Phospholipases a. Medical search

A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-.

Phospholipases that hydrolyze one of the acyl groups of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates.

Phospholipases that hydrolyze the acyl group attached to the 2-position of PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES.

A phospholipase that hydrolyzes the acyl group attached to the 1-position of PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES.

A subcategory of secreted phospholipases A2 that includes enzymes isolated from a variety of sources. The creation of this group is based upon similarities in the structural determinants of the enzymes including a negatively charged carboxy-terminal segment.

A subclass of phospholipases that hydrolyze the phosphoester bond found in the third position of GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS. Although the singular term phospholipase C specifically refers to an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE (EC 3.1.4.3), it is commonly used in the literature to refer to broad variety of enzymes that specifically catalyze the hydrolysis of PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOLS.

A secreted phospholipase A2 subtype that contains a interfacial-binding region with specificity for PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE. This enzyme group may play a role in eliciting ARACHIDONIC ACID release from intact cellular membranes and from LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. Members of this group bind specifically to PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 RECEPTORS.

A subcategory of phospholipases A2 that are secreted from cells. They are 14 kDa proteins containing multiple disulfide-bonds and access their substrate via an interfacial binding site that interacts with phospholipid membranes. In addition specific PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 RECEPTORS can bind to and internalize the enzymes.

A subcategory of secreted phospholipases A2 that includes enzymes isolated from ELAPID VENOMS and pancreatic sources. The creation of this group is based upon similarities in the structural determinants of the enzymes.

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a single fatty acid ester bond in lysoglycerophosphatidates with the formation of glyceryl phosphatidates and a fatty acid. EC 3.1.1.5.

A subcategory of secreted phospholipases A2 that contains both a negatively charged carboxy-terminal segment and interfacial-binding region specific for PHOSPHATIDYL CHOLINE-containing membranes. This enzyme group may play a role in the release of ARACHIDONIC ACID from phospholipid membranes.

Solutions or mixtures of toxic and nontoxic substances elaborated by snake (Ophidia) salivary glands for the purpose of killing prey or disabling predators and delivered by grooved or hollow fangs. They usually contain enzymes, toxins, and other factors.

An enzyme found mostly in plant tissue. It hydrolyzes glycerophosphatidates with the formation of a phosphatidic acid and a nitrogenous base such as choline. This enzyme also catalyzes transphosphatidylation reactions. EC 3.1.4.4.

Venoms from snakes of the subfamily Crotalinae or pit vipers, found mostly in the Americas. They include the rattlesnake, cottonmouth, fer-de-lance, bushmaster, and American copperhead. Their venoms contain nontoxic proteins, cardio-, hemo-, cyto-, and neurotoxins, and many enzymes, especially phospholipases A. Many of the toxins have been characterized.

Cell surface receptors that bind to and internalize SECRETED PHOSPHOLIPASES A2. Although primarily acting as scavenger receptors, these proteins may also play a role in intracellular signaling. Soluble forms of phospholipase A2 receptors occur through the action of proteases and may a play a role in the inhibition of extracellular phospholipase activity.

A calcium-independent phospholipase A2 group that may play a role in membrane phospholipid remodeling and homeostasis by controling the levels of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE in mammalian cell membranes.

Venoms from snakes of the genus Naja (family Elapidae). They contain many specific proteins that have cytotoxic, hemolytic, neurotoxic, and other properties. Like other elapid venoms, they are rich in enzymes. They include cobramines and cobralysins.

A cytosolic phospholipase A2 group that plays an important role in the release of free ARACHIDONIC ACID, which in turn is metabolized to PROSTAGLANDINS by the CYCLOOXYGENASE pathway and to LEUKOTRIENES by the 5-LIPOXYGENASE pathway.

A family of snakes comprising three subfamilies: Azemiopinae (the mountain viper, the sole member of this subfamily), Viperinae (true vipers), and Crotalinae (pit vipers). They are widespread throughout the world, being found in the United States, Central and South America, Europe, Asia and Africa. Their venoms act on the blood (hemotoxic) as compared to the venom of elapids which act on the nervous system (neurotoxic). (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, pp333-36)

A genus of poisonous snakes of the VIPERIDAE family. About 50 species are known and all are found in tropical America and southern South America. Bothrops atrox is the fer-de-lance and B. jararaca is the jararaca. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p336)

Proteins obtained from species of REPTILES.

Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides see GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS) or sphingosine (SPHINGOLIPIDS). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system.

Venoms from SNAKES of the viperid family. They tend to be less toxic than elapid or hydrophid venoms and act mainly on the vascular system, interfering with coagulation and capillary membrane integrity and are highly cytotoxic. They contain large amounts of several enzymes, other factors, and some toxins.

A specific complex of toxic proteins from the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus (South American rattlesnake). It can be separated into a phospholipase A and crotapotin fragment; the latter consists of three different amino acid chains, potentiates the enzyme, and is specifically neurotoxic.

A subcategory of secreted phospholipases A2 with specificity for PHOSPHATIDYLETHANOLAMINES and PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE. It occurs as a component of VENOMS and as a mammalian secretory phospholipase A2. The creation of this group is based upon similarities in the structural determinants of the enzymes including a long amino-terminal domain, a conserved group III-specific domain, and a long carboxyl-terminal domain.

Venoms from snakes of the family Elapidae, including cobras, kraits, mambas, coral, tiger, and Australian snakes. The venoms contain polypeptide toxins of various kinds, cytolytic, hemolytic, and neurotoxic factors, but fewer enzymes than viper or crotalid venoms. Many of the toxins have been characterized.

Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a choline moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and choline and 2 moles of fatty acids.

A family of extremely venomous snakes, comprising coral snakes, cobras, mambas, kraits, and sea snakes. They are widely distributed, being found in the southern United States, South America, Africa, southern Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. The elapids include three subfamilies: Elapinae, Hydrophiinae, and Lauticaudinae. Like the viperids, they have venom fangs in the front part of the upper jaw. The mambas of Africa are the most dangerous of all snakes by virtue of their size, speed, and highly toxic venom. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p329-33)

An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.

A subcategory of phospholipases A2 that occur in the CYTOSOL.

A subcategory of structurally-related phospholipases A2 that do not require calcium for activity.

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

Venoms obtained from Apis mellifera (honey bee) and related species. They contain various enzymes, polypeptide toxins, and other substances, some of which are allergenic or immunogenic or both. These venoms were formerly used in rheumatism to stimulate the pituitary-adrenal system.

A subclass of group I phospholipases A2 that includes enzymes isolated from ELAPID VENOMS.

Compounds that inhibit or block the activity of a PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 enzyme.

Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to the hexahydroxy alcohol, myo-inositol. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid, myo-inositol, and 2 moles of fatty acids.

A phosphorus-oxygen lyase found primarily in BACTERIA. The enzyme catalyzes the cleavage of a phosphoester linkage in 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol to form 1D-myo-inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate and diacylglycerol. The enzyme was formerly classified as a phosphoric diester hydrolase (EC 3.1.4.10) and is often referred to as a TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. However it is now known that a cyclic phosphate is the final product of this enzyme and that water does not enter into the reaction.

Limbless REPTILES of the suborder Serpentes.

Fatty acid derivatives of glycerophosphates. They are composed of glycerol bound in ester linkage with 1 mole of phosphoric acid at the terminal 3-hydroxyl group and with 2 moles of fatty acids at the other two hydroxyl groups.

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

A species of rod-shaped bacteria that is a common soil saprophyte. Its spores are widespread and multiplication has been observed chiefly in foods. Contamination may lead to food poisoning.

A genus of snakes of the family VIPERIDAE, one of the pit vipers, so-called from the pit hollowing out the maxillary bone, opening between the eye and the nostril. They are distinctively American serpents. Most of the 25 recognized species are found in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Several species are found as far north as Canada and east of the Mississippi, including southern Appalachia. They are named for the jointed rattle (Greek krotalon) at the tip of their tail. (Goin, Goin, and Zug: Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed; Moore: Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p335)

Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to an ethanolamine moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and ethanolamine and 2 moles of fatty acids.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

A nodular organ in the ABDOMEN that contains a mixture of ENDOCRINE GLANDS and EXOCRINE GLANDS. The small endocrine portion consists of the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS secreting a number of hormones into the blood stream. The large exocrine portion (EXOCRINE PANCREAS) is a compound acinar gland that secretes several digestive enzymes into the pancreatic ductal system that empties into the DUODENUM.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.

Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation.

A genus of snakes of the family VIPERIDAE. About 30 species are currently recognized, found in southeast Asia and adjacent island chains. The Okinawa habu frequently enters dwellings in search of rats and mice; the Chinese habu is often found in suburban and agricultural areas. They are quite irritable. (Moore: Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p136)

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A type C phospholipase with specificity towards PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOLS that contain INOSITOL 1,4,5-TRISPHOSPHATE. Many of the enzymes listed under this classification are involved in intracellular signaling.

Keto-pyrans.

Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES obtained by their partial hydrolysis which removes one of the fatty acid moieties.

A subclass of group I phospholipases A2 that includes enzymes isolated from PANCREATIC JUICE. Members of this group have specificity for PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 RECEPTORS.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

A genus of snakes of the family VIPERIDAE. It is distributed in West Pakistan, most of India, Burma, Ceylon, Thailand, southeast China, Taiwan, and a few islands of Indonesia. It hisses loudly when disturbed and strikes with great force and speed. Very prolific, it gives birth to 20-60 young. This viper is the leading cause of snakebite in India and Burma. (Moore: Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p127)

Intracellular fluid from the cytoplasm after removal of ORGANELLES and other insoluble cytoplasmic components.

Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Isomeric forms and derivatives of butanol (C4H9OH).

Particles consisting of aggregates of molecules held loosely together by secondary bonds. The surface of micelles are usually comprised of amphiphatic compounds that are oriented in a way that minimizes the energy of interaction between the micelle and its environment. Liquids that contain large numbers of suspended micelles are referred to as EMULSIONS.

A phosphoinositide phospholipase C subtype that is primarily regulated by its association with HETEROTRIMERIC G-PROTEINS. It is structurally related to PHOSPHOLIPASE C DELTA with the addition of C-terminal extension of 400 residues.

Saturated indolizines that are fused six and five-membered rings with a nitrogen atom at the ring fusion. They are biosynthesized in PLANTS by cyclization of a LYSINE coupled to ACETYL COENZYME A. Many of them are naturally occurring ALKALOIDS.

Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS that lack one of its fatty acyl chains due to its hydrolytic removal.

The most common etiologic agent of GAS GANGRENE. It is differentiable into several distinct types based on the distribution of twelve different toxins.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A class of morphologically heterogeneous cytoplasmic particles in animal and plant tissues characterized by their content of hydrolytic enzymes and the structure-linked latency of these enzymes. The intracellular functions of lysosomes depend on their lytic potential. The single unit membrane of the lysosome acts as a barrier between the enzymes enclosed in the lysosome and the external substrate. The activity of the enzymes contained in lysosomes is limited or nil unless the vesicle in which they are enclosed is ruptured. Such rupture is supposed to be under metabolic (hormonal) control. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

Cyclic hydrocarbons that contain multiple rings and share one or more atoms.

A class of compounds named after and generally derived from C20 fatty acids (EICOSANOIC ACIDS) that includes PROSTAGLANDINS; LEUKOTRIENES; THROMBOXANES, and HYDROXYEICOSATETRAENOIC ACIDS. They have hormone-like effects mediated by specialized receptors (RECEPTORS, EICOSANOID).

Compounds containing carbohydrate or glycosyl groups linked to phosphatidylinositols. They anchor GPI-LINKED PROTEINS or polysaccharides to cell membranes.

A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.

Poisonous animal secretions forming fluid mixtures of many different enzymes, toxins, and other substances. These substances are produced in specialized glands and secreted through specialized delivery systems (nematocysts, spines, fangs, etc.) for disabling prey or predator.

A nitrogen-free class of lipids present in animal and particularly plant tissues and composed of one mole of glycerol and 1 or 2 moles of phosphatidic acid. Members of this group differ from one another in the nature of the fatty acids released on hydrolysis.

The use of fluorescence spectrometry to obtain quantitative results for the FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE. One advantage over the other methods (e.g., radioimmunoassay) is its extreme sensitivity, with a detection limit on the order of tenths of microgram/liter.

Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It is composed of neomycins A, B, and C. It acts by inhibiting translation during protein synthesis.

A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of one of the two ester bonds in a phosphodiester compound. EC 3.1.4.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

A group of GLYCOLIPIDS in which the sugar group is GALACTOSE. They are distinguished from GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS in lacking nitrogen. They constitute the majority of MEMBRANE LIPIDS in PLANTS.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS in which one of the two acyl chains is attached to glycerol with an ether alkenyl linkage instead of an ester as with the other glycerophospholipids.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism.

Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.

A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Physiological processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of LIPIDS.

Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

A species of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. It has been isolated from sewage, soil, silage, and from feces of healthy animals and man. Infection with this bacterium leads to encephalitis, meningitis, endocarditis, and abortion.

The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.

Toxic substances from microorganisms, plants or animals that interfere with the functions of the nervous system. Most venoms contain neurotoxic substances. Myotoxins are included in this concept.

Two-ring crystalline hydrocarbons isolated from coal tar. They are used as intermediates in chemical synthesis, as insect repellents, fungicides, lubricants, preservatives, and, formerly, as topical antiseptics.

Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.

A lipoprotein-associated PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 which modulates the action of PLATELET ACTIVATING FACTOR by hydrolyzing the SN-2 ester bond to yield the biologically inactive lyso-platelet-activating factor. It has specificity for phospholipid substrates with short-chain residues at the SN-2 position, but inactive against long-chain phospholipids. Deficiency in this enzyme is associated with many diseases including ASTHMA, and HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Chromatography on thin layers of adsorbents rather than in columns. The adsorbent can be alumina, silica gel, silicates, charcoals, or cellulose. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

Phosphoric acid esters of inositol. They include mono- and polyphosphoric acid esters, with the exception of inositol hexaphosphate which is PHYTIC ACID.

Regulatory proteins that act as molecular switches. They control a wide range of biological processes including: receptor signaling, intracellular signal transduction pathways, and protein synthesis. Their activity is regulated by factors that control their ability to bind to and hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.

Artifactual vesicles formed from the endoplasmic reticulum when cells are disrupted. They are isolated by differential centrifugation and are composed of three structural features: rough vesicles, smooth vesicles, and ribosomes. Numerous enzyme activities are associated with the microsomal fraction. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990; from Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin to ceramide (N-acylsphingosine) plus choline phosphate. A defect in this enzyme leads to NIEMANN-PICK DISEASE. EC 3.1.4.12.

A class of sphingolipids found largely in the brain and other nervous tissue. They contain phosphocholine or phosphoethanolamine as their polar head group so therefore are the only sphingolipids classified as PHOSPHOLIPIDS.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.

A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Enzymes from the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of acyl groups from donor to acceptor, forming either esters or amides. (From Enzyme Nomenclature 1992) EC 2.3.

Nonionic surfactant mixtures varying in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) groups. They are used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, defoaming agents, etc. Octoxynol-9, the compound with 9 repeating ethoxy groups, is a spermatocide.

Any compound containing one or more monosaccharide residues bound by a glycosidic linkage to a hydrophobic moiety such as an acylglycerol (see GLYCERIDES), a sphingoid, a ceramide (CERAMIDES) (N-acylsphingoid) or a prenyl phosphate. (From IUPAC's webpage)

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.3.

The addition of an organic acid radical into a molecule.

The most common and most biologically active of the mammalian prostaglandins. It exhibits most biological activities characteristic of prostaglandins and has been used extensively as an oxytocic agent. The compound also displays a protective effect on the intestinal mucosa.

Enzyme complexes that catalyze the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS from the appropriate unsaturated FATTY ACIDS, molecular OXYGEN, and a reduced acceptor.

Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a serine moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and serine and 2 moles of fatty acids.

Components of a cell produced by various separation techniques which, though they disrupt the delicate anatomy of a cell, preserve the structure and physiology of its functioning constituents for biochemical and ultrastructural analysis. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p163)

Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase, generates two bioactive products during the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein: use of a novel inhibitor. (1/3436)

A novel and potent azetidinone inhibitor of the lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), i.e. platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase, is described for the first time. This inhibitor, SB-222657 (Ki=40+/-3 nM, kobs/[I]=6. 6x10(5) M-1.s-1), is inactive against paraoxonase, is a poor inhibitor of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase and has been used to investigate the role of Lp-PLA2 in the oxidative modification of lipoproteins. Although pretreatment with SB-222657 did not affect the kinetics of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation by Cu2+ or an azo free-radical generator as determined by assay of lipid hydroperoxides (LOOHs), conjugated dienes and thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances, in both cases it inhibited the elevation in lysophosphatidylcholine content. Moreover, the significantly increased monocyte chemoattractant activity found in a non-esterified fatty acid fraction from LDL oxidized by Cu2+ was also prevented by pretreatment with SB-222657, with an IC50 value of 5.0+/-0.4 nM. The less potent diastereoisomer of SB-222657, SB-223777 (Ki=6.3+/-0.5 microM, kobs/[I]=1.6x10(4) M-1.s-1), was found to be significantly less active in both assays. Thus, in addition to generating lysophosphatidylcholine, a known biologically active lipid, these results demonstrate that Lp-PLA2 is capable of generating oxidized non-esterified fatty acid moieties that are also bioactive. These findings are consistent with our proposal that Lp-PLA2 has a predominantly pro-inflammatory role in atherogenesis. Finally, similar studies have demonstrated that a different situation exists during the oxidation of high-density lipoprotein, with enzyme(s) other than Lp-PLA2 apparently being responsible for generating lysophosphatidylcholine. (+info)

Association of the inflammatory state in active juvenile rheumatoid arthritis with hypo-high-density lipoproteinemia and reduced lipoprotein-associated platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase activity. (2/3436)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between the quantitative and qualitative abnormalities of apolipoprotein B (Apo B)- and Apo A-I-containing lipoproteins and between lipoprotein-associated platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) activity in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) as a function of the inflammatory state. METHODS: Twenty-six JRA patients and 22 age- and sex-matched control subjects with normal lipid levels participated in the study. Fourteen patients had active disease, and 12 had inactive disease. Plasma lipoproteins were fractionated by gradient ultracentrifugation into 9 subfractions, and their chemical composition and mass were determined. The PAF-AH activity associated with lipoprotein subfractions and the activity in plasma were also measured. RESULTS: Patients with active JRA had significantly lower plasma total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels as compared with controls, due to the decrease in the mass of both the HDL2 and HDL3 subfractions. Patients with active JRA also had higher plasma triglyceride levels, mainly due to the higher triglyceride content of the very low-density lipoprotein plus the intermediate-density lipoprotein subfraction. The plasma PAF-AH activity in patients with active JRA was lower than that in controls, mainly due to the decrease in PAF-AH activity associated with the intermediate and dense low-density lipoprotein subclasses. The lipid abnormalities and the reduction in plasma PAF-AH activity were significantly correlated with plasma C-reactive protein levels and were not observed in patients with inactive JRA. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to show that patients with active JRA exhibit low levels of HDL2 and HDL3 and are deficient in plasma PAF-AH activity. These alterations suggest that active JRA is associated with partial loss of the antiinflammatory activity of plasma Apo B- and Apo A-I-containing lipoproteins. (+info)

Mechanisms of prostaglandin E2 release by intact cells expressing cyclooxygenase-2: evidence for a 'two-component' model. (3/3436)

Prostaglandin (PG) release in cells expressing constitutive cyclooxygenase-1 is known to be regulated by liberation of arachidonic acid by phospholipase A2 followed by metabolism by cyclooxygenase. However, the relative contribution of phospholipase A2 to the release of PGs in cells expressing cyclooxygenase-2 is not clear. We addressed this question by using radioimmunoassay to measure PGE2 release by human cells (A549) induced to express cyclooxygenase-2 (measured by Western blot analysis) by interleukin-1beta. Cells were either unstimulated or stimulated with agents known to activate phospholipase A2 (bradykinin, Des-Arg10-kallidin, or the calcium ionophore A23187) or treated with exogenous arachidonic acid. When cells were treated to express cyclooxygenase-2, the levels of PGE2 released over 15 min were undetectable; however, in the same cells stimulated with bradykinin, A23187, or arachidonic acid, large amounts of prostanoid were produced. Using selective inhibitors/antagonists, we found that the effects of bradykinin were mediated by B2 receptor activation and that prostanoid release was due to cyclooxygenase-2, and not cyclooxygenase-1, activity. In addition, we show that the release of PGE2 stimulated by either bradykinin, A23187, or arachidonic acid was inhibited by the phospholipase A2 inhibitor arachidonate trifluoromethyl ketone. Hence, we have demonstrated that PGE2 is released by two components: induction of cyclooxygenase-2 and supply of substrate, probably via activation of phospholipase A2. This is illustrated in A549 cells by a clear synergy between the cytokine interleukin-1beta and the kinin bradykinin. (+info)

Pharmacology of LY315920/S-5920, [[3-(aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1- (phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy] acetate, a potent and selective secretory phospholipase A2 inhibitor: A new class of anti-inflammatory drugs, SPI. (4/3436)

LY315920 is a potent, selective inhibitor of recombinant human, group IIA, nonpancreatic secretory PLA2 (sPLA2). In a chromogenic isolated enzyme assay, LY315920 inhibited sPLA2 activity with an IC50 of 9 +/- 1 nM or 7.3 x 10(-6) mole fraction, which approached the stiochiometric limit of this assay. The true potency of LY315920 was defined using a deoxycholate/phosphatidylcholine assay with a mole fraction of 1.5 x 10(-6). LY315920 was 40-fold less active against human, group IB, pancreatic sPLA2 and was inactive against cytosolic PLA2 and the constitutive and inducible forms of cyclooxygenase. Human sPLA2-induced release of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) from isolated guinea pig lung bronchoalveolar lavage cells was inhibited by LY315920 with an IC50 of 0.79 microM. The release of TXA2 from these cells by N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine or arachidonic acid was not inhibited. The i.v. administration of LY315920, 5 min before harvesting the bronchoalveolar lavage cells, resulted in the inhibition of sPLA2-induced production of TXA2 with an ED50 of 16.1 mg/kg. Challenge of guinea pig lung pleural strips with sPLA2 produced contractile responses that were suppressed in a concentration-dependent manner by LY315920 with an apparent KB of 83 +/- 14 nM. Contractile responses induced by arachidonic acid were not altered. Intravenous or oral administration of LY315920 to transgenic mice expressing the human sPLA2 protein inhibited serum sPLA2 activity in a dose-related manner over a 4-h time course. LY315920 is a potent and selective sPLA2 inhibitor and represents a new class of anti-inflammatory agent designated SPI. This agent is currently undergoing clinical evaluation and should help to define the role of sPLA2 in various inflammatory disease states. (+info)

Glutamate receptor signaling interplay modulates stress-sensitive mitogen-activated protein kinases and neuronal cell death. (5/3436)

Glutamate receptors modulate multiple signaling pathways, several of which involve mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, with subsequent physiological or pathological consequences. Here we report that stimulation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, using platelet-activating factor (PAF) as a messenger, activates MAP kinases, including c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, p38, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase, in primary cultures of hippocampal neurons. Activation of the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) blocks this NMDA-signaling through PAF and MAP kinases, and the resultant cell death. Recombinant PAF-acetylhydrolase degrades PAF generated by NMDA-receptor activation; the hetrazepine BN50730 (an intracellular PAF receptor antagonist) also inhibits both NMDA-stimulated MAP kinases and neuronal cell death. The finding that the NMDA receptor-PAF-MAP kinase signaling pathway is attenuated by mGluR activation highlights the exquisite interplay between glutamate receptors in the decision making process between neuronal survival and death. (+info)

Cytosolic phospholipase A2 in rat decidual cells: evidence for its role in decidualization. (6/3436)

We investigated the existence and possible role of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) in rat decidualized uteri. PLA2 activity in the cytosol of a decidualized uterine horn, induced by intraluminal oil infusion, was significantly higher than that in contralateral intact horn. The activity was almost completely depressed by cPLA2 inhibitors including arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone (ATK). The immunoreactive signals for cPLA2 were intense in decidua and glandular epithelial cells. In vivo administration of ATK (0.1-100 microg) caused a dose-dependent inhibition of decidualization. These results show the presence of cPLA2 and its probable implication in decidualization in rat uterus. (+info)

Modulation of acute and chronic inflammatory processes by cacospongionolide B, a novel inhibitor of human synovial phospholipase A2. (7/3436)

1. Cacospongionolide B is a novel marine metabolite isolated from the sponge Fasciospongia cavernosa. In in vitro studies, this compound inhibited phospholipase A2 (PLA2), showing selectivity for secretory PLA2 (sPLA2) versus cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2), and its potency on the human synovial enzyme (group II) was similar to that of manoalide. 2. This activity was confirmed in vivo in the 8 h zymosan-injected rat air pouch, on the secretory enzyme accumulating in the pouch exudate. Cacospongionolide B, that is bioavailable when is given orally, reduced the elevated levels of sPLA2 present in paw homogenates of rats with adjuvant arthritis. 3. This marine metabolite showed topical anti-inflammatory activity on the mouse ear oedema induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA) and decreased carrageenin paw oedema in mice after oral administration of 5, 10 or 20 mg kg(-1). 4. In the mouse air pouch injected with zymosan, cacospongionolide B administered into the pouch, induced a dose-dependent reduction in the levels of eicosanoids and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) in the exudates 4 h after the stimulus. It also had a weak effect on cell migration. 5. The inflammatory response of adjuvant arthritis was reduced by cacospongionolide B, which did not significantly affect eicosanoid levels in serum, paw or stomach homogenates and did not induce toxic effects. 6 Cacospongionolide B is a new inhibitor of sPLA2 in vitro and in vivo, with anti-inflammatory properties in acute and chronic inflammation. This marine metabolite was active after oral administration and able to modify TNFalpha levels, and may offer an interesting approach in the search for new anti-inflammatory agents. (+info)

Identification and characterization of alkenyl hydrolase (lysoplasmalogenase) in microsomes and identification of a plasmalogen-active phospholipase A2 in cytosol of small intestinal epithelium. (8/3436)

A lysoplasmalogenase (EC 3.3.2.2; EC 3.3.2.5) that liberates free aldehyde from 1-alk-1'-enyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-ethanolamine or -choline (lysoplasmalogen) was identified and characterized in rat gastrointestinal tract epithelial cells. Glycerophosphoethanolamine was produced in the reaction in equimolar amounts with the free aldehyde. The microsomal membrane associated enzyme was present throughout the length of the small intestines, with the highest activity in the jejunum and proximal ileum. The rate of alkenyl ether bond hydrolysis was dependent on the concentrations of microsomal protein and substrate, and was linear with respect to time. The enzyme hydrolyzed both ethanolamine- and choline-lysoplasmalogens with similar affinities; the Km values were 40 and 66 microM, respectively. The enzyme had no activity with 1-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-ethanolamine or -choline (intact plasmalogen), thus indicating enzyme specificity for a free hydroxyl group at the sn-2 position. The specific activities were 70 nmol/min/mg protein and 57 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively, for ethanolamine- and choline-lysoplasmalogen. The pH optimum was between 6.8 and 7.4. The enzyme required no known cofactors and was not affected by low mM levels of Ca2+, Mg2+, EDTA, or EGTA. The detergents, Triton X-100, deoxycholate, and octyl glucoside inhibited the enzyme. The chemical and physical properties of the lysoplasmalogenase were very similar to those of the enzyme in liver and brain microsomes. In developmental studies the specific activities of the small intestinal and liver enzymes increased markedly, 11.1- and 3.4-fold, respectively, in the first approximately 40 days of postnatal life. A plasmalogen-active phospholipase A2 activity was identified in the cytosol of the small intestines (3.3 nmol/min/mg protein) and liver (0.3 nmol/min/mg protein) using a novel coupled enzyme assay with microsomal lysoplasmalogenase as the coupling enzyme. (+info)

... A Phospholipase A1 - cleaves the sn-1 acyl chain (where sn refers to stereospecific numbering). Phospholipase A2 ... Phospholipase B - cleaves both sn-1 and sn-2 acyl chains; this enzyme is also known as a lysophospholipase. Phospholipase C - ... Phospholipase A2 is an enzyme present in the venom of bees, blennies and viper snakes. Patatin-like phospholipase Infantile ... Endothelial lipase is primarily a phospholipase. Phospholipase A2 acts on the intact lecithin molecule and hydrolyzes the fatty ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipase

Outer membrane phospholipase A1 Phospholipase+A1 at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) DeSilva ... Unlike other phospholipases such as PLA2, there is much that is unknown about PLA1 due to the lack of any efficient way to ... In particular, phospholipase A1 (PLA1) specifically catalyzes the cleavage at the SN-1 position of phospholipids, forming a ... Phospholipase A1 (EC 3.1.1.32; systematic name: phosphatidylcholine 1-acylhydrolase) encoded by the PLA1A gene is a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipase_A1

... can refer to: Phospholipase A1 Phospholipase A2 Outer membrane phospholipase A1 An enzyme that displays both ... phospholipase A1 and phospholipase A2 activities is called a Phospholipase B (see main article on phospholipases). This set ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipase_A

... , also known as lysophospholipase, is an enzyme with a combination of both PLA1 and PLA2 activities; that is, it ... In general, it acts on lysolecithin (which is formed by the action of PLA2 on lecithin). Phospholipase Vance JE, Vance DE (14 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipase_B

Stimulation of phospholipase D is independent of activation of polyphosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C and phospholipase ... Mammalian cells encode two isoforms of phospholipase D: PLD1 and PLD2. Phospholipase D is an important player in many ... Phosphatidyl choline Phosphatidate Choline Phospholipase cleavage sites Jenkins GM, Frohman MA (October 2005). "Phospholipase D ... "Regulation of eukaryotic phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C and phospholipase D". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 66 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipase_D

Additional types of phospholipases include phospholipase A1, phospholipase B, phospholipase C, and phospholipase D. ... There are atypical members of the phospholipase A2 family, such as PLA2G12B, that have no phospholipase activity with typical ... Increase in phospholipase A2 activity is an acute-phase reaction that rises during inflammation, which is also seen to be ... Venom phospholipases help to immobilize prey by promoting cell lysis[citation needed]. In mice, group III sPLA2 are involved in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipase_A2

PLCZ1 phospholipase C-like: PLCL1, PLCL2 Most of the bacterial variants of phospholipase C are characterized into one of four ... Zinc-dependent phospholipase C family of bacterial enzymes EC 3.1.4.3 that includes the alpha toxins of C. perfringens (also ... Phospholipase C (PLC) is a class of membrane-associated enzymes that cleave phospholipids just before the phosphate group (see ... Additionally, phospholipase C plays an important role in the inflammation pathway. The binding of agonists such as thrombin, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipase_C

March 1997). "Phospholipase D2, a distinct phospholipase D isoform with novel regulatory properties that provokes cytoskeletal ... April 2002). "alpha-Synuclein interacts with phospholipase D isozymes and inhibits pervanadate-induced phospholipase D ... Phospholipase D1 (PLD1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PLD1 gene, though analogues are found in plants, fungi, ... Phospholipase D1 has been shown to interact with: Alpha-synuclein, Amphiphysin, BIN1, CDC42, PEA15, Protein kinase N1 RALA, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipase_D1

... found in some phospholipases C Phospholipase Zinc-dependent phospholipase C, a different family of phospholipase C Meldrum E, ... These enzymes belong to a larger superfamily of Phospholipase C. Other families of phospholipase C enzymes have been identified ... Phospholipases C are phosphodiesterases. Phospholipase Cs participate in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) ... The phospholipase C family consists of 13 isoenzymes split between six subfamilies, PLC-δ (1,3 & 4), -β(1-4), -γ(1,2), -ε, -ζ, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoinositide_phospholipase_C

Patatin is a storage protein but it also has the enzymatic activity of phospholipase, catalysing the cleavage of fatty acids ... Family of patatin-like phospholipases consists of various patatin glycoproteins from the total soluble protein from potato ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patatin-like_phospholipase

The prokaryotic phospholipase A2 domain is found in bacterial and fungal phospholipases. It enables the liberation of fatty ... Matoba Y, Katsube Y, Sugiyama M (May 2002). "The crystal structure of prokaryotic phospholipase A2". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (22): ... Katsube Y, Sugiyama M, Matoba Y (2002). "The crystal structure of prokaryotic phospholipase A2". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (22): 20059 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryotic_phospholipase_A2

... glycoprotein phospholipase D, phosphatidylinositol phospholipase D, phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase D) is an enzyme ... Phospholipase Low MG, Prasad AR (February 1988). "A phospholipase D specific for the phosphatidylinositol anchor of cell- ... Deeg MA, Bierman EL, Cheung MC (March 2001). "GPI-specific phospholipase D associates with an apoA-I- and apoA-IV-containing ... Glycosylphosphatidylinositol+phospholipase+D at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosylphosphatidylinositol_phospholipase_D

... (OMPLA) is an acyl hydrolase with a broad substrate specificity (EC:3.1.1.32.) from the ... It has been proposed that Ser164 is the active site of the protein (UniProt P00631) This integral membrane phospholipase was ... Horrevoets AJ, Verheij HM, de Haas GH (May 1991). "Inactivation of Escherichia coli outer-membrane phospholipase A by the ... Bacteriocin release is triggered by a lysis protein (bacteriocin release protein or BRP), followed by a phospholipase dependent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_membrane_phospholipase_A1

In molecular biology, zinc-dependent phospholipases C is a family of bacterial phospholipases C enzymes, some of which are also ... Bacillus cereus contains a monomeric phospholipase C EC 3.1.4.3 (PLC) of 245 amino-acid residues. Although PLC prefers to act ... a phospholipase C involved in haemolysis and cell rupture, and to lecithinase from Listeria monocytogenes, which aids cell-to- ... phospholipase C) of Clostridium perfringens". Infect. Immun. 57 (2): 367-376. doi:10.1128/IAI.57.2.367-376.1989. PMC 313106. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc-dependent_phospholipase_C

... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PLA2G4D gene. The phospholipase A2 enzyme family, ... "Entrez Gene: Phospholipase A2 group IVD". Retrieved 2017-09-13. Chiba, H; Michibata, H; Wakimoto, K; Seishima, M; Kawasaki, S; ... Okubo, K; Mitsui, H; Torii, H; Imai, Y (2004). "Cloning of a gene for a novel epithelium-specific cytosolic phospholipase A2, ... "Cloning of a gene for a novel epithelium-specific cytosolic phospholipase A2, cPLA2delta, induced in psoriatic skin". J. Biol. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipase_A2_group_IVD

... (Lp-PLA2) also known as platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) is a ... "Entrez Gene: PLA2G7 phospholipase A2, group VII (platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase, plasma)". Mohler ER, Ballantyne CM ... Tellis CC, Tselepis AD (May 2009). "The role of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 in atherosclerosis may depend on its ... A missense mutation near the active site of an anti-inflammatory phospholipase". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 97 (12 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein-associated_phospholipase_A2

"Bimodal regulatory effect of melittin and phospholipase A2-activating protein on human type II secretory phospholipase A2". ... Phospholipase A-2-activating protein is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PLAA gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ... "Entrez Gene: PLAA phospholipase A2-activating protein". Clark MA, Ozgür LE, Conway TM, et al. (1991). "Cloning of a ... Ruiz A, Nadal M, Puig S, Estivill X (1999). "Cloning of the human phospholipase A2 activating protein (hPLAP) gene on the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipase_A-2-activating_protein

... anandamide-generating phospholipase D, N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D, NAPE-hydrolyzing phospholipase D) is an ... N-acetylphosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolysing+phospholipase+D at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( ... N-acetylphosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolysing phospholipase D (EC 3.1.4.54, NAPE-PLD, ... "Functional analysis of the purified anandamide-generating phospholipase D as a member of the metallo-β-lactamase family". The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-acetylphosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolysing_phospholipase_D

NAPE-PLD was found to have no homology to the known phospholipase D genes, but can be classed by homology to fall into the zinc ... N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) is an enzyme that catalyzes the release of N-acylethanolamine (NAE) ... NAPE-PLD is an enzyme activity - a phospholipase, acting on phospholipids found in the cell membrane. It is not homology but ... Okamoto Y, Morishita J, Tsuboi K, Tonai T, Ueda N (Feb 2004). "Molecular characterization of a phospholipase D generating ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-acyl_phosphatidylethanolamine-specific_phospholipase_D

Phospholipases. Phospholipases. Vol. 197. Academic Press. pp. 553-563. doi:10.1016/0076-6879(91)97183-Y. ISBN 9780121820985. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidate_phosphatase

Once localized, to the trans-golgi CERK activates cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) that has localized to the trans-golgi. ... Gijón MA, Leslie CC (June 1997). "Phospholipases A2". Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 8 (3): 297-303. doi:10.1006/scdb.1997.0151. PMID ... a phospholipase C homolog in Drosophila melanogaster. In addition to endosomal and trans-golgi localization, CERK has been ... "Ceramide kinase regulates phospholipase C and phosphatidylinositol 4, 5, bisphosphate in phototransduction". Proc. Natl. Acad. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramide_kinase

Fan X, Niehus X, Sandoval G (2012). "Lipases as biocatalyst for biodiesel production". Lipases and Phospholipases. Methods in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoenzyme

phospholipases will hydrolyze phospholipid; assist to break the epithelial cell membrane structure allowing the hyphal tip to ... These types of agents will function to lower candida species' phospholipases activities. Flucytosine (5FC) is another type of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_tropicalis

Phospholipases, p. 307-353. In P. D. Boyer (ed.), The enzymes, 3rd ed., vol. 16. Lipid enzymology. Academic Press, Inc., New ... It also increases activity of bacterial phospholipase A2, leading to release and accumulation of lysophospholipids, which are ... Kagan V. E. (1989). "Tocopherol stabilizes membrane against phospholipase A, free fatty acids and lysophospholipids". Ann. N.Y ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clofazimine

Schmiel, Deborah H.; Miller, Virginia L. (1999-11-01). "Bacterial phospholipases and pathogenesis". Microbes and Infection. 1 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_L._Miller

Gubenšek's research focused on neurotoxic phospholipases. With his colleagues at the Jožef Stefan Institute, he was one of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc_Gubenšek

The cytosolic PLA2 set (i.e. cPLA2s) of PLA2 enzymes (cPLA2; see Phospholipase A2#Cytosolic phospholipases A2) in particular ... Burke JE, Dennis EA (2009). "Phospholipase A2 biochemistry". Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy. 23 (1): 49-59. doi:10.1007/ ... This is accomplished by a large family of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachidonate_5-lipoxygenase

Cytosolic phospholipase A2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PLA2G4A gene. This gene encodes a member of the ... "Entrez Gene: PLA2G4A phospholipase A2, group IVA (cytosolic, calcium-dependent)". Sheridan AM, Force T, Yoon HJ, O'Leary E, ... 1995). "Cytosolic phospholipase A2 gene in human and rat: chromosomal localization and polymorphic markers". Genomics. 26 (1): ... Morri H, Ozaki M, Watanabe Y (1995). "5'-flanking region surrounding a human cytosolic phospholipase A2 gene". Biochemical and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLA2G4A

Phospholipase A2, membrane associated is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PLA2G2A gene. Phospholipase A2 GRCh38: ... 1995). "The secretory phospholipase A2 gene is a candidate for the Mom1 locus, a major modifier of ApcMin-induced intestinal ... "Entrez Gene: PLA2G2A Phospholipase A2, group IIA (platelets, synovial fluid)". Kramer RM, Johansen B, Hession C, Pepinsky RB ( ... Law MH, Cotton RG, Berger GE (2006). "The role of phospholipases A2 in schizophrenia". Mol. Psychiatry. 11 (6): 547-56. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLA2G2A

85 kDa calcium-independent phospholipase A2, also known as 85/88 kDa calcium-independent phospholipase A2, Group VI ... phospholipase A2, Intracellular membrane-associated calcium-independent phospholipase A2 beta, or Patatin-like phospholipase ... Specifically, the A2 phospholipase produced from the PLA2G6 gene, sometimes called PLA2 group VI, helps to regulate the levels ... The PLA2G6 gene encodes for a phospholipase A2 enzyme, which is a subclass of enzyme that catalyzes the release of fatty acids ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLA2G6

The quest for topical drugs that can provide a safe alternative to steroids leads to phospholipases, a family of enzymes that ... One such potential target is phospholipase A2 (PLA2), a family of enzymes that has been studied extensively for over three ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/806587

phospholipase A2 group IIFprovided by HGNC. Primary source. HGNC:HGNC:30040 See related. Ensembl:ENSG00000158786 MIM:616793; ... group IIF secretory phospholipase A2. Names. GIIF sPLA2. phosphatidylcholine 2-acylhydrolase 2F. NP_001347798.1. *EC 3.1.1.4 ... Knockdown of phospholipase A2, group IIF (PLA2G2F) by siRNA enhances the early stages of HIV-1 replication in HeLa-CD4 cells ... enables calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 activity IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor. more info ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64600

Recently, an N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) was identified as a candidate enzyme involved in the ... Inactivation of N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D reveals multiple mechanisms for the biosynthesis of ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16605240/

Timeline for Protein Phospholipase C-beta-2 from a.39.1.7: EF-hand modules in multidomain proteins: *Protein Phospholipase C- ... Protein Phospholipase C-beta-2 from a.39.1.7: EF-hand modules in multidomain proteins appears in SCOPe 2.02. *Protein ... Protein Phospholipase C-beta-2 from a.39.1.7: EF-hand modules in multidomain proteins appears in the current release, SCOPe ... Lineage for Protein: Phospholipase C-beta-2. *Root: SCOPe 2.03 *. Class a: All alpha proteins [46456] (284 folds). ...

http://scop.berkeley.edu/sunid=158478&ver=2.03

... This presentation was part of the More Informed series, a digital ... Recent research at Novozymes reveals that their blend of enzymes Phospholipase C, named Quara Boost, can be incorporated ... "Phospholipase for enzyme-assisted alkaline refining" written by Per Munk Nielsen. See the event above to learn about these ...

https://www.aocs.org/stay-informed/more-informed/phospholipase-for-enzyme-assisted-alkaline-refining?SSO=True

i,Background,/i,. Increasing evidence states that the plasma lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) levels and ... J. P. Corsetti, D. L. Rainwater, A. J. Moss, W. Zareba, and C. E. Sparks, "High lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 is a ... F. Huang, K. Wang, and J. Shen, "Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2: the story continues," Medicinal Research Reviews, vol ... B. Jabor, H. Choi, I. Ruel, A. Hafiane, W. Mourad, and J. Genest, "Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A (2) (Lp-PLA (2)) in ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/dm/2020/8818358/

U73122 is a potent phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor, which reduces agonist-induced Ca2+ increases in platelets and PMN. U73122 ... Other Phospholipase (e.g. PLA) Products. * Liproxstatin-1New. Liproxstatin-1 is a potent ferroptosis inhibitor with an IC50 of ... Darapladib (SB-480848) is a reversible lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) inhibitor with IC50 of 0.25 nM. Phase ... Varespladib (LY315920) is a potent and selective human non-pancreatic secretory phospholipase A2 (hnsPLA) inhibitor with IC50 ...

https://www.selleckchem.com/products/u73122.html

Fabgennix Anti-Phospholipase A2 Polyclonal, Catalog # PLAP2-212-BIOTIN. Tested in Western Blot (WB), Immunohistochemistry (IHC ...

https://www.thermofisher.com/antibody/product/Phospholipase-A2-Antibody-Polyclonal/PLAP2-212-BIOTIN

National Institutes of Health . . . Turning Discovery Into Health™. ...

https://3dprint.nih.gov/discover/phospholipase

Structure of the complex of phospholipase A2 with N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)- acetamide at 2.1 A resolution ... Phospholipase A2 VRV-PL-VIIIa. A. 121. Daboia russelii pulchella. Mutation(s): 0 EC: 3.1.1.4. ... Phospholipase A2 as a target protein for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Crystal structure of the complex ... Structure of the complex of phospholipase A2 with N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)- acetamide at 2.1 A resolution. *PDB DOI: 10.2210/pdb2DPZ ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2DPZ

... and Other Molecules in the Akt Pathway research area related information and Phospholipases, Small GTPases, and Other Molecules ... Phospholipases, Small GTPases, and Other Molecules in the Akt Pathway. Phospholipases, such as phospholipase C (PLC), hydrolyze ... The phospholipases, GTPases, and other molecules listed below are all associated with Akt serine-threonine kinase signaling, ... Home / Research Areas / Phospholipases, Small GTPases, and Other Molecules in the Akt Pathway ...

https://www.rndsystems.com/research-area/phospholipases--small-gtpases--and-other-molecules-in-the-akt-pathway

... was primarily developed to treat inflammatory disturbances associated with high levels of serum phospholipase A2 (PLA2). VPL ... was primarily developed to treat inflammatory disturbances associated with high levels of serum phospholipase A2 (PLA2). VPL ... Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) Activity. PLA2 activity was assayed essentially as described elsewhere (Carregari et al., 2013). The ... 2015). A New Phospholipase A₂ from Lachesis muta Rhombeata: Purification, Biochemical and Comparative Characterization with ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.812295/full

LP172674-6Phospholipase A2 receptor IgGActive. Description. LP172674-6 Phospholipase A2 receptor Ab.IgG. The M-type ... Phospholipase A2 receptor Ab.IgG. Type. Component. Created On. 2013-02-18. LOINC FHIR® API Example - CodeSystem Request Get ... phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) stimulates the production of phospholipase A2 receptor autoantibodies. The PLA2R antibodies ... LOINC Code LP172674-6 Phospholipase A2 receptor IgG ...

https://loinc.org/LP172674-6/

Expression of codon optimized Bacillus cereus Phospholipase C in Kluyveromyces ...

https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/369630

Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC) is an intensively studied family of enzymes constituting a junction between ... Evidence was found for a direct interaction between the GTPases and the PLC that mediated activation of the phospholipase. ... Interactions of phosphoinositide specific phospholipase C with a lipid layer for structural and functional studies ...

https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.541060

OX1 orexin/hypocretin receptor activation of phospholipase D. Maria Jäntti, J. Putula, P. Somerharju, M. A. Frohman, J. P. ... OX1 orexin/hypocretin receptor activation of phospholipase D. / Jäntti, Maria; Putula, J.; Somerharju, P.; Frohman, M. A.; ... title = "OX1 orexin/hypocretin receptor activation of phospholipase D",. keywords = "orexin, OX1 receptor, PLD, PKC, PKD, Rho, ... OX1 orexin/hypocretin receptor activation of phospholipase D, British Journal of Pharmacology, Vuosikerta 165, Nro 4B, Sivut ...

https://researchportal.helsinki.fi/fi/publications/ox1-orexinhypocretin-receptor-activation-of-phospholipase-d

Myotoxic phospholipases A2 (PLA2s; group II) account for most of the muscle-tissue damage that results from envenomation by ... Two phospholipase A2 inhibitors from the plasma of Cerrophidion (Bothrops) godmani which selectively inhibit two different ... Two phospholipase A2 inhibitors from the plasma of Cerrophidion (Bothrops) godmani which selectively inhibit two different ... group-II phospholipase A2 myotoxins from its own venom: isolation, molecular cloning and biological properties Sergio LIZANO; ...

https://portlandpress.com/biochemj/article-abstract/346/3/631/35754/Two-phospholipase-A2-inhibitors-from-the-plasma-of?redirectedFrom=fulltext

Non-specific phospholipase C4 mediates response to aluminum toxicity in Arabidopsis thaliana. Pejchar P., Potocký M., Krčková Z ... Here we examined the impact of Al on the expression, activity and function of the non-specific phospholipase C4 (NPC4), a ... Non-specific phospholipase C4 mediates response to aluminum toxicity in Arabidopsis thaliana ... Non-specific phospholipase C4 mediates response to aluminum toxicity in Arabidopsis thaliana ...

http://www.ueb.cas.cz/cs/content/non-specific-phospholipase-c4-mediates-response-aluminum-toxicity-arabidopsis-thaliana

The interaction of phospholipase A2 with a phospholipid bilayer: coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations.. ... "The Interaction of Phospholipase A2 with a Phospholipid Bilayer: Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics Simulations." Biophysical ... "The Interaction of Phospholipase A2 with a Phospholipid Bilayer: Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics Simulations." Biophysical ... Wee, C., Balali-Mood, K., Gavaghan, D., & Sansom, M. S. (2008). The interaction of phospholipase A2 with a phospholipid bilayer ...

https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b91463f0-1f6b-4152-bd46-ed7dae98bb45

... specific phospholipase C and serum phospholipase D. / TOUTANT, Jean‐Pierre ‐P; ROBERTS, William L.; MURRAY, Nicole R. et al. ... specific phospholipase C and serum phospholipase D. European Journal of Biochemistry. 1989 Apr;180(3):503-508. doi: 10.1111/j. ... specific phospholipase C and serum phospholipase D. In: European Journal of Biochemistry. 1989 ; Vol. 180, No. 3. pp. 503-508. ... specific phospholipase C and serum phospholipase D. Jean‐Pierre ‐P TOUTANT, William L. ROBERTS, Nicole R. MURRAY, Terrone L. ...

https://mayoclinic.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/conversion-of-human-erythrocyte-acetylcholinesterase-from-an-amph

Nuclear Phospholipase C Signaling Through Type 1 IGF Receptor and its Involvement in Cell Growth and Differentiation. IRENE ... Nuclear Phospholipase C Signaling Through Type 1 IGF Receptor and its Involvement in Cell Growth and Differentiation ... Nuclear Phospholipase C Signaling Through Type 1 IGF Receptor and its Involvement in Cell Growth and Differentiation ... Nuclear Phospholipase C Signaling Through Type 1 IGF Receptor and its Involvement in Cell Growth and Differentiation ...

https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/25/3B/2039/tab-article-info

A single residue change in Vibrio harveyi hemolysin (VHH) results in the loss of phospholipase and hemolytic activities and ... A single residue change in Vibrio harveyi hemolysin (VHH) results in the loss of phospholipase and hemolytic activities and ... A single residue change in Vibrio harveyi hemolysin (VHH) results in the loss of phospholipase and hemolytic activities and ... T1 - A single residue change in Vibrio harveyi hemolysin (VHH) results in the loss of phospholipase and hemolytic activities ...

https://researchportal.hw.ac.uk/en/publications/a-single-residue-change-in-vibrio-harveyi-hemolysin-vhh-results-i

Phospholipase B-like 2 (PLBL2). by Zinan , Jul 11, 2022 , 0 comments ...

https://www.biophorum.com/hostcellprotein/phospholipase-b-like-2-plbl2/

DESIGN: Phospholipase C zeta was cloned from the hamster, an important model organism for studying fertilization. Next, we used ... Phospholipase C zeta was localized in acrosomal and post-acrosomal regions of sperm. The post-acrosomal localization, which ... CONCLUSION(S): Phospholipase C zeta is localized to acrosomal and post-acrosomal regions and undergoes dynamic changes during ... MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Phospholipase C zeta localization in non-capacitated, capacitated, and ionophore-treated sperm. RESULT ...

https://www.neuroscience.ox.ac.uk/publications/185349

Enzyme What is an Enzyme? An enzyme is a protein catalyst that makes chemical changes in biological systems. Various categories are used in baked goods, beverages, dairy, beer, glucose syrups, starch and other food products.1 In bakery systems, enzymes act as: Dough conditioners Fermentation enhancers Anti-staling agents This enables bakers to remove [...]. ...

https://bakerpedia.com/tag/phospholipases/

Protein Phosphoinositide phospholipase C-beta-2, Human Phosphoinositide phospholipase C-beta-2 Protein, Human Phosphoinositide ... Phosphoinositide phospholipase C-beta-2, 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2, Phosphoinositide ... phospholipase C-beta-2, Human protein Phosphoinositide phospholipase C-beta-2, 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate ...

https://www.abbexa.com/human-plcb2-protein-recombinant

https://www.staging.medscape.com/viewarticle/806587

Phospholipases A2 are important components of snake venoms, the basic isoforms have been more extensively studied than the ... ISOLATION AND EXPRESSION OF A HYPOTENSIVE AND ANTI-PLATELET ACIDIC PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 FROM BOTHROPS MOOJENI SNAKE VENOM Silveira ... Trying to better understand the role of the acidic isoforms on the envenomation process, an acidic phospholipase A2 was ... Isolation and expression of a hypotensive and anti-platelet acidic phospholipase A2 from Bothrops moojeni snake venom. Journal ...

https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/12471

Phosphorylation of phospholipase C-δ1 regulates its enzymatic activity. Author Fujii, M., et al.. ...

https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1010282257431104642

PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 (PA2) is an enzyme derived from porcine pancreas. It serves as a catalyst in the hydrolysis of the fatty acid ... PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 (PA2) is an enzyme derived from porcine pancreas. It serves as a catalyst in the hydrolysis of the fatty acid ... PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 (PA2) can be used in the production of heat-stable egg yolk. Enzyme modified egg yolk offers a number of ... Phospholipase A2 is used extensively as a processing aid in many food applications, including:. *Enzymatic degumming of ...

https://www.bioseutica.com/index.php/products/phospholipase-a2

U73122 is a potent phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor, which reduces agonist-induced Ca 2+ increases in platelets and PMN. (selleckchem.com)
Varespladib (LY315920) is a potent and selective human non-pancreatic secretory phospholipase A2 (hnsPLA) inhibitor with IC50 of 7 nM. (selleckchem.com)
Darapladib (SB-480848) is a reversible lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) inhibitor with IC50 of 0.25 nM. (selleckchem.com)
Phospholipase C, immune inhibitor A, chitin-binding protein and a single peptide match to chain A crystal structure of selenomethionine were observed in the secretions of L. infantum promastigotes. (who.int)
The phospholipase C inhibitor U73122 attenuated the response. (silverchair.com)
EDHF responses in these mouse arteries were inhibited by an intracellular calcium blocker, TMB-8, and the phospholipase A(2) inhibitor AACOCF(3), suggesting a role for lipid metabolites. (ox.ac.uk)

Increasing evidence states that the plasma lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) levels and apolipoprotein particles are regarded as the risk maker for cardiovascular heart disease. (hindawi.com)
Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), which is characterized by a Ca+ independent enzyme, originally tends to be defined as platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) and is principally secreted by inflammatory cells (macrophages) [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)

Recently, an N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) was identified as a candidate enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of NAEs. (nih.gov)
This webinar expounds upon the January 2021 INFORM article "Phospholipase for enzyme-assisted alkaline refining" written by Per Munk Nielsen. (aocs.org)
In contrast to erythrocyte AChEs in other mammalian species, the human enzyme is resistant to direct cleavage by phosphatidylinositol‐specific phospholipase C (PtdIns‐specific PLC). (elsevier.com)
The enzyme showed a relative molecular mass of 13,601 Da, pI 5.2, high phospholipase activity, bactericidal effect, moderate cytotoxic activity and was able to inhibit platelet aggregation. (fiocruz.br)
PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 (PA2) is an enzyme derived from porcine pancreas. (bioseutica.com)
Phospholipase A2 is an enzyme preparation containing both trypsin and chymotrypsin specifically designed for food applications. (bioseutica.com)
Using biochemical experiments combined with the construction of deletion and overexpression mutant strains in Mycobacterium smegmatis, we found that LipGMTB is a cytoplasmic membrane-associated enzyme that displays both phospholipase and thioesterase activities. (omicsdi.org)
In cholinergic neurons, the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) by a phospholipase D (PLD)-type enzyme generates some of the precursor choline used for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). (biomedcentral.com)
Previous studies have shown that this choline is liberated from PC in a one-step reaction, thus indicating that it is produced by a phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4) -an enzyme that hydrolyzes the phospholipid into choline and phosphatidic acid (PA) [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human Phospholipase A2, Calcium Independent (iPLA2) in serum, plasma and other biological fluids. (bioemm.com)
The isoelectric points, pH and temperature optima and temperature stabilities of the phospholipases in these enzyme preparations were also determined. (vtt.fi)

Phospholipases A2 are important components of snake venoms, the basic isoforms have been more extensively studied than the acidic groups, maybe due to their higher toxicity. (fiocruz.br)
Trying to better understand the role of the acidic isoforms on the envenomation process, an acidic phospholipase A2 was purified from Bothrops moojeni snake venom through two chromatographic steps (BmooPLA2). (fiocruz.br)
The principal toxins of brown spider venoms are phospholipase -D isoforms , which interact with different cellular membrane components, degrade phospholipids , and generate bioactive mediators leading to harmful effects. (bvsalud.org)
Activator of phospholipase D isoforms. (embl.de)

The interaction of phospholipase A2 with a phospholipid bilayer: coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. (ox.ac.uk)
PLA2 NAGASE L/R and 10 P/R contain a pure, microbial phospholipase A2 with functionality for phospholipid hydrolysis. (nagase.eu)

Cellular arachidonate-releasing function and inflammation-associated expression of group IIF secretory phospholipase A2. (nih.gov)

Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC) is an intensively studied family of enzymes constituting a junction between trans-membrane signal transduction processes and phosphoinositide lipid signalling. (bl.uk)
Alvarez RA, Ghalayini AJ, Xu P, Hardcastle A, Bhattacharya S, Rao PN, Pettenati MJ, Anderson RE, Baehr W. cDNA sequence and gene locus of the human retinal phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase-C beta 4 (PLCB4). (medlineplus.gov)
Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C signaling mediates expression of two phenylalanine ammonia lyase genes induced by salicylic acid in Capsicum chinense cells.Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology. (cicy.mx)

Phospholipase D (PLD) catalyses the hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bond of glycerophospholipids to generate phosphatidic acid and a free headgroup. (universalbiologicals.com)
The Phospholipase D (PLD) family contains two members, PLD1 and PLD2, both of which catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) to generate phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline. (grantome.com)
Two commercial fungal lipase preparations from Aspergillus niger and Penicillium cyclopium, two fungal phospholipases from A. niger (A1 and A2) and one phospholipase from porcine pancreas (A2, Lecitase) were compared in the hydrolysis of soybean phospholipids. (vtt.fi)
Lipase preparations which also contained phospholipase and lysophospholipase activities were more efficient than phospholipase preparations in the hydrolysis of soybean phospholipids. (vtt.fi)
Both the A2 phospholipase preparations tested produced lysophospholipids through partial selective hydrolysis of phospholipids. (vtt.fi)

The recombinant BmooPLA2 showed phospholipase and inhibitory activities on platelet aggregation similar to those of the native protein. (fiocruz.br)
The PLCB4 gene provides instructions for making one form (the beta 4 isoform) of a protein called phospholipase C. This protein is involved in a signaling pathway within cells known as the phosphoinositide cycle, which helps transmit information from outside the cell to inside the cell. (medlineplus.gov)
The identified mutations change single protein building blocks (amino acids) in the the beta 4 isoform of phospholipase C. These changes likely alter the structure of the protein and impair the phosphoinositide cycle. (medlineplus.gov)
The ARFs are a family of 21,000 M(r) proteins with biological roles in constitutive secretion and activation of phospholipase D. The structure of ARF-1 complexed to GDP determined from two crystal forms reveals a topology that is similar to that of the protein p21 ras with two differences: an additional amino-terminal helix and an extra beta-strand. (embl.de)

Phospholipases, such as phospholipase C (PLC), hydrolyze phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate (PIP 2 ) to form diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate (IP 3 ), both of which are second messenger signaling molecules. (rndsystems.com)
Phospholipase C carries out one particular step in the phosphoinositide cycle: the conversion of a molecule called phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP 2 ) to two smaller molecules, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP 3 ) and 1,2-diacylglycerol. (medlineplus.gov)

while, u-73122 and neomycin (the phospholipase c (plc) inhibitors) blocked the increase of the pain threshold induced by alcar. (chemicalbook.com)

Among the nuclear enzymes involved in PI metabolism, inositide specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) has been one of the most extensively studied. (unibo.it)
For quantitative determination of phospholipase D activity and evaluation of drug effects on phospholipase D metabolism. (universalbiologicals.com)

Varespladib (VPL) was primarily developed to treat inflammatory disturbances associated with high levels of serum phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
Although serum anchor‐specific phospholipase D (PLD) cleaves the intact human erythrocyte AChE anchor, this treatment, as judged by nondenaturing electrophoresis, did not release hydrophilic AChE. (elsevier.com)
Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Mouse Phospholipase A2, Calcium Independent (iPLA2) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates or other biological fluids. (bioemm.com)

One such potential target is phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ), a family of enzymes that has been studied extensively for over three decades. (medscape.com)
Recent research at Novozymes reveals that their blend of enzymes Phospholipase C, named Quara Boost, can be incorporated directly into the alkaline refining process for vegetable oils (instead of being used in a separate water-degumming step). (aocs.org)
Bioseutica's PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 (PA2) complies with the recommended purity requirements for food-grade enzymes provided by the joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), and the Food Chemical Codex (FCC). (bioseutica.com)

We observed a lower expression of NPC4 using GUS assay and a decreased formation of labeled diacylglycerol, product of NPC activity, using fluorescently labeled phosphatidylcholine as a phospholipase substrate in Arabidopsis WT seedlings treated with AlCl3 for 2 h. (cas.cz)
Phospholipase A1 and lipase preparations released fatty acids from both positions of the substrate molecule and as a result glyceryl-phosphoryl-choline was formed. (vtt.fi)
The Loxosceles intermedia phospholipase D , LiRecDT1, possesses a loop that modulates the accessibility to the active site and plays a crucial role in substrate. (bvsalud.org)
Thus, the number of carbon atoms in the substrate plays a vital role in determining the optimal activity of this phospholipase -D. The presence of an amide group at C2 plays a key role in recognition and activity. (bvsalud.org)

The M-type phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) stimulates the production of phospholipase A2 receptor autoantibodies. (loinc.org)
OX1 orexin/hypocretin receptor activation of phospholipase D . British Journal of Pharmacology , 165 (4B), 1109-1123. (helsinki.fi)

Activation of phospholipase D1 (PLD1) by Arf has been implicated in vesicle transport and membrane trafficking. (embl.de)

Cloning and recombinant expression of human group IIF-secreted phospholipase A(2). (nih.gov)

In the present study, a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments determined the role of Na(+) and K(+) in the regulation of two pleckstrin homology domain-containing intracellular signaling molecules, phospholipase C (PLC)-γ1 and epithelial and endothelial tyrosine kinase/bone marrow tyrosine kinase on chromosome X (Bmx), and agonist-generated Ca(2+) signaling in the endothelium. (instituteofmineralresearch.org)

A single residue change in Vibrio harveyi hemolysin (VHH) results in the loss of phospholipase and hemolytic activities and pathogenicity to tubot (Scophthalmus maximus). (hw.ac.uk)

2021. https://nursing.unboundmedicine.com/nursingcentral/view/Tabers-Dictionary/763994/all/phospholipase. (unboundmedicine.com)

The phospholipases, GTPases, and other molecules listed below are all associated with Akt serine-threonine kinase signaling, either upstream or downstream of its activation. (rndsystems.com)
Evidence was found for a direct interaction between the GTPases and the PLC that mediated activation of the phospholipase. (bl.uk)

Swystun V, Chen L, Factor P, Siroky B, Bell PD, Matalon S. Apical trypsin increases ion transport and resistance by a phospholipase C-dependent rise of Ca2+. (musc.edu)

Here we examined the impact of Al on the expression, activity and function of the non-specific phospholipase C4 (NPC4), a plasma membrane-bound isoform of NPC, a member of the plant phospholipase family, in Arabidopsis thaliana. (cas.cz)
Studies suggest that the beta 4 isoform of phospholipase C contributes to the development of the first and second pharyngeal arches. (medlineplus.gov)

Patients with high lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A 2 concentrations ≥ 235 mg/mL are at increased risk for cardiovascular events including myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. (peacehealthlabs.org)

PA can be further metabolized to diacylglycerol (DAG) and lysophosphatidic acid by PA phosphohydrolase and phospholipase A 2 , respectively. (biomedcentral.com)

Phospholipase C zeta undergoes dynamic changes in its pattern of localization in sperm during capacitation and the acrosome reaction. (ox.ac.uk)
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the localization of phospholipase C zeta (PLC zeta) in non-capacitated, capacitated, and ionophore-treated sperm. (ox.ac.uk)
DESIGN: Phospholipase C zeta was cloned from the hamster, an important model organism for studying fertilization. (ox.ac.uk)
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Phospholipase C zeta localization in non-capacitated, capacitated, and ionophore-treated sperm. (ox.ac.uk)
Phospholipase C zeta was localized in acrosomal and post-acrosomal regions of sperm. (ox.ac.uk)
CONCLUSION(S): Phospholipase C zeta is localized to acrosomal and post-acrosomal regions and undergoes dynamic changes during capacitation and the acrosome reaction, indicating a potential role regulating not only egg activation but other sperm functions. (ox.ac.uk)

Halobetasol propionate is thought to act by the induction of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitory proteins. (selleckchem.com)

After 200 years of research, it was determined that arginine synthesis was controlled by phospholipase D (PLD) and as a result, arginine could not be considered an essential amino acid - however it was also found that arginine levels increased in the brain of animals with mental disorders and that it had no adverse effects on fertility, cardarine dosage and timing. (profhim.kz)

Enables calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 activity. (nih.gov)
Clofazimine (NSC-141046) is a rhimophenazine dye, originally developed for the treatment of tuberculosis, it has both antimicrobial and antiinflammatory activity, postulated mechanisms of action include intercalation of clofazimine with bacterial DNA and increasing levels of cellular phospholipase A2. (selleckchem.com)
RESULTS: Phospholipase and proteinase activity were observed in 100% of the C. albicans strains. (bvsalud.org)
In the non-albicans species, proteinase and phospholipase activity were observed in 25 and 43% of the studied strains, respectively. (bvsalud.org)
Brown Spider Venom Phospholipase-D Activity upon Different Lipid Substrates. (bvsalud.org)

The nociceptors and mechanoreceptors in the annulus fibrosus mediate pain transmission from structural disruption of the intervertebral disc itself or from the chemically mediated inflammatory effect of phospholipase A2. (medscape.com)

HIV and SIV envelope glycoproteins induce phospholipase A2 activation in human and macaque lymphocytes. (nih.gov)

Intro Inositol phosphate kinases (IP3K, IPMK, ITPK1, IP5K, IP6K and PPIP5K) perform several biological procedures through their involvement inside a carefully-regulated, metabolic network that changes phospholipase C-derived Ins(1,4,5)P3 into a range of even more extremely phosphorylated cell-signaling substances [1C3]. (immune-source.com)

Choose Selective Phospholipase (e.g. (selleckchem.com)

LipG a bifunctional phospholipase/thioesterase involved in mycobacterial envelope remodeling. (omicsdi.org)

We had discovered the physiological target for CIF (a specific plasma membrane bound Ca2+ independent phospholipase A2), and demonstrated its crucial role in SOCE, which was confirmed by other investigators. (grantome.com)

Anatomy9

Organisms14

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs87

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment6

Phenomena and Processes17

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science2

Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase, generates two bioactive products during the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein: use of a novel inhibitor. (1/3436)

Association of the inflammatory state in active juvenile rheumatoid arthritis with hypo-high-density lipoproteinemia and reduced lipoprotein-associated platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase activity. (2/3436)

Mechanisms of prostaglandin E2 release by intact cells expressing cyclooxygenase-2: evidence for a 'two-component' model. (3/3436)

Pharmacology of LY315920/S-5920, [[3-(aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1- (phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy] acetate, a potent and selective secretory phospholipase A2 inhibitor: A new class of anti-inflammatory drugs, SPI. (4/3436)

Glutamate receptor signaling interplay modulates stress-sensitive mitogen-activated protein kinases and neuronal cell death. (5/3436)

Cytosolic phospholipase A2 in rat decidual cells: evidence for its role in decidualization. (6/3436)

Modulation of acute and chronic inflammatory processes by cacospongionolide B, a novel inhibitor of human synovial phospholipase A2. (7/3436)

Identification and characterization of alkenyl hydrolase (lysoplasmalogenase) in microsomes and identification of a plasmalogen-active phospholipase A2 in cytosol of small intestinal epithelium. (8/3436)

Phospholipases

Phospholipases A

Phospholipases A2

Phospholipases A1

Group II Phospholipases A2

Type C Phospholipases

Group X Phospholipases A2

Phospholipases A2, Secretory

Group I Phospholipases A2

Lysophospholipase

Group V Phospholipases A2

Snake Venoms

Phospholipase D

Crotalid Venoms

Receptors, Phospholipase A2

Group VI Phospholipases A2

Cobra Venoms

Group IV Phospholipases A2

Viperidae

Bothrops

Reptilian Proteins

Phospholipids

Viper Venoms

Crotoxin

Group III Phospholipases A2

Elapid Venoms

Phosphatidylcholines

Elapidae

Arachidonic Acid

Phospholipases A2, Cytosolic

Phospholipases A2, Calcium-Independent

Hydrolysis

Bee Venoms

Group IA Phospholipases A2

Phospholipase A2 Inhibitors

Phosphatidylinositols

Phosphatidylinositol Diacylglycerol-Lyase

Snakes

Phosphatidic Acids

Isoenzymes

Amino Acid Sequence

Calcium

Bacillus cereus

Crotalus

Phosphatidylethanolamines

Substrate Specificity

Pancreas

Kinetics

Quinacrine

Membrane Lipids

Trimeresurus

Arachidonic Acids

Molecular Sequence Data

Phosphoinositide Phospholipase C

Pyrones

Lysophosphatidylcholines

Group IB Phospholipases A2

Enzyme Activation

Diglycerides

Thiones

Russell's Viper

Cytosol

Glycerophospholipids

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Butanols

Micelles

Phospholipase C beta

Indolizidines

Lysophospholipids

Clostridium perfringens

Cell Membrane

Lysosomes

Bridged Compounds

Eicosanoids

Glycosylphosphatidylinositols

1-Butanol

Venoms

Phosphatidylglycerols

Fluoroimmunoassay

Neomycin