A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.
Drugs designed to treat inflammation of the nasal passages, generally the result of an infection (more often than not the common cold) or an allergy related condition, e.g., hay fever. The inflammation involves swelling of the mucous membrane that lines the nasal passages and results in inordinate mucus production. The primary class of nasal decongestants are vasoconstrictor agents. (From PharmAssist, The Family Guide to Health and Medicine, 1993)
A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.
A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.
Control of drug and narcotic use by international agreement, or by institutional systems for handling prescribed drugs. This includes regulations concerned with the manufacturing, dispensing, approval (DRUG APPROVAL), and marketing of drugs.
Agents that are used to suppress appetite.
A plant genus of the family Ephedraceae, order Ephedrales, class Gnetopsida, division Gnetophyta.
A cellulose of varied carboxyl content retaining the fibrous structure. It is commonly used as a local hemostatic and as a matrix for normal blood coagulation.
Drugs that mimic the effects of stimulating postganglionic adrenergic sympathetic nerves. Included here are drugs that directly stimulate adrenergic receptors and drugs that act indirectly by provoking the release of adrenergic transmitters.
A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing.
Laws concerned with manufacturing, dispensing, and marketing of drugs.
Medicines that can be sold legally without a DRUG PRESCRIPTION.
Compounds that bind to and activate ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS.
The interchange of goods or commodities, especially on a large scale, between different countries or between populations within the same country. It includes trade (the buying, selling, or exchanging of commodities, whether wholesale or retail) and business (the purchase and sale of goods to make a profit). (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed, p411, p2005 & p283)
Compounds that bind to and activate ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.
A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in CELLOBIOSE. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations.
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.
A mitosporic fungal genus that causes a variety of skin disorders. Malassezia furfur (Pityrosporum orbiculare) causes TINEA VERSICOLOR.
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.
Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.
A common chronic, noninflammatory and usually symptomless disorder, characterized by the occurrence of multiple macular patches of all sizes and shapes, and varying in pigmentation from fawn-colored to brown. It is seen most frequently in hot, humid, tropical regions, and is caused by Pityrosporon orbiculare. (Dorland, 27th ed)
A chronic inflammatory disease of the skin with unknown etiology. It is characterized by moderate ERYTHEMA, dry, moist, or greasy (SEBACEOUS GLAND) scaling and yellow crusted patches on various areas, especially the scalp, that exfoliate as dandruff. Seborrheic dermatitis is common in children and adolescents with HIV INFECTIONS.
Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.
Individuals with a degree in veterinary medicine that provides them with training and qualifications to treat diseases and injuries of animals.
Adverse cutaneous reactions caused by ingestion, parenteral use, or local application of a drug. These may assume various morphologic patterns and produce various types of lesions.
A group of disorders having a benign course but exhibiting clinical and histological features suggestive of malignant lymphoma. Pseudolymphoma is characterized by a benign infiltration of lymphoid cells or histiocytes which microscopically resembles a malignant lymphoma. (From Dorland, 28th ed & Stedman, 26th ed)
Rare skin eruption characterized by acute formation of pustules filled with NEUTROPHILS, fever, and peripheral blood LEUKOCYTOSIS. Most cases are associated with the use of antibiotics (e.g., BETA-LACTAMS).
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.
This drug combination has proved to be an effective therapeutic agent with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.
Skin diseases characterized by local or general distributions of blisters. They are classified according to the site and mode of blister formation. Lesions can appear spontaneously or be precipitated by infection, trauma, or sunlight. Etiologies include immunologic and genetic factors. (From Scientific American Medicine, 1990)
'Skin diseases' is a broad term for various conditions affecting the skin, including inflammatory disorders, infections, benign and malignant tumors, congenital abnormalities, and degenerative diseases, which can cause symptoms such as rashes, discoloration, eruptions, lesions, itching, or pain.
A cabinet department in the Executive Branch of the United States Government concerned with improving and maintaining farm income and developing and expanding markets for agricultural products. Through inspection and grading services it safeguards and insures standards of quality in food supply and production.
(Note: 'North Carolina' is a place, not a medical term. However, I can provide a fun fact related to health and North Carolina.)
Persons who are enrolled in research studies or who are otherwise the subjects of research.
A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).
A cabinet department in the Executive Branch of the United States Government concerned with administering those agencies and offices having programs pertaining to domestic national security.

Tolterodine does not affect the human in vivo metabolism of the probe drugs caffeine, debrisoquine and omeprazole. (1/147)

AIM: To investigate the in vivo effect of treatment with tolterodine on debrisoquine 4-hydroxylation (an index of CYP2D6 activity), omeprazole 5-hydroxylation (CYP2C19), omeprazole sulphoxidation (CYP3A4) and caffeine N3-demethylation (CYP1A2). METHODS: Twelve healthy male volunteers (eight extensive metabolisers [EMs] and four poor metabolisers [PMs] with respect to CYP2D6) received 4 mg tolterodine L-tartrate orally twice daily for 6 days. All subjects were EMs with respect to CYP2C19. The subjects received single oral doses of debrisoquine (10 mg), omeprazole (20 mg) and caffeine (100 mg) for determination of the appropriate metabolic ratios (MR). The drugs were given on separate consecutive days, before, during and after the co-administration of tolterodine. RESULTS: Mean serum tolterodine concentrations were 5-10 times higher in PMs than in EMs. Serum concentrations of the active 5-hydroxymethyl metabolite of tolterodine, 5-HM, were not quantifiable in PMs. The mean MR of debrisoquine (95% confidence interval) during tolterodine treatment was 0.50 (0.25-0.99) and did not differ statistically from the values before [0.49 (0.20-1.2)] and after tolterodine administration [0.46 (0.14-1.6)] in EMs. The mean MR of omeprazole hydroxylation and sulphoxidation or caffeine metabolism were not changed in the presence of tolterodine in either EMs or PMs. Debrisoquine and caffeine had no significant effect on the AUC(1,3 h) of either tolterodine or 5-HM, but during omeprazole administration small decreases (13-19%) in these parameters were seen. CONCLUSIONS: Tolterodine, administered at twice the expected therapeutic dosage, did not change the disposition of the probe drugs debrisoquine, omeprazole and caffeine and thus had no detectable effect on the activities of CYPs 2D6, 2C19, 3A4 and 1A2. Alteration of the metabolism of substrates of these enzymes by tolterodine is unlikely to occur.  (+info)

Fluoxetine inhibits the metabolism of tolterodine-pharmacokinetic implications and proposed clinical relevance. (2/147)

AIMS: To investigate the change in disposition of tolterodine during coadministration of the potent cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) inhibitor fluoxetine. METHODS: Thirteen patients received tolterodine l-tartrate 2 mg twice daily for 2.5 days, followed by fluoxetine 20 mg once daily for 3 weeks and then concomitant administration for an additional 2.5 days. They were characterized as extensive metabolizers (EM1 with one functional CYP2D6 gene, EM2 with two functional genes) or poor metabolizers (PM). RESULTS: Nine patients, three EM2 and four EM1 and two PM, completed the trial. Following tolterodine administration, the area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC) of tolterodine was 4.4-times and 30-times higher among EM1 and PM, respectively, compared with EM2. The AUC of the 5-hydroxymethyl metabolite (5-HM) was not quantifiable in PM. Fluoxetine significantly decreased (P<0.002) the oral clearance of tolterodine by 93% in EM2 and by 80% in EM1. The AUC of 5-HM increased in EM2 and decreased in EM1. However, the exposure to the active moiety (unbound tolterodine +5-HM) was not significantly increased in the two phenotypes. The subdivision of the EM group showed a 2.1-fold increase in active moiety in EM2 but the exposure was still similar to EM1 compared with before the interaction. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests a difference in the pharmacokinetics of tolterodine and its 5-hydroxymethyl metabolite depending on the number of functional CYP2D6 genes. Fluoxetine significantly inhibited the hydroxylation of tolterodine. Despite the effect on the pharmacokinetics of tolterodine in extensive metabolizers, the clinical effect is expected to be within normal variation.  (+info)

Ketoconazole inhibits the metabolism of tolterodine in subjects with deficient CYP2D6 activity. (3/147)

AIMS: To investigate the pharmacokinetics and safety of tolterodine and tolterodine metabolites after single-and multiple-dose administration in the absence and presence of ketoconazole, an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4, in healthy volunteers with deficient CYP2D6 activity, i.e. poor metabolisers of debrisoquine. METHODS: Eight healthy volunteers received single oral doses (2 mg) of tolterodine l-tartrate. Following a wash-out period of about 3 months, six of the subjects participated in a multiple-dose (1 mg twice daily) phase of the study. Ketoconazole 200 mg was given once daily for 4-4.5 days during both the single and multiple dose tolterodine administration phases. Blood samples were drawn and the pharmacokinetics of tolterodine and its metabolites were determined. RESULTS: A decrease (P<0.01) in apparent oral clearance of tolterodine, from 10- 12 l h-1 to 4.3-4.7 l h-1, was obtained during concomitant administration of ketoconazole, yielding at least a two-fold increase in the area under the serum concentration-time curve after single as well as after multiple doses following single dose administration of tolterodine. The mean (+/-s.d.) terminal half-life increased by 50% from 9.7+/-2.7 h to 15+/-5.4 h in the presence of ketoconazole. CONCLUSIONS: CYP3A4 is the major enzyme involved in the elimination of tolterodine in individuals with deficient CYP2D6 activity (poor metabolisers), since oral clearance of tolterodine decreased by 60% during ketoconazole coadministration. This inhibition resulted in 2.1-fold increase in AUC.  (+info)

Phenylpropanolamine and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke. (4/147)

BACKGROUND: Phenylpropanolamine is commonly found in appetite suppressants and cough or cold remedies. Case reports have linked the use of products containing phenylpropanolamine to hemorrhagic stroke, often after the first use of these products. To study the association, we designed a case-control study. METHODS: Men and women 18 to 49 years of age were recruited from 43 U.S. hospitals. Eligibility criteria included the occurrence of a subarachnoid or intracerebral hemorrhage within 30 days before enrollment and the absence of a previously diagnosed brain lesion. Random-digit dialing identified two matched control subjects per patient. RESULTS: There were 702 patients and 1376 control subjects. For women, the adjusted odds ratio was 16.58 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.51 to 182.21; P=0.02) for the association between the use of appetite suppressants containing phenylpropanolamine and the risk of a hemorrhagic stroke and 3.13 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.86 to 11.46; P=0.08) for the association with the first use of a product containing phenylpropanolamine. All first uses of phenylpropanolamine involved cough or cold remedies. For men and women combined, the adjusted odds ratio was 1.49 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.84 to 2.64; P=0.17) for the association between the use of a product containing phenylpropanolamine and the risk of a hemorrhagic stroke, 1.23 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.68 to 2.24; P=0.49) for the association with the use of cough or cold remedies that contained phenylpropanolamine, and 15.92 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.38 to 184.13; P=0.03) for the association with the use of appetite suppressants that contained phenylpropanolamine. An analysis in men showed no increased risk of a hemorrhagic stroke in association with the use of cough or cold remedies containing phenylpropanolamine. No men reported the use of appetite suppressants. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that phenylpropanolamine in appetite suppressants, and possibly in cough and cold remedies, is an independent risk factor for hemorrhagic stroke in women.  (+info)

Overactive bladder: optimizing quality of care. (5/147)

Overactive bladder (OAB), the symptom complex of urinary urgency and frequency with or without urge incontinence, affects the lives of millions of Americans. In recent years, more successful treatment options have emerged as advances have been made in understanding the pathophysiologic processes underlying OAB symptoms. However, because most therapeutic modalities for OAB are aimed at symptom resolution, rather than the treatment of distinct pathologic entities, a basic evaluation is required for all patients to establish whether existing (and treatable) pathologic processes are present. In the absence of these processes, symptom relief is both the objective and the outcome used to judge the efficacy of a specific modality. The type of therapy recommended for OAB may depend on several factors including age, existing behavioral patterns, estrogen status, degree of motivation, environmental surroundings, presence of other coexisting urinary symptoms, family support, and patient expectations. This article focuses on methods of identifying patients with OAB, and the role of developing strategies in treating this common disorder.  (+info)

Functional characterization of rat submaxillary gland muscarinic receptors using microphysiometry. (6/147)

1. Muscarinic cholinoceptors (MChR) in freshly dispersed rat salivary gland (RSG) cells were characterized using microphysiometry to measure changes in acidification rates. Several non-selective and selective muscarinic antagonists were used to elucidate the nature of the subtypes mediating the response to carbachol. 2. The effects of carbachol (pEC(50) = 5.74 +/- 0.02 s.e.mean; n = 53) were highly reproducible and most antagonists acted in a surmountable, reversible fashion. The following antagonist rank order, with apparent affinity constants in parentheses, was noted: 4-DAMP (8.9)= atropine (8.9) > tolterodine (8.5) > oxybutynin (7.9) > S-secoverine (7.2) > pirenzepine (6.9) > himbacine (6.8) > AQ-RA 741 (6.6) > methoctramine (5.9). 3. These studies validate the use of primary isolated RSG cells in microphysiometry for pharmacological analysis. These data are consistent with, and extend, previous studies using alternative functional methods, which reported a lack of differential receptor pharmacology between bladder and salivary gland tissue. 4. The antagonist affinity profile significantly correlated with the profile at human recombinant muscarinic M(3) and M(5) receptors. Given a lack of antagonists that discriminate between M(3) and M(5), definitive conclusion of which subtype(s) is present within RSG cells cannot be determined.  (+info)

Separation and determination of ephedrine alkaloids and tetramethylpyrazine in Ephedra sinica Stapf by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. (7/147)

A simple, sensitive, and reliable method using gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) is developed for the simultaneous determination of ephedrine alkaloids and 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) in Ephedra sinica Stapf. The sample is extracted with ethyl ether and submitted to GC-MS for identification and quantitation without derivatization. The column used for GC is an HP-5 (30.0 m x 250 microm x 0.25 microm, 5% phenyl methyl siloxane), and the carrier gas is helium. The detection limits for ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and TMP are 0.4 ng 0.7 ng, and 0.02 ng (signal-to-noise ratio of 3), respectively. The reproducibility of the total procedure is proved to be acceptable (RSD < 2%), and the recoveries are above 93%.  (+info)

Maternal medication use and risks of gastroschisis and small intestinal atresia. (8/147)

Gastroschisis and small intestinal atresia (SIA) are birth defects that are thought to arise from vascular disruption of fetal mesenteric vessels. Previous studies of gastroschisis have suggested that risk is increased for maternal use of vasoactive over-the-counter medications, including specific analgesics and decongestants. This retrospective study evaluated the relation between maternal use of cough/cold/analgesic medications and risks of gastroschisis and SIA. From 1995 to 1999, the mothers of 206 gastroschisis cases, 126 SIA cases, and 798 controls in the United States and Canada were interviewed about medication use and illnesses. Risks of gastroschisis were elevated for use of aspirin (odds ratio = 2.7, 95% confidence interval: 1.2, 5.9), pseudoephedrine (odds ratio = 1.8, 95% confidence interval: 1.0, 3.2), acetaminophen (odds ratio = 1.5, 95% confidence interval: 1.1, 2.2), and pseudoephedrine combined with acetaminophen (odds ratio = 4.2, 95% confidence interval: 1.9, 9.2). Risks of SIA were increased for any use of pseudoephedrine (odds ratio = 2.0, 95% confidence interval: 1.0, 4.0) and for use of pseudoephedrine in combination with acetaminophen (odds ratio = 3.0, 95% confidence interval: 1.1, 8.0). Reported fever, upper respiratory infection, and allergy were not associated with risks of either defect. These findings add more evidence that aspirin use in early pregnancy increases risk of gastroschisis. Although pseudoephedrine has previously been shown to increase gastroschisis risk, findings of this study raise questions about interactions between medications and possible confounding by underlying illness.  (+info)

Phenylpropanolamine is a decongestant and appetite suppressant that has been used in over-the-counter and prescription medications. It works by narrowing blood vessels in the nose, which can help to relieve nasal congestion. As an appetite suppressant, it is thought to work by affecting certain chemicals in the brain that control appetite.

However, phenylpropanolamine has been associated with an increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke (bleeding in the brain) and other cardiovascular events, particularly in women who are otherwise healthy but have a history of high blood pressure or smoking. As a result, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advised manufacturers to stop selling over-the-counter products containing phenylpropanolamine in 2005.

It is important to note that this substance should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional, and individuals should always follow their doctor's instructions carefully when taking any medication.

Nasal decongestants are medications that are used to relieve nasal congestion, or a "stuffy nose," by narrowing the blood vessels in the lining of the nose, which helps to reduce swelling and inflammation. This can help to make breathing easier and can also help to alleviate other symptoms associated with nasal congestion, such as sinus pressure and headache.

There are several different types of nasal decongestants available, including over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription options. Some common OTC nasal decongestants include pseudoephedrine (Sudafed) and phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine), which are available in the form of tablets, capsules, liquids, and nasal sprays. Prescription nasal decongestants may be stronger than OTC options and may be prescribed for longer periods of time.

It is important to follow the instructions on the label when using nasal decongestants, as they can have side effects if not used properly. Some potential side effects of nasal decongestants include increased heart rate, blood pressure, and anxiety. It is also important to note that nasal decongestants should not be used for longer than a few days at a time, as prolonged use can actually make nasal congestion worse (this is known as "rebound congestion"). If you have any questions about using nasal decongestants or if your symptoms persist, it is best to speak with a healthcare provider.

Ephedrine is a medication that stimulates the nervous system and is used to treat low blood pressure, asthma, and nasal congestion. It works by narrowing the blood vessels and increasing heart rate, which can help to increase blood pressure and open up the airways in the lungs. Ephedrine may also be used as a bronchodilator to treat COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).

Ephedrine is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and solutions for injection. It is important to follow the instructions of a healthcare provider when taking ephedrine, as it can have side effects such as rapid heart rate, anxiety, headache, and dizziness. Ephedrine should not be used by people with certain medical conditions, such as heart disease, high blood pressure, or narrow-angle glaucoma, and it should not be taken during pregnancy or breastfeeding without consulting a healthcare provider.

In addition to its medical uses, ephedrine has been used as a performance-enhancing drug and is banned by many sports organizations. It can also be found in some over-the-counter cold and allergy medications, although these products are required to carry warnings about the potential for misuse and addiction.

Pseudoephedrine is a decongestant medication that works by narrowing the blood vessels in the lining of the nose, which can help to relieve nasal congestion. It is commonly used to treat symptoms of allergies, colds, and sinusitis. Pseudoephedrine is available over-the-counter in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and liquids.

It is important to note that pseudoephedrine has been misused in the production of methamphetamine, a highly addictive and illegal drug. As a result, some countries have implemented regulations on the sale of products containing pseudoephedrine, requiring them to be sold behind the counter or kept in locked cases.

"Drug and narcotic control" refers to the regulation and oversight of drugs and narcotics, including their production, distribution, and use. This is typically carried out by governmental agencies in order to ensure public safety, prevent abuse and diversion, and protect the health of individuals. The goal of drug and narcotic control is to strike a balance between making sure that medications are available for legitimate medical purposes while also preventing their misuse and illegal sale.

Drug control policies may include measures such as licensing and registration of manufacturers, distributors, and pharmacies; tracking and monitoring of controlled substances; setting standards for prescription practices; and enforcement of laws and regulations related to drug use and trafficking. Narcotic control specifically refers to the regulation of drugs that have a high potential for abuse and are subject to international treaties, such as opioids.

It's important to note that while these regulations aim to protect public health and safety, they can also be controversial and have unintended consequences, such as contributing to drug shortages or creating barriers to access for people who need controlled substances for legitimate medical reasons.

Appetite depressants are medications or substances that reduce or suppress feelings of hunger and appetite. They can be prescribed to treat various medical conditions, such as obesity or binge eating disorder, where weight loss is a recommended treatment goal. Some common appetite depressants include:

1. Phentermine: This medication works by stimulating the release of certain neurotransmitters in the brain that help suppress appetite and increase metabolism. It is often prescribed for short-term use (up to 12 weeks) as part of a comprehensive weight loss plan.

2. Diethylpropion: Similar to phentermine, diethylpropion stimulates the release of neurotransmitters that suppress appetite and increase metabolism. It is also prescribed for short-term use in treating obesity.

3. Naltrexone-bupropion (Contrave): This combination medication helps manage weight by reducing appetite and increasing feelings of fullness. Naltrexone is an opioid antagonist that blocks the rewarding effects of food, while bupropion is an antidepressant that can help reduce cravings for high-calorie foods.

4. Lorcaserin (Belviq): This medication works by selectively activating serotonin receptors in the brain, which helps promote satiety and reduce appetite. It was withdrawn from the US market in 2020 due to concerns about its potential link to an increased risk of cancer.

5. Topiramate (Topamax): Although primarily used as an anticonvulsant, topiramate has also been found to have appetite-suppressing effects. It is often combined with phentermine in a single formulation (Qsymia) for the treatment of obesity.

6. Cannabis: Some studies suggest that cannabinoids, the active compounds in marijuana, may help reduce hunger and promote weight loss by interacting with the endocannabinoid system in the body. However, more research is needed to fully understand its potential as an appetite depressant.

It's important to note that appetite suppressants should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional and as part of a comprehensive weight management plan. These medications can have side effects and potential risks, so it's crucial to discuss their use with your doctor before starting any new treatment regimen.

Ephedra is a genus of plants that contain various alkaloids, including ephedrine and pseudoephedrine. These plants, also known as "joint-fir" or "Mormon tea," have been used in traditional medicine for thousands of years to treat various conditions such as asthma, nasal congestion, and hay fever.

Ephedra has been used as a stimulant to increase energy, alertness, and physical performance. However, the use of ephedra-containing supplements has been linked to serious side effects, including heart attack, stroke, and death, particularly when taken in high doses or combined with other stimulants. As a result, the sale of dietary supplements containing ephedrine alkaloids was banned in the United States in 2004.

It's important to note that while ephedra has been used in traditional medicine, its safety and effectiveness have not been thoroughly studied in clinical trials, and its use is not recommended without medical supervision.

Oxidized cellulose is a type of modified cellulose that has undergone oxidation, resulting in the introduction of functional groups such as carboxylic acid or aldehyde groups along the cellulose chain. This process can alter the physical and chemical properties of cellulose, making it more soluble in water and capable of forming gels or films.

Oxidized cellulose is used in a variety of applications, including as a wound dressing material, where it can help to promote healing by providing a moist environment that supports tissue regeneration. It can also be used as a thickening or stabilizing agent in food and cosmetic products, or as a component in the manufacture of specialized papers and textiles.

Sympathomimetic drugs are substances that mimic or stimulate the actions of the sympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which regulates various automatic physiological functions in the body. The sympathetic nervous system's primary function is to prepare the body for the "fight-or-flight" response, which includes increasing heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and metabolism while decreasing digestive activity.

Sympathomimetic drugs can exert their effects through various mechanisms, including directly stimulating adrenergic receptors (alpha and beta receptors) or indirectly causing the release of norepinephrine and epinephrine from nerve endings. These drugs are used in various clinical settings to treat conditions such as asthma, nasal congestion, low blood pressure, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Examples of sympathomimetic drugs include epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, dobutamine, albuterol, pseudoephedrine, and methylphenidate.

It is important to note that sympathomimetic drugs can also have adverse effects, particularly when used in high doses or in individuals with certain medical conditions. These adverse effects may include anxiety, tremors, palpitations, hypertension, arrhythmias, and seizures. Therefore, these medications should be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider.

The common cold is a viral infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract. It primarily affects the nose, throat, sinuses, and upper airways. The main symptoms include sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, sneezing, cough, and fatigue. The common cold is often caused by rhinoviruses and can also be caused by other viruses like coronaviruses, coxsackieviruses, and adenoviruses. It is usually spread through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. The common cold is self-limiting and typically resolves within 7-10 days, although some symptoms may last up to three weeks. There is no specific treatment for the common cold, and management focuses on relieving symptoms with over-the-counter medications, rest, and hydration. Preventive measures include frequent hand washing, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and not touching the face with unwashed hands.

'Drug legislation' refers to the laws and regulations that govern the production, distribution, sale, possession, and use of medications and pharmaceutical products within a given jurisdiction. These laws are designed to protect public health and safety by establishing standards for drug quality, ensuring appropriate prescribing and dispensing practices, preventing drug abuse and diversion, and promoting access to necessary medications. Drug legislation may also include provisions related to clinical trials, advertising, packaging, labeling, and reimbursement. Compliance with these regulations is typically enforced through a combination of government agencies, professional organizations, and legal penalties for non-compliance.

Nonprescription drugs, also known as over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, are medications that can be legally purchased without a prescription from a healthcare professional. They are considered safe and effective for treating minor illnesses or symptoms when used according to the directions on the label. Examples include pain relievers like acetaminophen and ibuprofen, antihistamines for allergies, and topical treatments for skin conditions. It is still important to follow the recommended dosage and consult with a healthcare provider if there are any concerns or questions about using nonprescription drugs.

Adrenergic alpha-1 receptor agonists are a type of medication that binds to and activates adrenergic alpha-1 receptors, which are found in various tissues throughout the body, including the smooth muscle of blood vessels, the heart, the liver, and the kidneys. When these receptors are activated, they cause a variety of physiological responses, such as vasoconstriction (constriction of blood vessels), increased heart rate and force of heart contractions, and relaxation of the detrusor muscle in the bladder.

Examples of adrenergic alpha-1 receptor agonists include phenylephrine, which is used to treat low blood pressure and nasal congestion, and midodrine, which is used to treat orthostatic hypotension (low blood pressure upon standing). These medications can have side effects such as increased heart rate, headache, and anxiety. It's important to use them under the supervision of a healthcare provider, as they may interact with other medications and medical conditions.

I believe you may have mixed up the terms "medicine" and "commerce." Commerce is a broad term that refers to the buying and selling of goods and services. It is not typically used in a medical context, so it does not have a specific medical definition. However, I can provide you with some related terms that might be helpful:

1. Medical commerce: This term generally refers to the business aspects of healthcare, such as the buying and selling of medical supplies, equipment, and services. It may also refer to the economic relationships between various stakeholders in the healthcare system, including providers, insurers, pharmaceutical companies, and patients.
2. Telemedicine commerce: This term specifically refers to the use of technology to facilitate remote consultations and transactions between healthcare providers and patients. Examples include online appointment scheduling, virtual consultations, and electronic prescribing.
3. Medical tourism: This is a form of commerce where people travel to other countries to receive medical treatment or procedures that may be less expensive or more accessible than in their home country. It can also refer to the business of providing medical services to international patients.
4. Healthcare marketing: This term refers to the activities and strategies used by healthcare organizations to promote their products, services, and brands to potential customers. It includes advertising, public relations, social media, content marketing, and other tactics designed to build awareness, generate leads, and drive sales.

I hope this information is helpful! Let me know if you have any further questions or concerns.

Adrenergic alpha-2 receptor agonists are a class of medications that bind to and activate adrenergic alpha-2 receptors, which are found in the nervous system and other tissues. These receptors play a role in regulating various bodily functions, including blood pressure, heart rate, and release of certain hormones.

When adrenergic alpha-2 receptor agonists bind to these receptors, they can cause a variety of effects, such as:

* Vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels), which can increase blood pressure
* Decreased heart rate and force of heart contractions
* Suppression of the release of norepinephrine (a hormone and neurotransmitter involved in the "fight or flight" response) from nerve endings
* Analgesia (pain relief)

Adrenergic alpha-2 receptor agonists are used in a variety of medical conditions, including:

* High blood pressure
* Glaucoma (to reduce pressure in the eye)
* Anesthesia (to help prevent excessive bleeding and to provide sedation)
* Opioid withdrawal symptoms (to help manage symptoms such as anxiety, agitation, and muscle aches)

Examples of adrenergic alpha-2 receptor agonists include clonidine, brimonidine, and dexmedetomidine.

Cellulose is a complex carbohydrate that is the main structural component of the cell walls of green plants, many algae, and some fungi. It is a polysaccharide consisting of long chains of beta-glucose molecules linked together by beta-1,4 glycosidic bonds. Cellulose is insoluble in water and most organic solvents, and it is resistant to digestion by humans and non-ruminant animals due to the lack of cellulase enzymes in their digestive systems. However, ruminants such as cows and sheep can digest cellulose with the help of microbes in their rumen that produce cellulase.

Cellulose has many industrial applications, including the production of paper, textiles, and building materials. It is also used as a source of dietary fiber in human food and animal feed. Cellulose-based materials are being explored for use in biomedical applications such as tissue engineering and drug delivery due to their biocompatibility and mechanical properties.

A cough is a reflex action that helps to clear the airways of irritants, foreign particles, or excess mucus or phlegm. It is characterized by a sudden, forceful expulsion of air from the lungs through the mouth and nose. A cough can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term), and it can be accompanied by other symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, or fever. Coughing can be caused by various factors, including respiratory infections, allergies, asthma, environmental pollutants, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and chronic lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and bronchitis. In some cases, a cough may be a symptom of a more serious underlying condition, such as heart failure or lung cancer.

A cerebral hemorrhage, also known as an intracranial hemorrhage or intracerebral hemorrhage, is a type of stroke that results from bleeding within the brain tissue. It occurs when a weakened blood vessel bursts and causes localized bleeding in the brain. This bleeding can increase pressure in the skull, damage nearby brain cells, and release toxic substances that further harm brain tissues.

Cerebral hemorrhages are often caused by chronic conditions like hypertension (high blood pressure) or cerebral amyloid angiopathy, which weakens the walls of blood vessels over time. Other potential causes include trauma, aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, illicit drug use, and brain tumors. Symptoms may include sudden headache, weakness, numbness, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, vision problems, loss of balance, and altered level of consciousness. Immediate medical attention is required to diagnose and manage cerebral hemorrhage through imaging techniques, supportive care, and possible surgical interventions.

Malassezia is a genus of fungi (specifically, yeasts) that are commonly found on the skin surfaces of humans and other animals. They are part of the normal flora of the skin, but under certain conditions, they can cause various skin disorders such as dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis, pityriasis versicolor, and atopic dermatitis.

Malassezia species require lipids for growth, and they are able to break down the lipids present in human sebum into fatty acids, which can cause irritation and inflammation of the skin. Malassezia is also associated with fungal infections in people with weakened immune systems.

The genus Malassezia includes several species, such as M. furfur, M. globosa, M. restricta, M. sympodialis, and others. These species can be identified using various laboratory methods, including microscopy, culture, and molecular techniques.

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition that is commonly known as eczema. It is characterized by dry, itchy, and scaly patches on the skin that can become red, swollen, and cracked over time. The condition often affects the skin on the face, hands, feet, and behind the knees, and it can be triggered or worsened by exposure to certain allergens, irritants, stress, or changes in temperature and humidity. Atopic dermatitis is more common in people with a family history of allergies, such as asthma or hay fever, and it often begins in infancy or early childhood. The exact cause of atopic dermatitis is not fully understood, but it is thought to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors that affect the immune system and the skin's ability to maintain a healthy barrier function.

Food hypersensitivity is an umbrella term that encompasses both immunologic and non-immunologic adverse reactions to food. It is also known as "food allergy" or "food intolerance." Food hypersensitivity occurs when the body's immune system or digestive system reacts negatively to a particular food or food component.

Immunologic food hypersensitivity, commonly referred to as a food allergy, involves an immune response mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. Upon ingestion of the offending food, IgE antibodies bind to the food antigens and trigger the release of histamine and other chemical mediators from mast cells and basophils, leading to symptoms such as hives, swelling, itching, difficulty breathing, or anaphylaxis.

Non-immunologic food hypersensitivity, on the other hand, does not involve the immune system. Instead, it is caused by various mechanisms, including enzyme deficiencies, pharmacological reactions, and metabolic disorders. Examples of non-immunologic food hypersensitivities include lactose intolerance, gluten sensitivity, and histamine intolerance.

It's important to note that the term "food hypersensitivity" is often used interchangeably with "food allergy," but it has a broader definition that includes both immunologic and non-immunologic reactions.

Tinea versicolor is a superficial fungal infection of the skin, caused by the pathogen Malassezia furfur (previously known as Pityrosporum ovale). It is characterized by the appearance of multiple round or oval patches that are hypopigmented (lighter than the surrounding skin) or hyperpigmented (darker than the surrounding skin), scaly, and can be pruritic (itchy). The lesions typically appear on the trunk and proximal extremities, often in a symmetrical pattern. Tinea versicolor is more common in warm, humid climates and in individuals with oily skin or weakened immune systems. It is usually diagnosed based on the clinical presentation and can be confirmed by microscopic examination of skin scrapings or fungal cultures. Treatment typically involves topical antifungal medications, such as clotrimazole, miconazole, or selenium sulfide, but oral medication may be necessary for severe or widespread infections.

Seborrheic dermatitis is a common, inflammatory skin condition that mainly affects the scalp, face, and upper part of the body. It causes skin irritation, flaking, and redness, often in areas where the skin is oily or greasy. The exact cause of seborrheic dermatitis is not fully understood, but it appears to be related to a combination of genetic, environmental, and microbial factors.

The symptoms of seborrheic dermatitis can vary in severity and may include:

* Greasy or flaky scales on the scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, ears, or beard
* Redness and inflammation of the skin
* Itching, burning, or stinging sensations
* Yellow or white crusty patches on the scalp or other affected areas
* Hair loss (in severe cases)

Seborrheic dermatitis is a chronic condition that tends to flare up and then subside over time. While there is no cure for seborrheic dermatitis, various treatments can help manage the symptoms and prevent complications. These may include medicated shampoos, topical creams or ointments, and lifestyle changes such as stress reduction and avoiding triggers that worsen symptoms.

It is important to note that seborrheic dermatitis should not be confused with other skin conditions, such as psoriasis or eczema, which may have similar symptoms. A healthcare professional can provide a proper diagnosis and recommend appropriate treatment options based on the individual's specific needs.

Dermatomycoses are a group of fungal infections that affect the skin, hair, and nails. These infections are caused by various types of fungi, including dermatophytes, yeasts, and molds. Dermatophyte infections, also known as tinea, are the most common type of dermatomycoses and can affect different areas of the body, such as the scalp (tinea capitis), beard (tinea barbae), body (tinea corporis), feet (tinea pedis or athlete's foot), hands (tinea manuum), and nails (tinea unguium or onychomycosis). Yeast infections, such as those caused by Candida albicans, can lead to conditions like candidal intertrigo, vulvovaginitis, and balanitis. Mold infections are less common but can cause skin disorders like scalded skin syndrome and phaeohyphomycosis. Dermatomycoses are typically treated with topical or oral antifungal medications.

A veterinarian is a licensed medical professional who practices veterinary medicine. They are dedicated to the health and well-being of animals, ranging from pets and livestock to wild animals and exotic creatures. Veterinarians diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases and injuries in animals, and they also provide advice and guidance on animal care and nutrition.

Veterinarians may specialize in a particular area of veterinary medicine, such as surgery, internal medicine, dentistry, dermatology, or emergency care. They may work in private clinical practice, research institutions, government agencies, zoos, wildlife rehabilitation centers, or the animal health industry.

To become a veterinarian, one must complete a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) degree from an accredited veterinary school and pass a licensing exam. Veterinary schools typically require applicants to have a bachelor's degree with a strong background in science courses. Additionally, veterinarians must adhere to strict ethical standards and maintain their knowledge and skills through ongoing education and training.

A "drug eruption" is a general term used to describe an adverse skin reaction that occurs as a result of taking a medication. These reactions can vary in severity and appearance, and may include symptoms such as rash, hives, itching, redness, blistering, or peeling of the skin. In some cases, drug eruptions can also cause systemic symptoms such as fever, fatigue, or joint pain.

The exact mechanism by which drugs cause eruptions is not fully understood, but it is thought to involve an abnormal immune response to the medication. There are many different types of drug eruptions, including morphilliform rashes, urticaria (hives), fixed drug eruptions, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN), which is a severe and potentially life-threatening reaction.

If you suspect that you are experiencing a drug eruption, it is important to seek medical attention promptly. Your healthcare provider can help determine the cause of the reaction and recommend appropriate treatment. In some cases, it may be necessary to discontinue the medication causing the reaction and switch to an alternative therapy.

Pseudolymphoma is a term used to describe a benign reactive lymphoid hyperplasia that mimics the clinical and histopathological features of malignant lymphomas. It is also known as pseudolymphomatous cutis or reactive lymphoid hyperplasia.

Pseudolymphoma can occur in various organs, but it is most commonly found in the skin. It is usually caused by a localized immune response to an antigenic stimulus such as insect bites, tattoos, radiation therapy, or certain medications. The condition presents as a solitary or multiple nodular lesions that may resemble lymphoma both clinically and histologically.

Histologically, pseudolymphoma is characterized by a dense infiltrate of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and other immune cells, which can mimic the appearance of malignant lymphoma. However, unlike malignant lymphomas, pseudolymphomas lack cytological atypia, mitotic activity, and clonal proliferation of lymphoid cells.

Pseudolymphoma is usually a self-limiting condition that resolves spontaneously or with the removal of the antigenic stimulus. However, in some cases, it may persist or recur, requiring further evaluation and treatment to exclude malignant lymphoma.

Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis (AGEP) is a severe cutaneous adverse reaction that typically occurs within 48 hours after the initiation of medication. It is characterized by the rapid development of widespread sterile pustules on an erythematous and edematous base, often accompanied by systemic symptoms such as fever and neutrophilia.

The most common triggers for AGEP are antibiotics (such as beta-lactams, macrolides, and fluoroquinolones), antifungals, and calcium channel blockers. The diagnosis of AGEP is based on clinical presentation, histopathological findings, and the exclusion of other causes of pustular eruptions.

The management of AGEP includes immediate discontinuation of the offending medication, supportive care, and sometimes systemic corticosteroids. The prognosis is generally good with most patients recovering within 2 weeks, although recurrences may occur upon re-exposure to the causative agent.

An exanthem is a skin eruption or rash that often occurs as a symptom of various diseases, such as infectious illnesses. It can appear in different forms, including maculopapular (consisting of both macules and papules), vesicular (small fluid-filled blisters), petechial (small purple or red spots caused by bleeding under the skin), or erythematous (reddened). The rash can be localized to certain areas of the body or generalized, covering large parts or the entire body. Exanthems are usually accompanied by other symptoms related to the underlying disease, such as fever, cough, or muscle aches.

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combination is an antibiotic medication used to treat various bacterial infections. It contains two active ingredients: trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, which work together to inhibit the growth of bacteria by interfering with their ability to synthesize folic acid, a vital component for their survival.

Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic agent that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme needed for bacterial growth, while sulfamethoxazole is a bacteriostatic sulfonamide that inhibits the synthesis of tetrahydrofolate by blocking the action of the enzyme bacterial dihydropteroate synthase. The combination of these two agents produces a synergistic effect, increasing the overall antibacterial activity of the medication.

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is commonly used to treat urinary tract infections, middle ear infections, bronchitis, traveler's diarrhea, and pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), a severe lung infection that can occur in people with weakened immune systems. It is also used as a prophylactic treatment to prevent PCP in individuals with HIV/AIDS or other conditions that compromise the immune system.

As with any medication, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combination can have side effects and potential risks, including allergic reactions, skin rashes, gastrointestinal symptoms, and blood disorders. It is essential to follow the prescribing physician's instructions carefully and report any adverse reactions promptly.

Vesiculobullous skin diseases are a group of disorders characterized by the formation of blisters (vesicles) and bullae (larger blisters) on the skin. These blisters form when there is a separation between the epidermis (outer layer of the skin) and the dermis (layer beneath the epidermis) due to damage in the area where they join, known as the dermo-epidermal junction.

There are several types of vesiculobullous diseases, each with its own specific causes and symptoms. Some of the most common types include:

1. Pemphigus vulgaris: an autoimmune disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks proteins that help to hold the skin together, causing blisters to form.
2. Bullous pemphigoid: another autoimmune disorder, but in this case, the immune system attacks a different set of proteins, leading to large blisters and inflammation.
3. Dermatitis herpetiformis: a skin condition associated with celiac disease, where gluten ingestion triggers an immune response that leads to the formation of itchy blisters.
4. Pemphigoid gestationis: a rare autoimmune disorder that occurs during pregnancy and causes blisters on the abdomen and other parts of the body.
5. Epidermolysis bullosa: a group of inherited disorders where there is a fragile skin structure, leading to blistering and wound formation after minor trauma or friction.

Treatment for vesiculobullous diseases depends on the specific diagnosis and may include topical or systemic medications, such as corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, or antibiotics, as well as wound care and prevention of infection.

Skin diseases, also known as dermatological conditions, refer to any medical condition that affects the skin, which is the largest organ of the human body. These diseases can affect the skin's function, appearance, or overall health. They can be caused by various factors, including genetics, infections, allergies, environmental factors, and aging.

Skin diseases can present in many different forms, such as rashes, blisters, sores, discolorations, growths, or changes in texture. Some common examples of skin diseases include acne, eczema, psoriasis, dermatitis, fungal infections, viral infections, bacterial infections, and skin cancer.

The symptoms and severity of skin diseases can vary widely depending on the specific condition and individual factors. Some skin diseases are mild and can be treated with over-the-counter medications or topical creams, while others may require more intensive treatments such as prescription medications, light therapy, or even surgery.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any unusual or persistent changes in your skin, as some skin diseases can be serious or indicative of other underlying health conditions. A dermatologist is a medical doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases.

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is not a medical organization or entity, so it does not provide medical definitions. However, I can give you some information about what the USDA is and what it does.

The USDA is a federal executive department of the U.S. government responsible for developing and executing federal laws related to farming, forestry, and food. It was established in 1862 by President Abraham Lincoln and is headed by the Secretary of Agriculture, who is a member of the President's cabinet.

The USDA has several key missions, including:

* Promoting agricultural trade and production
* Ensuring the safety of the food supply
* Providing nutrition assistance to vulnerable populations
* Protecting natural resources and the environment
* Promoting rural development and economic stability

In terms of food and nutrition, the USDA plays an important role in setting dietary guidelines for Americans, establishing standards for school meals and other federal food programs, and regulating the safety of meat, poultry, and egg products. The agency also conducts research on agricultural and food-related topics and provides education and outreach to farmers, ranchers, and consumers.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "North Carolina" is a geographical location and not a medical term or condition. It is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. If you have any questions about medical terms or conditions, I'd be happy to help with those!

A research subject, also commonly referred to as a "human subject" or "participant," is an individual who takes part in a research study or clinical trial. Research subjects are essential for the advancement of medical and scientific knowledge, as they provide data that can help researchers understand various phenomena, develop new treatments, and improve existing ones.

The term "research subject" emphasizes the ethical considerations involved in conducting research with human participants. It highlights the importance of protecting their rights, dignity, and well-being throughout the study. Researchers must obtain informed consent from subjects before enrolling them in a study, ensuring that they understand the purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits associated with the research.

Additionally, researchers are required to follow strict guidelines and regulations to minimize any harm or discomfort to the research subjects during the study. These guidelines may include requirements for data confidentiality, privacy protection, and monitoring of adverse events. Overall, treating research subjects with respect and care is crucial in maintaining the integrity of medical research and ensuring its societal benefits.

Methyltestosterone is a synthetic form of the hormone testosterone, which is primarily used in the treatment of low testosterone levels (hypogonadism) in men. It has a methyl group attached to it, which allows it to be taken orally and still have significant effects on the body.

Testosterone is an androgen hormone that plays important roles in the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics, such as deepening of the voice, growth of facial and body hair, and increased muscle mass. It also helps maintain bone density, red blood cell production, and sex drive.

Methyltestosterone is available in various forms, including tablets and capsules, and its use should be under the supervision of a healthcare professional due to potential side effects and risks associated with its use, such as liver toxicity, increased risk of cardiovascular events, and changes in cholesterol levels.

It's important to note that methyltestosterone is not approved for use in women, as it can cause virilization (development of male sex characteristics) and other side effects.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the 'United States Department of Homeland Security' (DHS) is not a medical term or concept. It's a cabinet department of the U.S. federal government, created in response to the September 11 attacks, with the primary responsibilities of protecting the United States from terrorism and managing border control. The DHS includes several components, including the U.S. Coast Guard, Transportation Security Administration (TSA), Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Customs and Border Protection (CBP), and Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), among others.

If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I'd be happy to help!

... was patented in 1938. In the United States, PPA is no longer sold due to an increased risk of haemorrhagic ... Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) is a sympathomimetic agent which is used as a decongestant and appetite suppressant. It was commonly ... Phenylpropanolamine Information Page at FDA.gov (update, includes earlier reports) U.S. National Library of Medicine: Drug ... "Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) Information Page - FDA moves PPA from OTC" (Press release). US Food and Drug Administration. 23 ...
"Compound Summary". Phenylpropanolamine. PubChem Compound Database. United States National Library of Medicine - National Center ...
"Phenylpropanolamine". Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2013. DrugBank. "Prenylamine". ... "Safety Alerts for Human Medical Products - Phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride (PPA)". Food and Drug Administration. Archived ...
"Compound Summary". Phenylpropanolamine. PubChem Compound Database. United States National Library of Medicine - National Center ...
cite encyclopedia}}: ,work= ignored (help) "Compound Summary". Phenylpropanolamine. Archived from the original on 29 September ...
"Compound Summary". Phenylpropanolamine. PubChem Compound Database. United States National Library of Medicine - National Center ...
"Compound Summary". Phenylpropanolamine. PubChem Compound Database. United States National Library of Medicine - National Center ...
Phenylpropanolamine (PPA; Accutrim; β-hydroxyamphetamine), also known as the stereoisomers norephedrine and norpseudoephedrine ... Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic amine similar in molecular structure to the well-known drugs phenylpropanolamine and ... Flavahan NA (April 2005). "Phenylpropanolamine constricts mouse and human blood vessels by preferentially activating alpha2- ...
For example, phenylpropanolamine was removed from sale in the United States over concern regarding strokes in young women. A ... "Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) Information Page". Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. ...
I. Phenylpropanolamine and para-tolylpropanolamine." J. Am. Chem. Soc. 51 2262-2266. A. Burger and E. D. Hornbacker (1952). " ...
V. Amoxicillin azidocillin, phenylpropanolamine and pivampicillin". Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 91 (3-4): 313-8. doi:10.3109/ ...
In prior formulations, Dexatrim contained the decongestant phenylpropanolamine (PPA) and the amphetamine-like compound ephedra ... Phenylpropanolamine) as a cause of myocardial infarction. Heart Lung, 32(2), 100-104. doi:10.1067/mhl.2003.27 US Food & Drug ... 2010, September 3). Questions and Answers - Safety of Phenylpropanolamine. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ ... Phenylpropanolamine & Risk of Hemorrhagic Stroke: Final Report of The Hemorrhagic Stroke Project. Retrieved from https://www. ...
Hydroxynorephedrine Metaraminol Gepefrine Phenylpropanolamine Macdonald F (1997). Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents. CRC ...
... with pholcodine and phenylpropanolamine as Triple 'P'; with codeine as Kefei and Procodin; with codeine and ephedrine as ...
Cathine Phenylpropanolamine Cathinone Pseudoephedrine Ephedrine Macdonald F (1997). Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents. CRC ... It is one of the four optical isomers of phenylpropanolamine, the other three being cathine ((+)-norpseudoephedrine), (−)- ...
"Legal Requirements for the Sale and Purchase of Drug Products Containing Pseudoephedrine, Ephedrine, and Phenylpropanolamine". ... "DEA Interim Final Regulation: Ephedrine, Pseudoephedrine, and Phenylpropanolamine Requirements" (PDF). Archived from the ... Carbinoxamine/pseudoephedrine N-Methylpseudoephedrine Phenylpropanolamine Anvisa (31 March 2023). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de ... and phenylpropanolamine, their salts, optical isomers, and salts of optical isomers. Pseudoephedrine was defined as a " ...
... generally synthesized from dl-phenylpropanolamine in one step by cyclization with cyanogen bromide (sometimes prepared in situ ... a cyclic derivative of phenylpropanolamine". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 33 (2): 549-53. doi:10.1520/JFS11971J. PMID 3373171 ... the need for a separate addition of hydrochloric acid by starting with the hydrochloride salt of the dl-phenylpropanolamine but ...
Davis FT, Brewster ME (March 1988). "A fatality involving U4Euh, a cyclic derivative of phenylpropanolamine". Journal of ...
Selective NRAs include ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, phenylpropanolamine, levomethamphetamine, phentermine, and bupropion. These ... phenylpropanolamine They are also used as recreational drugs, though this is typically reserved only for those that also induce ...
Sympathomimetics such as phenylpropanolamine, methylphenidate, and others are also implicated. In pediatric patients, varicella ...
... is one of the four stereoisomers of phenylpropanolamine (PPA). The World Anti-Doping Agency's list of prohibited ...
"Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) Information Page - FDA moves PPA from OTC" (Press release). US Food and Drug Administration. 23 ... Chlorphenamine is often combined with phenylpropanolamine to form an allergy medication with both antihistamine and ... decongestant properties, though phenylpropanolamine is no longer available in the US after studies showed it increased the risk ...
"Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) Information Page - FDA moves PPA from OTC" (Press release). US Food and Drug Administration. 23 ... Food and Drug Administration requested that all manufacturers cease making products containing phenylpropanolamine (PPA), which ...
"Spontaneous caudate hemorrhage associated with ingestion of a decongestant containing phenylpropanolamine." J Stroke ...
He failed a doping test in 1990 for the banned stimulant phenylpropanolamine. After initially being banned for three months, ...
... phenylpropanolamine) and norpseudoephedrine (cathine). Natives of Yemen and Ethiopia have a long tradition of chewing khat ...
Replacement of estrogens, phenylpropanolamine, and surgery have all been used for treatment. Reproductive diseases Prostate ...
Phenylpropanolamine is not one of the prohibited stimulants the World Anti-Doping Agency listed on their 2016 list. Mattheus ... He was disqualified for taking over the counter cold medication, containing, phenylpropanolamine. It was a prohibited stimulant ...
It is similar in molecular structure to phenylpropanolamine, methamphetamine, and epinephrine (adrenaline). Chemically, it is ...
In combination with phenylpropanolamine it is used as a cough suppressant and nasal decongestant to treat symptoms associated ... "Caramiphen with phenylpropanolamine-oral, Ordrine AT, Rescaps-D, Tuss Vernade, Tusso-Gest". medicine.net. Archived from the ...
Phenylpropanolamine was patented in 1938. In the United States, PPA is no longer sold due to an increased risk of haemorrhagic ... Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) is a sympathomimetic agent which is used as a decongestant and appetite suppressant. It was commonly ... Phenylpropanolamine Information Page at FDA.gov (update, includes earlier reports) U.S. National Library of Medicine: Drug ... "Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) Information Page - FDA moves PPA from OTC" (Press release). US Food and Drug Administration. 23 ...
Physician reviewed phenylpropanolamine patient information - includes phenylpropanolamine description, dosage and directions. ... phenylpropanolamine. Generic name: phenylpropanolamine [ fen-ill-proe-pa-NOLE-a-meen ]. Brand names: Acutrim 16 Hour, Acutrim ... Phenylpropanolamine side effects (more detail). Phenylpropanolamine dosing information. Usual Adult Dose for Nasal Congestion: ... Too much phenylpropanolamine could be very harmful.. Phenylpropanolamine side effects. If you experience any of the following ...
... includes chlorpheniramine and phenylpropanolamine description, dosage and directions. ... chlorpheniramine and phenylpropanolamine. Generic name: chlorpheniramine and phenylpropanolamine [ klor-feh-NEER-a-meen-and-feh ... Chlorpheniramine / phenylpropanolamine drug interactions (more detail). More about chlorpheniramine / phenylpropanolamine. * ... Who should not take chlorpheniramine and phenylpropanolamine?. Do not take chlorpheniramine and phenylpropanolamine if you have ...
Side Effects of Phenylpropanolamine. Most takes tolerate the dosages of phenylpropanolamine quite well and display few if any ... This is due to the fact that phenylpropanolamine can suppress appetites. Phenylpropanolamine was a primary active ingredient in ... Phenylpropanolamine Dosages. The proper dosage for your dog will depend on the dogs size and the symptoms of incontinence. For ... proper treatment, you must give the dog the phenylpropanolamine medication to the dog two to three times per day, everyday. ...
Phenylpropanolamine by Richard Clapp, a case study at DefendingScience.org. *Widely Circulated Email About Phenylpropanolamine ... Phenylpropanolamine Information Page at www.FDA.gov. *A Dose of Denial: How drug makers sought to keep popular cold and diet ... Phenylpropanolamine can be made from cathinone. Side effects. A scientific study[1] found an increased risk of hemorrhagic ... Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) is a drug of the phenethylamine family used as a decongestant and also as an appetite suppressant. In ...
... phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride) Extended-Release Tablets for Dogs, 74-mg, 30 tablets at Chewy.com. FREE shipping and the ... Proin (phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride) Extended-Release Tablets for Dogs. By Proin ER. 102 Ratings. Rated 4.2647 out of 5 ... A laboratory study on human blood revealed that phenylpropanolamine (PPA) used in conjunction with aspirin may potentiate ... Proin ER tablets contain 18, 38, 74 or 145 mg phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride per tablet. ...
Buy best price high-purity Phenylpropanolamine - speciality chemicals at best price from AB Enterprises in Mumbai, India known ... Phenylpropanolamine is Fine Chemicals.The Relative Name of Phenylpropanolamine is (+)-Norephedrine, d-Norephedrine, Rhindecon, ... phenylpropanolamine, (1S,2R)-2-amino-1-phenylpropan-1-ol, Propadrine, Norephedrine, and Cas number of Phenylpropanolamine is ... The molecular formula of the Phenylpropanolamine is C9H13NO and the molecular weight of the Phenylpropanolamine is 151.21 g/mol ...
Phenylpropanolamine HCL) is an oral medication used for the treatment of urinary incontinence in dogs or cats. ... Proin (Phenylpropanolamine HCL) Image. Product. Proin 25 (Phenylpropanolamine HCL) - 25mg (180 Tablets) USD$108.48 ( Free ... What is Proin (Phenylpropanolamine HCL) used for?. Proin (Phenylpropanolamine HCL) is an oral medication used for the treatment ... What are the side effects of Proin (Phenylpropanolamine HCL)?. Proin (Phenylpropanolamine HCL) may cause side effects in some ...
Phenylpropanolamine is used for the control of urinary incontinance in female dogs. ... Phenylpropanolamine is used in the treatment of urinary incontinence. Regular phenylpropanolamine is generally given twice ... This means that phenylpropanolamine has many effects and, thus, many uses in treating disease. Its relative safety and efficacy ... Phenylpropanolamine should not be used with L-Deprenyl (Anipryl) due to resulting unpredictable fluctuations in blood pressure ...
... phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride who experienced headache. Reports are from official medical reports as well as online ... chlorpheniramine maleate; phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride related headache. *chlorpheniramine maleate and phenylpropanolamine ... Chlorpheniramine Maleate; Phenylpropanolamine Hydrochloride. "... and doctor. Today has been really difficult. I dont let it ... Did the author experience headache while taking chlorpheniramine maleate; phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride?. Yes. No. Not Sure ...
List of all products containing PARACETAMOL + PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE + CETIRIZINE on CV Pharmacy.
Side effects of Phenylpropanolamine?. My yellow lab takes this medication for possible ectopice ureters. She has urinary ...
Get the best deals for TUSERAN Tuseran Forte (Dextromethorpan Hydrobromide + Phenylpropanolamine Hydrochloride + Paracetamol) 4 ... Phenylpropanolamine Hydrochloride + Paracetamol) 4 Capsules online at Watsons Philippines. ... Tuseran Forte (Dextromethorpan Hydrobromide + Phenylpropanolamine Hydrochloride + Paracetamol) 4 Capsules. This medicine is ...
Phenylpropanolamine; Phenylpropanolamine Hydrochloride *Cetirizine Hydrochloride ( Safe. Compatible. Minimal risk for ... Phenylpropanolamine; Phenylpropanolamine Hydrochloride ( Poorly safe. Evaluate carefully. Use safer alternative or interrupt ...
As a consequence of the immense growth in therapeutic options for neurologic disorders over the past decade, when a woman becomes pregnant, the question is no longer whether to continue or discontinue treatment of such disorders; rather, the issues are which treatments to continue and how they should be administered. The most important messa...
Phenylpropanolamine. The caffeine in black tea can stimulate the body. Phenylpropanolamine can also stimulate the body. Taking ... Phenylpropanolamine increases plasma caffeine levels. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1990;47:675-85. View abstract. ... A pharmacodynamic interaction between caffeine and phenylpropanolamine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1991;50:363-71. View abstract. ... caffeine and phenylpropanolamine together might cause too much stimulation and increase heartbeat, blood pressure, and cause ...
phenylpropanolamine,. *ephedra (Ma Huang), and. *ephedrine may decrease the effectiveness of hydralazine. ...
Proin (Phenylpropanolamine). Bladder Control Quantity:. Options:. {{option.options}}. {{petcare_price,currency}} Price in Cart ... More Options Available Proin (Phenylpropanolamine) - 25mg per chewable tablet $17.70PRICE IN CART ...
Adverse reactions to medications are common and often manifest as a cutaneous eruption. Drug-induced cutaneous disorders frequently display a characteristic clinical morphology such as morbilliform exanthem, urticaria, hypersensitivity syndrome, pseudolymphoma, photosensitivity, pigmentary changes, acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis, ...
As a consequence of the immense growth in therapeutic options for neurologic disorders over the past decade, when a woman becomes pregnant, the question is no longer whether to continue or discontinue treatment of such disorders; rather, the issues are which treatments to continue and how they should be administered. The most important messa...
Phenylpropanolamine. For more information on this medication choose from the list of selections below. ...
Phenylpropanolamine. For more information on this medication choose from the list of selections below. ... For more information about Myphetane DC see its generics Brompheniramine, Codeine, Phenylpropanolamine ...
33) Phenylpropanolamine.. (34) Piperidine.. (35) Piperonal.. (36) Propionic anhydride.. (37) Pseudoephedrine.. (38) Pyrrolidine ...
1) PRECURSOR CHEMICALS.-The term "listed precursor chemical" means a chemical that may be used in manufacturing a controlled substance in violation of this chapter and is critical to the creation of the controlled substance, and such term includes any salt, optical isomer, or salt of an optical isomer, whenever the existence of such salt, optical isomer, or salt of optical isomer is possible within the specific chemical designation. The following are "listed precursor chemicals": ...
Phenylpropanolamine. For more information on this medication choose from the list of selections below. ...
Phenylpropanolamine. For more information on this medication choose from the list of selections below. ... For more information about Delhistine D see its generics Mepyramine, Pheniramine, Phenylpropanolamine ...
Brompheniramine / Phenylpropanolamine, Diphenhydramine & Nicotine. 2022 Jan 26. Unis as a Potentiator. Abrax. Diphenhydramine ...
Phenylpropanolamine, stroke and hypertension Otto Kuchel. CMAJ March 06, 2001 164 (5) 621; ...
  • There are four optical isomers of phenylpropanolamine: d- and l- nor ephedrine , and d- and l- nor pseudoephedrine . (wikidoc.org)
  • Just as ephedrine is chemically reduced into methamphetamine , phenylpropanolamine can be chemically reduced into amphetamine . (wikidoc.org)
  • Molecularly, phenylpropanolamine is to ephedrine, just as amphetamine is to methamphetamine, and as cathinone is to methcathinone . (wikidoc.org)
  • Examples of a decongestant nasal spray include ephedrine, phenylpropanolamine, or phenylephrine. (medic8.com)
  • What is Proin (Phenylpropanolamine HCL) used for? (4nrx.md)
  • Proin (Phenylpropanolamine HCL) is an oral medication used for the treatment of urinary incontinence in dogs or cats. (4nrx.md)
  • How should I use Proin (Phenylpropanolamine HCL)? (4nrx.md)
  • Proin (Phenylpropanolamine HCL) should be used strictly according to the veterinarian's instructions to get the most effective results from treatment. (4nrx.md)
  • What are the side effects of Proin (Phenylpropanolamine HCL)? (4nrx.md)
  • Always bring your pet in for a medical check before beginning the use of Proin (Phenylpropanolamine HCL) to make sure it does not have any underlying health problems that may cause unexpected complications during treatment. (4nrx.md)
  • Strictly follow all instructions provided to you by the veterinarian while using Proin (Phenylpropanolamine HCL). (4nrx.md)
  • Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) is a sympathomimetic agent which is used as a decongestant and appetite suppressant. (wikipedia.org)
  • Phenylpropanolamine is a decongestant. (drugs.com)
  • Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) is a drug of the phenethylamine family used as a decongestant and also as an appetite suppressant . (wikidoc.org)
  • Although the risk of hemorrhagic stroke is low, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends that consumers not use any products that contain phenylpropanolamine. (drugs.com)
  • Does Alka-Seltzer Plus ® contain phenylpropanolamine bitartrate (PPA)? (alkaseltzer.com)
  • In veterinary medicine, phenylpropanolamine is used almost exclusively for the control of urinary incontinence in dogs and occasionally in cats. (vin.com)
  • Epinephrine stores are released under phenylpropanolamine stimulation and produce alpha- and beta-adrenergic stimulation. (medscape.com)
  • This isomer is commonly used in European medications described as "phenylpropanolamine", whereas in the United States a racemic mixture of d,l-norephedrine is usual. (wikidoc.org)
  • Phenylpropanolamine is Fine Chemicals.The Relative Name of Phenylpropanolamine is (+)-Norephedrine, d-Norephedrine, Rhindecon, phenylpropanolamine, (1S,2R)-2-amino-1-phenylpropan-1-ol, Propadrine, Norephedrine, and Cas number of Phenylpropanolamine is 14838-15-4. (bangchemicals.com)
  • Phenylpropanolamine may also be used for purposes other than those listed in this medication guide. (drugs.com)
  • For proper treatment, you must give the dog the phenylpropanolamine medication to the dog two to three times per day, everyday. (vetinfo.com)
  • Most takes tolerate the dosages of phenylpropanolamine quite well and display few if any side effects from the medication. (vetinfo.com)
  • Phenylpropanolamine stimulates a "fight or flight" response. (vin.com)
  • Phenylpropanolamine also causes a decrease in appetite and is used in some over-the-counter diet aids. (drugs.com)
  • Phenylpropanolamine was also used for the illicit synthesis of other stimulant drugs such as phenmetrazine and 4-methylaminorex , and since phenylpropanolamine was withdrawn from use in humans in the early 2000s (although it is still sold for some veterinary applications) it is now much less available, and this in turn has meant that phenmetrazine and 4-methylaminorex have largely disappeared from the illicit market. (wikidoc.org)
  • It is recommended that phenylpropanolamine be withdrawn for 2 weeks preceding the use of L-Deprenyl. (vin.com)
  • Phenylpropanolamine was a primary active ingredient in human diet pills, although it no longer is. (vetinfo.com)
  • An increased risk of hypertension can also occur if phenylpropanolamine is given in conjunction with tricyclic antidepressants (such as amitriptyline or clomipramine ), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ), or amitraz (the active ingredient of several tick control products). (vin.com)
  • Taiminen and Jääskeläinen (2001) reported the case of an otherwise healthy male who started experiencing intense and recurrent sensations of déjà vu upon taking the drugs amantadine and phenylpropanolamine together to relieve flu symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Do not take phenylpropanolamine for longer than 7 days if your condition does not improve or if your symptoms are accompanied by a high fever. (drugs.com)
  • The second problem is that phenylpropanolamine can be used in the illegal production of methamphetamine. (vin.com)
  • Phenylpropanolamine may cause dizziness or drowsiness. (drugs.com)
  • Alcohol may increase drowsiness and dizziness while taking chlorpheniramine and phenylpropanolamine. (drugs.com)
  • Phenylpropanolamine is used to treat the congestion associated with allergies, hay fever, sinus irritation, and the common cold. (drugs.com)
  • A laboratory study on human blood revealed that phenylpropanolamine (PPA) used in conjunction with aspirin may potentiate decreased platelet aggregation. (chewy.com)
  • In this advisory, the FDA requested that all drug companies discontinue marketing products containing phenylpropanolamine. (wikidoc.org)
  • Take phenylpropanolamine exactly as directed by your doctor, or follow the instructions that accompany the package. (drugs.com)
  • Take chlorpheniramine and phenylpropanolamine exactly as directed. (drugs.com)
  • If you are over 60 years of age, you may be more likely to experience side effects from phenylpropanolamine. (drugs.com)
  • The subjective improvement and cure rates are similar to that of phenylpropanolamine, which was recalled from the US market. (medscape.com)
  • Phenylpropanolamine has been associated with an increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke (bleeding into the brain or into tissue surrounding the brain) in women. (drugs.com)
  • A scientific study [1] found an increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke in women who used phenylpropanolamine, although it is not clear which isomer is to blame. (wikidoc.org)
  • Infants are especially sensitive to the effects of phenylpropanolamine. (drugs.com)
  • This means that phenylpropanolamine has many effects and, thus, many uses in treating disease. (vin.com)
  • Using a short-acting formulation of phenylpropanolamine (not a long-acting or a controlled-release formulation) may be safer if you are over 60 years of age. (drugs.com)
  • In order to understand how phenylpropanolamine works in the body, it is important to understand some background regarding the autonomic nervous system. (vin.com)
  • Store phenylpropanolamine at room temperature away from moisture and heat. (drugs.com)
  • Buy best price high-purity Phenylpropanolamine - speciality chemicals at best price from AB Enterprises in Mumbai, India known for using superior purity chemicals and the latest manufacturing equipment by highly experienced technicians to meet International Chemical Industry standards. (bangchemicals.com)
  • Phenylpropanolamine should not be used with L-Deprenyl (Anipryl) due to resulting unpredictable fluctuations in blood pressure. (vin.com)
  • This is due to the fact that phenylpropanolamine can suppress appetites. (vetinfo.com)
  • Phenylpropanolamine is able to increase sphincter tone in the urethra, thus curtailing inadvertent urine leakage. (vin.com)
  • Phenylpropanolamine is used in the treatment of urinary incontinence. (vin.com)
  • Chlorpheniramine and phenylpropanolamine is in the FDA pregnancy category B. This means that it is unlikely to harm an unborn baby. (drugs.com)
  • What is the most important information I should know about phenylpropanolamine? (drugs.com)