Phosphates. Medical search

Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.

Calcium salts of phosphoric acid. These compounds are frequently used as calcium supplements.

An ester of glucose with phosphoric acid, made in the course of glucose metabolism by mammalian and other cells. It is a normal constituent of resting muscle and probably is in constant equilibrium with fructose-6-phosphate. (Stedman, 26th ed)

Enzymes that catalyze the dehydrogenation of GLYCERALDEHYDE 3-PHOSPHATE. Several types of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase exist including phosphorylating and non-phosphorylating varieties and ones that transfer hydrogen to NADP and ones that transfer hydrogen to NAD.

Phosphoric acid esters of inositol. They include mono- and polyphosphoric acid esters, with the exception of inositol hexaphosphate which is PHYTIC ACID.

An aldotriose which is an important intermediate in glycolysis and in tryptophan biosynthesis.

An oxidative decarboxylation process that converts GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE to D-ribose-5-phosphate via 6-phosphogluconate. The pentose product is used in the biosynthesis of NUCLEIC ACIDS. The generated energy is stored in the form of NADPH. This pathway is prominent in tissues which are active in the synthesis of FATTY ACIDS and STEROIDS.

An important intermediate in lipid biosynthesis and in glycolysis.

Membrane proteins that are involved in the active transport of phosphate.

This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).

An aldose-ketose isomerase that catalyzes the reversible interconversion of glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate. In prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms it plays an essential role in glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways. In mammalian systems the enzyme is found in the cytoplasm and as a secreted protein. This secreted form of glucose-6-phosphate isomerase has been referred to as autocrine motility factor or neuroleukin, and acts as a cytokine which binds to the AUTOCRINE MOTILITY FACTOR RECEPTOR. Deficiency of the enzyme in humans is an autosomal recessive trait, which results in CONGENITAL NONSPHEROCYTIC HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

An enzyme that transfers acyl groups from acyl-CoA to glycerol-3-phosphate to form monoglyceride phosphates. It acts only with CoA derivatives of fatty acids of chain length above C-10. Also forms diglyceride phosphates. EC 2.3.1.15.

An amino alcohol with a long unsaturated hydrocarbon chain. Sphingosine and its derivative sphinganine are the major bases of the sphingolipids in mammals. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Any salt or ester of glycerophosphoric acid.

The monoanhydride of carbamic acid with PHOSPHORIC ACID. It is an important intermediate metabolite and is synthesized enzymatically by CARBAMYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (AMMONIA) and CARBAMOYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (GLUTAMINE-HYDROLYZING).

Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS that lack one of its fatty acyl chains due to its hydrolytic removal.

Proteins that bind to and are involved in the metabolism of phosphate ions.

Ribose substituted in the 1-, 3-, or 5-position by a phosphoric acid moiety.

Phosphatidylinositols in which one or more alcohol group of the inositol has been substituted with a phosphate group.

Carbon-containing phosphoric acid derivatives. Included under this heading are compounds that have CARBON atoms bound to one or more OXYGEN atoms of the P(=O)(O)3 structure. Note that several specific classes of endogenous phosphorus-containing compounds such as NUCLEOTIDES; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; and PHOSPHOPROTEINS are listed elsewhere.

Enzymes that catalyze a reverse aldol condensation. A molecule containing a hydroxyl group and a carbonyl group is cleaved at a C-C bond to produce two smaller molecules (ALDEHYDES or KETONES). EC 4.1.2.

A subfamily of lysophospholipid receptors with specificity for LYSOSPHINGOLIPIDS such as sphingosine-1-phosphate and sphingosine phosphorylcholine.

A receptor that is specific for IGF-II and mannose-6-phosphate. The receptor is a 250-kDa single chain polypeptide which is unrelated in structure to the type 1 IGF receptor (RECEPTOR, IGF TYPE 1) and does not have a tyrosine kinase domain.

An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of fructose-6-phosphate plus GLUTAMINE from GLUTAMATE plus glucosamine-6-phosphate.

Phosphoric acid esters of mannose.

Phosphoric or pyrophosphoric acid esters of polyisoprenoids.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A group of enzymes that transfers a phosphate group onto an alcohol group acceptor. EC 2.7.1.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Organic compounds that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule. Included under this heading is broad array of synthetic compounds that are used as PESTICIDES and DRUGS.

A rather large group of enzymes comprising not only those transferring phosphate but also diphosphate, nucleotidyl residues, and others. These have also been subdivided according to the acceptor group. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.

An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of UDPgalactose from UTP and galactose-1-phosphate. It is present in low levels in fetal and infant liver, but increases with age, thereby enabling galactosemic infants who survive to develop the capacity to metabolize galactose. EC 2.7.7.10.

Enzymes that catalyze the interconversion of aldose and ketose compounds.

A group of hydrolases which catalyze the hydrolysis of monophosphoric esters with the production of one mole of orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of myo-inositol-1-phosphate from glucose-6-phosphate in the presence of NAD. EC 5.5.1.4.

An NAD-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase found in the cytosol of eucaryotes. It catalyses the dehydrogenation and phosphorylation of GLYCERALDEHYDE 3-PHOSPHATE to 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate, which is an important step in the GLYCOLYSIS pathway.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

A family of symporters that facilitate sodium-dependent membrane transport of phosphate.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5'-phosphate adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed)

Ribulose substituted by one or more phosphoric acid moieties.

A condition of abnormally high level of PHOSPHATES in the blood, usually significantly above the normal range of 0.84-1.58 mmol per liter of serum.

An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the reaction sedoheptulose 7-phosphate and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to yield D-erythrose 4-phosphate and D-fructose phosphate in the PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 2.2.1.2.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the reaction 6-phospho-D-gluconate and NADP+ to yield D-ribulose 5-phosphate, carbon dioxide, and NADPH. The reaction is a step in the pentose phosphate pathway of glucose metabolism. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.1.1.43.

These compounds function as activated monosaccharide carriers in the biosynthesis of glycoproteins and oligosaccharide phospholipids. Obtained from a nucleoside diphosphate sugar and a polyisoprenyl phosphate.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

A class of enzymes that transfers substituted phosphate groups. EC 2.7.8.

A metabolic process that converts GLUCOSE into two molecules of PYRUVIC ACID through a series of enzymatic reactions. Energy generated by this process is conserved in two molecules of ATP. Glycolysis is the universal catabolic pathway for glucose, free glucose, or glucose derived from complex CARBOHYDRATES, such as GLYCOGEN and STARCH.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

A mixture of isomeric tritolyl phosphates. Used in the sterilization of certain surgical instruments and in many industrial processes.

Phosphoric acid esters of mannitol.

A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.

Enzymes that catalyze the epimerization of chiral centers within carbohydrates or their derivatives. EC 5.1.3.

Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to the hexahydroxy alcohol, myo-inositol. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid, myo-inositol, and 2 moles of fatty acids.

An enzyme that catalyzes the reversible isomerization of D-mannose-6-phosphate to form D-fructose-6-phosphate, an important step in glycolysis. EC 5.3.1.8.

Derivatives of propylene glycol (1,2-propanediol). They are used as humectants and solvents in pharmaceutical preparations.

Inorganic or organic salts and esters of arsenic acid.

Compounds functioning as activated glycosyl carriers in the biosynthesis of glycoproteins and glycophospholipids. They include the polyisoprenyl pyrophosphates.

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1.

A condition of an abnormally low level of PHOSPHATES in the blood.

A four-carbon sugar that is found in algae, fungi, and lichens. It is twice as sweet as sucrose and can be used as a coronary vasodilator.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

An allosteric enzyme that regulates glycolysis by catalyzing the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to fructose-6-phosphate to yield fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. D-tagatose- 6-phosphate and sedoheptulose-7-phosphate also are acceptors. UTP, CTP, and ITP also are donors. In human phosphofructokinase-1, three types of subunits have been identified. They are PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE-1, MUSCLE TYPE; PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE-1, LIVER TYPE; and PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE-1, TYPE C; found in platelets, brain, and other tissues.

An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996)

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group onto a phosphate group acceptor. EC 2.7.4.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Phosphoric acid esters of galactose.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of 7-phospho-2-keto-3-deoxy-D-arabinoheptonate from phosphoenolpyruvate and D-erythrose-4-phosphate. It is one of the first enzymes in the biosynthesis of TYROSINE and PHENYLALANINE. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.1.2.15.

A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed)

An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.

An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the cleavage of fructose 1,6-biphosphate to form dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. The enzyme also acts on (3S,4R)-ketose 1-phosphates. The yeast and bacterial enzymes are zinc proteins. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) E.C. 4.1.2.13.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of carbamoyl phosphate from ATP, carbon dioxide, and ammonia. This enzyme is specific for arginine biosynthesis or the urea cycle. Absence or lack of this enzyme may cause CARBAMOYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE I DEFICIENCY DISEASE. EC 6.3.4.16.

Diphosphoric acid esters of fructose. The fructose-1,6- diphosphate isomer is most prevalent. It is an important intermediate in the glycolysis process.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.

A polypeptide hormone (84 amino acid residues) secreted by the PARATHYROID GLANDS which performs the essential role of maintaining intracellular CALCIUM levels in the body. Parathyroid hormone increases intracellular calcium by promoting the release of CALCIUM from BONE, increases the intestinal absorption of calcium, increases the renal tubular reabsorption of calcium, and increases the renal excretion of phosphates.

Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Linear polymers in which orthophosphate residues are linked with energy-rich phosphoanhydride bonds. They are found in plants, animals, and microorganisms.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of UDPglucose from UTP plus glucose 1-phosphate. EC 2.7.7.9.

An enzyme that catalyses the reaction of D-glucosamine 6-phosphate with ACETYL-COA to form N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate.

A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer.

A family of G-protein-coupled receptors that bind to specific LYSOPHOSPHOLIPIDS such as lysophosphatidic acid and lysosphinglipids such as sphingosine-1-phosphate. They play an important role in the formation and function of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and a D-hexose to ADP and a D-hexose 6-phosphate. D-Glucose, D-mannose, D-fructose, sorbitol, and D-glucosamine can act as acceptors; ITP and dATP can act as donors. The liver isoenzyme has sometimes been called glucokinase. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.1.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

An enzyme of the shikimate pathway of AROMATIC AMINO ACID biosynthesis, it generates 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate and ORTHOPHOSPHATE from PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE and shikimate-3-phosphate. The shikimate pathway is present in BACTERIA and PLANTS but not in MAMMALS.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

An electrogenic sodium-dependent phosphate transporter. It is present primarily in BRUSH BORDER membranes of PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES.

An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the conversion of sedoheptulose 7-phosphate and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to D-ribose 5-phosphate and D-xylulose 5-phosphate in the PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 2.2.1.1.

An analytical technique for resolution of a chemical mixture into its component compounds. Compounds are separated on an adsorbent paper (stationary phase) by their varied degree of solubility/mobility in the eluting solvent (mobile phase).

A family of highly conserved and widely expressed sodium-phosphate cotransporter proteins. They are electrogenic sodium-dependent transporters of phosphate that were originally identified as retroviral receptors in HUMANS and have been described in yeast and many other organisms.

An inherited condition of abnormally low serum levels of PHOSPHATES (below 1 mg/liter) which can occur in a number of genetic diseases with defective reabsorption of inorganic phosphorus by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This leads to phosphaturia, HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA, and disturbances of cellular and organ functions such as those in X-LINKED HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC RICKETS; OSTEOMALACIA; and FANCONI SYNDROME.

Stable phosphorus atoms that have the same atomic number as the element phosphorus, but differ in atomic weight. P-31 is a stable phosphorus isotope.

The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

Phosphorus used in foods or obtained from food. This element is a major intracellular component which plays an important role in many biochemical pathways relating to normal physiological functions. High concentrations of dietary phosphorus can cause nephrocalcinosis which is associated with impaired kidney function. Low concentrations of dietary phosphorus cause an increase in calcitriol in the blood and osteoporosis.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of acetylphosphate from acetyl-CoA and inorganic phosphate. Acetylphosphate serves as a high-energy phosphate compound. EC 2.3.1.8.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

An adenosine monophosphate analog in which ribose is replaced by an arabinose moiety. It is the monophosphate ester of VIDARABINE with antiviral and possibly antineoplastic properties.

An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of UMP from UDPglucose to galactose 1-phosphate, forming UDPgalactose and glucose 1-phosphate. Deficiency in this enzyme is the major cause of GALACTOSEMIA. EC 2.7.7.12.

Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the conversion of D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate. A deficiency in humans causes nonspherocytic hemolytic disease (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC, CONGENITAL NONSPHEROCYTIC). EC 5.3.1.1.

A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

A membrane-bound metalloendopeptidase that may play a role in the degradation or activation of a variety of PEPTIDE HORMONES and INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS. Genetic mutations that result in loss of function of this protein are a cause of HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC RICKETS, X-LINKED DOMINANT.

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A class of enzymes that transfers nucleotidyl residues. EC 2.7.7.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of carbamoyl phosphate from ATP, carbon dioxide, and glutamine. This enzyme is important in the de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidines. EC 6.3.5.5.

Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of alpha D-glucose 1-phosphate to alpha D-glucose 6-phosphate. EC 5.4.2.2.

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

A sodium-dependent phosphate transporter present primarily at apical sites of EPITHELIAL CELLS in the SMALL INTESTINE.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.

Proteins that cotransport hydrogen ions and phosphate ions across cellular membranes.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which can be converted to the deoxy sugar GDPfucose, which provides fucose for lipopolysaccharides of bacterial cell walls. Also acts as mannose donor for glycolipid synthesis.

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.

The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.

Synthetic or natural materials for the replacement of bones or bone tissue. They include hard tissue replacement polymers, natural coral, hydroxyapatite, beta-tricalcium phosphate, and various other biomaterials. The bone substitutes as inert materials can be incorporated into surrounding tissue or gradually replaced by original tissue.

A class of carbohydrates that contains five carbon atoms.

Disorders in the processing of phosphorus in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-glucose 6-phosphate and water to D-glucose and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.9.

Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

A lipophilic glycosyl carrier of the monosaccharide mannose in the biosynthesis of oligosaccharide phospholipids and glycoproteins.

A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of one of the two ester bonds in a phosphodiester compound. EC 3.1.4.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

A material used for cementation of inlays, crowns, bridges, and orthodontic appliances and occasionally as a temporary restoration. It is prepared by mixing zinc oxide and magnesium oxide powders with a liquid consisting principally of phosphoric acid, water, and buffers. (From Bouchers' Clinical Dental Terminology, 3d ed)

Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

An allosteric enzyme that regulates glycolysis and gluconeogenesis by catalyzing the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to fructose-6-phosphate to yield fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, an allosteric effector for the other 6-phosphofructokinase, PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE-1. Phosphofructokinase-2 is bifunctional: the dephosphorylated form is a kinase and the phosphorylated form is a phosphatase that breaks down fructose-2,6-bisphosphate to yield fructose-6-phosphate.

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

Inorganic salts of hydrofluoric acid, HF, in which the fluorine atom is in the -1 oxidation state. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed) Sodium and stannous salts are commonly used in dentifrices.

Chromatography on thin layers of adsorbents rather than in columns. The adsorbent can be alumina, silica gel, silicates, charcoals, or cellulose. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of glucose from a nucleoside diphosphate glucose to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. EC 2.4.1.-.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

Fatty acid derivatives of glycerophosphates. They are composed of glycerol bound in ester linkage with 1 mole of phosphoric acid at the terminal 3-hydroxyl group and with 2 moles of fatty acids at the other two hydroxyl groups.

A group of phosphate minerals that includes ten mineral species and has the general formula X5(YO4)3Z, where X is usually calcium or lead, Y is phosphorus or arsenic, and Z is chlorine, fluorine, or OH-. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides see GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS) or sphingosine (SPHINGOLIPIDS). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Inorganic compounds that contain potassium as an integral part of the molecule.

Cellular processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of CARBOHYDRATES.

The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.

Eicosamethyl octacontanonadecasen-1-o1. Polyprenol found in animal tissues that contains about 20 isoprene residues, the one carrying the alcohol group being saturated.

A 5-carbon keto sugar.

An enzyme that catalyzes the acyl group transfer of ACYL COA to 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate to generate 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. This enzyme has alpha, beta, gamma, delta and epsilon subunits.

Reversibly catalyze the oxidation of a hydroxyl group of carbohydrates to form a keto sugar, aldehyde or lactone. Any acceptor except molecular oxygen is permitted. Includes EC 1.1.1.; EC 1.1.2.; and 1.1.99.

A hexose or fermentable monosaccharide and isomer of glucose from manna, the ash Fraxinus ornus and related plants. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

A polymeric mixture of polyesters of phosphoric acid and phloretin. It blocks some cellular responses to prostaglandins.

A novel interaction mechanism accounting for different acylphosphatase effects on cardiac and fast twitch skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium pumps. (1/8540)

In cardiac and skeletal muscle Ca2+ translocation from cytoplasm into sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is accomplished by different Ca2+-ATPases whose functioning involves the formation and decomposition of an acylphosphorylated phosphoenzyme intermediate (EP). In this study we found that acylphosphatase, an enzyme well represented in muscular tissues and which actively hydrolyzes EP, had different effects on heart (SERCA2a) and fast twitch skeletal muscle SR Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA1). With physiological acylphosphatase concentrations SERCA2a exhibited a parallel increase in the rates of both ATP hydrolysis and Ca2+ transport; in contrast, SERCA1 appeared to be uncoupled since the stimulation of ATP hydrolysis matched an inhibition of Ca2+ pump. These different effects probably depend on phospholamban, which is associated with SERCA2a but not SERCA1. Consistent with this view, the present study suggests that acylphosphatase-induced stimulation of SERCA2a, in addition to an enhanced EP hydrolysis, may be due to a displacement of phospholamban, thus to a removal of its inhibitory effect. (+info)

The Golgi apparatus plays a significant role in the maintenance of Ca2+ homeostasis in the vps33Delta vacuolar biogenesis mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (2/8540)

The vacuole is the major site of intracellular Ca2+ storage in yeast and functions to maintain cytosolic Ca2+ levels within a narrow physiological range. In this study, we examined how cellular Ca2+ homeostasis is maintained in a vps33Delta vacuolar biogenesis mutant. We found that growth of the vps33Delta strain was sensitive to high or low extracellular Ca2+. This strain could not properly regulate cytosolic Ca2+ levels and was able to retain only a small fraction of its total cellular Ca2+ in a nonexchangeable intracellular pool. Surprisingly, the vps33Delta strain contained more total cellular Ca2+ than the wild type strain. Because most cellular Ca2+ is normally found within the vacuole, this suggested that other intracellular compartments compensated for the reduced capacity to store Ca2+ within the vacuole of this strain. To test this hypothesis, we examined the contribution of the Golgi-localized Ca2+ ATPase Pmr1p in the maintenance of cellular Ca2+ homeostasis. We found that a vps33Delta/pmr1Delta strain was hypersensitive to high extracellular Ca2+. In addition, certain combinations of mutations effecting both vacuolar and Golgi Ca2+ transport resulted in synthetic lethality. These results indicate that the Golgi apparatus plays a significant role in maintaining Ca2+ homeostasis when vacuolar biogenesis is compromised. (+info)

Regulation of AMP deaminase from chicken erythrocytes. A kinetic study of the allosteric interactions. (3/8540)

The allosteric properties of AMP deaminase [EC 3.5.4.6] from chicken erythrocytes have been qualitatively and quantitatively accounted for by the concerted transition theory of Monod et al., on the assumption that this enzyme has different numbers of binding sites for each ligand. Theoretical curves yield a satisfactory fit for all experimental saturation functions with respect to activation by alkali metals and inhibition by Pi, assuming that the numbers of binding sites for AMP, alkali metals, and Pi are 4, 2, and 4, respectively. The enzyme was inhibited by concentrations of ATP and GTP below 0.1 and 0.25 mM, respectively, whereas activation of the enzyme was observed at ATP and GTP concentrations above 0.4 and 1.5 mM, respectively. These unusual kinetics with respect to ATP and GTP could be also accounted for by assuming 2 inhibitory and 4 activating sites for each ligand. (+info)

Myocardial oxygenation during high work states in hearts with postinfarction remodeling. (4/8540)

BACKGROUND: Postinfarction left ventricular remodeling (LVR) is associated with reductions in myocardial high-energy phosphate (HEP) levels, which are more severe in animals that develop overt congestive heart failure (CHF). During high work states, further HEP loss occurs, which suggests demand-induced ischemia. This study tested the hypothesis that inadequate myocyte oxygen availability is the basis for these HEP abnormalities. METHODS AND RESULTS: Myocardial infarction was produced by left circumflex coronary artery ligation in swine. Studies were performed in 20 normal animals, 14 animals with compensated LVR, and 9 animals with CHF. Phosphocreatine (PCr)/ATP was determined with 31P NMR and deoxymyoglobin (Mb-delta) with 1H NMR in myocardium remote from the infarct. Basal PCr/ATP tended to be decreased in postinfarct hearts, and this was significant in animals with CHF. Infusion of dobutamine (20 microg x kg-1 x min-1 IV) caused doubling of the rate-pressure product in both normal and LVR hearts and resulted in comparable significant decreases of PCr/ATP in both groups. This decrease in PCr/ATP was not associated with detectable Mb-delta. In CHF hearts, rate-pressure product increased only 40% in response to dobutamine; this attenuated response also was not associated with detectable Mb-delta. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, the decrease of PCr/ATP during dobutamine infusion is not the result of insufficient myocardial oxygen availability. Furthermore, in CHF hearts, the low basal PCr/ATP and the attenuated response to dobutamine occurred in the absence of myocardial hypoxia, indicating that the HEP and contractile abnormalities were not the result of insufficient oxygen availability. (+info)

Effects of phosphate intake on distribution of type II Na/Pi cotransporter mRNA in rat kidney. (5/8540)

BACKGROUND: Renal phosphate (Pi) reabsorption is regulated by dietary Pi intake, as well as in other ways. Changes in Pi reabsorption are associated with the modulation of sodium/Pi cotransporter type II (NaPi-2) protein abundance in the brush border membrane (BBM) of proximal tubules (PTs) and of renal NaPi-2 mRNA levels. In this study, we address whether the NaPi-2 protein and NaPi-2 mRNA distribution patterns in the renal cortex vary in parallel with changes of dietary Pi intake. METHODS: We investigated in cryosections of perfusion-fixed rat kidneys by in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) the distribution patterns of NaPi-2 mRNA and of NaPi-2 protein one week, two hours, and four hours after changes in dietary Pi intake. RESULTS: NaPi-2 mRNA and NaPi-2 protein were present in PTs exclusively. In rats adapted to one week of high Pi intake, signals for NaPi-2 mRNA and NaPi-2 protein in cortical PTs were weak, except in the convoluted parts of PTs of juxtamedullary nephrons. After one week of low Pi intake, the ISH and IHC signals for NaPi-2 were high in PT segments in all cortical levels. The switch from a chronic high to a low Pi intake within two and four hours induced no increase and a slight increase, respectively, in the NaPi-2 mRNA signal in PTs of midcortical and of superficial nephrons, whereas in the BBM of these nephrons, NaPi-2 protein was markedly up-regulated. Two and four hours after switching from low to high Pi intake, the overall high ISH signal for NaPi-2 mRNA was unchanged, whereas NaPi-2 protein staining was drastically down-regulated in the BBM of PTs from superficial and midcortical nephrons. CONCLUSIONS: The marked changes in NaPi-2 protein abundance in the BBM, following altered dietary Pi intake, precede corresponding changes at the RNA level by several hours. Thus, the early adaptation to altered Pi intake involves mRNA-independent mechanisms. The up- or down-regulation of NaPi-2 protein abundance in the BBM and NaPi-2 mRNA in PT affects mainly midcortical and superficial nephrons. (+info)

Biochemical indices of osteomalacia in pregnant Asian immigrants in Britain. (6/8540)

Serum calcium, phosphate and alkaline phosphatase, and urinary calcium excretion were examined during the second trimester of uncomplicated normal pregnancy in Asian immigrants to Britain and in local Caucasians. The mean serum calcium was significantly lower in Asians than in Caucasians, and the mean serum alkaline phosphatase was significantly higher in Asians. The geometric mean of the urinary calcium excretion was highly significantly lower in Asians than in Caucasians. The variances of the serum calcium, serum alkaline phosphatase, and urine calcium excretion did not differ significantly in the two populations. This indicates that there is a shift in values of immigrant Asians as a group compared with Caucasians. A comparison with figures obtained on normal nonpregnant persons of both suggests that the shift is not an inherent feature of the Asian population. (+info)

Bound forms of Ca taken up by the synaptic plasma membrane. (7/8540)

Temperature dependent Ca-binding by the synaptic plasma membrane was increased in the presence of ATP and Mg++. Apparent Km for ATP was about 2.8 X 10(-5) M and optimal concentration of Mg++ was 2 mM in the presence of 2 mM ATP. After preincubation with nonradioactive Ca++, ATP and Mg++ to attain a steady state, addition of 45Ca resulted in remarkable labelling of the membrane, indicating rapid turnover of most of the membrane bound Ca. The presence of oxalate (60 mM) greatly increased Ca up-take on prolonged incubation. The Ca uptake in presence and absence of oxalate had similar substrate specificity and was similarly influenced by various monovalent cations. Furthermore, activities for Ca-uptake in the presence and absence of oxalate could not be separated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation of the synaptic plasma membrane fraction. Accordingly, it was considered that Ca++ in the medium was taken up by surface of the membrane, ATP- and temperature-dependently and then transferred into a cavity where the Ca-oxalate complex is formed. (+info)

Mutations of Arg198 in sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase cause inhibition of hydrolysis of the phosphoenzyme intermediate formed from inorganic phosphate. (8/8540)

Arg198 of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase was substituted with lysine, glutamine, glutamic acid, alanine, and isoleucine by site-directed mutagenesis. Kinetic analysis was performed with microsomal membranes isolated from COS-1 cells which were transfected with the mutated cDNAs. The rate of dephosphorylation of the ADP-insensitive phosphoenzyme was determined by first phosphorylating the Ca2+-ATPase with 32Pi and then diluting the sample with non-radioactive Pi. This rate was reduced substantially in the mutant R198Q, more strongly in the mutants R198A and R1981, and most strongly in the mutant R198E, but to a much lesser extent in R198K. The reduction in the rate of dephosphorylation was consistent with the observed decrease in the turnover rate of the Ca2+-ATPase accompanied by the steady-state accumulation of the ADP-insensitive phosphoenzyme formed from ATP. These results indicate that the positive charge and high hydrophilicity of Arg198 are critical for rapid hydrolysis of the ADP-insensitive phosphoenzyme. (+info)

The condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern, meaning that the gene for G6PD deficiency is located on the X chromosome and affects males more frequently than females. Females may also be affected but typically have milder symptoms or may be carriers of the condition without experiencing any symptoms themselves.

G6PD deficiency can be caused by mutations in the G6PD gene, which can lead to a reduction in the amount of functional enzyme produced. The severity of the condition depends on the specific nature of the mutation and the degree to which it reduces the activity of the enzyme.

Symptoms of G6PD deficiency may include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. In severe cases, the condition can lead to hemolytic anemia, which is characterized by the premature destruction of red blood cells. This can be triggered by certain drugs, infections, or foods that contain high levels of oxalic acid or other oxidizing agents.

Diagnosis of G6PD deficiency typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis. Treatment is focused on managing symptoms and preventing complications through dietary modifications, medications, and avoidance of triggers such as certain drugs or infections.

Overall, G6PD deficiency is a relatively common genetic disorder that can have significant health implications if left untreated. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for this condition is important for ensuring appropriate care and management for individuals affected by it.

Causes of Hyperphosphatemia:

There are several possible causes of hyperphosphatemia, including:

1. Kidney disease or failure: The kidneys regulate the levels of phosphate in the blood, and if they are not functioning properly, phosphate levels can become elevated.
2. Resistance to parathyroid hormone (PTH): PTH is a hormone that helps regulate calcium and phosphate levels in the body. If there is resistance to PTH, phosphate levels can become elevated.
3. Vitamin D deficiency: Vitamin D is important for the absorption of phosphate from food in the gut. A deficiency in vitamin D can lead to an excessive amount of phosphate in the blood.
4. Certain medications: Some medications, such as certain antacids and nutritional supplements, can contain high levels of phosphate and cause hyperphosphatemia.
5. Poor dietary habits: Consuming a diet that is high in phosphate-rich foods, such as meat and processed foods, can lead to elevated phosphate levels in the blood.

Symptoms of Hyperphosphatemia:

The symptoms of hyperphosphatemia can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but may include:

1. Bone pain or weakness
2. Fatigue
3. Nausea and vomiting
4. Weakness in the muscles
5. Rickets (in children)
6. Osteoporosis (in adults)
7. Kidney damage or failure

Diagnosis of Hyperphosphatemia:

Hyperphosphatemia is typically diagnosed through blood tests that measure the level of phosphate in the blood. Other tests may also be performed to assess kidney function and rule out other potential causes of elevated phosphate levels. These tests may include:

1. Serum creatinine test: This test measures the level of creatinine, a waste product that is produced by the muscles and removed from the blood by the kidneys. Elevated levels of creatinine can indicate kidney damage or failure.
2. Urine test: A urine test may be performed to check for proteinuria (excess protein in the urine), which can be a sign of kidney damage.
3. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) test: This test measures the level of PTH, a hormone that regulates calcium and phosphate levels in the blood. Elevated levels of PTH can indicate hyperparathyroidism, a condition in which the parathyroid glands produce too much PTH.
4. 24-hour urine phosphate test: This test measures the amount of phosphate excreted in the urine over a 24-hour period.

Treatment of Hyperphosphatemia:

The treatment of hyperphosphatemia depends on the underlying cause of the condition. Here are some possible treatment options:

1. Phosphate-binding agents: These medications, such as sevelamer and lanthanum carbonate, bind to phosphate in the gut and prevent it from being absorbed into the bloodstream.
2. Calcium supplements: Calcium can help to lower phosphate levels by binding to it and removing it from the bloodstream.
3. Dietary changes: A dietitian can work with you to develop a meal plan that limits phosphate-rich foods, such as meat, dairy products, and processed foods, while emphasizing fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
4. Dialysis: In cases where the condition is caused by kidney failure, dialysis may be necessary to remove excess phosphate from the blood.
5. Surgery: In cases where the condition is caused by a parathyroid adenoma or hyperplasia, surgery may be necessary to remove the affected gland(s).

It's important to note that hyperphosphatemia can lead to complications such as mineral bone disease, which can cause weakened bones, bone pain, and an increased risk of fractures. Therefore, it's important to work with your healthcare provider to manage the condition and prevent these complications.

Causes of Hypophosphatemia
-----------------------

There are several possible causes of hypophosphatemia, including:

1. Malnutrition or a poor diet that is deficient in phosphorus.
2. Gastrointestinal disorders such as celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, or gastrointestinal surgery.
3. Kidney problems such as chronic kidney disease, renal tubular acidosis, or distal renal tubular phosphate loss.
4. Hormonal imbalances such as hypoparathyroidism (underactive parathyroid glands) or hyperparathyroidism (overactive parathyroid glands).
5. Medications such as diuretics, antacids, and certain antibiotics.
6. Chronic alcoholism.
7. Genetic disorders such as X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets or familial hypophosphatemic rickets.

Symptoms of Hypophosphatemia
-------------------------

The symptoms of hypophosphatemia can vary depending on the severity and duration of the condition, but may include:

1. Weakness, fatigue, or muscle cramps.
2. Bone pain or joint stiffness.
3. Difficulty healing from injuries or infections.
4. Numbness or tingling sensations in the extremities.
5. Seizures or other neurological symptoms.
6. Respiratory problems such as shortness of breath or difficulty breathing.
7. Heart arrhythmias or cardiac failure.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypophosphatemia
---------------------------------------

Hypophosphatemia can be diagnosed through blood tests that measure the levels of phosphate in the blood. Treatment for hypophosphatemia typically involves correcting any underlying causes, such as stopping medications that may be causing the condition or treating underlying medical conditions.

In some cases, treatment may involve supplements to increase phosphate levels in the blood. Vitamin D and calcium supplements may also be prescribed to help maintain bone health. In severe cases of hypophosphatemia, hospitalization may be necessary to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Prognosis and Complications of Hypophosphatemia
-----------------------------------------------

The prognosis for hypophosphatemia is generally good if the underlying cause is identified and treated promptly. However, untreated hypophosphatemia can lead to a number of complications, including:

1. Osteomalacia or osteoporosis.
2. Rickets in children.
3. Weakened immune system.
4. Increased risk of infections.
5. Nerve damage or neuropathy.
6. Cardiovascular problems such as heart arrhythmias or cardiac failure.
7. Respiratory failure.
8. Kidney damage or kidney failure.

It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as hypophosphatemia can lead to serious complications if left untreated.

Conclusion
----------

Hypophosphatemia is a condition characterized by low levels of phosphate in the blood. It can be caused by a variety of factors and may present with symptoms such as weakness, bone pain, and respiratory problems. Treatment typically involves correcting any underlying causes and supplements to increase phosphate levels in the blood.

Early detection and treatment are important to prevent complications of hypophosphatemia, which can include osteomalacia or osteoporosis, nerve damage, cardiovascular problems, respiratory failure, and kidney damage. If you suspect you may have hypophosphatemia, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible to receive proper diagnosis and treatment.

There are several types of phosphorus metabolism disorders, including:

1. Hypophosphatemia: This is a condition characterized by low levels of phosphorus in the blood. It can be caused by a variety of factors, such as malnutrition, kidney disease, or hormonal imbalances. Symptoms of hypophosphatemia can include fatigue, weakness, and bone pain.
2. Hyperphosphatemia: This is a condition characterized by high levels of phosphorus in the blood. It can be caused by conditions such as kidney disease or excessive intake of phosphorus-containing foods. Symptoms of hyperphosphatemia can include nausea, vomiting, and an increased risk of kidney stones.
3. Fanconi syndrome: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to absorb and utilize phosphorus. It is characterized by low levels of phosphorus in the blood, as well as other symptoms such as rickets, bone pain, and an increased risk of fractures.
4. X-linked hypophosphatemic tumor-induced osteomalacia (XLH): This is a rare genetic disorder that affects males and is characterized by low levels of phosphorus in the blood and an increased risk of bone fractures. It is caused by mutations in the TNS1 gene, which codes for a protein involved in phosphorus metabolism.
5. Tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO): This is a rare disorder that is caused by tumors that produce excessive amounts of a hormone called fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). This hormone interferes with the body's ability to absorb phosphorus, leading to low levels of phosphorus in the blood and an increased risk of bone fractures.
6. Chronic kidney disease: In advanced stages of chronic kidney disease, the kidneys may not be able to effectively remove excess phosphorus from the blood, leading to hyperphosphatemia.
7. Heart disease: High levels of phosphorus in the blood can increase the risk of heart disease, including conditions such as atherosclerosis and heart failure.
8. Kidney damage: Prolonged exposure to high levels of phosphorus in the blood can damage the kidneys and increase the risk of kidney disease.

It is important to note that these are just a few examples of conditions that can cause hyperphosphatemia, and there may be other causes as well. If you suspect that you or someone you know has hyperphosphatemia, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

There are two main types of galactosemia:

1. Classical galactosemia: This is the most severe form of the disorder, and it is characterized by a complete lack of the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). Without GALT, galactose builds up in the blood and tissues, leading to serious health problems.
2. Dialectical galactosemia: This form of the disorder is less severe than classical galactosemia, and it is characterized by a partial deficiency of GALT. People with dialectical galactosemia may experience some symptoms, but they are typically milder than those experienced by people with classical galactosemia.

Symptoms of galactosemia can include:

* Diarrhea
* Vomiting
* Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
* Fatigue
* Poor feeding in infants
* Developmental delays

If left untreated, galactosemia can lead to a range of complications, including:

* Liver disease
* Kidney disease
* Increased risk of infections
* Delayed growth and development

The diagnosis of galactosemia is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests. Treatment for the disorder typically involves a strict diet that limits or eliminates galactose-containing foods, such as milk and other dairy products. In some cases, medication may also be prescribed to help manage symptoms.

Overall, early diagnosis and treatment of galactosemia are important for preventing or minimizing the risk of complications associated with this condition.

The symptoms of familial hypophosphatemic rickets typically appear during infancy or early childhood and may include:

* Bowed legs
* Delayed closure of the fontanelles (soft spots on the skull)
* Difficulty walking or standing
* Growth retardation
* Increased risk of fractures
* Thickening of the bones (hyperostosis)
* Tooth decay and gum disease (dental caries and periodontal disease)

If left untreated, familial hypophosphatemic rickets can lead to severe complications such as:

* Permanent skeletal deformities
* Increased risk of bone fractures
* Dental problems
* Growth retardation
* Intellectual disability
* Death in rare cases

The diagnosis of familial hypophosphatemic rickets is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis. Laboratory tests may include measurements of serum phosphate levels, urinary phosphate excretion, and assessment of bone density using imaging techniques such as X-rays or computed tomography (CT) scans. Genetic testing can identify mutations in the PHEX gene that confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment for familial hypophosphatemic rickets typically involves a combination of dietary modifications and medication. Dietary modifications may include increasing phosphate intake through supplements or high-phosphate foods, while medications such as vitamin D analogues and bisphosphonates can help to improve bone density and reduce the risk of fractures. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to correct skeletal deformities.

In conclusion, familial hypophosphatemic rickets is a rare genetic disorder that affects the development of bones and teeth, leading to a range of symptoms including bowed legs, thickened skin, and dental problems. The diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis, while treatment involves a combination of dietary modifications and medication. With appropriate management, individuals with familial hypophosphatemic rickets can lead active and productive lives, although some may experience ongoing health issues throughout their lifetime.

Favism is characterized by a sudden and severe anemia, often triggered by exposure to certain foods or medications that contain a chemical called quinine. Quinine is found in the bark of the cinchona tree, which is used to make antimalarial drugs. In individuals with favism, quinine can cause red blood cells to rupture and die prematurely, leading to anemia and other complications.

Symptoms of favism usually begin within 24 hours of exposure to quinine and may include fatigue, jaundice, dark urine, and a low platelet count. In severe cases, favism can lead to life-threatening complications such as kidney failure and cardiac arrest.

Favism is most commonly found in individuals of Mediterranean or African descent, particularly those from Greece, Italy, Turkey, and the Middle East. It is estimated that approximately 10% of these populations carry the G6PD deficiency that causes favism.

There is no cure for favism, but certain medications and dietary changes can help manage symptoms and prevent complications. Individuals with favism are advised to avoid consuming foods or medications containing quinine, and may require regular monitoring of their red blood cell count and other clinical parameters.

In conclusion, favism is a rare genetic disorder that affects the metabolism of hemoglobin and can cause sudden and severe anemia in certain populations. It is important to be aware of this condition and take necessary precautions to prevent complications, particularly when consuming certain foods or medications containing quinine.

Symptoms of nephrocalcinosis may include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, frequent urination, and blood in the urine. Diagnosis is typically made through imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or ultrasound, and blood tests to determine calcium levels and kidney function.

Treatment for nephrocalcinosis depends on the underlying cause of the condition and may include medications to lower calcium levels, dietary changes to reduce calcium intake, and in severe cases, dialysis or kidney transplantation may be necessary. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as early detection and treatment can help prevent long-term damage to the kidneys.

There are several different types of calcinosis, each with its own unique causes and symptoms. Some common forms of calcinosis include:

1. Dystrophic calcinosis: This type of calcinosis occurs in people with muscular dystrophy, a group of genetic disorders that affect muscle strength and function. Dystrophic calcinosis can cause calcium deposits to form in the muscles, leading to muscle weakness and wasting.
2. Metastatic calcinosis: This type of calcinosis occurs when cancer cells spread to other parts of the body and cause calcium deposits to form. Metastatic calcinosis can occur in people with a variety of different types of cancer, including breast, lung, and prostate cancer.
3. Idiopathic calcinosis: This type of calcinosis occurs for no apparent reason, and the exact cause is not known. Idiopathic calcinosis can affect people of all ages and can cause calcium deposits to form in a variety of different tissues.
4. Secondary calcinosis: This type of calcidosis occurs as a result of an underlying medical condition or injury. For example, secondary calcinosis can occur in people with kidney disease, hyperparathyroidism (a condition in which the parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone), or traumatic injuries.

Treatment for calcinosis depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In some cases, treatment may involve managing the underlying disease or condition that is causing the calcium deposits to form. Other treatments may include medications to reduce inflammation and pain, physical therapy to improve mobility and strength, and surgery to remove the calcium deposits.

A condition in which the kidneys gradually lose their function over time, leading to the accumulation of waste products in the body. Also known as chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Prevalence:

Chronic kidney failure affects approximately 20 million people worldwide and is a major public health concern. In the United States, it is estimated that 1 in 5 adults has CKD, with African Americans being disproportionately affected.

Causes:

The causes of chronic kidney failure are numerous and include:

1. Diabetes: High blood sugar levels can damage the kidneys over time.
2. Hypertension: Uncontrolled high blood pressure can cause damage to the blood vessels in the kidneys.
3. Glomerulonephritis: An inflammation of the glomeruli, the tiny blood vessels in the kidneys that filter waste and excess fluids from the blood.
4. Interstitial nephritis: Inflammation of the tissue between the kidney tubules.
5. Pyelonephritis: Infection of the kidneys, usually caused by bacteria or viruses.
6. Polycystic kidney disease: A genetic disorder that causes cysts to grow on the kidneys.
7. Obesity: Excess weight can increase blood pressure and strain on the kidneys.
8. Family history: A family history of kidney disease increases the risk of developing chronic kidney failure.

Symptoms:

Early stages of chronic kidney failure may not cause any symptoms, but as the disease progresses, symptoms can include:

1. Fatigue: Feeling tired or weak.
2. Swelling: In the legs, ankles, and feet.
3. Nausea and vomiting: Due to the buildup of waste products in the body.
4. Poor appetite: Loss of interest in food.
5. Difficulty concentrating: Cognitive impairment due to the buildup of waste products in the brain.
6. Shortness of breath: Due to fluid buildup in the lungs.
7. Pain: In the back, flank, or abdomen.
8. Urination changes: Decreased urine production, dark-colored urine, or blood in the urine.
9. Heart problems: Chronic kidney failure can increase the risk of heart disease and heart attack.

Diagnosis:

Chronic kidney failure is typically diagnosed based on a combination of physical examination findings, medical history, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Laboratory tests may include:

1. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine: Waste products in the blood that increase with decreased kidney function.
2. Electrolyte levels: Imbalances in electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, and phosphorus can indicate kidney dysfunction.
3. Kidney function tests: Measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to determine the level of kidney function.
4. Urinalysis: Examination of urine for protein, blood, or white blood cells.

Imaging studies may include:

1. Ultrasound: To assess the size and shape of the kidneys, detect any blockages, and identify any other abnormalities.
2. Computed tomography (CT) scan: To provide detailed images of the kidneys and detect any obstructions or abscesses.
3. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): To evaluate the kidneys and detect any damage or scarring.

Treatment:

Treatment for chronic kidney failure depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the disease. The goals of treatment are to slow progression of the disease, manage symptoms, and improve quality of life. Treatment may include:

1. Medications: To control high blood pressure, lower cholesterol levels, reduce proteinuria, and manage anemia.
2. Diet: A healthy diet that limits protein intake, controls salt and water intake, and emphasizes low-fat dairy products, fruits, and vegetables.
3. Fluid management: Monitoring and control of fluid intake to prevent fluid buildup in the body.
4. Dialysis: A machine that filters waste products from the blood when the kidneys are no longer able to do so.
5. Transplantation: A kidney transplant may be considered for some patients with advanced chronic kidney failure.

Complications:

Chronic kidney failure can lead to several complications, including:

1. Heart disease: High blood pressure and anemia can increase the risk of heart disease.
2. Anemia: A decrease in red blood cells can cause fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.
3. Bone disease: A disorder that can lead to bone pain, weakness, and an increased risk of fractures.
4. Electrolyte imbalance: Imbalances of electrolytes such as potassium, phosphorus, and sodium can cause muscle weakness, heart arrhythmias, and other complications.
5. Infections: A decrease in immune function can increase the risk of infections.
6. Nutritional deficiencies: Poor appetite, nausea, and vomiting can lead to malnutrition and nutrient deficiencies.
7. Cardiovascular disease: High blood pressure, anemia, and other complications can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
8. Pain: Chronic kidney failure can cause pain, particularly in the back, flank, and abdomen.
9. Sleep disorders: Insomnia, sleep apnea, and restless leg syndrome are common complications.
10. Depression and anxiety: The emotional burden of chronic kidney failure can lead to depression and anxiety.

Several vanadium(IV) phosphates are known. These materials are typically blue. In these species, the phosphate anion is singly ... A common vanadium phosphate is VOPO4•2H2O. Seven polymorphs are known for anhydrous VOPO4, denoted αI, αII, β, γ, δ, ω, and ε. ... Vanadium phosphates are inorganic compounds with the formula VOxPO4 as well related hydrates with the formula VOxPO4(H2O)n. ... Reduction of this compound with alcohols gives the vanadium(IV) phosphates. These compounds are catalysts for the oxidation of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium_phosphates

... and monodi-calcium phosphates) but also magnesium phosphates, sodium phosphates and even ammonium phosphates are used in animal ... Inorganic feed phosphates (IFP) are inorganic salts of phosphoric acid. The use of inorganic feed phosphates is necessary to ... Phosphates occur widely in nature mostly as phosphate rock or fluorapatite. Large deposits exist in Russia, USA, North Africa, ... The majority of the inorganic feed phosphates used in the EU and worldwide are calcium phosphates in different forms (mono-, di ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feed_phosphates

Not only ribose 5-phosphate but also fructose 6-phosphate are an intermediate of the pentose-phosphate pathway which generates ... Not only ribose 5-phosphate but also fructose 6-phosphate are an intermediate of the pentose-phosphate pathway which generates ... "Sugar-phosphate backbone". "Phosphate Backbone". "Case Study: Sugar Phosphates - Methods for Analysis of Carbohydrate ... Sugar phosphates are defined as carbohydrates to which a phosphate group is bound by an ester or an either linkage, depending ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_phosphates

Sodium phosphate is a generic term for a variety of salts of sodium (Na+) and phosphate (PO43−). Phosphate also forms families ... Sodium phosphates have many applications in food and for water treatment. For example, sodium phosphates are often used as ... "Monosodium Phosphate , Sodium Phosphate Formula". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Lampila, Lucina E. (2013). " ... There are several oral phosphate formulations which are prepared extemporaneously. Oral phosphate prep drugs have been ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_phosphates

The Challenge des phosphates is a series of One-day races held annually since 2011 in Morocco. It consists of three One-day ... "Challenge des phosphates-Grand prix de Ben Guerir 2015 - Classic". Archived from the original on 2016-01-05. v t e (Articles ... "Challenge des phosphates-Grand prix de Khouribga 2015 - Classic". Archived from the original on 2016-01-13. "Challenge des ... phosphates-Grand Prix Fkih Ben Saleh 2015 - Classic". Archived from the original on 2016-01-05. " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge_des_phosphates

... refers to the use of phosphates as an ingredient in a detergent product. The advantage of using ... Phosphate-free detergents are sold as eco-friendly detergents. In the 21st century phosphates began to be reduced in percentage ... Phosphate-free detergent reduces the amount of phosphate that wastewater treatment plants must clean up. From the 1960s-2010s ... Canada banned some phosphates in detergent in 2011. Italy started phasing out phosphates in the 1980s. Pursuant to findings ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphates_in_detergent

Di- and tripoly- (or tri-) phosphate esters, etc. are also possible. Any -OH groups on the phosphates in these ester molecules ... monohydrogen phosphate HPO2− 4, and dihydrogen phosphate H 2PO− 4. Dissociation of pyrophosphoric acid H 4P 2O 7 generates four ... OH leaves anions generically called phosphates (if k = n−2x+2) or hydrogen phosphates (if k is between 1 and n−2x+1), with ... hydrolyzes polyphosphates into smaller phosphates and finally into ortho-phosphate, given enough water. Higher temperature or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoric_acids_and_phosphates

H 3PO 4 Phosphoric acid [H 2PO 4]− Dihydrogen phosphate [HPO 4]2− Hydrogen phosphate [PO 4]3− Phosphate In organic chemistry, ... In mineralogy and geology, phosphate refers to a rock or ore containing phosphate ions. Inorganic phosphates are mined to ... If it is assumed that the phosphate minerals in phosphate rock are mainly hydroxyapatite and fluoroapatite, phosphate minerals ... such as triphenyl phosphate Phosphate conversion coating Phosphate soda, a soda fountain beverage Phosphinate - OP(OR)R2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate

The Compagnie des phosphates de Gafsa (Arabic: شركة فسفاط قفصة, Gafsa Phosphate Company) or CPG is a Tunisian phosphate mining ... The Compagnie de Phosphate de Gafsa et de Chemin de Fer de Gafsa (CPGCFG, Gafsa Phosphate and Railway Company) was formed in ... As of 2016 the company produced filtered and dried phosphate for the market. The Gafsa phosphate basin in the southeast of ... In 1962 the Compagnie des Phosphates Tunisien de M'dhilla became entirely Tunisian-owned. In 1969 the Compagnie des Phosphates ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagnie_des_phosphates_de_Gafsa

Estriol phosphate Polytestosterone phloretin phosphate Polydiethylstilbestrol phosphate Konyves I (January 1965). "En ... 50 mg polyestradiol phosphate ~ 1 month; 50 mg polyestriol phosphate ~ 1 month; 80 mg polyestriol phosphate ~ 2 months. Martin ... polyestriol phosphate or polyestradiol phosphate) (Table 16). Phosphoric acid combines with the estrogen molecule at C3 and C17 ... Polyestriol phosphate (PE3P, SEP), sold under the brand names Gynäsan, Klimadurin, and Triodurin, is an estrogen medication ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyestriol_phosphate

... is prepared by the SN2 reaction of phosphorus oxychloride and phenol.[citation needed] Triphenyl phosphate ... Triphenyl phosphate has been detected in the environment. Other triaryl phosphates have been known to enter aquatic ... Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) is the chemical compound with the formula OP(OC6H5)3. This colourless solid is the ester (triester) ... Triphenyl phosphate exhibits low acute toxicity by dermal or oral contact. However, an increasing number of studies have linked ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triphenyl_phosphate

... (MSP), also known as monobasic sodium phosphate and sodium dihydrogen phosphate, is an inorganic compound ... Monosodium phosphate is used to detect the presence of magnesium ions in salts. Formation of a white precipitate on the ... One of many sodium phosphates, it is a common industrial chemical. The salt exists in an anhydrous form, as well as mono- and ... The pH of such formulations is generally adjusted by mixtures of various sodium phosphates, such as this salt. The sodium ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monosodium_phosphate

The borate phosphates have a higher ratio of cations to number of borates and phosphates, as compared to the borophosphates. ... Borate phosphates are mixed anion compounds containing separate borate and phosphate anions. They are distinct from the ... There are also organic esters of both borate and phosphate, e.g. NADH-borate. In the high temperature method, ingredients are ... Borate phosphates are of research interest for their optical, electrooptical or magnetic properties. Huang, Shengshi; Yu, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borate_phosphate

"Betamethasone Sodium Phosphate and Betamethasone Acetate". drugs.com. v t e (Articles with short description, Short description ... Betamethasone sodium phosphate is a synthetic glucocorticoid corticosteroid and a corticosteroid ester. " ... Phosphate esters, All stub articles, Steroid stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betamethasone_phosphate

... may refer to : Copper(II) phosphate, cupric salt of phosphoric acid Copper(I) phosphate, cuprous salt of ... a basic copper phosphate Libethenite, a rare basic copper phosphate Sampleite, a copper phosphate mineral with sodium, calcium ... a copper/zinc phosphate Metatorbernite, Torbernite - copper uranyl phosphates Andrewsite, a discredited copper/iron phosphate, ... a hydrated basic copper aluminium phosphate, CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O Pseudomalachite, a basic copper phosphate similar in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_phosphate

... coats better on a crystalline structure than bare metal, so a seeding agent is often used as a pre-treatment. ... Zinc phosphate is an inorganic compound with the formula Zn3(PO4)2. This white powder is widely used as a corrosion resistant ... Zinc phosphate dental cement is one of the oldest and widely used dental cements. It is commonly used for luting permanent ... Zinc phosphate cement is used for cementation of inlays, crowns, bridges, and orthodontic appliances and occasionally as a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_phosphate

... is often used in drip irrigation to clean pipe systems. Chemically, the urea phosphate compound is made of an ... Urea phosphate is a fertilizer having NPK formula 17-44-0. It is soluble in water, and produces a strongly acidic solution. ... Urea phosphate is sometimes added to blends which contain calcium nitrate, magnesium nitrate and potassium nitrate to produce ... The acidity of urea phosphate allows Ca, Mg and P to co-exist in solution. Under less acidic conditions, there would be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urea_phosphate

... (E1P), or estrone 3-phosphate, is an estrogen and steroid sulfatase inhibitor which was never marketed. It ... List of estrogen esters § Estrone esters Estradiol phosphate Estriol phosphate Bourne GH (May 1954). "The histochemical ... Anderson, C. J.; Lucas, Linda J. H.; Widlanski, Theodore S. (1995). "Molecular Recognition in Biological Systems: Phosphate ... Phosphate esters, Prodrugs, Steroid sulfatase inhibitors, Synthetic estrogens, All stub articles, Genito-urinary system drug ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrone_phosphate

An phosphate phosphite compound may also be called a phosphite phosphate. Phosphate phosphite compounds are frequently produced ... Phosphate may be reduced to phosphite or phosphite oxidised to phosphate in this process. On heating, Related to these are the ... A phosphate phosphite is a chemical compound or salt that contains phosphate and phosphite anions (PO33- and PO43-). These are ... Mixed Phosphate-Phosphites, and Phosphate". Crystal Growth & Design. 13 (4): 1721-1729. doi:10.1021/cg400046a. ISSN 1528-7483 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate_phosphite

The phosphate class of minerals is a large and diverse group, however, only a few species are relatively common. Phosphate rock ... Phosphate minerals contain the tetrahedrally coordinated phosphate (PO43−) anion along sometimes with arsenate (AsO43−) and ... It is the major resource mined to produce phosphate fertilizers for the agriculture sector. Phosphate is also used in animal ... The largest use of minerals mined for their phosphate content is the production of fertilizer. Phosphate minerals are often ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate_mineral

... is a drug used for the treatment of cardiac edema. It is a prodrug of tolvaptan, formulated as the salt ... Tolvaptan phosphate is converted into the active drug tolvaptan in the human body following administration. It was developed by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolvaptan_phosphate

... is a generic term for the salts of potassium and phosphate ions including: Monopotassium phosphate (KH2PO4 ... Tripotassium phosphate (K3PO4) (Molar mass approx: 212.27 g/mol) As food additives, potassium phosphates have the E number E340 ... v t e (E-number additives, Potassium compounds, Phosphates, All stub articles, Inorganic compound stubs). ... "Phosphoric Acid and Phosphates". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a19_ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_phosphate

... or nephrocalcinosis is an adverse renal condition that arises with a formation of phosphate crystals ... Via examining the urinary sediments, calcium phosphate crystals are identified, and the associated phosphate nephropathy is ... 2005 Apr;20(4):850-1. "Acute Phosphate Nephropathy following Oral Sodium Phosphate Bowel Purgative: An Underrecognized Cause of ... "Acute Phosphate Nephropathy following Oral Sodium Phosphate Bowel Purgative: An Underrecognized Cause of Chronic Renal Failure ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate_nephropathy

Magnesium phosphate John Rumble (June 18, 2018). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (99 ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5-188. ISBN 978 ... Trimagnesium phosphate describes inorganic compounds with formula Mg3(PO4)2.xH2O. They are magnesium acid salts of phosphoric ... Magnesium phosphate tribasic is listed on the FDA's generally recognized as safe, or GRAS, list of substances. ... "magnesium phosphate - Compound Summary". Retrieved 29 May 2012. Nord, A. G.; Stefanidis, T. (1983). "Structure of cobalt(II) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimagnesium_phosphate

Some oxalate-phosphate minerals found in bat guano deposits are known. Oxalate phosphates can form metal organic framework ... The oxalate phosphates are chemical compounds containing oxalate and phosphate anions. They are also called oxalatophosphates ... Neeraj, S.; Natarajan, Srinivasan; Rao, C. N. R. (2001). "A zinc phosphate oxalate with phosphate layers pillared by the ... Luan, Lindong; Zou, Guohong; Lin, Zhien; Cai, Huaqiang; Huang, Hui (October 2018). "Solvent-free synthesis of metal phosphate- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxalate_phosphate

... , also called tribasic potassium phosphate is a water-soluble salt with the chemical formula K3PO4.(H2O)x ... "Potassium phosphate". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. "Potassium phosphate tribasic P5629". Sigma-Aldrich. Retrieved 2018-04-27. ... x = 0, 3, 7, 9). Tripotassium phosphate is basic. Tripotassium phosphate is produced by the neutralization of phosphoric acid: ... H 3 PO 4 + 3 KOH ⟶ K 3 PO 4 + 3 H 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce {H3PO4 + 3KOH -> K3PO4 + 3H2O}}} Tripotassium phosphate has few ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripotassium_phosphate

Ammonium polyphosphate Monoammonium phosphate Diammonium phosphate Lide, David R. (1998). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87 ... Ammonium phosphate is the inorganic compound with the formula (NH4)3PO4. It is the ammonium salt of orthophosphoric acid. A ... Triammonium phosphate can be prepared in the laboratory by treating 85% phosphoric acid with 30% ammonia solution:[citation ... In contrast to the unstable nature of the triammonium salts, the diammonium phosphate (NH4)2HPO4 and monoammonium salt (NH4) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_phosphate

... s are medications used to reduce the absorption of dietary phosphate; they are taken along with meals and ... Phosphate binders such as sevelamer may also be polymeric structures which bind to phosphate and are then excreted.[citation ... High Phosphate Control - Official Fosrenol Homepage* Phosphate Binders: What Are They And How Do They Work? - American ... Hence, these drugs are usually taken with meals to bind any phosphate that may be present in the ingested food. Phosphate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate_binder

Also, it serves as a source of phosphates for exchange reactions in the solid state to obtain metal phosphates. pubchem.ncbi. ... Phosphoric acid and triethyl borate Triethyl phosphate and boron trichloride Diammonium phosphate acid and borax heated to 1000 ... Boron phosphate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula BPO4. The simplest way of producing it is the reaction of ... It is a white infusible solid that evaporates above 1450 °C. Boron phosphate is synthesized from phosphoric acid and boric acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_phosphate

... distarch phosphate (E 1412), phosphated distarch phosphate (E 1413), acetylated distarch phosphate (E 1414), acetylated starch ... Monostarch phosphate, E1410 in the E number scheme of food additives, is a modified starches. These are not absorbed intact by ... E 1420), acetylated distarch adipate (E 1422), hydroxypropyl starch (E 1440), hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate (E 1442), starch ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monostarch_phosphate

Find symptoms and other information about Class I glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. ... Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is a hereditary condition in which red blood cells break down (hemolysis) ... It occurs when a person is missing or has low levels of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. This enzyme helps red ... Class I glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is a genetic disease, which means that it is caused by one or more genes ...

https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6520/class-i-glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase-deficiency/

... decreased phosphate excretion, or a disorder that shifts intracellular phosphate to extracellular space. (See Pathophysiology, ... an abnormally high serum phosphate level, can result from increased phosphate (PO4) intake, ... Phosphate Binders. Class Summary. The agents bind to dietary phosphate in the gastrointestinal tract. The phosphate is then ... Ferric citrate is a phosphate binder. Ferric iron binds dietary phosphate in the GI tract and precipitates as ferric phosphate ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/241185-75692/which-medications-in-the-drug-class-diuretics-are-used-in-the-treatment-of-hyperphosphatemia

8:30 a.m - 5 p.m. ...

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/dictionary/p/phosphate

SODIUM PHOSPHATE, MONOBASIC, MONOHYDRATE. 276 mg in 1 mL. SODIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC, ANHYDROUS (UNII: 22ADO53M6F) (PHOSPHATE ... Phosphate replacement therapy with sodium phosphate should be guided primarily by serum inorganic phosphate levels and the ... To avoid phosphate intoxication, infuse solutions containing sodium phosphate slowly. Infusing high concentrations of phosphate ... Plasma phosphate is believed to be filterable by the renal glomeruli, and the major portion of filtered phosphate (greater than ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=e6169d3b-39d2-47f9-8d5b-b53ec069a722&type=display

... phosphate (TCEP); urinary bladder lesions caused by tributyl phosphate (TnBP); liver lesions caused by tributoxyethyl phosphate ... How can phosphate ester flame retardants affect children?. *How can families reduce the risk of exposure to phosphate ester ... What are phosphate ester flame retardants?. *What happens to phosphate ester flame retardants when they enter the environment? ... How can phosphate ester flame retardants affect children?. No studies have been conducted to examine the toxicity of phosphate ...

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/ToxFAQs/ToxFAQsDetails.aspx?faqid=1164&toxid=239

Mastromatteo reported that workers exposed to relatively low levels of dibutyl phosphate developed respiratory tract irritation ... There are no published reports of toxic reactions caused by exposure to dibutyl phosphate. However, in a personal communication ... OSHA previously had an 8-hour TWA PEL of 1 ppm for dibutyl phosphate. The Agency proposed to supplement this limit with a 2-ppm ... There are no published reports of toxic reactions caused by exposure to dibutyl phosphate. However, in a personal communication ...

https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/pel88/107-66.html

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/241185-medication

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is a condition in which red blood cells break down when the body is exposed ... Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is a condition in which red blood cells break down when the body is exposed ... G6PD deficiency occurs when a person is missing or does not have enough of an enzyme called glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000528.htm

Phosphate Ester Flame Retardants and the Body. Currently, we do not know much about phosphate ester flame retardants and the ... Phosphate Ester Flame Retardants and Children. Children may be exposed to phosphate ester flame retardants in similar ways as ... Phosphate Ester Flame Retardants Overview. Phosphate ester flame retardants are human-made chemicals added to consumer and ... Phosphate Ester Flame Retardants and the Environment. Phosphate ester flame retardants are released to the environment from ...

https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/sites/toxzine/phosphate_ester_flame_retardants_toxzine.html

Oseltamivir Phosphate 75 mg twice daily (n = 2646) Placebo (n = 1977) Oseltamivir Phosphate 75 mg once daily (n = 1943) Placebo ... What are Oseltamivir Phosphate Capsules? Oseltamivir phosphate capsules are a prescription medicine used to:. o treat the flu ( ... Oseltamivir Phosphate Capsules: *30-mg capsules (30 mg free base equivalent of the phosphate salt): White Opaque/White Opaque ... Oseltamivir Phosphate Capsules, USP 30-mg capsules (30 mg free base equivalent of the phosphate salt): Hard Gelatin, White ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?searchdb=ndc&query=70710-1010

Testing Status of Tributyl phosphate 126738. Testing Status of Tributyl phosphate 126738. CASRN: 126-73-8. Formula: C12-H27-O4- ...

https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/go/ts-126738

This site is aimed at guiding decisions and providing recommendations on the use of phosphate rock (PR) as fertilizer, predict ... for crop productivity and its long-term sustainability and environmental consequences of using soluble P and phosphate rocks. ... This site is aimed at guiding decisions and providing recommendations on the use of phosphate rock (PR) as fertilizer, predict ... The DAPR website also has a database of phosphate rocks containing the chemical properties of the rocks and their solubility ...

https://www.iaea.org/resources/databases/direct-application-of-phosphate-rock

Fitness, unfitness, and phosphate. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1987; 294 :939 doi:10.1136/bmj.294.6577.939 ... Fitness, unfitness, and phosphate.. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1987; 294 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.294.6577.939 (Published ...

https://www.bmj.com/content/294/6577/939

N-acetyl-β-muramate 6-phosphate (CHEBI:58721) is a N-acetylmuramate 6-phosphate (CHEBI:58722). N-acetylmuramic acid 6-phosphate ... N-acetylmuramate 6-phosphate (CHEBI:58722) is a carbohydrate acid derivative anion (CHEBI:63551) N-acetylmuramate 6-phosphate ( ... N-acetylmuramate 6-phosphate (CHEBI:58722) is conjugate base of N-acetylmuramic acid 6-phosphate (CHEBI:47968) ... CHEBI:58722 - N-acetylmuramate 6-phosphate. Main. ChEBI Ontology. Automatic Xrefs. Reactions. Pathways. Models. ...

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:58722

We have sought to improve calcium phosphate cement by developing a method for seeding bone cells into the cement. ... Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) is a dry white powder of calcium phosphate salts that when mixed with water will react to form ... We have sought to improve calcium phosphate cement by developing a method for seeding bone cells into the cement. ... Simon Jr., C. , Guthrie, W. and Wang, F. (2004), Cell Seeding into Calcium Phosphate Cement, Journal of Biomedical Materials ...

https://www.nist.gov/publications/cell-seeding-calcium-phosphate-cement

DEXAMETHASONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE (UNII: AI9376Y64P) (DEXAMETHASONE - UNII:7S5I7G3JQL) DEXAMETHASONE PHOSPHATE. 0.1 g in 100 g. ... DEXAMETHASONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE 0.1% / FINASTERIDE 0.1% / MINOXIDIL 5% dexamethasone sodium phosphate 0.1% / finasteride 0.1% / ... DEXAMETHASONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE 0.1% / FINASTERIDE 0.1% / MINOXIDIL 5%- dexamethasone sodium phosphate 0.1% / finasteride 0.1 ... NDC 72934-4069-8 DEXAMETHASONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE USP 0.1% / FINASTERIDE USP 0.1% / MINOXIDIL USP 5% . Solution 60 gm. ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=8861bc75-99f3-44f2-e053-2a95a90a1fe0&type=display

PiT-2 protein uses positively charged sodium atoms (ions) to transport phosphate in out and of cell membranes. Phosphate is ... a cluster of oxygen and phosphorus atoms (a phosphate group) at specific positions.The L-WNK1 and ... that can transport ...

http://vsearch.nlm.nih.gov/vivisimo/cgi-bin/query-meta?v:project=medlineplus&query=PHOSPHATE+ION

CMP PHARMA Potassium phosphates injection (phosphorus 45 mmol/15 mL (3 mmol/mL) and potassium 71 mEq/15 mL (4.7 mEq/mL)) ... CMP Pharmas Potassium Phosphates Injection is appropriate for pediatric patients 12 years of age and older who weigh at least ... POTASSIUM PHOSPHATES INJECTION is a phosphorus replacement product indicated as a source of phosphorus:. *in intravenous fluids ... CMP Pharmas FDA-approved Potassium Phosphates Injection can be ordered using NDC 46287-024-10 (10 X 15 mL single-dose glass ...

https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/cmp-pharmas-potassium-phosphates-injection-receives-fda-shelf-life-extension-for-specific-lots-301787210.html

Compare phosphate binders. View important safety information, ratings, user reviews, popularity and more. ... Phosphate binders. What are Phosphate binders?. Phosphate binders are used to decrease the absorption of phosphate from food in ... Phosphate binders react with phosphate to form an insoluble compound, making it unable to be absorbed from the gastrointestinal ... When taken regularly with meals, phosphate binders lower the concentration of phosphate in serum. ...

https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/phosphate-binders.html

Clindamycin Phosphate Topical Solution USP, 1% contains clindamycin phosphate USP at a concentration equivalent to 10 mg ... CLINDAMYCIN PHOSPHATE solution. To receive this label RSS feed. Copy the URL below and paste it into your RSS Reader ... Clindamycin phosphate is a water soluble ester of the semi-synthetic antibiotic produced by a 7(S)-chloro-substitution of the 7 ... Clindamycin Phosphate Topical Solution USP, 1% is indicated in the treatment of acne vulgaris. In view of the potential for ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=461ab478-3cf6-4e9b-ba7d-0331b379cacf&audience=consumer

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is a genetic disorder that affects red blood cells. Explore symptoms, inheritance ... Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is inherited in an X-linked pattern. A condition is considered X-linked if the altered gene ... Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency results from variants (also called mutations) in the G6PD gene. This gene provides ... Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is a genetic disorder that affects red blood cells, which carry oxygen from the ...

https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase-deficiency

... *Formula: C14H22ClO4P ...

https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/inchi/InChI%3D1S/C14H22ClO4P/c1-3-5-10-17-20

Phosphate. News Aguias Brazilian phosphate project obtains construction licence. The project is expected to produce 300,000tpa ...

https://www.mining-technology.com/sector/commodity/non-metallic-minerals/phosphate/

FDAs Bacteriological Analytical Manual (the BAM) is the agencys preferred laboratory procedures for the detection in food and cosmetic products of pathogens (bacterial, viral, parasitic, plus yeast and mold) and of microbial toxins.

https://www.fda.gov/food/laboratory-methods-food/bam-r60-001-m-phosphate-buffered-saline-ph-75

Understand about Phosphate Salts uses, health benefits, side effects, interactions, safety concerns, and effectiveness. ... Phosphate dAluminium, Phosphate de Calcium, Phosphate de Magnésium, Phosphate Neutre de Calcium, Phosphate dOs, Phosphate ... Potassium Hydrogen Phosphate, Phosphate de Dipotassium, Phosphate dHydrogène de Potassium, Phosphate de Potassium, Phosphate ... Dibasic Calcium Phosphate Dihydrate, Di-Calcium Phosphate, Dicalcium Phosphate, Dicalcium Phosphates, Neutral Calcium Phosphate ...

https://www.medicinenet.com/phosphate_salts/supplements-vitamins.htm

Phosphate Binder Type Matters in Dialysis. - Hospital admission rates, healthcare costs varied according to binder prescribed. ... The type of phosphate binder utilized in dialysis patients may affect rate of hospitalizations, researchers reported. ... "Choice of phosphate binder may help to reduce hospital admissions and overall costs of medical care." ... All patients included had intact parathyroid levels under 600 pg/mL, and had phosphate binders prescribed between 2016 and 2018 ...

https://www.medpagetoday.com/meetingcoverage/nkf/85667

Chloroquine phosphate, when used without a prescription and supervision of a healthcare provider, can cause serious health ... Severe Illness with Non-Pharmaceutical Chloroquine Phosphate. March 30, 2020. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( ... The Issue: There have been two cases where people ingested chloroquine phosphate used in aquariums in an attempt to prevent ... Clinicians and public health officials should discourage the public from misusing non-pharmaceutical chloroquine phosphate. ...

https://www.ihs.gov/nptc/pharmacovigilance/medication-safety-resources-archive/2020/severe-illness-with-non-pharmaceutical-chloroquine-phosphate/

Plant phosphate nutrition: sensing the stress. Satheesh V, Tahir A, Li J, Lei M. Satheesh V, et al. Stress Biol. 2022 Mar 3;2(1 ... Inositol phosphates and cell signalling M J Berridge et al. Nature. 1989. . ... Inositol phosphates and cell signalling M J Berridge 1 , R F Irvine ... Metabolism and functions of inositol phosphates. Hughes AR, Putney JW Jr. Hughes AR, et al. Biofactors. 1988 Jul;1(2):117-21. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2550825

Phosphate concentrations have not been measured in breastmilk after large maternal doses of sodium phosphate, such a 30 gram ... However, the added phosphate in breastmilk is likely to be only about 130 mg ov … ... Increased serum phosphate levels and calcium fluxes are seen in smaller individuals after a single dose of sodium phosphate ... Phosphate concentrations have not been measured in breastmilk after large maternal doses of sodium phosphate, such a 30 gram ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30000969

Long-term occupational exposure to two flame retardants (tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate, TDCP, and triphenyl phosphate, TPP) did not produce adverse health effects. (cdc.gov)
There have been a few cases of allergic reactions to consumer products that contain triphenyl phosphate (TPP), but a study that examined several hundred people exposed to plastics and glues that contained TPP or TCP did not find any allergic reactions. (cdc.gov)
Triphenyl phosphate / published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization. (who.int)
Evaluates risks to human health and the environment posed by the production and use of triphenyl phosphate, a compound widely used as a flame retardant in phenolic and phenylene-oxide-based resins for the manufacture of electrical and automobile components. (who.int)
Triphenyl phosphate is also used as a non-flammable plasticizer in cellulose acetate for photographic films, and as a component of hydraulic fluids and lubricant oils. (who.int)
A review of data on effects on organisms in the environment concentrates on risks to the aquatic environment, concluding that triphenyl phosphate is the most acutely toxic of te various triaryl phosphates to fish, shrimp, and daphnids. (who.int)
The book notes that triphenyl phosphate exhibits low toxicity in short-term studies, is not mutagenic, and has not been shown, in several well-designed studies, to cause delayed neuropathy or other neurotoxic changes. (who.int)

The chemical name for clindamycin phosphate is Methyl 7-chloro-6,7,8-trideoxy-6-(1-methyl- trans -4-propyl-L-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamido)-1-thio-L- threo - α-D- galacto -octopyranoside 2-(dihydrogen phosphate). (nih.gov)
UNSW scientists show that dihydrogen phosphate anions actually bind to one another when their negative charges suggest they shouldn't. (edu.au)
Scientists at UNSW Sydney, together with collaborators from Western Sydney University and The Netherlands, were surprised to find that dihydrogen phosphate anions - vital inorganic ions for cellular activity - bind with other dihydrogen phosphate anions despite being negatively charged. (edu.au)
The same team also made a molecule that could 'grab' these dihydrogen phosphate anions and depending on what coloured light was shone on them, either increase or inhibit their movement in solution. (edu.au)
Associate Professor Jon Beves from UNSW's School of Chemistry says chemists have always known dihydrogen phosphate was 'a bit weird' and hard to study in solution, but until now nobody knew what was really happening. (edu.au)
The hydrogen bonds between dihydrogen phosphate anions seem to be surprisingly strong. (edu.au)

Serum phosphate levels should be regularly monitored and appropriate amounts of phosphate should be added to the infusions to maintain normal serum phosphate levels. (nih.gov)
Most foods contain small amounts of phosphate esters and you may be exposed by eating contaminated food. (cdc.gov)
Most foods have been found to contain trace amounts of phosphate ester flame retardants due to their wide use in plastics and presence in the environment. (cdc.gov)

Oral phosphate binders are used to decrease the highly efficient gastrointestinal absorption of phosphorus. (medscape.com)
Lanthanum carbonate is a noncalcium, nonaluminum phosphate binder indicated for the reduction of high phosphorus levels in patients with end-stage renal disease. (medscape.com)
Phosphorus in the form of organic and inorganic phosphate has a variety of important biochemical functions in the body and is involved in many significant metabolic and enzyme reactions in almost all organs and tissues. (nih.gov)
This site is aimed at guiding decisions and providing recommendations on the use of phosphate rock (PR) as fertilizer, predict their cost-effectiveness as a source of phosphorus for crop productivity and its long-term sustainability and environmental consequences of using soluble P and phosphate rocks. (iaea.org)
Soft rock phosphate, also known as colloidal phosphate, is a natural untreated source of phosphorus and calcium. (groworganic.com)

enantiomer of ribulose 5-phosphate that is one of the end-products of the pentose phosphate pathway. (chemspider.com)
The oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is the major source of NADPH in cells. (bionity.com)

This paper deals with most common types of the calcium phosphate materials such as hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate which are currently used in dental and medical fields. (bvsalud.org)

Online Apotheke Tadalafil prednisolone sodium phosphate logp . (apsia.org)
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We have sought to improve calcium phosphate cement by developing a method for seeding bone cells into the cement. (nist.gov)
Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) is a dry white powder of calcium phosphate salts that when mixed with water will react to form microcrystalline hydroxyapatite (HA) in about 30 min. (nist.gov)
Objective: to perform a histological analysis of nylon, carbon, and polypropylene fiber-enriched calcium phosphate cement (CPC) for use as bone substitute in the femur or rats. (bvsalud.org)

Phosphate in the extracellular fluid is primarily in inorganic form and plasma levels may vary somewhat with age. (nih.gov)
The ratio of disodium phosphate and monosodium phosphate in the extracellular fluid is 4 to 1 (80% to 20%) at the normal pH of 7.4. (nih.gov)
They are used when there is an abnormally high blood phosphate level ( hyperphosphatemia ) which can be caused by impaired renal phosphate excretion or increased extracellular fluid phosphate loads. (drugs.com)

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a health safety alert to inform the public that commercially available non-pharmaceutical chloroquine phosphate, such as that used in aquariums, is not safe and does not provide protection from COVID-19 infection. (ihs.gov)
The Issue: There have been two cases where people ingested chloroquine phosphate used in aquariums in an attempt to prevent COVID-19 infection. (ihs.gov)
Chloroquine phosphate, when used without a prescription and supervision of a healthcare provider, can cause serious health consequences, including death. (ihs.gov)
Clinicians and public health officials should discourage the public from misusing non-pharmaceutical chloroquine phosphate. (ihs.gov)
Within 30 minutes of taking chloroquine phosphate, the man in his 60s experienced "immediate effects" and had to be admitted to a nearby Banner Health hospital, the medical system in Arizona said in a press release Monday. (nypost.com)

Avoid food that is high in phosphate ester content. (cdc.gov)
Foods high in phosphate include dairy products, whole grain cereals, nuts, and certain meats. (medicinenet.com)

Sodium Phosphates Injection, USP, 3 mmol/mL (millimoles/mL), is a sterile, nonpyrogenic, concentrated solution containing a mixture of monobasic sodium phosphate and dibasic sodium phosphate in Water for Injection. (nih.gov)
PiT-2 protein uses positively charged sodium atoms ( ions ) to transport phosphate in out and of cell membranes. (nih.gov)
Be careful not to confuse phosphate salts with substances such as organophosphates, or with tribasic sodium phosphates and tribasic potassium phosphates, which are very poisonous. (medicinenet.com)
Sodium phosphate tablets ( OsmoPrep , Visicol, Salix Pharmaceuticals, Raleigh, NC) are FDA-approved for cleansing the colon before a colonoscopy . (medicinenet.com)
Over-the-counter sodium phosphate solutions and enemas may also be used for bowel cleansing before medical procedures. (medicinenet.com)
Taking sodium or potassium phosphate by mouth is effective for preventing or treating low phosphate levels in the blood. (medicinenet.com)
Sodium phosphate is an FDA-permitted over-the-counter (OTC) ingredient for the treatment of constipation . (medicinenet.com)
Some early research suggests that taking sodium phosphate by mouth four times daily for 6 days might increase athletic performance in male cyclists. (medicinenet.com)
Limited research shows that giving sodium and potassium phosphates intravenously (by IV) over 24 hours prevents refeeding syndrome when restarting nutrition in people who are severely malnourished or starved. (medicinenet.com)
Phosphate concentrations have not been measured in breastmilk after large maternal doses of sodium phosphate, such a 30 gram oral dose for pre-procedural bowel evacuation. (nih.gov)
It is probably not necessary to suspend breastfeeding after the use of oral sodium phosphate solutions given once or twice for bowel evacuation before a procedure. (nih.gov)
Sodium Phosphate P 32. (nih.gov)

Intravenous infusion of inorganic phosphate may be accompanied by a decrease in the serum level and urinary excretion of calcium. (nih.gov)
Calcium phosphate is a family of materials and minerals containing calcium ions (Ca2+) together with inorganic phosphate anions. (openpr.com)

Phosphate salts are taken by mouth for treating blood phosphate levels that are too low and blood calcium levels that are too high, and for preventing kidney stones . (medicinenet.com)

Drinking water may contain phosphate esters due to leakage from plastics or industrial waste water discharge. (cdc.gov)
Avoid installation or use of materials that are known to contain phosphate esters-based flame retardants in indoor environments to minimize exposure via air. (cdc.gov)
Indoor air can contain phosphate ester flame retardants from certain plastics, adhesives, foams, or electronics. (cdc.gov)

Acetazolamide is particularly efficient in promoting renal phosphate excretion. (medscape.com)
Diuretics lower phosphate serum levels by enhancing renal excretion. (medscape.com)
This agent increases the excretion of phosphate. (medscape.com)
As NaHCO3 delivery to the collecting duct increases, the renal excretion of phosphate increases. (medscape.com)
The polymer forms ionic and hydrogen bonds with phosphates and bile acids to promote fecal excretion. (medscape.com)

Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is a hereditary condition in which red blood cells break down (hemolysis) when the body is exposed to certain foods, drugs, infections or stress. (nih.gov)
G6PD deficiency occurs when a person is missing or does not have enough of an enzyme called glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. (medlineplus.gov)
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency results from variants (also called mutations) in the G6PD gene. (nih.gov)
If variants in the G6PD gene reduce the amount of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase or alter its structure, this enzyme can no longer play its protective role. (nih.gov)
However, many females with one altered copy of this gene have glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency similar to affected males because the X chromosome with the normal copy of the G6PD gene is turned off through a process called X-inactivation . (nih.gov)
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the most common enzymopathy in humans affecting about 400 million people worldwide (1,2). (who.int)
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in western Islamic Republic of Iran) to [G6PD] deficiency is a common X-linked find the prevalence of G6PD deficiency. (who.int)
6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan , deficiency. (who.int)

What are Phosphate binders? (drugs.com)
Phosphate binders are used to decrease the absorption of phosphate from food in the digestive tract. (drugs.com)
Phosphate binders react with phosphate to form an insoluble compound, making it unable to be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. (drugs.com)
When taken regularly with meals, phosphate binders lower the concentration of phosphate in serum. (drugs.com)
In an analysis of Medicare beneficiaries on dialysis, patients prescribed sucroferric oxyhydroxide (Velphoro) had lower hospital admission rates compared with patients who received four other phosphate binders (7.97 per 100 member months), according to Kristain Lindemann, of Fresenius Health Partners in Waltham, Massachusetts, and colleagues. (medpagetoday.com)
All patients included had intact parathyroid levels under 600 pg/mL, and had phosphate binders prescribed between 2016 and 2018. (medpagetoday.com)

The solution is intended as an alternative to potassium phosphate to provide phosphate ion (PO 4 3- ) for addition to large volume infusion fluids for intravenous use. (nih.gov)
FARMVILLE, N.C. , March 31, 2023 /PRNewswire/ -- CMP Pharma announced today that in order to mitigate drug shortage concerns, the FDA's CDER Office of Compliance has granted a shelf life extension for CMP Development LLC Potassium Phosphates Injection (NDA 212121). (prnewswire.com)
CMP Pharma's Potassium Phosphates Injection is appropriate for pediatric patients 12 years of age and older who weigh at least 40 kg and adults weighing at least 45 kg. (prnewswire.com)
CMP consistently has supply of potassium phosphates available for you and your patient's needs. (prnewswire.com)
CMP Pharma's FDA-approved Potassium Phosphates Injection can be ordered using NDC 46287-024-10 (10 X 15 mL single-dose glass vial). (prnewswire.com)
Healthcare providers sometimes give potassium phosphate intravenously (by IV) for treating low phosphate and high calcium levels in the blood, and for preventing low phosphate in patients who are being tube-fed. (medicinenet.com)
Taking potassium phosphate by mouth might help prevent calcium kidney stones from forming in patients with high urine levels of calcium. (medicinenet.com)
Early research suggests that taking potassium phosphate intravenously (by IV) does not improve a diabetes complication in which the body produces too many blood acids called ketones. (medicinenet.com)

Intravenous phosphate salts may also treat low phosphate levels in the blood when used under the supervision of a physician. (medicinenet.com)
But intravenous phosphate salts should not be used. (medicinenet.com)

Plasma phosphate is believed to be filterable by the renal glomeruli, and the major portion of filtered phosphate (greater than 80%) is actively reabsorbed by the tubules. (nih.gov)

The subtlety of calcium regulation by inositol phosphates is emphasized by recent studies that have revealed oscillations in calcium concentration which are perhaps part of a frequency-encoded second-messenger system. (nih.gov)
Metabolism and functions of inositol phosphates. (nih.gov)

Neuropsychiatric events: Patients with influenza, including those receiving oseltamivir phosphate capsules, particularly pediatric patients, may be at an increased risk of confusion or abnormal behavior early in their illness. (nih.gov)

Intravenously infused phosphate not taken up by the tissues is excreted almost entirely in the urine. (nih.gov)

It occurs when a person is missing or has low levels of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. (nih.gov)
In affected individuals, a defect in an enzyme called glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase causes red blood cells to break down prematurely. (nih.gov)
This gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. (nih.gov)

Studies found that TDCP, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), TCP, and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) can easily pass from the stomach and intestines into the blood stream after oral exposure to these chemicals. (cdc.gov)

Phosphate esters are added to consumer and industrial products in order to reduce flammability. (cdc.gov)
Some phosphate esters will deposit on wet and dry surfaces and others will be broken down by water. (cdc.gov)
The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) and the EPA have not classified the carcinogenic potential of the phosphate esters. (cdc.gov)
Generally, most phosphate esters are poorly soluble in water and adsorb strongly to soils. (cdc.gov)
Ingesting food contaminated with phosphate esters is the primary source of exposure. (cdc.gov)
Hydraulic fluid is the primary source of phosphate esters in outdoor air. (cdc.gov)
Drinking water contaminated with phosphate esters due to leaching from plastics or industrial waste water discharge is another potential exposure route. (cdc.gov)
Hydraulic fluid spills or industrial waste water used for agriculture can result in the presence of phosphate esters in soil. (cdc.gov)

This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions (FAQs) about phosphate ester flame retardants. (cdc.gov)
The general population is primarily exposed to phosphate ester flame retardants by eating contaminated food. (cdc.gov)
Phosphate ester flame retardants are human-made chemicals that are typically liquids at room temperature, although some are solids. (cdc.gov)
What happens to phosphate ester flame retardants when they enter the environment? (cdc.gov)
How might I be exposed to phosphate ester flame retardants? (cdc.gov)
How can phosphate ester flame retardants affect my health? (cdc.gov)
How likely are phosphate ester flame retardants to cause cancer? (cdc.gov)
There is not enough information available to determine with certainty whether or not phosphate ester flame retardants produce cancer in humans. (cdc.gov)
No studies have been conducted to examine the toxicity of phosphate ester flame retardants in children. (cdc.gov)
How can families reduce the risk of exposure to phosphate ester flame retardants? (cdc.gov)
Phosphate ester flame retardants are human-made chemicals added to consumer and industrial products for the purpose of reducing flammability. (cdc.gov)
Phosphate ester flame retardants are composed of a group of chemicals with similar properties but slightly different structures. (cdc.gov)
Phosphate ester flame retardants are released to the environment from industrial sources and disposal of consumer products containing flame retardants. (cdc.gov)
Phosphate ester flame retardants can change chemical composition in the environment. (cdc.gov)
Young children may be at a higher risk of exposure since they are more likely to put phosphate ester flame retardant treated materials in their mouths. (cdc.gov)
Currently, we do not know much about phosphate ester flame retardants and the body. (cdc.gov)
There is no information on how these chemicals leave your body, but based on studies in animals, phosphate ester flame retardants may be broken down in the body and the breakdown product may be eliminated in the urine. (cdc.gov)
Neither phosphate ester flame retardants nor their breakdown products seemed to accumulate in the body based on studies in animals. (cdc.gov)
Few studies have looked at the health effects of exposure to phosphate ester flame retardants. (cdc.gov)
Clindamycin phosphate is a water soluble ester of the semi-synthetic antibiotic produced by a 7(S)-chloro-substitution of the 7(R)-hydroxyl group of the parent antibiotic lincomycin. (nih.gov)

In composite bioceramics world, many researchers have focused their interest on the development of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) ceramics, especially with hydroxyapatite (HA: Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP: Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ). (hindawi.com)
Cylindrical biphasic calcium phosphate ceramic samples (BCP) are put together by mixing dry HA and β -TCP (MERCK, Darmstadt, Germany). (hindawi.com)

These highlights do not include all the information needed to use OSELTAMIVIR PHOSPHATE CAPSULES safely and effectively. (nih.gov)
See full prescribing information for OSELTAMIVIR PHOSPHATE CAPSULES. (nih.gov)
Serious skin/hypersensitivity reactions such as Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis and erythema multiforme: Discontinue oseltamivir phosphate capsules and initiate appropriate treatment if allergic-like reactions occur or are suspected. (nih.gov)
Avoid administration of LAIV within 2 weeks before or 48 hours after oseltamivir phosphate capsules use, unless medically indicated. (nih.gov)

Phosphate salts refers to many different combinations of the chemical phosphate with salts and minerals . (medicinenet.com)
People use phosphate salts for medicine. (medicinenet.com)
Phosphate salts are also used for improving exercise performance, as an antacid for gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD ), and as a laxative for emptying the bowels before surgery. (medicinenet.com)
Phosphate salts and calcium are applied to sensitive teeth to reduce pain . (medicinenet.com)
Rectally, phosphate salts are used as a laxative to clean the bowels before surgery or intestinal tests. (medicinenet.com)
Phosphate salts can act as laxatives by causing more fluid to be drawn into the intestines and stimulating the gut to push out its contents faster. (medicinenet.com)
However, most evidence shows that taking phosphate salts by mouth does not improve exercise performance. (medicinenet.com)
More evidence is needed to rate phosphate salts for these uses. (medicinenet.com)

OSHA previously had an 8-hour TWA PEL of 1 ppm for dibutyl phosphate. (cdc.gov)
There are no published reports of toxic reactions caused by exposure to dibutyl phosphate. (cdc.gov)
However, in a personal communication to the ACGIH, Mastromatteo reported that workers exposed to relatively low levels of dibutyl phosphate developed respiratory tract irritation and headache (Mastromatteo 1964a, as cited in ACGIH 1986/Ex. (cdc.gov)

Calcium phosphate materials are similar to bone in composition and in having bioactive and osteoconductive properties. (bvsalud.org)

Ferric iron binds dietary phosphate in the GI tract and precipitates as ferric phosphate, which is insoluble and is excreted in the feces. (medscape.com)
Calcium carbonate combines with dietary phosphate to form insoluble calcium phosphate, which is excreted in feces. (medscape.com)

Calcium phosphate materials in different forms, as cements, composites, and coatings, are used in many medical and dental applications. (bvsalud.org)
Calcium Phosphate Cements. (bvsalud.org)

It also includes a decision support system (DSS) integrating soil, crop, phosphate rock and site factors to predict their relative agronomic effectiveness and economic utilization, so that valuable information can be provided to resource managers including policy makers and farmers. (iaea.org)
It is essential for building soil phosphate levels for long-term plant productivity and for preventing calcium deficient soils. (groworganic.com)

Academy of Sciences of the United States phosphate dehydrogenase phenotypes of America , 1988, 85:5171-5. (who.int)

This agent is a polymeric phosphate binder for oral administration. (medscape.com)
Sucroferric oxyhydroxide is an iron-based, calcium-free phosphate binder. (medscape.com)
Ferric citrate is a phosphate binder. (medscape.com)
The type of phosphate binder utilized in dialysis patients may affect rate of hospitalizations, researchers reported. (medpagetoday.com)
Choice of phosphate binder may help to reduce hospital admissions and overall costs of medical care. (medpagetoday.com)

The most common medical problem associated with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is hemolytic anemia, which occurs when red blood cells are destroyed faster than the body can replace them. (nih.gov)
In people with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, hemolytic anemia is most often triggered by bacterial or viral infections or by certain drugs (such as some antibiotics and medications used to treat malaria). (nih.gov)

This agent normalizes phosphate concentrations in patients on dialysis. (medscape.com)

Phosphate, present in large amounts in erythrocytes and other tissue cells, plays a significant intracellular role in the synthesis of high energy organic phosphates. (nih.gov)
The project is expected to produce 300,000tpa of organic phosphate fertiliser. (mining-technology.com)
He says the work his team carried out used an organic solvent called dimethyl sulfoxide and he imagines future studies would look at whether phosphate behaves in the same way in water, where all biological chemistry takes place. (edu.au)

Use of a phosphate rectal enema by a nursing mother would require no special precautions. (nih.gov)

Adverse health effects seen in humans after exposure to tri-o-cresyl phosphate (TCP) indicate that this substance can enter the body and pass into the bloodstream. (cdc.gov)

An organophosphate oxoanion that is a trianion arising from deprotonation of the phosphate and carboxylic acid functions of N -acetylmuramic acid 6-phosphate. (ebi.ac.uk)
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ( NADP + , in older notation TPN ) is used in anabolic reactions, such as fatty acid and nucleic acid synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent. (bionity.com)

However, tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCP) had been found in human tissues and body fluids, so we know that this substance can enter the body possibly by inhaling aerosols or dusts or ingesting contaminated food or water. (cdc.gov)

When Do Symptoms of Class I glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency Begin? (nih.gov)
Class I glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is a genetic disease, which means that it is caused by one or more genes not working correctly. (nih.gov)
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is a genetic disorder that affects red blood cells, which carry oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body. (nih.gov)
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is also a significant cause of mild to severe jaundice in newborns. (nih.gov)
An estimated 400 million people worldwide have glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. (nih.gov)
Chemical reactions involving glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase produce compounds that prevent reactive oxygen species from building up to toxic levels within red blood cells. (nih.gov)
A reduction in the amount of functional glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase appears to make it more difficult for this parasite to invade red blood cells. (nih.gov)
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency occurs most frequently in areas of the world where malaria is common. (nih.gov)
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is inherited in an X-linked pattern. (nih.gov)
Incidence and molecular polymerase-chain-reaction amplification analysis of glucose-6-phosphate dehyd- of the entire coding region from genomic rogenase deficiency in the province of DNA. (who.int)
Genetic of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase blood disorders survey in the Sultanate deficiency in the Fars province of Iran. (who.int)

The agents bind to dietary phosphate in the gastrointestinal tract. (medscape.com)
When it is taken with meals, dietary phosphate is adsorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and eliminated in the feces. (medscape.com)

Following multiple topical applications of clindamycin phosphate at a concentration equivalent to 10 mg clindamycin per mL in an isopropyl alcohol and water solution, very low levels of clindamycin are present in the serum (0-3 ng/mL) and less than 0.2% of the dose is recovered in urine as clindamycin. (nih.gov)

It lowers serum phosphate to near normal levels in hemodialysis patients as effectively as calcium acetate without inducing hypercalcemia or increased aluminum levels. (medscape.com)
It has been suggested that patients receiving TPN receive 20 mEq phosphate (13 mmol phosphate)/1000 kcal from dextrose. (nih.gov)

Aluminum phosphate and calcium phosphate are FDA-permitted ingredients used in antacids. (medicinenet.com)

Taking phosphate salt (except calcium phosphate) by mouth is likely effective for treating high levels of calcium in the blood. (medicinenet.com)
People with this condition should only be given phosphates if they have low phosphate levels. (medicinenet.com)

Although clindamycin phosphate is inactive in vitro , rapid in vivo hydrolysis converts this compound to the antibacterially active clindamycin. (nih.gov)

The DAPR website also has a database of phosphate rocks containing the chemical properties of the rocks and their solubility values. (iaea.org)

Anatomy9

Organisms5

Diseases5

Chemicals and Drugs181

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment18

Phenomena and Processes33

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture3

Information Science3

Health Care1

A novel interaction mechanism accounting for different acylphosphatase effects on cardiac and fast twitch skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium pumps. (1/8540)

The Golgi apparatus plays a significant role in the maintenance of Ca2+ homeostasis in the vps33Delta vacuolar biogenesis mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (2/8540)

Regulation of AMP deaminase from chicken erythrocytes. A kinetic study of the allosteric interactions. (3/8540)

Myocardial oxygenation during high work states in hearts with postinfarction remodeling. (4/8540)

Effects of phosphate intake on distribution of type II Na/Pi cotransporter mRNA in rat kidney. (5/8540)

Biochemical indices of osteomalacia in pregnant Asian immigrants in Britain. (6/8540)

Bound forms of Ca taken up by the synaptic plasma membrane. (7/8540)

Mutations of Arg198 in sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase cause inhibition of hydrolysis of the phosphoenzyme intermediate formed from inorganic phosphate. (8/8540)

Phosphates

Calcium Phosphates

Glucose-6-Phosphate

Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases

Sugar Phosphates

Inositol Phosphates

Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase

Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate

Phosphate Transport Proteins

Pyridoxal Phosphate

Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase

Glucosephosphates

Kinetics

Glycerol-3-Phosphate O-Acyltransferase

Sphingosine

Pentosephosphates

Glycerophosphates

Carbamyl Phosphate

Hexosephosphates

Lysophospholipids

Phosphate-Binding Proteins

Ribosemonophosphates

Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates

Organophosphates

Aldehyde-Lyases

Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase

Fructosephosphates

Receptors, Lysosphingolipid

Receptor, IGF Type 2

Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (NADP+)

Glutamine-Fructose-6-Phosphate Transaminase (Isomerizing)

Mannosephosphates

Polyisoprenyl Phosphates

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)

Molecular Sequence Data

Organophosphorus Compounds

Trioses

Phosphotransferases

Adenosine Triphosphate

Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency

Escherichia coli

Phosphorus

UTP-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase

Aldose-Ketose Isomerases

Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases

Amino Acid Sequence

Myo-Inositol-1-Phosphate Synthase

Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (Phosphorylating)

Substrate Specificity

Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins

NADP

Ribulosephosphates

Hyperphosphatemia

Transaldolase

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase

Glycerol-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (NAD+)

Polyisoprenyl Phosphate Monosaccharides

Binding Sites

Glucose

Transferases (Other Substituted Phosphate Groups)

Glycolysis

Calcium

Tritolyl Phosphates

Mannitol Phosphates

Magnesium

Carbohydrate Epimerases

Phosphatidylinositols

Mannose-6-Phosphate Isomerase

Propylene Glycols

Arsenates

Polyisoprenyl Phosphate Sugars

Hydrolysis

Alkaline Phosphatase

Hypophosphatemia

Erythritol

Phosphorylation