Phenotype. Medical search

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

The record of descent or ancestry, particularly of a particular condition or trait, indicating individual family members, their relationships, and their status with respect to the trait or condition.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Process of classifying cells of the immune system based on structural and functional differences. The process is commonly used to analyze and sort T-lymphocytes into subsets based on CD antigens by the technique of flow cytometry.

Deliberate breeding of two different individuals that results in offspring that carry part of the genetic material of each parent. The parent organisms must be genetically compatible and may be from different varieties or closely related species.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

An individual in which both alleles at a given locus are identical.

An individual having different alleles at one or more loci regarding a specific character.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.

The co-inheritance of two or more non-allelic GENES due to their being located more or less closely on the same CHROMOSOME.

A mutation in which a codon is mutated to one directing the incorporation of a different amino acid. This substitution may result in an inactive or unstable product. (From A Dictionary of Genetics, King & Stansfield, 5th ed)

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

Genes that influence the PHENOTYPE both in the homozygous and the heterozygous state.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Mutagenesis where the mutation is caused by the introduction of foreign DNA sequences into a gene or extragenic sequence. This may occur spontaneously in vivo or be experimentally induced in vivo or in vitro. Proviral DNA insertions into or adjacent to a cellular proto-oncogene can interrupt GENETIC TRANSLATION of the coding sequences or interfere with recognition of regulatory elements and cause unregulated expression of the proto-oncogene resulting in tumor formation.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

Mice bearing mutant genes which are phenotypically expressed in the animals.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Mutation process that restores the wild-type PHENOTYPE in an organism possessing a mutationally altered GENOTYPE. The second "suppressor" mutation may be on a different gene, on the same gene but located at a distance from the site of the primary mutation, or in extrachromosomal genes (EXTRACHROMOSOMAL INHERITANCE).

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

Proteins that originate from plants species belonging to the genus ARABIDOPSIS. The most intensely studied species of Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis thaliana, is commonly used in laboratory experiments.

A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.

Genes whose loss of function or gain of function MUTATION leads to the death of the carrier prior to maturity. They may be essential genes (GENES, ESSENTIAL) required for viability, or genes which cause a block of function of an essential gene at a time when the essential gene function is required for viability.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

Proteins encoded by homeobox genes (GENES, HOMEOBOX) that exhibit structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. Homeodomain proteins are involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL).

A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.

Genes that influence the PHENOTYPE only in the homozygous state.

A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.

Hybridization of a nucleic acid sample to a very large set of OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES, which have been attached individually in columns and rows to a solid support, to determine a BASE SEQUENCE, or to detect variations in a gene sequence, GENE EXPRESSION, or for GENE MAPPING.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

A characteristic symptom complex.

Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in plants.

The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

ANIMALS whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING, or their offspring.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

The analysis of a sequence such as a region of a chromosome, a haplotype, a gene, or an allele for its involvement in controlling the phenotype of a specific trait, metabolic pathway, or disease.

The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.

The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.

Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.

A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

An exotic species of the family CYPRINIDAE, originally from Asia, that has been introduced in North America. They are used in embryological studies and to study the effects of certain chemicals on development.

A species of nematode that is widely used in biological, biochemical, and genetic studies.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

PLANTS, or their progeny, whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

Genetic loci associated with a QUANTITATIVE TRAIT.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

The development of anatomical structures to create the form of a single- or multi-cell organism. Morphogenesis provides form changes of a part, parts, or the whole organism.

Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

The integration of exogenous DNA into the genome of an organism at sites where its expression can be suitably controlled. This integration occurs as a result of homologous recombination.

Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.

Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.

Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.

A form of gene interaction whereby the expression of one gene interferes with or masks the expression of a different gene or genes. Genes whose expression interferes with or masks the effects of other genes are said to be epistatic to the effected genes. Genes whose expression is affected (blocked or masked) are hypostatic to the interfering genes.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in neoplastic tissue.

Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.

The functional hereditary units of PLANTS.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.

An analysis comparing the allele frequencies of all available (or a whole GENOME representative set of) polymorphic markers in unrelated patients with a specific symptom or disease condition, and those of healthy controls to identify markers associated with a specific disease or condition.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.

Genes that have a suppressor allele or suppressor mutation (SUPPRESSION, GENETIC) which cancels the effect of a previous mutation, enabling the wild-type phenotype to be maintained or partially restored. For example, amber suppressors cancel the effect of an AMBER NONSENSE MUTATION.

Techniques to alter a gene sequence that result in an inactivated gene, or one in which the expression can be inactivated at a chosen time during development to study the loss of function of a gene.

The functional hereditary units of INSECTS.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX.

Genes that are introduced into an organism using GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.

A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

The developmental entity of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE) in animal species other than MAMMALS. For chickens, use CHICK EMBRYO.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

A group of genetically identical cells all descended from a single common ancestral cell by mitosis in eukaryotes or by binary fission in prokaryotes. Clone cells also include populations of recombinant DNA molecules all carrying the same inserted sequence. (From King & Stansfield, Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.

A type of mutation in which a number of NUCLEOTIDES deleted from or inserted into a protein coding sequence is not divisible by three, thereby causing an alteration in the READING FRAMES of the entire coding sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of MUTAGENS or may occur spontaneously.

Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

Proteins from the nematode species CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS. The proteins from this species are the subject of scientific interest in the area of multicellular organism MORPHOGENESIS.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

An amino acid-specifying codon that has been converted to a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR) by mutation. Its occurance is abnormal causing premature termination of protein translation and results in production of truncated and non-functional proteins. A nonsense mutation is one that converts an amino acid-specific codon to a stop codon.

Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.

The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

The artificial induction of GENE SILENCING by the use of RNA INTERFERENCE to reduce the expression of a specific gene. It includes the use of DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA, such as SMALL INTERFERING RNA and RNA containing HAIRPIN LOOP SEQUENCE, and ANTI-SENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDES.

A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Proteins obtained from the ZEBRAFISH. Many of the proteins in this species have been the subject of studies involving basic embryological development (EMBRYOLOGY).

A variety of simple repeat sequences that are distributed throughout the GENOME. They are characterized by a short repeat unit of 2-8 basepairs that is repeated up to 100 times. They are also known as short tandem repeats (STRs).

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.

The entity of a developing mammal (MAMMALS), generally from the cleavage of a ZYGOTE to the end of embryonic differentiation of basic structures. For the human embryo, this represents the first two months of intrauterine development preceding the stages of the FETUS.

The developmental history of specific differentiated cell types as traced back to the original STEM CELLS in the embryo.

Eukaryotic cell line obtained in a quiescent or stationary phase which undergoes conversion to a state of unregulated growth in culture, resembling an in vitro tumor. It occurs spontaneously or through interaction with viruses, oncogenes, radiation, or drugs/chemicals.

Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)

Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.

Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

The number of copies of a given gene present in the cell of an organism. An increase in gene dosage (by GENE DUPLICATION for example) can result in higher levels of gene product formation. GENE DOSAGE COMPENSATION mechanisms result in adjustments to the level GENE EXPRESSION when there are changes or differences in gene dosage.

The proportion of one particular in the total of all ALLELES for one genetic locus in a breeding POPULATION.

A classification of T-lymphocytes, especially into helper/inducer, suppressor/effector, and cytotoxic subsets, based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in fungi.

Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with MYOSINS, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle.

Ability of neoplasms to infiltrate and actively destroy surrounding tissue.

The percent frequency with which a dominant or homozygous recessive gene or gene combination manifests itself in the phenotype of the carriers. (From Glossary of Genetics, 5th ed)

Interruption or suppression of the expression of a gene at transcriptional or translational levels.

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.

Color of hair or fur.

A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals.

The decrease in the cell's ability to proliferate with the passing of time. Each cell is programmed for a certain number of cell divisions and at the end of that time proliferation halts. The cell enters a quiescent state after which it experiences CELL DEATH via the process of APOPTOSIS.

The processes occurring in early development that direct morphogenesis. They specify the body plan ensuring that cells will proceed to differentiate, grow, and diversify in size and shape at the correct relative positions. Included are axial patterning, segmentation, compartment specification, limb position, organ boundary patterning, blood vessel patterning, etc.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.

Change brought about to an organisms genetic composition by unidirectional transfer (TRANSFECTION; TRANSDUCTION, GENETIC; CONJUGATION, GENETIC, etc.) and incorporation of foreign DNA into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells by recombination of part or all of that DNA into the cell's genome.

Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from DRUG TOLERANCE which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

The organ of sight constituting a pair of globular organs made up of a three-layered roughly spherical structure specialized for receiving and responding to light.

Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones.

Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

Methods for maintaining or growing CELLS in vitro.

Calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins. They are important in the formation of ADHERENS JUNCTIONS between cells. Cadherins are classified by their distinct immunological and tissue specificities, either by letters (E- for epithelial, N- for neural, and P- for placental cadherins) or by numbers (cadherin-12 or N-cadherin 2 for brain-cadherin). Cadherins promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism as in the construction of tissues and of the whole animal body.

Antigens on surfaces of cells, including infectious or foreign cells or viruses. They are usually protein-containing groups on cell membranes or walls and may be isolated.

Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different GENES, or from the same gene by ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.

The reproductive organs of plants.

Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.

Mapping of the homothallic genes, HM alpha and HMa, in Saccharomyces yeasts. (1/63708)

Two of the three homothallic genes, HM alpha and HMa, showed direct linkage to the mating-type locus at approximately 73 and 98 strans (57 and 65 centimorgans [cM], respectively, whereas, the other, HO, showed no linkage to 25 standard markers distributed over 17 chromosomes including the mating-type locus. To determine whether the HM alpha and HMa loci located on the left or right side of the mating-type locus, equations for three factor analysis of three linked genes were derived. Tetrad data were collected and were compared with expected values by chi 2 statistics. Calculations indicated that the HM alpha gene is probably located on the right arm at 95 strans (65 cM) from the centromere and the HMa locus at approximately 90 strans (64 cM) on the left arm of chromosome III. (+info)

Sulfhydryl compounds in melanocytes of yellow (Ay/a), nonagouti (a/a), and agouti (A/A) mice. (2/63708)

CLEFFMANN (1953, 1963a,b) has reported that yellow but not black melanocytes of agouti (A/A) rabbits contained reducing sulfhydryl compounds. We have attempted to repeat CLEFFMANN's observations in mouse melanocytes of the lethal yellow (Ay/a), nonagouti (a/a) and agouti (A/A) genotypes. Our results contradict those of CLEFFMANN and reveal that yellow and black melanocytes, regardless of genotype, possess equivalent amounts of histochemically detectable sulfhydryl compounds. These results do not support the hypothesis that agouti-locus genes act by controlling the sulfhydryl metabolism of pigment cells. (+info)

Regulation of body length and male tail ray pattern formation of Caenorhabditis elegans by a member of TGF-beta family. (3/63708)

We have identified a new member of the TGF-beta superfamily, CET-1, from Caenorhabditis elegans, which is expressed in the ventral nerve cord and other neurons. cet-1 null mutants have shortened bodies and male tail abnormal phenotype resembling sma mutants, suggesting cet-1, sma-2, sma-3 and sma-4 share a common pathway. Overexpression experiments demonstrated that cet-1 function requires wild-type sma genes. Interestingly, CET-1 appears to affect body length in a dose-dependent manner. Heterozygotes for cet-1 displayed body lengths ranging between null mutant and wild type, and overexpression of CET-1 in wild-type worms elongated body length close to lon mutants. In male sensory ray patterning, lack of cet-1 function results in ray fusions. Epistasis analysis revealed that mab-21 lies downstream and is negatively regulated by the cet-1/sma pathway in the male tail. Our results show that cet-1 controls diverse biological processes during C. elegans development probably through different target genes. (+info)

Identification of sonic hedgehog as a candidate gene responsible for the polydactylous mouse mutant Sasquatch. (4/63708)

The mouse mutants of the hemimelia-luxate group (lx, lu, lst, Dh, Xt, and the more recently identified Hx, Xpl and Rim4; [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]) have in common preaxial polydactyly and longbone abnormalities. Associated with the duplication of digits are changes in the regulation of development of the anterior limb bud resulting in ectopic expression of signalling components such as Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and fibroblast growth factor-4 (Fgf4), but little is known about the molecular causes of this misregulation. We generated, by a transgene insertion event, a new member of this group of mutants, Sasquatch (Ssq), which disrupted aspects of both anteroposterior (AP) and dorsoventral (DV) patterning. The mutant displayed preaxial polydactyly in the hindlimbs of heterozygous embryos, and in both hindlimbs and forelimbs of homozygotes. The Shh, Fgf4, Fgf8, Hoxd12 and Hoxd13 genes were all ectopically expressed in the anterior region of affected limb buds. The insertion site was found to lie close to the Shh locus. Furthermore, expression from the transgene reporter has come under the control of a regulatory element that directs a pattern mirroring the endogenous expression pattern of Shh in limbs. In abnormal limbs, both Shh and the reporter were ectopically induced in the anterior region, whereas in normal limbs the reporter and Shh were restricted to the zone of polarising activity (ZPA). These data strongly suggest that Ssq is caused by direct interference with the cis regulation of the Shh gene. (+info)

Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for the treatment of severe combined immunodeficiency. (5/63708)

BACKGROUND: Since 1968 it has been known that bone marrow transplantation can ameliorate severe combined immunodeficiency, but data on the long-term efficacy of this treatment are limited. We prospectively studied immunologic function in 89 consecutive infants with severe combined immunodeficiency who received hematopoietic stem-cell transplants at Duke University Medical Center between May 1982 and September 1998. METHODS: Serum immunoglobulin levels and lymphocyte phenotypes and function were assessed and genetic analyses performed according to standard methods. Bone marrow was depleted of T cells by agglutination with soybean lectin and by sheep-erythrocyte rosetting before transplantation. RESULTS: Seventy-seven of the infants received T-cell-depleted, HLA-haploidentical parental marrow, and 12 received HLA-identical marrow from a related donor; 3 of the recipients of haploidentical marrow also received placental-blood transplants from unrelated donors. Except for two patients who received placental blood, none of the recipients received chemotherapy before transplantation or prophylaxis against graft-versus-host disease. Of the 89 infants, 72 (81 percent) were still alive 3 months to 16.5 years after transplantation, including all of the 12 who received HLA-identical marrow, 60 of the 77 (78 percent) who were given haploidentical marrow, and 2 of the 3 (67 percent) who received both haploidentical marrow and placental blood. T-cell function became normal within two weeks after transplantation in the patients who received unfractionated HLA-identical marrow but usually not until three to four months after transplantation in those who received T-cell-depleted marrow. At the time of the most recent evaluation, all but 4 of the 72 survivors had normal T-cell function, and all the T cells in their blood were of donor origin. B-cell function remained abnormal in many of the recipients of haploidentical marrow. In 26 children (5 recipients of HLA-identical marrow and 21 recipients of haploidentical marrow) between 2 percent and 100 percent of B cells were of donor origin. Forty-five of the 72 children were receiving intravenous immune globulin. CONCLUSIONS: Transplantation of marrow from a related donor is a life-saving and life-sustaining treatment for patients with any type of severe combined immunodeficiency, even when there is no HLA-identical donor. (+info)

Phenotypic analysis of human glioma cells expressing the MMAC1 tumor suppressor phosphatase. (6/63708)

MMAC1, also known as PTEN or TEP-1, was recently identified as a gene commonly mutated in a variety of human neoplasias. Sequence analysis revealed that MMAC1 harbored sequences similar to those found in several protein phosphatases. Subsequent studies demonstrated that MMAC1 possessed in vitro enzymatic activity similar to that exhibited by dual specificity phosphatases. To characterize the potential cellular functions of MMAC1, we expressed wild-type and several mutant variants of MMAC1 in the human glioma cell line, U373, that lacks endogenous expression. While expression of wild-type MMAC1 in these cells significantly reduced their growth rate and saturation density, expression of enzymatically inactive MMAC1 significantly enhanced growth in soft agar. Our observations indicate that while wild-type MMAC1 exhibits activities compatible with its proposed role as a tumor suppressor, cellular expression of MMAC1 containing mutations in the catalytic domain may yield protein products that enhance transformation characteristics. (+info)

The role of RBF in the introduction of G1 regulation during Drosophila embryogenesis. (7/63708)

The first appearance of G1 during Drosophila embryogenesis, at cell cycle 17, is accompanied by the down-regulation of E2F-dependent transcription. Mutant alleles of rbf were generated and analyzed to determine the role of RBF in this process. Embryos lacking both maternal and zygotic RBF products show constitutive expression of PCNA and RNR2, two E2F-regulated genes, indicating that RBF is required for their transcriptional repression. Despite the ubiquitous expression of E2F target genes, most epidermal cells enter G1 normally. Rather than pausing in G1 until the appropriate time for cell cycle progression, many of these cells enter an ectopic S-phase. These results indicate that the repression of E2F target genes by RBF is necessary for the maintenance but not the initiation of a G1 phase. The phenotype of RBF-deficient embryos suggests that rbf has a function that is complementary to the roles of dacapo and fizzy-related in the introduction of G1 during Drosophila embryogenesis. (+info)

JunB is essential for mammalian placentation. (8/63708)

Lack of JunB, an immediate early gene product and member of the AP-1 transcription factor family causes embryonic lethality between E8.5 and E10.0. Although mutant embryos are severely retarded in growth and development, cellular proliferation is apparently not impaired. Retardation and embryonic death are caused by the inability of JunB-deficient embryos to establish proper vascular interactions with the maternal circulation due to multiple defects in extra-embryonic tissues. The onset of the phenotypic defects correlates well with high expression of junB in wild-type extra-embryonic tissues. In trophoblasts, the lack of JunB causes a deregulation of proliferin, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) gene expression, resulting in a defective neovascularization of the decidua. As a result of downregulation of the VEGF-receptor 1 (flt-1), blood vessels in the yolk sac mesoderm appeared dilated. Mutant embryos which escape these initial defects finally die from a non-vascularized placental labyrinth. Injection of junB-/- embryonic stem (ES) cells into tetraploid wild-type blastocysts resulted in a partial rescue, in which the ES cell-derived fetuses were no longer growth retarded and displayed a normal placental labyrinth. Therefore, JunB appears to be involved in multiple signaling pathways regulating genes involved in the establishment of a proper feto-maternal circulatory system. (+info)

The extended phenotype[edit]. Main article: The Extended Phenotype. Richard Dawkins described a phenotype that included all ... Behavioral phenotypes include cognitive, personality, and behavioral patterns. Some behavioral phenotypes may characterize ... Europhenome: Access to raw and annotated mouse phenotype data. *"Wilhelm Johannsens Genotype-Phenotype Distinction" by E. ... Both factors may interact, further affecting phenotype. When two or more clearly different phenotypes exist in the same ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype

One phenotype is affected by diet and several are incompletely penetrant. In-depth analysis of three mutants, Krt76, Myo5a (a ... Of the 50 mutants with an epidermal phenotype, 9 map to human genetic conditions with skin abnormalities. Some mutant genes are ... Our study is the first large-scale genome-wide tissue phenotype screen from the International Knockout Mouse Consortium and ... Here, the authors systematically screen skin from 538 mutant mice and identify 50 mutants with epidermal phenotypes, of which 9 ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms4540?error=cookies_not_supported

A better understanding of how treatment changes affect asthma inflammatory phenotypes and airway neutrophils may help guide ... The first three columns report the characteristics of the asthma phenotypes previously described.5 No MGA phenotype was ... NA and PGA combined make up the NEA phenotype described in Results 2 BDR change in FEV1% predicted post bronchodilator. Median ... The purpose of this study was to assess asthma phenotype prevalence/characteristics in a community setting, and, in a nested ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/892062

In individuals with a genetically influenced atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype, characterized by a predominance of small dense ... Atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype and diet-gene interactions J Nutr. 2001 Feb;131(2):340S-3S. doi: 10.1093/jn/131.2.340S. ... In individuals with a genetically influenced atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype, characterized by a predominance of small dense ... an increasing number of subjects with pattern A convert to the pattern B phenotype. Studies in families have indicated that ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11160558/?dopt=AbstractPlus

... four reviews examine whats known about the associations between genotype and phenotype, and more. ... The first examines the sources of genotype-phenotype associations, and looks at the progress being made in interpreting these ... The links between genotype and phenotype, along with the advances that have improved our understanding of the factors that ... while the last one focuses on the use of single-cell genomics to map human cellular phenotypes to genotypes. ...

https://www.genomeweb.com/scan/science-reviews-explore-links-between-genotype-phenotype

Links to summary annotated phenotype data at MGI are provided in Term Detail reports. ... The Mammalian Phenotype (MP) Ontology is a community effort to provide standard terms for annotating phenotypic data. You can ... Please contact us with any other questions about the Mammalian Phenotype Ontology.. This ontology is also used by the Rat ...

http://www.informatics.jax.org/vocab/mp_ontology/MP:0005324

Directory. Start here to access encyclopedic information about the worm genome and its genes, proteins, and other encoded features… Find out more. ...

https://wormbase.org/species/all/phenotype/WBPhenotype:0000164

Najim, R.A., Farid, Y.Y., Samad, T.A. & Shihab, S.A. (‏2005)‏. Acetylator phenotype in Iraqi patients with systemic lupus ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/handle/10665/117032?locale-attribute=ar&

ontologies needed to represent clinical phenotypes - spectrum of use cases for describing phenotypes across breadth of ... The goal of the workshop is to collect the requirements for representing phenotypes by surveying the breadth of use cases for ... The workshop will be the first step in coordinating efforts to represent phenotypes in a breadth of biomedical domains. An ... The workshop will include in-depth studies of use cases for representing phenotypes in a spectrum of current large initiatives ...

https://www.bioontology.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=NCBO_Phenotype_Workshop&oldid=6562

The Revolutionary Phenotype as its meant to be heard, narrated by J.-F. Gariepy. Discover the English Audiobook at Audible. ... The Revolutionary Phenotype is a science book that brings us four billion years into the past, when the first living molecules ... The revolutionary phenotype must be addressed. Beautiful and elegant ideas in an easy to comprehend delivery from the author, ... J F Gariepy follows up his previous masterpiece, The Selfish Gene with The Revolutionary Phenotype. Joking aside, this book ...

https://www.audible.com/pd/The-Revolutionary-Phenotype-Audiobook/B07MXRDP5C

... that human islets in T2D display changes reminiscent of dedifferentiation and highlight SOX5 as a regulator of β-cell phenotype ... Axelsson, A., Mahdi, T., Nenonen, H. et al. Sox5 regulates beta-cell phenotype and is reduced in type 2 diabetes. Nat Commun 8 ... Sox5 regulates beta-cell phenotype and is reduced in type 2 diabetes. Nat. Commun. 8, 15652 doi: 10.1038/ncomms15652 (2017). ... Complete phenotype data on insulin secretion, electrophysiology and granule distribution were not available from all human ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms15652?error=cookies_not_supported&code=3b1b2e4e-c97c-402a-a5a5-dc6449cc01c3

Phenotype Information for MRL-lpr (000485). MRL/MpJ-Faslpr/J mice (MRL-lpr; Strain 000485) develop an autoimmune disease ... Columns indicate the percentage of mice displaying the indicated phenotype; rightmost column indicates the number of mice ...

https://www.jax.org/jax-mice-and-services/strain-data-sheet-pages/phenotype-information-for-000485-and-000486

Phenotype Help YNL276C Phenotype Phenotype annotations for a gene are curated single mutant phenotypes that require an ... Shared Phenotypes This diagram displays phenotype observables (purple squares) that are shared between the given gene (yellow ... There may be more than one row with the same phenotype if that phenotype was observed in separate studies or in different ... Phenotype Resources. dHITS , FitDB , HIPHOP Chemogenomics , HIP HOP Profiles , PROPHECY , SCMD , ScreenTroll , TheCellVision ...

https://www.yeastgenome.org/locus/S000005220/phenotype

One was to try and identify which of the TNF receptors may be driving the phenotype. And this is largely because there are two ... And this phenotype was shown to very closely phenocopy at a genetic level, human connective tissue disease associated pulmonary ... And we saw a shift in the phenotype of the fibroblasts. So whereas normally you have both what we call lipofibroblast, which ... Our work focuses on a pulmonary hypertension phenotype that we found in TNF-transgenic mice. So we had previously described ...

https://www.medpagetoday.com/meetingcoverage/acrvideopearls/101851?trw=yes&hr=kmd

Accurate classification is essential for understanding the pathophysiology of a disease and can inform therapeutic choices. For hematopoietic malignancies, a classification scheme based on the phenotypic similarity between tumor cells and normal cells has been successfully used to define tumor subtypes; however, use of normal cell types as a reference by which to classify solid tumors has not been widely emulated, in part due to more limited understanding of epithelial cell differentiation compared with hematopoiesis. To provide a better definition of the subtypes of epithelial cells comprising the breast epithelium, we performed a systematic analysis of a large set of breast epithelial markers in more than 15,000 normal breast cells, which identified 11 differentiation states for normal luminal cells. We then applied information from this analysis to classify human breast tumors based on normal cell types into 4 major subtypes, HR0-HR3, which were differentiated by vitamin D, androgen, and ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/70941/figure/3

... mutations and provides evidence supporting the existence of incomplete ARC phenotype. Increased awareness and early genetic ... K. M. Eastham, P. J. McKiernan, D. V. Milford et al., "ARC syndrome: an expanding range of phenotypes," Archives of Disease in ... Gene Associated with Incomplete Arthrogryposis-Renal Dysfunction-Cholestasis Phenotype. Eleni Agakidou. ,1Charalampos Agakidis ... ARC phenotype without arthrogryposis is extremely rare and may delay the diagnosis of the syndrome. Moreover, this is the first ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/crig/2020/8872294/

Information, guidance and support for readers interested in applying the principles of The Blood Type Diet as outlined by The New York Times best-selling author Dr. Peter DAdamo.

https://dadamo.com/dadamowiki/wiki.pl?action=history

Genotype-phenotype correlations in ataxia telangiectasia patients with ATM c.3576G,A and c.8147T,C mutations Nienke J H van Os ... Exploring genotype-phenotype relationships in Bardet-Biedl syndrome families Sheila Castro-Sánchez, María Álvarez-Satta, Marta ... A homozygous PMS2 founder mutation with an attenuated constitutional mismatch repair deficiency phenotype Lili Li, Nancy Hamel ... Novel genetic characterisation and phenotype correlation in von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease based on the Elongin C binding site ...

https://jmg.bmj.com/keyword/genotype-phenotype

... since various phenotypes seem to respond differently to interventions and medication. ... The utility of determining a patients asthma phenotype is a current research priority, ... The utility of determining a patients asthma phenotype is a current research priority, since various phenotypes seem to ... The utility of determining a patients asthma phenotype is a current research priority, since various phenotypes seem to ...

https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/phenotype-from-birth-to-1-year-implications-for-asthma

Autistic Phenotypes and Genetic Testing: State-of-the-art for the Clinical Geneticist. . J Med Genet. , 46. 1. 1. 8. .. ... The autism phenotype, however, is a major complicating factor when combined with a genetic disease because the parents, who are ... Rett syndrome With and Without Detected MECP2 Mutations: An Attempt to Redefine Phenotypes. . Brain Dev,. 33. 1. 69. 76. .. ... The fact is that the autism phenotype is one of the clinical manifestations of the disease itself, which in one way or another ...

https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/17283

Although research on phenotypes mainly investigated cognitive, metabolic or neurophysiological markers so far, some authors ... Although research on phenotypes mainly investigated cognitive, metabolic or neurophysiological markers so far, some authors ... Identifying intermediate phenotypes for schizophrenia among at-risk samples has become a critical area of investigation that ... Although research on phenotypes mainly investigated cognitive, metabolic or neurophysiological markers so far, some authors ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00137/full

Phenotypes & Models Find Models new Genetic Models Autism Models PhenoMiner (Quantitative Phenotypes) Expected Ranges ( ... Phenotypes GERRC (Gene Editing Rat Resource Center) Phenotypes in Other Animal Models Animal Husbandry Strain Medical Records ... The Mouse Adult Gross Anatomy Ontology and Mammalian Phenotype Ontology are downloaded weekly from the Mouse Genome Informatics ... Quatitative Phenotypes) Gene Annotator OLGA (Gene List Generator) RatMine GViewer (Genome Viewer) Overgo Probe Designer ...

https://rgd.mcw.edu/rgdweb/ontology/annot.html?acc_id=MP:0005384&species=Rat

Barthakur, I. (2018) Soil pH as a Phenotype Determinant in Humans: Proposing a Scientific Hypothesis. Open Journal of Soil ... Many studies assessing the genetics behind the phenotype of a human being reported many genes to be responsible for governing ... It is believed that the genetics of an individual decide the phenotype. However, various genetic studies provide evidences to ... Soil pH as a Phenotype Determinant in Humans: Proposing a Scientific Hypothesis () ...

https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=81767

Facial Phenotype-Genotype Correlations In Angelman Syndrome. ← Back to Search. Dr. Peter Hammond UCL Eastman Dental Institute, ... Facial Phenotype-Genotype Correlations In Angelman Syndrome. $10,500. Is there a characteristic or noteworthy facial appearance ...

https://www.angelman.org/research/facial-phenotype-genotype-correlations-in-angelman-syndrome/

... disease phenotypes annotations, and algorithms that operate on the aforementioned terms. It was started in 2007 in Berlin, ... Human Phenotype Ontology. An ontology of medical phenotypes, disease phenotypes annotations, and algorithms that operate on the ... The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) is a collaborative project among researchers globally and can be used for computational deep ... There is also a clinical annotation tool that can be utilized to create patient phenotype profiles. ...

https://golden.com/wiki/Human_Phenotype_Ontology-VY5AND

Understanding Clinical Phenotype and Collecting Biomarker Samples in C9ORF72 ALS. The safety and scientific validity of this ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02686268?term=ALS

Anatomical Phenotypes Phenotypes manually curated with terms from the Xenopus phenotype ontology covering anatomical, gene ... Expression Phenotypes Gene expression phenotype annotations where the gene of interest has been disrupted (manipulated) or is ... Phenotypes. Gene Literature (122). GO Terms (6). Nucleotides (88). Proteins (47). Interactants (783). Wiki. ...

https://www.xenbase.org/entry/gene/phenotype.do?method=display&geneId=482076&tabId=8

... in a developing country are similar to those in industrialized countries we analyzed peripheral blood immune cell phenotypes by ... Nutritional status influences peripheral immune cell phenotypes in healthy men in rural Pakistan. *Iftikhar Alam. 1,2, ... In addition, they observed that the phenotypes of immune cells were also different between obese and lean individuals with ... There were no significant differences in either of these phenotypes in the young. In the elderly, however, significant ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1742-4933-9-16

The letters B and b represent genes for color, and the pictures show the resultant phenotypes. (wikipedia.org)
This diagram displays phenotype observables (purple squares) that are shared between the given gene (yellow circle) and other genes (gray circles) based on the number of phenotype observables shared (adjustable using the slider at the bottom). (yeastgenome.org)
Many studies assessing the genetics behind the phenotype of a human being reported many genes to be responsible for governing the morphogenesis of facial structures. (scirp.org)
Mutations of three distinct genes have been described in Griscelli syndrome with different phenotypes. (cdlib.org)
Mutations/deletions in separate genes, each of which alone causes a minimal phenotype, but when combined in the same cell results in a more severe fitness defect or lethality under a given condition. (thebiogrid.org)

We optimize immunolabelling of tail epidermal wholemounts to allow systematic annotation of hair follicle, sebaceous gland and interfollicular epidermal abnormalities using ontology terms from the Mammalian Phenotype Ontology. (nature.com)
Please contact us with any other questions about the Mammalian Phenotype Ontology. (jax.org)
The Mouse Adult Gross Anatomy Ontology and Mammalian Phenotype Ontology are downloaded weekly from the Mouse Genome Informatics databases at Jackson Laboratories (ftp://ftp.informatics.jax.org/pub/reports/index.html). (mcw.edu)

Phenotype annotations for a gene are curated single mutant phenotypes that require an observable (e.g., "cell shape"), a qualifier (e.g., "abnormal"), a mutant type (e.g., null), strain background, and a reference. (yeastgenome.org)
An ontology of medical phenotypes , disease phenotypes annotations, and algorithms that operate on the aforementioned terms. (golden.com)
Gene expression phenotype annotations where the gene of interest has been disrupted (manipulated) or is the gene assayed (assayed). (xenbase.org)

We suggest that human islets in T2D display changes reminiscent of dedifferentiation and highlight SOX5 as a regulator of β-cell phenotype and function. (nature.com)

Here the relation between genotype and phenotype is illustrated, using a Punnett square , for the character of petal color in pea plants. (wikipedia.org)
An organism's phenotype results from two basic factors: the expression of an organism's genetic code, or its genotype , and the influence of environmental factors. (wikipedia.org)
Wilhelm Johannsen proposed the genotype-phenotype distinction in 1911 to make clear the difference between an organism's hereditary material and what that hereditary material produces. (wikipedia.org)
The genotype-phenotype distinction should not be confused with Francis Crick 's central dogma of molecular biology , a statement about the directionality of molecular sequential information flowing from DNA to protein, and not the reverse. (wikipedia.org)
It may seem that anything dependent on the genotype is a phenotype, including molecules such as RNA and proteins. (wikipedia.org)
The links between genotype and phenotype, along with the advances that have improved our understanding of the factors that impact the human phenotype, are discussed in four reviews appearing in Science this week. (genomeweb.com)
The first examines the sources of genotype-phenotype associations, and looks at the progress being made in interpreting these associations in humans. (genomeweb.com)
Glutathione-s-transferage mu phenotype and genotype in workers with asbestos -related lung disease. (cdc.gov)
There was an excellent correlation between phenotype and genotype with only one discrepancy. (cdc.gov)

It is the living organism as a whole that contributes (or not) to the next generation, so natural selection affects the genetic structure of a population indirectly via the contribution of phenotypes. (wikipedia.org)
Of the 50 mutants with an epidermal phenotype, 9 map to human genetic conditions with skin abnormalities. (nature.com)
And this phenotype was shown to very closely phenocopy at a genetic level, human connective tissue disease associated pulmonary arterial hypertension. (medpagetoday.com)
British Library EThOS: Genetic determinants of clinical phenotypes of sarcoidosis. (bl.uk)
Predicting extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis phenotypes with genetic mutations. (uams.edu)
If there's genetic continuity between Paleoamericans with more Australo-Melanesian morphology and modern Amerindians with more 'Mongoloid' morphology, then it strengthens the idea that the so-called 'Mongoloid' phenotype in Asia (facial flatness, EDAR+, shovel-shaped incisors) is product of a back migration from America in the Late Pleistocene-early Holocene. (blogspot.com)

Either way, the term phenotype includes inherent traits or characteristics that are observable or traits that can be made visible by some technical procedure. (wikipedia.org)

This shows how multiple genotypes (BB and Bb) may yield the same phenotype (purple petals). (wikipedia.org)
The third review highlights data linking gut microbiota and host phenotypic expression, health, and disease, while the last one focuses on the use of single-cell genomics to map human cellular phenotypes to genotypes. (genomeweb.com)

When two or more clearly different phenotypes exist in the same population of a species, the species is called polymorphic . (wikipedia.org)

In genetics , the phenotype (from Ancient Greek φαίνω ( phaínō ) 'to appear, show, shine', and τύπος ( túpos ) 'mark, type') is the set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism . (wikipedia.org)
Another extension adds behavior to the phenotype, since behaviors are observable characteristics. (wikipedia.org)
A phenotype is defined as an observable (e.g., apoptosis) and a qualifier (e.g., increased). (yeastgenome.org)

Some behavioral phenotypes may characterize psychiatric disorders [7] or syndromes. (wikipedia.org)
In this paper, we will presents a literature review of research that has been developed on the neuropsychological aspects of DS, and that has contributed to characterize the neuropsychological phenotype of children with this syndrome, allowing interventions that focus on areas of potential and minimize areas of weakness. (bvsalud.org)
Additional studies are warranted to confirm the association and to more fully characterize the phenotype. (cdc.gov)

Although the biologic approaches are hypothesis generating, the results may lead to development of novel biomarkers, better understanding of COPD phenotypes, and development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic trials in AATD and COPD. (cdc.gov)

The purpose of this study was to assess asthma phenotype prevalence/characteristics in a community setting, and, in a nested preliminary study, determine how treatment changes affect phenotype stability and inflammation, with particular focus on airway neutrophils. (medscape.com)
The prevalence and risk factors for a malignant phenotype in mitral valve prolapse characterized by life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac arrest and death (SCD) are explored, including mechanistic and pathophysiologic findings and mechanism-based potential therapies. (semanticscholar.org)
DeSena AD, Greenberg BM, Graves D (2014) Three Phenotypes of Anti-N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Antibody Encephalitis in Children: Prevalence of Symptoms and Prognosis. (icnapedia.org)
Results: although the prevalence of individuals presenting hyperdivergent facial phenotype in the USA population (since no Brazilian epidemiologic is available) is considerably low, diagnosis and treatment are challenging. (bvsalud.org)

Background Asthma inflammatory phenotypes are often defined by relative cell counts of airway eosinophils/neutrophils. (medscape.com)
However, the importance of neutrophilia remains unclear, as does the effect of ICS treatment on asthma phenotypes and airway neutrophil function. (medscape.com)
Following optimisation/sub-optimisation, the EA/NEA (non-eosinophilic asthma) phenotype changed in 11/21 (52%) asthmatics. (medscape.com)
The utility of determining a patient's asthma phenotype is a current research priority, since various phenotypes seem to respond differently to interventions and medication. (pharmacytimes.com)
Researchers have conducted the lion's share of research in older children and adults, and little information has been available about asthma phenotypes in infants. (pharmacytimes.com)
Two major groups of asthma phenotypes have been identified on the basis of the involved inflammatory pathway: the Th2-high and Th2-low phenotypes. (medscape.com)
Severe obesity-related asthma is considered a Th2-low phenotype, as is neutrophilic asthma. (medscape.com)
Fast Five Quiz: Severe Asthma Phenotypes - Medscape - Apr 05, 2021. (medscape.com)
The aim of my presentation is to discuss the approach to the child with 'nightmare asthma', to demonstrate a protocol for the assessment of problematic, 'severe asthma', and review the potential phenotype-driven treatment options that we have available to us. (hstalks.com)
The Spanish guideline for COPD (GesEPOC) recommends COPD treatment according to four clinical phenotypes: non-exacerbator phenotype with either chronic bronchitis or emphysema (NE), asthma-COPD overlap syndrome (ACOS), frequent exacerbator phenotype with emphysema (FEE) or frequent exacerbator phenotype with chronic bronchitis (FECB). (cun.es)
In the past decade, various studies have assessed the features of patients with severe asthma and classified them into clinically relevant phenotypes. (medscape.com)
These phenotypes can be used to guide therapeutic decision-making to enhance outcomes and improve quality of life among patients with severe asthma. (medscape.com)
How much do you know about severe asthma phenotypes? (medscape.com)

Literature that either focuses on the allele or contains information about function, biological role, cellular location, phenotype, regulation, structure, or disease homologs in other species for the allele or gene product. (yeastgenome.org)

More recently this term has been used to define a very broad behavioural phenotype which is classified as different disorders that comprise the Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD) according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition-DSM-IV ( American Psychiatric Association [APA], 1994 ). (intechopen.com)
these pathogen-antimicrobial combinations are then used to define the selected phenotypes. (cdc.gov)
To define distinct Klippel-Feil syndrome (KFS) patient phenotypes that are associated with the need for surgical intervention. (medscape.com)
By characterizing the microbiome in alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD), we hope to define new phenotypes of COPD that explain some of the diversity of clinical presentations. (cdc.gov)

In these studies, we examined the effects of CYP2D6 phenotype and quinidine inhibition on the pharmacokinetics of dextromethorphan and its metabolites in humans. (erowid.org)

Together, the results of this study suggest that the DISC1 translocation may increase the risk of psychiatric disorders in this pedigree by affecting neurostructural phenotypes such as cortical thickness. (westminster.ac.uk)

En raison de l'abondance d'informations et de littérature produites sur la COVID-19 dans le monde en général et en Afrique en particulier, le Bureau régional de l'OMS pour l'Afrique publie chaque semaine 'Weekly COVID Literature Update' pour mettre en évidence la littérature la plus importante. (who.int)
La resonancia conception, RACC1: manuscript magnética describe presencia de estructura de aspecto tubular bilobulada compuesta por dos imágenes nodulares, las design, literature search, data collection, data or software cuales se ubican adyacentes a la pared vesical en su aspecto posterior, lateral y superior derecho de 27,4 × 15,4 × 11,0 mm. management. (bvsalud.org)

There is also a clinical annotation tool that can be utilized to create patient phenotype profiles. (golden.com)
We aimed to determine the distribution of these COPD phenotypes, and their relation with one-year clinical outcomes. (cun.es)
the frequency of atypical phenotypes and the rapidity of clinical decline . (cea.fr)

Previous studies have catalogued libraries of mutant mice that lack specific classes of proteins 3 or exhibit behavioural phenotypes 4 . (nature.com)

A is the most frequent allele in Chinese DEL phenotypes, accounting for 90.24% (37/41). (nih.gov)
Less frequent phenotypes included encephalomyopathy in 4 patients, isolated myopathy in 14, infantile-onset multisystemic disease in 17, nephropathy (with or without sensorineural hearing loss) in 11, and atypical presentations in 9. (pediatricneurologybriefs.com)

Paper(s) associated with one or more pieces of phenotype evidence in SGD for the specified allele. (yeastgenome.org)

So we had previously described that a particular version of mice that overexpress a single copy of human TNF develop a progressive and obliterative pulmonary vascular phenotype, where particularly the female mice mostly die by five and a half months of age. (medpagetoday.com)
So, consistent with a pulmonary hypertension phenotype, we did end up seeing an increase in vascular smooth muscle cells. (medpagetoday.com)
Molecular strategies to inhibit restenosis: modulation of the vascular myocyte phenotype. (northwestern.edu)
T2 - modulation of the vascular myocyte phenotype. (northwestern.edu)

As a result of thousands of genome-wide association studies (GWAS), we know now that common sequence variants contribute to complex human health phenotypes (e.g., blood pressure and lipid levels), and common diseases (e.g. cancer and heart disease). (cdc.gov)

Baseline characteristics, health status (CAT), BODE index, rate of exacerbations and mortality up to one year of follow-up were compared between the four phenotypes. (cun.es)

Five components, representing four distinct phenotypes, were significantly associated with surgical intervention. (medscape.com)
This is the first data-driven analysis designed to relate KFS patient phenotypes to surgical intervention and provides important insight that may inform targeted follow-up regimens and surgical decision-making. (medscape.com)
Determining specific patient phenotypes that may be associated with a higher risk of requiring a surgical intervention is essential in better understanding the natural history of KFS and guiding treatment paradigms. (medscape.com)
We hypothesized that patients could be subdivided into distinct phenotypes based on patient and disease-related variables and that these phenotypes may have unique associations with the need for surgical intervention. (medscape.com)

The workshop is designed to be of value to researchers, resource developers, and clinicians interested in describing phenotypes in computationally-accessible formats. (bioontology.org)
Researchers from a number of public health agencies in France took on the task of identifying phenotypes in infants. (pharmacytimes.com)
The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) is a collaborative project among researchers globally and can be used for computational deep phenotyping and precision medical research. (golden.com)

Behavioral phenotypes include cognitive, personality, and behavioral patterns. (wikipedia.org)
Although research on phenotypes mainly investigated cognitive, metabolic or neurophysiological markers so far, some authors also examined the motor behavior anomalies as a potential trait-marker of the disease. (frontiersin.org)

These data demonstrated that the CYP2D6 phenotype and the concurrent administration of quinidine significantly affect the disposition of dextromethorphan and the formation of the active metabolite dextrorphan and are important factors to be considered in studies of the pharmacologic and behavioral effects of dextromethorphan. (erowid.org)

Typically, algorithms to classify phenotypes using electronic medical record (EMR) data were developed to perform well in a specific patient population. (plos.org)

Goal: the goal of the paper is to inform orthodontic professionals about the challenges to diagnose and to treat patients presenting hyperdivergent facial phenotype. (bvsalud.org)
Conclusion: settling of the hyperdivergent facial phenotype is complex and multifactorial. (bvsalud.org)
Potter phenotype refers to a typical facial appearance that occurs in a newborn when there is no amniotic fluid. (medlineplus.gov)

We have investigated the role ofβ-catenin in the regulation of the chondrocyte phenotype. (biologists.com)

Note: The phenotypes defined here are for the AR Option only and may not match phenotype definitions used in other NHSN Modules. (cdc.gov)
The following are definitions for the phenotypes listed in the Antibiotic Resistance & Patient Safety Portal. (cdc.gov)

Wheezing phenotypes and risk factors in early life: The ELFE cohort. (pharmacytimes.com)
Increased copy numbers at this CNV were strongly associated with the belt phenotype in a cohort of 333 cases and 1322 controls. (plos.org)

Griscelli syndrome: A new phenotype with circumscribed pigment loss? (cdlib.org)

There may be more than one row with the same phenotype if that phenotype was observed in separate studies or in different conditions, strains, alleles, etc. (yeastgenome.org)

Nodal peripheral T-cell lymphoma with T-follicular helper phenotype (NPTCL-TFH) is a subset of peripheral T-cell lymphoma defined by expression of at least 2 or 3 TFH markers. (researchsquare.com)
Aberrant expression and localization of the RAP1 shelterin protein contribute to age-related phenotypes. (iric.ca)

To establish whether malnutrition-associated immune profiles in a developing country are similar to those in industrialized countries we analyzed peripheral blood immune cell phenotypes by polychromatic flow cytometry in 50 young and 50 elderly subjects. (springer.com)

ARC phenotype without arthrogryposis is extremely rare and may delay the diagnosis of the syndrome. (hindawi.com)
Rosacea: An Update in Diagnosis, Classification and Management Review the phenotype approach to the diagnosis and management of rosacea. (medscape.com)

Surgical phenotype of patients with peritoneal mesothelioma and a germline mutation. (bvsalud.org)

Potter phenotype may also lead to abnormal limbs, or limbs that are held in abnormal positions or contractures . (medlineplus.gov)

An alternative approach is based on the identification of so-called intermediate phenotypes that are detectable both in schizophrenia patients and in a higher proportion of their unaffected relatives than in the population at large ( Pearlson and Folley, 2008 ). (frontiersin.org)
Here, we investigated whether members of this family carrying the t(1;11)(q42.1;q14.3) translocation have a common brain-related phenotype and whether this phenotype is similar to that observed in schizophrenia (SCZ), using multivariate pattern recognition techniques. (westminster.ac.uk)

We investigated the associations of metabolically-defined body size phenotypes with the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). (who.int)
Conditional logistic regression was used to compute odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between metabolically-defined body size phenotypes and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. (who.int)

PDF] Common Phenotype in Patients With Mitral Valve Prolapse Who Experienced Sudden Cardiac Death. (semanticscholar.org)
But it is unknown if this phenotype is found also in patients with knee OA and if it precedes OA or manifests as a result of the disease. (openorthopaedicsjournal.com)
A phenotype with higher BMD, higher BMI, higher fat mass, and proportionally lower lean body mass is evident in individuals with primary OA in all three knee compartments and in patients with only medial knee OA. (openorthopaedicsjournal.com)
If the described phenotype was found also in patients with localized knee OA, this would support that the phenotype itself could be involved in the pathogenesis. (openorthopaedicsjournal.com)

This phenotype was associated with thoracolumbar/sacral spine surgery. (medscape.com)

Amplification Associates with Aggressive Phenotype but Not Markers of AKT-MTOR Signaling in Endometrial Carcinoma. (broadinstitute.org)

The National Center for Biomedical Ontology will host a two-day workshop focused on defining the requirements for representing biomedical phenotypes using ontologies. (bioontology.org)
The workshop will be the first step in coordinating efforts to represent phenotypes in a breadth of biomedical domains. (bioontology.org)
The workshop will include in-depth studies of use cases for representing phenotypes in a spectrum of current large initiatives spanning the biomedical spectrum, including BIRN, CVRG, the CTSA program, and the model organism community. (bioontology.org)

As for a new umbrella category of PTCL, nodal peripheral T-cell lymphoma with T-follicular helper phenotype (NPTCL-TFH) was firstly classified in the 2017 revision of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of hematolymphoid neoplasms. (researchsquare.com)

The aspects mentioned above constitute a pattern of changes and skills characteristic of DS called neuropsychological phenotype. (bvsalud.org)

In addition, a Wiki to host materials related to the workshop has been created ( http://www.bioontology.org/wiki/index.php/NCBO_Phenotype_Workshop ). (bioontology.org)

Anatomy29

Organisms19

Diseases13

Chemicals and Drugs51

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment44

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes104

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Health Care6

Mapping of the homothallic genes, HM alpha and HMa, in Saccharomyces yeasts. (1/63708)

Sulfhydryl compounds in melanocytes of yellow (Ay/a), nonagouti (a/a), and agouti (A/A) mice. (2/63708)

Regulation of body length and male tail ray pattern formation of Caenorhabditis elegans by a member of TGF-beta family. (3/63708)

Identification of sonic hedgehog as a candidate gene responsible for the polydactylous mouse mutant Sasquatch. (4/63708)

Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for the treatment of severe combined immunodeficiency. (5/63708)

Phenotypic analysis of human glioma cells expressing the MMAC1 tumor suppressor phosphatase. (6/63708)

The role of RBF in the introduction of G1 regulation during Drosophila embryogenesis. (7/63708)

JunB is essential for mammalian placentation. (8/63708)

Phenotype

Mutation

Molecular Sequence Data

Genotype

Base Sequence

Amino Acid Sequence

Alleles

Cell Differentiation

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Cells, Cultured

Mice, Knockout

Pedigree

Genetic Complementation Test

Mice, Transgenic

Chromosome Mapping

Gene Deletion

Signal Transduction

Transcription Factors

RNA, Messenger

Cell Line

Immunophenotyping

Crosses, Genetic

Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental

Disease Models, Animal

Homozygote

Heterozygote

Gene Expression

Gene Expression Regulation

DNA Mutational Analysis

Bacterial Proteins

Membrane Proteins

Cloning, Molecular

Gene Expression Profiling

Genetic Linkage

Mutation, Missense

Immunohistochemistry

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

DNA-Binding Proteins

Cell Division

Genes, Dominant

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Mutagenesis, Insertional

Models, Genetic

Drosophila Proteins

DNA Primers

Mutagenesis

Cell Proliferation

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Arabidopsis

Flow Cytometry

Genetic Variation

Mice, Mutant Strains

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Suppression, Genetic

Sequence Analysis, DNA

Arabidopsis Proteins

Point Mutation

Transcription, Genetic

Genetic Predisposition to Disease

Genes, Lethal

Models, Biological

Cell Transformation, Neoplastic

Fibroblasts

Homeodomain Proteins

Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide

Nuclear Proteins

Blotting, Western

Escherichia coli

Cell Line, Tumor

Transfection

Plasmids

Genes, Bacterial

Cell Movement

Time Factors

Drosophila melanogaster

Genes, Recessive

Drosophila

Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis

Carrier Proteins

Syndrome