distinct effect, on these parameters. It is concluded that colectomy in the rat causes: (1) a syndrome of magnesium deficiency of intestinal origin, compensated metabolic acidosis, urinary phosphorus loss, and high circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels, with the degree depending on the extent of surgical resection; and (2) brittle bones, a feature characteristic of low bone magnesium and more generalized magnesium deficiency. The mechanisms leading to this syndrome are unknown, but altered tissue levels of magnesium and phosphorus may play a key role. (+info)Calcium acetate versus calcium carbonate in the control of hyperphosphatemia in hemodialysis patients. (2/41)
CONTEXT: Hyperphosphatemia has an important role in the development of bone and mineral abnormalities in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). OBJECTIVE: To compare the phosphorus binding power and the hypercalcemic effect of calcium acetate and calcium carbonate in hemodialysis patients. TYPE OF STUDY: Crossover, randomized, double-blind study. PLACE: A private hospital dialysis center. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-two patients who were undergoing regular hemodialysis three times a week ([Ca++] dialysate = 3.5 mEq/L). PROCEDURES: Half of the patients were started on 5.6 g/day of calcium acetate and, after a 2 week washout period, received 6.2 g/day of calcium carbonate. The other half followed an inverse protocol. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Clinical interviews were conducted 3 times a week to monitor for side effects. Determinations of serum urea, calcium, phosphorus, hematocrit, Kt/V and blood gas analysis were obtained before and after each treatment. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients completed the study. A significant increase in calcium plasma levels was only observed after treatment with calcium carbonate [9.34 mg/dl (SD 0.91) vs. 9.91 mg/dl (SD 0.79), P < 0.01]. The drop in phosphorus levels was substantial and significant for both salts [5.64 mg/dl (SD 1.54) vs. 4.60 mg/dl (SD 1.32), P < 0.01 and 5.89 mg/dl (SD 1.71) vs. 4.56 mg/dl (SD 1.57), P < 0.01, for calcium acetate and calcium carbonate respectively]. The percentage reduction in serum phosphorus (at the end of the study) per milliequivalent of salt administered per day tended to be higher with calcium acetate but statistical significance was not found. CONCLUSION: Calcium acetate can be a good alternative to calcium carbonate in the handling of hyperphosphatemia in ESRD patients. When calcium acetate is used, control of hyperphosphatemia can be achieved with a lower administration of calcium, perhaps with a lower risk of hypercalcemia. (+info)Management of hyperphosphataemia of chronic kidney disease: lessons from the past and future directions. (3/41)
A historical look at research in hyperphosphataemia of chronic kidney disease over the last 40 years shows remarkable advances in our understanding of this abnormality and in the technology used to manage it. Phosphate binders, which have become a mainstay in the management of hyperphosphataemia, have evolved from the early use of aluminium gels to calcium salts, to novel, non-absorbed, aluminium-free, calcium-free agents such as sevelamer hydrochloride, and to magnesium-, iron-, and lanthanum-based compounds. With recent advances, clinical management of this complication of chronic renal disease is evolving from adequate care to optimal care, such that new standards in phosphorous management are being set, and various parameters of patient care are being integrated to optimize outcomes and minimize side effects. This paper provides a historical view of the clinical management of hyperphosphataemia, and looks to advances in treatment that are changing the course of renal bone disease management. (+info)A prospective study of combination therapy for hyperphosphataemia with calcium-containing phosphate binders and sevelamer in hypercalcaemic haemodialysis patients. (4/41)
INTRODUCTION: Hyperphosphataemia is predictive of death, in haemodialysis (HD) patients. Sevelamer is a mineral-free phosphate binder not limited by the hypercalcaemia often encountered when utilizing calcium-containing phosphate binders. Highly positive calcium balance is associated with ectopic calcification and potentially accelerated vascular disease. Unfortunately, exclusive use of sevelamer entails a large cost differential, limiting its use in many centres. We report on a strategy of partial replacement of calcium with sevelamer for the management of hyperphosphataemia in hypercalcaemic chronic HD patients. METHODS: We identified 23 HD patients with serum calcium >2.6 mmol/l. Dietary phosphate and calcium intake were assessed and baseline serum calcium, phosphate and 1alpha calcidol and elemental calcium dose recorded. Fifty per cent of this initial calcium dose was exchanged for sevelamer. Vitamin D doses were left unchanged. If serum calcium was still >2.6 mmol/l after 4 weeks a further 50% of calcium was exchanged. If serum phosphate was >2 mmol/l the sevelamer dose was increased by 25%. The patients were followed up for a further 4 weeks. RESULTS: Seven patients complained of gastrointestinal intolerance of sevelamer. Serum calcium fell from a mean value of 2.8+/-0.04 (2.64-3.54) mmol/l to 2.56+/-0.03 (2.4-2.9) mmol/l, P<0.0005. The hypercalcaemic percentage of patients fell from 100 to 26%. Mean serum phosphate was not significantly changed, 1.59+/-0.1 (0.57-2.6) mmol/l to 1.63+/-0.11 (0.55-2.68) mmol/l, 17-22% of patients having serum phosphate >2 mmol/l. Serum intact parathyroid hormone increased from 166+/-47 (12-933) ng/l to 276+/-104 (20-1013) ng/l, P=0.02. Mean sevelamer dose was 2.77+/-0.36 (0-5.6) g per day. Elemental calcium dose fell from 2.05+/-0.23 (0.5-4.5) g to 1.03+/-0.1 (0.5-2.5) g, P<0.0001. CONCLUSION: A regimen based on the combination of sevelamer and calcium is capable of effectively managing hyperphosphataemia, without hypercalcaemia, in the majority of hypercalcaemic HD patients. Such a minimally calcaemic approach might reduce the financial burden of sevelamer therapy, and enable a wider range of patients to be treated. (+info)Hyperphosphataemia as a cardiovascular risk factor -- how to manage the problem. (5/41)
Hyperphosphataemia is a frequent and important cardiovascular risk factor in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). High phosphate levels may influence vascular calcifications by two separate mechanisms: by worsening secondary hyperparathyroidism, which in turn facilitates calcification, and by promoting calcium phosphate deposition in pre-formed endothelial plaques and in the arterial wall. Recent studies have shown that hyperphosphataemia induces the proliferation and differentiation of endothelial vascular cells into osteoblast-like cells, promoting vascular calcification. High phosphate levels also increase the risk of mortality in patients with CKD. To reduce the negative impact of high phosphate, serum phosphate levels should be <5 mg/dl and serum calcium <10 mg/dl. This allows the calcium x phosphate product to be maintained at < or =50 mg(2)/dl(2), reducing the risk of vascular, valvular, and extraskeletal calcification. A multiple-factor approach can be used to reduce serum phosphate: (i). decrease bone resorption by maintaining adequate serum parathyroid hormone levels; (ii). reduce phosphorous intake in the diet, (iii). use phosphate binders efficiently; and (iv). avoid under-dialysis. The patient's diet should be high in nutrition but with the lowest possible phosphorous content. Doses of phosphate binders should be tailored to individual dietary habits and must be taken during meals in a dose proportional to the phosphorous content of the meal. Because of the risk of increased extraskeletal calcification, calcium-containing phosphate-binder intake should not exceed 2-3 g/day. Sevelamer hydrochloride, a non-calcium and non-aluminium phosphate binder with a potency similar to that of calcium salts has shown beneficial effects on lipid profiles. Better control of serum phosphate is achieved in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis than in those on haemodialysis. Removal of phosphate is directly correlated with duration and frequency of dialysis sessions. Thus, it is advisable not to reduce the duration of dialysis sessions to <4 h three times per week. (+info)Decreased absorption of calcium, magnesium, zinc and phosphorus by humans due to increased fiber and phosphorus consumption as wheat bread. (6/41)
During a 20 day period of high fiber consumption in the form of bread made partly from wheaten wholemeal, two men developed negative balances of calcium, magnesium, zinc and phosphorus due to increased fecal excretion of each element. The fecal losses correlated closely with fecal dry matter and phosphorus. Fecal dry matter, in turn, was directly proportional to fecal fiber excretion. Balances of nitrogen remained positive. Mineral elements were well-utilized by the same subjects during a 20-day period of white bread consumption. (+info)Molecular targets of hyperphosphataemia in chronic renal failure. (7/41)
Dietary phosphate restriction can prevent or retard the progress of chronic renal failure (CRF) and secondary hyperparathyroidism. The klotho gene is involved in the development of a syndrome resembling human ageing, and klotho mutant mice show abnormal calcium/vitamin D metabolism, developing hyperphosphataemia and vascular calcification. Phosphate retention rescues the phenotype of klotho mice. The level of expression of klotho RNA was greatly reduced in the kidneys of all CRF patients. Dietary P(i) restriction induced klotho expression, which enhances the beneficial effect of P(i) restriction in patients with CRF and/or on haemodialysis. (+info)Hyperphosphataemia and treatment with sevelamer in haemodialysis patients. (8/41)
More than 60% of patients on chronic haemodialysis (HD) have a serum phosphate level above 5.5 mg/dl (1.75 mmol/l), which recently has been recommended as an appropriate target in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Preventing hyperphosphataemia and elevated Ca x P product not only ameliorates the progression of secondary hyperparathyroidism and bone disease, but also appears to reduce cardio-vascular morbidity and mortality from vascular calcifications. Dietary phosphate restriction and the administration of aluminium and calcium salts have been the principal means of phosphate control over the last decade. Unfortunately, the protean disturbances of toxic aluminium accumulation in the body virtually eliminated aluminium from clinical practice. Calcium-based therapy, although well tolerated, results in frequent hypercalcaemia when administered concurrently with vitamin D analogues, despite a decrease in the concentration of dialysate calcium. Sevelamer (Renagel((R))) has been a novel, non-absorbable calcium- and aluminium-free synthetic polymer. In initial studies, sevelamer reduced serum phosphate, Ca x P product and parathyroid hormone (PTH) in a manner comparable with calcium acetate therapy. However, the effect on PTH levels may prove to be inconsistent. It seems somewhat less effective in binding phosphate than aluminium, although no direct comparisons have been made. In a recent study, it attenuated the progression of vascular calcification in HD patients. It also binds bile acids, resulting in substantially lower low-density lipo-protein cholesterol levels. The major obstacle to its current use is a substantial increase in the cost associated with sevelamer therapy. (+info)Phosphorus metabolism disorders refer to a group of conditions that affect the body's ability to properly regulate the levels and utilization of phosphorus. Phosphorus is an essential mineral that plays a critical role in many biological processes, including energy production, bone formation, and nerve function.
Disorders of phosphorus metabolism can result from genetic defects, kidney dysfunction, vitamin D deficiency, or other medical conditions. These disorders can lead to abnormal levels of phosphorus in the blood, which can cause a range of symptoms, including muscle weakness, bone pain, seizures, and respiratory failure.
Examples of phosphorus metabolism disorders include:
1. Hypophosphatemia: This is a condition characterized by low levels of phosphorus in the blood. It can be caused by various factors, such as malnutrition, vitamin D deficiency, and kidney dysfunction.
2. Hyperphosphatemia: This is a condition characterized by high levels of phosphorus in the blood. It can be caused by kidney failure, tumor lysis syndrome, and certain medications.
3. Hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets: This is a genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to regulate vitamin D and phosphorus metabolism. It can lead to weakened bones and skeletal deformities.
4. Oncogenic osteomalacia: This is a rare condition that occurs when tumors produce substances that interfere with phosphorus metabolism, leading to bone pain and weakness.
Treatment for phosphorus metabolism disorders depends on the underlying cause of the disorder and may include dietary changes, supplements, medications, or surgery.
Phosphorus is an essential mineral that is required by every cell in the body for normal functioning. It is a key component of several important biomolecules, including adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the primary source of energy for cells, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), which are the genetic materials in cells.
Phosphorus is also a major constituent of bones and teeth, where it combines with calcium to provide strength and structure. In addition, phosphorus plays a critical role in various metabolic processes, including energy production, nerve impulse transmission, and pH regulation.
The medical definition of phosphorus refers to the chemical element with the atomic number 15 and the symbol P. It is a highly reactive non-metal that exists in several forms, including white phosphorus, red phosphorus, and black phosphorus. In the body, phosphorus is primarily found in the form of organic compounds, such as phospholipids, phosphoproteins, and nucleic acids.
Abnormal levels of phosphorus in the body can lead to various health problems. For example, high levels of phosphorus (hyperphosphatemia) can occur in patients with kidney disease or those who consume large amounts of phosphorus-rich foods, and can contribute to the development of calcification of soft tissues and cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, low levels of phosphorus (hypophosphatemia) can occur in patients with malnutrition, vitamin D deficiency, or alcoholism, and can lead to muscle weakness, bone pain, and an increased risk of infection.
Lipid metabolism disorders are a group of conditions that result from abnormalities in the breakdown, transport, or storage of lipids (fats) in the body. These disorders can lead to an accumulation of lipids in various tissues and organs, causing them to function improperly.
There are several types of lipid metabolism disorders, including:
1. Hyperlipidemias: These are conditions characterized by high levels of cholesterol or triglycerides in the blood. They can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and pancreatitis.
2. Hypercholesterolemia: This is a condition characterized by high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, also known as "bad" cholesterol, in the blood. It can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
3. Hypocholesterolemias: These are conditions characterized by low levels of cholesterol in the blood. Some of these disorders may be associated with an increased risk of cancer and neurological disorders.
4. Hypertriglyceridemias: These are conditions characterized by high levels of triglycerides in the blood. They can increase the risk of pancreatitis and cardiovascular disease.
5. Lipodystrophies: These are conditions characterized by abnormalities in the distribution of body fat, which can lead to metabolic abnormalities such as insulin resistance, diabetes, and high levels of triglycerides.
6. Disorders of fatty acid oxidation: These are conditions that affect the body's ability to break down fatty acids for energy, leading to muscle weakness, liver dysfunction, and in some cases, life-threatening neurological complications.
Lipid metabolism disorders can be inherited or acquired, and their symptoms and severity can vary widely depending on the specific disorder and the individual's overall health status. Treatment may include lifestyle changes, medications, and dietary modifications to help manage lipid levels and prevent complications.
Calcium metabolism disorders refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the body's ability to properly regulate the levels of calcium in the blood and tissues. Calcium is an essential mineral that plays a critical role in many bodily functions, including bone health, muscle contraction, nerve function, and blood clotting.
There are several types of calcium metabolism disorders, including:
1. Hypocalcemia: This is a condition characterized by low levels of calcium in the blood. It can be caused by various factors such as vitamin D deficiency, hypoparathyroidism, and certain medications. Symptoms may include muscle cramps, spasms, and tingling sensations in the fingers and toes.
2. Hypercalcemia: This is a condition characterized by high levels of calcium in the blood. It can be caused by various factors such as hyperparathyroidism, cancer, and certain medications. Symptoms may include fatigue, weakness, confusion, and kidney stones.
3. Osteoporosis: This is a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones due to low calcium levels in the bones. It can be caused by various factors such as aging, menopause, vitamin D deficiency, and certain medications. Symptoms may include bone fractures and loss of height.
4. Paget's disease: This is a condition characterized by abnormal bone growth and deformities due to disordered calcium metabolism. It can be caused by various factors such as genetics, age, and certain medications. Symptoms may include bone pain, fractures, and deformities.
Treatment for calcium metabolism disorders depends on the underlying cause of the condition. It may involve supplements, medication, dietary changes, or surgery. Proper diagnosis and management are essential to prevent complications such as kidney stones, bone fractures, and neurological damage.
Metabolic diseases are a group of disorders caused by abnormal chemical reactions in your body's cells. These reactions are part of a complex process called metabolism, where your body converts the food you eat into energy.
There are several types of metabolic diseases, but they most commonly result from:
1. Your body not producing enough of certain enzymes that are needed to convert food into energy.
2. Your body producing too much of certain substances or toxins, often due to a genetic disorder.
Examples of metabolic diseases include phenylketonuria (PKU), diabetes, and gout. PKU is a rare condition where the body cannot break down an amino acid called phenylalanine, which can lead to serious health problems if left untreated. Diabetes is a common disorder that occurs when your body doesn't produce enough insulin or can't properly use the insulin it produces, leading to high blood sugar levels. Gout is a type of arthritis that results from too much uric acid in the body, which can form crystals in the joints and cause pain and inflammation.
Metabolic diseases can be inherited or acquired through environmental factors such as diet or lifestyle choices. Many metabolic diseases can be managed with proper medical care, including medication, dietary changes, and lifestyle modifications.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a polypeptide hormone that plays a crucial role in the regulation of calcium and phosphate levels in the body. It is produced and secreted by the parathyroid glands, which are four small endocrine glands located on the back surface of the thyroid gland.
The primary function of PTH is to maintain normal calcium levels in the blood by increasing calcium absorption from the gut, mobilizing calcium from bones, and decreasing calcium excretion by the kidneys. PTH also increases phosphate excretion by the kidneys, which helps to lower serum phosphate levels.
In addition to its role in calcium and phosphate homeostasis, PTH has been shown to have anabolic effects on bone tissue, stimulating bone formation and preventing bone loss. However, chronic elevations in PTH levels can lead to excessive bone resorption and osteoporosis.
Overall, Parathyroid Hormone is a critical hormone that helps maintain mineral homeostasis and supports healthy bone metabolism.
Iron metabolism disorders are a group of medical conditions that affect the body's ability to absorb, transport, store, or utilize iron properly. Iron is an essential nutrient that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions, including oxygen transportation and energy production. However, imbalances in iron levels can lead to several health issues.
There are two main types of iron metabolism disorders:
1. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA): This condition occurs when the body lacks adequate iron to produce sufficient amounts of hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. Causes of IDA may include inadequate dietary iron intake, blood loss, or impaired iron absorption due to conditions like celiac disease or inflammatory bowel disease.
2. Hemochromatosis: This is a genetic disorder characterized by excessive absorption and accumulation of iron in various organs, including the liver, heart, and pancreas. Over time, this excess iron can lead to organ damage and diseases such as cirrhosis, heart failure, diabetes, and arthritis. Hemochromatosis is typically caused by mutations in the HFE gene, which regulates iron absorption in the intestines.
Other iron metabolism disorders include:
* Anemia of chronic disease (ACD): A type of anemia that occurs in individuals with chronic inflammation or infection, where iron is not efficiently used for hemoglobin production due to altered regulation.
* Sideroblastic anemias: These are rare disorders characterized by the abnormal formation of ringed sideroblasts (immature red blood cells containing iron-laden mitochondria) in the bone marrow, leading to anemia and other symptoms.
* Iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia (IRIDA): A rare inherited disorder caused by mutations in the TMPRSS6 gene, resulting in impaired regulation of hepcidin, a hormone that controls iron absorption and distribution in the body. This leads to both iron deficiency and iron overload.
Proper diagnosis and management of iron metabolism disorders are essential to prevent complications and maintain overall health. Treatment options may include dietary modifications, iron supplementation, phlebotomy (bloodletting), or chelation therapy, depending on the specific disorder and its severity.
Phosphates, in a medical context, refer to the salts or esters of phosphoric acid. Phosphates play crucial roles in various biological processes within the human body. They are essential components of bones and teeth, where they combine with calcium to form hydroxyapatite crystals. Phosphates also participate in energy transfer reactions as phosphate groups attached to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Additionally, they contribute to buffer systems that help maintain normal pH levels in the body.
Abnormal levels of phosphates in the blood can indicate certain medical conditions. High phosphate levels (hyperphosphatemia) may be associated with kidney dysfunction, hyperparathyroidism, or excessive intake of phosphate-containing products. Low phosphate levels (hypophosphatemia) might result from malnutrition, vitamin D deficiency, or certain diseases affecting the small intestine or kidneys. Both hypophosphatemia and hyperphosphatemia can have significant impacts on various organ systems and may require medical intervention.
Glucose metabolism disorders are a group of conditions that result from abnormalities in the body's ability to produce, store, or use glucose, which is a simple sugar that serves as the primary source of energy for the body's cells. These disorders can be categorized into two main types: those caused by insufficient insulin production (such as type 1 diabetes) and those caused by impaired insulin action (such as type 2 diabetes).
In healthy individuals, glucose is absorbed from food during digestion and enters the bloodstream. The pancreas responds to this increase in blood glucose levels by releasing insulin, a hormone that signals cells throughout the body to take up glucose from the bloodstream and use it for energy production or storage.
Glucose metabolism disorders can disrupt this process at various stages, leading to high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) or low blood glucose levels (hypoglycemia). Some common examples of these disorders include:
1. Diabetes Mellitus: A group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood glucose levels due to insufficient insulin production, impaired insulin action, or both. Type 1 diabetes results from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta-cells that produce insulin, while type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion.
2. Gestational Diabetes: A form of high blood glucose that develops during pregnancy due to hormonal changes that impair insulin action.
3. Prediabetes: A condition where blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not yet high enough to be classified as diabetes.
4. Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood glucose levels, which can result from certain medications, hormonal deficiencies, or other medical conditions.
5. Glycogen Storage Diseases: A group of rare inherited metabolic disorders that affect the body's ability to store and break down glycogen, a complex carbohydrate that serves as an energy reserve in muscles and the liver.
6. Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY): A group of monogenic forms of diabetes caused by mutations in specific genes involved in insulin secretion or action.
7. Glucose Galactose Malabsorption: An inherited disorder that impairs the absorption of glucose and galactose, leading to severe diarrhea, dehydration, and high blood glucose levels.
8. Fructose Intolerance: A condition where the body cannot metabolize fructose properly due to a deficiency in the enzyme aldolase B, resulting in abdominal pain, diarrhea, and high blood glucose levels.
Calcium is an essential mineral that is vital for various physiological processes in the human body. The medical definition of calcium is as follows:
Calcium (Ca2+) is a crucial cation and the most abundant mineral in the human body, with approximately 99% of it found in bones and teeth. It plays a vital role in maintaining structural integrity, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, hormonal secretion, blood coagulation, and enzyme activation.
Calcium homeostasis is tightly regulated through the interplay of several hormones, including parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and vitamin D. Dietary calcium intake, absorption, and excretion are also critical factors in maintaining optimal calcium levels in the body.
Hypocalcemia refers to low serum calcium levels, while hypercalcemia indicates high serum calcium levels. Both conditions can have detrimental effects on various organ systems and require medical intervention to correct.
Dietary Phosphorus is a mineral that is an essential nutrient for human health. It is required for the growth, maintenance, and repair of body tissues, including bones and teeth. Phosphorus is also necessary for the production of energy, the formation of DNA and RNA, and the regulation of various physiological processes.
In the diet, phosphorus is primarily found in protein-containing foods such as meat, poultry, fish, dairy products, legumes, and nuts. It can also be found in processed foods that contain additives such as phosphoric acid, which is used to enhance flavor or as a preservative.
The recommended daily intake of phosphorus for adults is 700 milligrams (mg) per day. However, it's important to note that excessive intake of phosphorus, particularly from supplements and fortified foods, can lead to health problems such as kidney damage and calcification of soft tissues. Therefore, it's recommended to obtain phosphorus primarily from whole foods rather than supplements.
Phosphorus compounds refer to chemical substances that contain phosphorus (P) combined with one or more other elements. Phosphorus can form a variety of compounds due to its ability to exist in several oxidation states, most commonly +3 and +5.
In biological systems, phosphorus is an essential element for life, playing crucial roles in energy transfer, metabolism, and structural components of cells. Some common examples of phosphorus compounds include:
1. Phosphoric acid (H3PO4): A weak triprotic acid that forms salts called phosphates when combined with metal ions or basic radicals.
2. Phosphates (PO4^3-): The salt or ester form of phosphoric acid, widely found in nature and essential for various biological processes such as bone formation, energy metabolism, and nucleic acid synthesis.
3. Phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5): A pungent, white crystalline solid used in organic chemistry as a chlorinating agent.
4. Phosphorus trichloride (PCl3): A colorless liquid with a suffocating odor, used in the production of various chemical compounds, including pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.
5. Dicalcium phosphate (CaHPO4): A calcium salt of phosphoric acid, commonly found in mineral supplements and used as a dietary supplement for animals and humans.
6. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP): A high-energy molecule that stores and transfers energy within cells, playing a critical role in metabolic processes such as muscle contraction and biosynthesis.
Phosphorus compounds have numerous applications across various industries, including agriculture, food processing, pharmaceuticals, and chemical manufacturing.
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Parathyroid8
- Phosphorus and calcium are interrelated because hormones, such as vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH), regulate the metabolism of both minerals. (nih.gov)
- Bone metabolism is affected by factors such as nutrition, exercise, medical illnesses and medications, as well as hormones including parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, estrogen, and testosterone. (rochester.edu)
- Unadjusted, case mix-adjusted, and multivariable-adjusted relative risks of death were calculated for categories of serum phosphorus, calcium, calcium x phosphorus product, and intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) using proportional hazards regression. (nih.gov)
- The persistent increase in levels of parathyroid hormone, fibroblast growth factor 23 and disorders of calcium metabolism of phosphorus leads to secondary hyperparathyroidism that despite the clinical treatment often becomes persistent, which requires surgical treatment. (fapesp.br)
- Parathyroid hormone facilitates the 1-hydroxylation step in vitamin D metabolism. (medscape.com)
- After the parathyroid response, the calcium concentration usually returns to the reference range, though phosphorus levels remain low. (medscape.com)
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium, phosphorus and urea measurements, as well as panoramic radiographs, were obtained from all patients. (bvsalud.org)
- The level of phosphorus is tightly regulated by three main hormones [parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D and fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23)], which affect the intestinal absorption and renal excretion of phosphorus and bone mineral metabolism. (medscape.com)
Phosphate20
- The phosphorus blood test measures the amount of phosphate in the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
- Disorders of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate balance. (medlineplus.gov)
- These conditions may result in failure of osteoid calcification (rickets) in children because of a disruption in the pathway of either vitamin D or phosphate metabolism. (medscape.com)
- Low phosphate and high alkaline phosphatase levels characterize most of the disorders. (medscape.com)
- In addition, a renal tubular defect that reduces reabsorption may alter phosphate metabolism. (medscape.com)
- In practice, however, it is common to consider hypophosphatemia as a synonym for phosphorus deficiency, which is incorrect and potentially misleading, because blood phosphate concentration is a poor surrogate marker for the phosphorous level in the body. (merckvetmanual.com)
- Many different types of foods contain phosphorus, mainly in the form of phosphates and phosphate esters [ 1 ]. (nih.gov)
- Although phosphorus status is not typically assessed, phosphate can be measured in both serum and plasma [ 10 ]. (nih.gov)
- However, plasma and serum phosphate levels do not necessarily reflect whole-body phosphorus content [ 1 , 11 ]. (nih.gov)
- Most phosphorus in the body is complexed with oxygen as phosphate. (msdmanuals.com)
- Phosphate is also involved in aerobic and anaerobic energy metabolism. (msdmanuals.com)
- Phosphate depletion can occur in various disorders and normally results in conservation of phosphate by the kidneys. (msdmanuals.com)
- Phosphate deficiency is more common in those with celiac disease , Crohn's disease , kidney issues, alcohol use disorder , and those who take too many antacids. (healthline.com)
- Phosphate is often referred as "phosphorus," a practice that is inaccurate and misleading. (medscape.com)
- 4. A thorough understanding of the topic is essential to correct diagnosis and treatment of disorders of calcium and phosphate in the newborn. (frontiersin.org)
- Ms-D3 Softgel Capsule 4's is also used in the treatment of familial hypophosphatemia (a group of rare inherited disorders characterized by impaired kidney conservation of phosphate and in some cases, altered vitamin D metabolism). (apollopharmacy.in)
- Data collection tools were the researcher-made Phosphate Control Knowledge Scale, the researcher-made Adherence to Dietary Restriction of Phosphorus Intake Scale, the eight-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale, and serum phosphorus measurements. (bvsalud.org)
- RESULTS: Inter-group comparisons showed no significant difference between FCEPG and CG in terms of the mean score of knowledge of phosphate control, adherence to dietary restriction of phosphorus intake, adherence to medication, and the mean serum phosphorus level before the empowerment program, but showed significant differences between them in these respects at one month after the program and three months after the program (p (bvsalud.org)
- OBJECTIVES: We aimed to compare and rank phosphorus-lowering drugs, including phosphate binder and nonphosphate binder, in hyperphosphatemia adults with CKD. (bvsalud.org)
- Renal phosphate handling and inherited disorders of phosphate reabsorption: an update. (cdc.gov)
Absorption6
- Because human intestines lack the phytase enzyme, much phosphorus in this form is unavailable for absorption [ 1 ]. (nih.gov)
- Phosphorus undergoes passive absorption in the small intestine, although some is absorbed by active transport [ 2 ]. (nih.gov)
- The kidneys, bones, and intestines regulate phosphorus homeostasis, which requires maintenance of urinary losses at equivalent levels to net phosphorus absorption and ensuring that equal amounts of phosphorus are deposited and resorbed from bone [ 1 , 7 , 8 ]. (nih.gov)
- This condition was caused by a vitamin D deficiency, which in turn negatively impacted intestinal calcium and phosphorus absorption. (cdc.gov)
- Important minerals are calcium, magnesium and phosphorus, a good absorption by the body is essential. (centrumequus.nl)
- This is because aluminum can interfere with the absorption and metabolism of calcium and phosphorus, which are essential for healthy bones. (taborplace.co)
Rickets4
- Regulates phosphorus and calcium metabolism avoids rickets and desmineralisation. (yaharvet.com)
- Less commonly, a dietary deficiency of calcium or phosphorus may also produce rickets. (medscape.com)
- Relationship between polymorphisms in vitamin D metabolism-related genes and the risk of rickets in Han Chinese children. (cdc.gov)
- Targeted resequencing of phosphorus metabolism?related genes in 86 patients with hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia. (cdc.gov)
Hyperphosphatemia4
- Disorders of mineral metabolism (hyperphosphatemia, hypercalcemia, and secondary hyperparathyroidism) are potentially modifiable. (nih.gov)
- When examined collectively, the population attributable risk percentage for disorders of mineral metabolism was 17.5%, owing largely to the high prevalence of hyperphosphatemia. (nih.gov)
- We searched in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Embase from inception to February 1, 2023, for randomized controlled trials of 12 phosphorus-lowering drugs in adults with hyperphosphatemia and CKD. (bvsalud.org)
- [ 2 ] Although chronic kidney disease (CKD) often leads to hyperphosphatemia, abnormalities in phosphorus levels have been observed in populations with and without kidney disease. (medscape.com)
Serum phosphorus7
- For determining associations among disorders of mineral metabolism, mortality, and morbidity in hemodialysis patients, data on 40,538 hemodialysis patients with at least one determination of serum phosphorus and calcium during the last 3 mo of 1997 were analyzed. (nih.gov)
- Higher adjusted serum calcium concentrations were also associated with an increased risk of death, even when examined within narrow ranges of serum phosphorus. (nih.gov)
- Primary outcomes were efficacy (changes in serum phosphorus) and acceptability (treatment withdrawals due to any cause). (bvsalud.org)
- 30 mL/min/1.73 m 2 and measurements of serum phosphorus, creatinine and hemoglobin. (medscape.com)
- Serum phosphorus levels ≥3.5 mg/dL were associated with both mild and moderate anemia. (medscape.com)
- [ 1 ] Dysregulation of these processes resulting in chronically low or high serum phosphorus has been associated with adverse outcomes. (medscape.com)
- [ 7 ] These few studies that evaluated the relationship between serum phosphorus and anemia have been limited in various ways, including smaller population size, lack of heterogeneity and non-consideration of secondary causes of anemia. (medscape.com)
Osteoporosis3
- Historically, vitamin D had been linked to skeletal disease including calcium, phosphorus, and bone metabolism, 1 2 osteoporosis, 3 fractures, 4 5 muscle strength, 6 and falls. (bmj.com)
- Onion juice consumption showed a positive modulatory effect on the bone loss and BMD by improving antioxidant activities and thus can be recommended for treating various bone-related disorders, especially osteoporosis. (nih.gov)
- For example, exposure to high levels of aluminum has been associated with bone disorders, such as osteoporosis and osteomalacia. (taborplace.co)
Calcium or phosphorus1
- If your child lives with a bone disease or disorder related to calcium or phosphorus metabolism, you can get a comprehensive bone health assessment through Oklahoma Children's Hospital's metabolic bone disease program. (ouhealth.com)
Dietary6
- Fractures will most often heal well on their own with gentle handling and increased dietary intakes of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D. There may be an increased risk for fractures throughout the first year of life for very premature infants with this condition. (medlineplus.gov)
- Phosphorus, an essential mineral, is naturally present in many foods and available as a dietary supplement. (nih.gov)
- Intake recommendations for phosphorus and other nutrients are provided in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) developed by the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine [ 12 ]. (nih.gov)
- Actual dietary consumption of phosphorus in the United States far exceeds these recommendations. (renalandurologynews.com)
- These results suggest that changes in dietary phosphorus consumption can influence gene expression in different tissues even with normal renal function," the investigators commented. (renalandurologynews.com)
- Dietary restrictions of sodium, potassium, phosphorus and protein may be advised by a physician. (connersclinic.com)
Potassium1
- In a study of potassium disorders in patients with chronic kidney disease, lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), diabetes, and use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin-receptor blockers were associated with higher ods of having hyperkalemia. (medscape.com)
Abnormal2
- Kidney, liver, and certain bone diseases can cause abnormal phosphorus levels. (medlineplus.gov)
- Even healthy adults show evidence of abnormal bone metabolism. (renalandurologynews.com)
Homeostasis2
- Several hormones, including estrogen and adrenaline, also affect phosphorus homeostasis. (nih.gov)
- In bone health, they either affect bone metabolism or reflect changes in bone homeostasis. (renalandurologynews.com)
Endocrinology3
- The Metabolic Bone Clinic at the University of Rochester Division of Endocrinology focuses on the evaluation and care of patients with conditions that affect bone and mineral metabolism. (rochester.edu)
- Results published online in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism showed the additive-enhanced diet significantly increased circulating fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23), osteopontin, and osteocalcin concentrations by 23%, 10%, and 11%, respectively, and decreased sclerostin. (renalandurologynews.com)
- If your child experiences certain hormone-related conditions or unusual changes in weight, energy or growth, an endocrinology disorder may play a role. (ouhealth.com)
Chronic kidney3
- To evaluate the oral conditions of patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing dialysis and to determine the influence of dialysis duration and bone metabolism on the prevalence and severity of the alterations found. (bvsalud.org)
- Chronic kidney disease is directly related to cardiovascular disorders. (bvsalud.org)
- We hypothesized that phosphorus has an effect on anemia in both normal kidney function and early chronic kidney disease (CKD). (medscape.com)
Amounts of phosphorus1
- The primary cause of this hypophosphatemia at the onset of lactation is often attributed to disturbance of the phosphorus balance, because large amounts of phosphorus are suddenly lost through the mammary gland. (merckvetmanual.com)
Secondary hyperparathyroidism3
- Therefore, given the changes that occur in the presence of secondary hyperparathyroidism, little is known about the participation of hormones involved in energy metabolism of the affected patients. (fapesp.br)
- The aim of this study is to evaluate whether the surgical treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism alters body composition and hormones involved in energy metabolism of the affected patients. (fapesp.br)
- With respect to bone alterations commonly observed in these individuals, bone metabolism disorders caused by altered blood levels of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) in response to lack of activation of vitamin D by the kidneys promote the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism, contributing to alveolar bone loss by changing the normal skeletal remodeling, in addition to favoring the development of intra-osseous lesions such as brown tumor 14 . (bvsalud.org)
Prevalence3
- When medications are a ences within the prevalence of any anxiousness disorder (492), and a part of the remedy plan, the person’s cultural context the National Comorbidity Survey Replication discovered might influence his or her beliefs about medicine (509). (ehd.org)
- The objective of the present cross-sectional cohort study was to evaluate cross through clinical, biochemical and radiographic oral conditions in a Brazilian population with CKD that was preparing for a kidney transplant, investigating the influence of dialysis duration and status on bone metabolism the prevalence and severity of the changes found. (bvsalud.org)
- Determining a relationship between phosphorus levels and prevalence of anemia in the non-CKD population may have important clinical implications. (medscape.com)
Renal phosphorus2
- causing increased renal phosphorus excretion. (merckvetmanual.com)
- In turn, renal phosphorus loss is enhanced, further reducing deposition of calcium in the bone. (medscape.com)
Hypophosphatemia3
- Hypophosphatemia in the strict sense of the term refers to subnormal phosphorus concentrations in blood. (merckvetmanual.com)
- Transient but pronounced hypophosphatemia, however, was also shown to occur in previously mastectomized periparturient cows, indicating that other mechanisms, such as depressed feed intake around calving, decreased GI motility related to the concomitantly occurring hypocalcemia, or hormonally driven shifts of inorganic phosphorus toward the intracellular space are likely to be at least equally important causal factors. (merckvetmanual.com)
- Hypophosphatemia without phosphorus depletion may occur after oral or parenteral carbohydrate administration and after parenteral insulin administration as a result of increased cellular phosphorus uptake in combination with glucose. (merckvetmanual.com)
Obesity2
- The new study excluded people with kidney disease , thyroid disease, obesity, and other medical factors believed to affect phosphorus levels. (renalandurologynews.com)
- This can lead to a range of health problems, including reproductive disorders, obesity, and cancer. (taborplace.co)
Urea1
- Figure 17.1 illustrates the metabolic processes involved in the overall metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and protein including the catabolic processes to produce energy and urea (the product of the detoxification of the nitrogen moiety of amino acids) and anabolic processes to form tissue protein and energy stores, glycogen and lipids. (oncohemakey.com)
Electrolyte2
- Electrolyte and acid-base disorders. (medlineplus.gov)
- Covers every relevant topic in nephrology-from anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology to diagnosis and management of kidney disease, to fluid and electrolyte disorders, hypertension, dialysis, and renal transplantation. (elsevierhealth.com)
Minerals1
- Abnormalities in bone metabolism can result in bone disorders and imbalance of minerals such as calcium and phosphorus. (rochester.edu)
Extracellular fluid3
- In addition, phosphorus plays key roles in regulation of gene transcription, activation of enzymes, maintenance of normal pH in extracellular fluid, and intracellular energy storage. (nih.gov)
- These actions result in an increase in the concentrations of calcium and phosphorus in extracellular fluid. (medscape.com)
- This increase of calcium and phosphorus in extracellular fluid, in turn, leads to the calcification of osteoid, primarily at the metaphyseal growing ends of bones but also throughout all osteoid in the skeleton. (medscape.com)
Associated with abnormalities2
- Although SGLT2i are associated with abnormalities of bone and mineral metabolism, they have not been linked to a higher risk of fracture among patients with CKD. (lww.com)
- Kidney disorders may be associated with abnormalities of calcium, vitamin E and phosphorus metabolism. (connersclinic.com)
Pathophysiology1
- Beyond discussing the potential mechanisms by which neurotrauma may lead to PTSD, we summarized our current understanding of the pathophysiology of the disorder and discussed predicted associations between the limbic system and PTSD. (preprints.org)
Mortality2
- Disorders of mineral metabolism are independently associated with mortality and morbidity associated with cardiovascular disease and fracture in hemodialysis patients. (nih.gov)
- 7 In the 2000s, growing scientific attention turned to non-skeletal chronic diseases as vitamin D deficiency was linked to cancer, 8 cardiovascular diseases, 9 10 metabolic disorders, 11 infectious diseases, 12 and autoimmune diseases, 13 14 15 as well as mortality. (bmj.com)
Bones6
- Phosphorus is a mineral the body needs to build strong bones and teeth. (medlineplus.gov)
- Osteitis fibrosa cystica (/ˌɒstiˈaɪtɪs faɪˈbroʊsə ˈsɪstɪkə/ OSS-tee-EYE-tis fy-BROH-sə SIS-tik-ə) is a skeletal disorder resulting in a loss of bone mass, a weakening of the bones as their calcified supporting structures are replaced with fibrous tissue (peritrabecular fibrosis), and the formation of cyst-like brown tumors in and around the bone. (wikipedia.org)
- A premature infant may not receive the proper amount of calcium and phosphorus needed to form strong bones. (medlineplus.gov)
- In addition, phosphorus and calcium make up hydroxyapatite, the main structural component in bones and tooth enamel [ 3 ]. (nih.gov)
- Calcium builds strong bones and teeth and helps in muscle contraction, blood clotting, nerve transmission, cell signaling and regulation of metabolism. (globalmedicaldata.com)
- Phosphorus helps build and repair bones and teeth, helps nerves function and makes muscles contract. (globalmedicaldata.com)
Affect bone1
- Emerging evidence suggests that SGLT2i may also affect bone and mineral metabolism. (lww.com)
Metabolic2
- Commonly the term metabolism defines the breakdown of food and how its components (carbohydrates, fats and proteins) are transformed into energy via a sequence of chemical reactions (metabolic pathways) which are controlled by large numbers of different enzymes. (oncohemakey.com)
- Phosphorus deficiency leads to impaired growth in children and metabolic disorders such as goiter and mental problems and affects menstrual health and pregnancy-related issues. (globalmedicaldata.com)
Hyperparathyroidism2
- Disorders such as familial hyperparathyroidism, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN Type 1) and hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome can, if left unchecked, result in OFC. (wikipedia.org)
- MEN Type 1 is an autosomal dominant disorder and the most common hereditary form of hyperparathyroidism, affecting about 95% of genetic cases of OFC, and also tends to affect younger patients than other forms. (wikipedia.org)
Intake4
- The most common cause of chronic phosphorus deficiency is inadequate feed intake or inadequate phosphorus content in the diet over an extended time . (merckvetmanual.com)
- For infants from birth to 12 months, the FNB established an AI for phosphorus that is equivalent to the mean intake of phosphorus in healthy, breastfed infants. (nih.gov)
- The low additive diet represented U.S. Department of Agriculture recommendations on daily phosphorus intake. (renalandurologynews.com)
- Phosphorus-based additives account for 10% to 50% of daily intake in a typical Western diet, according to background information. (renalandurologynews.com)
Regulation2
- The calcium ion is essential to any physiologic phenomena, including preservation of the integrity of cellular membranes, neuromuscular activity, regulation of endocrine and exocrine secretory activities, blood coagulation, activation of the complement system, and bone metabolism. (abdominalkey.com)
- Vitamin D is one of the significant components involved in the regulation of calcium-phosphorus metabolism, innate and acquired immunity, antitumor protection and many other body functions. (pmp-agency.ru)
Humans1
- In humans, phosphorus makes up about 1 to 1.4% of fat-free mass. (nih.gov)
Insecticides1
- Insecticides: organic phosphorus compounds and carbamates. (cdc.gov)
Disease2
- Recent evidence suggests that PTSD may be a risk factor for the development of subsequent neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's dementia and Parkinson's disease. (preprints.org)
- It has been linked to various neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Multiple sclerosis. (taborplace.co)
Body's3
- In the form of phospholipids, phosphorus is also a component of cell membrane structure and of the body's key energy source, ATP. (nih.gov)
- Metabolism describes the chemical processes which occur in the body's cells to produce energy and other substances needed for normal body functioning. (oncohemakey.com)
- It is necessary for the body's metabolism and physical and mental development. (globalmedicaldata.com)
Intakes1
- The combination of high phosphorus intakes with low calcium intakes increases serum PTH levels, but evidence is mixed on whether the increased hormone levels decrease bone mineral density [ 2 , 4-6 ]. (nih.gov)
Blood3
- This test is ordered to see how much phosphorus is in your blood. (medlineplus.gov)
- If no evidence of external bleeding is found, your veterinarian will look for a source of internal or hidden blood loss, for example, a ruptured tumor on the spleen, a stomach ulcer, a bleeding disorder, or parasites. (msdvetmanual.com)
- It helps maintain blood calcium and phosphorus levels and mineralization of bone. (apollopharmacy.in)
Neurodegenerative disorders2
- Identification of biomarkers known to be associated with neurodegeneration in patients with PTSD would shed light on the pathophysiological mechanisms linking these disorders, and would also help in the development of preventive approaches aimed at reducing the risk of neurodegenerative disorders in PTSD. (preprints.org)
- In addition to neurodegenerative disorders, aluminum has also been linked to other health problems. (taborplace.co)
Bone mineral2
- When deciphering the cause of bone mineral disorders in newborns, the potential differential diagnosis list is broad and complex, including several extremely rare conditions. (frontiersin.org)
- Phosphorus plays a major role in physiological functioning, including energy production, cellular replication and bone mineral metabolism. (medscape.com)
Kidney function1
- Higher phosphorus levels were associated with a greater likelihood for anemia in a population with early CKD and normal kidney function. (medscape.com)
Processes3
- 1] Almost all enzymatic processes using phosphorus as an energy source require magnesium for activation. (medscape.com)
- Cellular carbohydrate (CHO) metabolism involves both catabolic (glycolysis, glycogenolysis) and anabolic processes (glycogenesis, gluconeogenesis). (oncohemakey.com)
- Given the biological importance of phosphorus, a better understanding of its levels in the body and association with pathophysiological processes such as anemia would provide invaluable insights. (medscape.com)