Phenazines are nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds that have been widely studied for their antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic properties, and can be found in various natural sources such as bacteria and fungi, or synthesized chemically.
Used as an electron carrier in place of the flavine enzyme of Warburg in the hexosemonophosphate system and also in the preparation of SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE.
Antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants.
Attachment of isoprenoids (TERPENES) to other compounds, especially PROTEINS and FLAVONOIDS.
A sub-class of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that act only near the ends of polypeptide chains.
Sets of enzymatic reactions occurring in organisms and that form biochemicals by making new covalent bonds.
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.
A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619)
A species of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens (wound, burn, and urinary tract infections). It is also found widely distributed in soil and water. P. aeruginosa is a major agent of nosocomial infection.
An enzyme that, in the pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis, catalyzes the condensation of isopentenyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallylpyrophosphate to yield pyrophosphate and geranylpyrophosphate. The enzyme then catalyzes the condensation of the latter compound with another molecule of isopentenyl pyrophosphate to yield pyrophosphate and farnesylpyrophosphate. EC 2.5.1.1.
The inter- and intra-relationships between various microorganisms. This can include both positive (like SYMBIOSIS) and negative (like ANTIBIOSIS) interactions. Examples include virus - bacteria and bacteria - bacteria.
Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in PLANTS; ANIMALS or micro-organisms.
A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).
One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.
A phenomenon where microorganisms communicate and coordinate their behavior by the accumulation of signaling molecules. A reaction occurs when a substance accumulates to a sufficient concentration. This is most commonly seen in bacteria.
Proteins found in any species of bacterium.
A species of nonpathogenic fluorescent bacteria found in feces, sewage, soil, and water, and which liquefy gelatin.
A picolinic acid derivative isolated from various Fusarium species. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic applications but is primarily used as a research tool. Its mechanisms of action are poorly understood. It probably inhibits DOPAMINE BETA-HYDROXYLASE, the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine. It may also have other actions, including the inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis.
The process by which ELECTRONS are transported from a reduced substrate to molecular OXYGEN. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984, p270)
A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.
A genus of bacteria that form a nonfragmented aerial mycelium. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. This genus is responsible for producing a majority of the ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS of practical value.
Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.
3-Chloro-4-(3-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)pyrrole. Antifungal antibiotic isolated from Pseudomonas pyrrocinia. It is effective mainly against Trichophyton, Microsporium, Epidermophyton, and Penicillium.
A phylum of fungi which have cross-walls or septa in the mycelium. The perfect state is characterized by the formation of a saclike cell (ascus) containing ascospores. Most pathogenic fungi with a known perfect state belong to this phylum.

Histology and tissue chemistry of tidemark separation in hamsters. (1/571)

Adult articular cartilage is divided by the tidemark into a deep calcified layer and a more superficial uncalcified layer. Histologic examination of articular cartilage from the knee joint of golden Syrian hamsters 123 days of age or older revealed defects at the tidemark in the tibia. Defects ranged from small separations of the calcified and uncalcified layers along the tidemark to progressively larger defects apparently formed by dissolution. These larger defects appeared as cavities in the noncalcified cartilage, had smooth rather than rough edges, frequently contained coalesced debris, and often resulted in a bulge in the articular surface. Occasionally, these large defects broke through the articular surface. Defects were not observed in tibial cartilage of younger (<90 days old) hamsters or in femoral cartilage from hamsters of any age. Exercise neither protected against nor increased the severity of the defects. Collagen cross-linking by pyridinoline was examined as a function of age and increased from 1,090 to 3,062 micromoles of pyridinoline/mole of hydroxyproline over the period of 1-9 months of age but was not correlated with defect formation. With increasing age, these focal tidemark defects could lead to osteoarthrosis-like cartilage lesions.  (+info)

Two-component transcriptional regulation of N-acyl-homoserine lactone production in Pseudomonas aureofaciens. (2/571)

Production of phenazine antibiotics by the biological control bacterium Pseudomonas aureofaciens 30-84 is regulated in part by the PhzI/PhzR N-acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) response system (L. S. Pierson III, V. D. Keppenne, and D. W. Wood, J. Bacteriol. 176:3966-3974, 1994; D. W. Wood and L. S. Pierson III, Gene 168:49-53, 1996). Two mutants, 30-84W and 30-84.A2, were isolated and were found to be deficient in the production of phenazine, protease, hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and the AHL signal N-hexanoyl-homoserine lactone. These mutants were not complemented by phzI, phzR, or the phenazine biosynthetic genes (phzFABCD) (L. S. Pierson III, T. Gaffney, S. Lam, and F. Gong, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 134:299-307, 1995). A 2.2-kb region of the 30-84 chromosome which fully restored production of all of these compounds in strain 30-84W was identified. Nucleotide sequence analysis of this region revealed a single open reading frame encoding a predicted 213-amino-acid protein which is very similar to the global response regulator GacA. Strain 30-84.A2 was not complemented by gacA or any cosmid from a genomic library of strain 30-84 but was complemented by gacS (formerly lemA) homologs from Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5 (N. Corbel and J. E. Loper, J. Bacteriol. 177:6230-6236, 1995) and Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B728a (E. M. Hrabek and D. K. Willis, J. Bacteriol. 174:3011-3020, 1992). Transcription of phzR was not altered in either mutant; however, phzI transcription was eliminated in strains 30-84W and 30-84.A2. These results indicated that the GacS/GacA two-component signal transduction system of P. aureofaciens 30-84 controls the production of AHL required for phenazine production by mediating the transcription of phzI. Addition of exogenous AHL did not complement either mutant for phenazine production, indicating that the GacS/GacA global regulatory system controls phenazine production at multiple levels. Our results reveal for the first time a mechanism by which a two-component regulatory system and an AHL-mediated regulatory system interact.  (+info)

Validity of histopathological grading of articular cartilage from osteoarthritic knee joints. (3/571)

OBJECTIVES: To determine the validity of the histological-histochemical grading system (HHGS) for osteoarthritic (OA) articular cartilage. METHODS: Human articular cartilage was obtained from macroscopically normal (n = 13) and OA (n = 21) knee joints. Sections of central and peripheral regions of normal samples were produced. Sections of regions containing severe, moderate, and mild OA changes were produced from each OA sample. A total of 89 sections were graded by means of the HHGS (0-14) twice by three observers. RESULTS: Average scores for regions designated severe (8.64) and moderate (5.83) OA were less than the expected (10-14 and 6-9, respectively) according to the HHGS, whereas average scores for the region designated mild (5.29) OA and central and peripheral regions (2.19) of normal cartilage were higher than expected (2-5 and 0-1, respectively). The HHGS was capable of differentiating between articular cartilage from macroscopically normal and OA joints and between the region designated severe OA and other regions. However, the HHGS did not adequately differentiate between regions designated mild and moderate OA. Values for sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency for all regions varied considerably. CONCLUSION: The HHGS is valid for normal and severe OA cartilage, but does not permit distinction between mild and moderate OA changes in articular cartilage.  (+info)

Antimycobacterial activities of riminophenazines. (4/571)

Riminophenazines were specifically developed as drugs active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis but extensive research over several decades has shown that these compounds are also active against many other mycobacterial infections, particularly those caused by Mycobacterium leprae and the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). Clofazimine, the lead compound in this series, is included in the regimens that are approved by the WHO for the treatment of leprosy and has contributed significantly to the control of that disease, particularly that caused by dapsone-resistant bacteria. Despite early problems, clofazimine has shown clinical efficacy in tuberculosis, in particular that caused by multiple drug resistant strains. Clofazimine does not induce resistance and also inhibits emergence of resistance to isoniazid in M. tuberculosis. The efficacy of clofazimine against MAC is more varied and the availability of better drugs has limited its use. Newer riminophenazines, such as B746 and B4157, not only showed increased anti-mycobacterial activity but also produced less skin pigmentation, which is the main drawback of this group of compounds. The most important virtues of riminophenazines, such as intracellular accumulation in mononuclear phagocytic cells, anti-inflammatory activity, a low incidence of drug resistance and slow metabolic elimination, make them attractive candidates for the treatment of mycobacterial infections. It is essential, however, to investigate the newer analogues clinically, while continuing the pursuit of alternate candidates that demonstrate higher anti-mycobacterial activity and lower rates of skin pigmentation.  (+info)

Novel reactions involved in energy conservation by methanogenic archaea. (5/571)

Methanogenic archaea of the order Methanosarcinales which utilize C(1) compounds such as methanol, methylamines or H(2)+CO(2), employ two novel membrane-bound electron transport systems generating an electrochemical proton gradient: the H(2):heterodisulfide oxidoreductase and the F(420)H(2):heterodisulfide oxidoreductase. The systems are composed of the heterodisulfide reductase and either a membrane-bound hydrogenase or a F(420)H(2) dehydrogenase which is functionally homologous to the proton-translocating NADH dehydrogenase. Cytochromes and the novel electron carrier methanophenazine are also involved. In addition, the methyl-H(4)MPT:HS-CoM methyltransferase is bioenergetically relevant. The enzyme couples methyl group transfer with the translocation of sodium ions and seems to be present in all methanogens. The proton-translocating systems with the participation of cytochromes and methanophenazine have been found so far only in the Methanosarcinales.  (+info)

Exposure of N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine-activated human neutrophils to the Pseudomonas aeruginosa-derived pigment 1-hydroxyphenazine is associated with impaired calcium efflux and potentiation of primary granule enzyme release. (6/571)

The effects of pathologically relevant concentrations (0.38 to 12.5 microM) of the proinflammatory, Pseudomonas aeruginosa-derived pigment 1-hydroxyphenazine (1-hp) on Ca2+ metabolism and intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) in N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (FMLP; 1 microM)-activated human neutrophils, as well as on the release of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and elastase from these cells, have been investigated in vitro. Ca2+ fluxes were measured by the combination of a fura-2/AM-based spectrofluorimetric method and radiometric procedures, which together enable distinction between net efflux and influx of the cation, while radioimmunoassay and colorimetric methods were used to measure cAMP and granule enzymes, respectively. Coincubation of neutrophils with 1-hp did not affect intracellular cAMP levels or the FMLP-activated release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores but did retard the subsequent decline in the chemoattractant-induced increase in the concentration of cytosolic free Ca2+. These effects of 1-hp on the clearance of Ca2+ from the cytosol of activated neutrophils were associated with decreased efflux of the cation from the cells and increased release of MPO and elastase, while the delayed store-operated influx of the cation into the cells was unaffected by the pigment. The plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase rather than a Na+-Ca2+ exchanger appeared to be the primary target of 1-hp. These observations suggest that the proinflammatory interactions of 1-hp with activated human neutrophils are a consequence of interference with the efflux of cytosolic Ca2+ from these cells.  (+info)

Possible mechanism of hepatocyte injury induced by diphenylamine and its structurally related nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. (7/571)

Diphenylamine is a common structure of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to uncouple mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and to cause a decrease in hepatocellular ATP content and hepatocyte injury. The mechanism for acute cell injury induced by diphenylamine and its structurally related NSAIDs was investigated with rat liver mitochondria and freshly isolated hepatocytes, focusing on the relation to the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. Incubation of mitochondria with diphenylamine as well as mefenamic acid and diclofenac caused pseudoenergetic mitochondrial swelling, indicating that these compounds induce mitochondrial membrane permeability transition. Diphenylamine also caused changes in safranine-binding spectra to mitochondria that was energized by succinate oxidation. This spectral shift indicates the loss of mitochondrial membrane potentials, which is known as one of the characteristics for uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation, and also was caused by mefenamic acid and diclofenac. Incubation of hepatocytes with mefenamic acid, diclofenac, and diphenylamine diminished cellular ATP content, followed by leakage of lactose dehydrogenase from hepatocytes. Fructose, a low K(m) substrate for glycolysis, partially protected against the ATP depletion and hepatocyte injury induced by these compounds. Further addition of oligomycin, which blocks ATPase, pronounced the protection against cell injury. These results suggested that decreases in cellular ATP content, mainly caused by uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, were responsible for acute hepatocyte injury induced by diphenylamine and structurally related NSAIDs.  (+info)

Gram stain of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in the early diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. (8/571)

To assess the usefulness of the Gram stain in the early diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), we performed 146 protected specimen brushings (PSB) and bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) in 118 patients suspected of having nosocomial pneumonia. Gram stain and counts of infected cells were performed in all samples from BAL fluid. A final diagnosis of pneumonia was established in 51 patients and there was no infection in 95 cases. A threshold of 2% of infected cells was used to distinguish between VAP and the group without VAP (sensitivity 86.3%, specificity 78.9%, positive predictive value 68.7% and negative predictive value 91.4%); there was good agreement with the final diagnosis (kappa statistic 0.616; concordance 81.5%). Regarding detection of bacteria using the Gram stain, we found a sensitivity of 90.2%, specificity 73.7%, positive predictive value 64.8% and negative predictive value 93.3%; there was moderate agreement with the final diagnosis (kappa statistic 0.586; concordance 79.4%). In the VAP group, we analysed the degree of qualitative agreement between Gram stain and PSB quantitative cultures: the correlation was complete in 51% (26 of 51 VAP), partial in 39.2% (20 of 51 VAP) and there was no correlation in 9.8% (five of 51 VAP). We conclude that the Gram stain is useful for rapid diagnosis of VAP but unreliable for early adaptation of empiric therapy.  (+info)

Phenazines are a class of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds that consist of two nitrogen atoms connected by a five-membered ring. They are naturally occurring in various species of bacteria and fungi, where they play a role in chemical defense and communication. Some phenazines have been found to have antibiotic, antifungal, and antiparasitic properties. Synthetic phenazines are also used in various industrial applications, such as dyes and pigments, and as components in some pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.

Methylphenazonium methosulfate is not a medication itself, but rather a reagent used in the production and pharmacological research of certain medications. It's commonly used as a redox mediator, which means it helps to facilitate electron transfer in chemical reactions. In medical contexts, it may be used in the laboratory synthesis or testing of some drugs.

It's important to note that methylphenazonium methosulfate is not intended for direct medical use in humans or animals. Always consult with a healthcare professional or trusted medical source for information regarding specific medications and their uses.

Pyocyanin is not a medical condition, but rather a blue-green pigment produced by certain strains of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is a secondary metabolite that plays a role in the pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa infections. Pyocyanin has been found to have various effects on host cells, including inducing oxidative stress, inhibiting chemotaxis and phagocytosis of immune cells, and modulating signaling pathways. It is often used as a marker for the presence of P. aeruginosa in clinical samples and research settings.

"Pseudomonas" is a genus of Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that are widely found in soil, water, and plants. Some species of Pseudomonas can cause disease in animals and humans, with P. aeruginosa being the most clinically relevant as it's an opportunistic pathogen capable of causing various types of infections, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.

P. aeruginosa is known for its remarkable ability to resist many antibiotics and disinfectants, making infections caused by this bacterium difficult to treat. It can cause a range of healthcare-associated infections, such as pneumonia, bloodstream infections, urinary tract infections, and surgical site infections. In addition, it can also cause external ear infections and eye infections.

Prompt identification and appropriate antimicrobial therapy are crucial for managing Pseudomonas infections, although the increasing antibiotic resistance poses a significant challenge in treatment.

Prenylation is a post-translational modification process in which a prenyl group, such as a farnesyl or geranylgeranyl group, is added to a protein covalently. This modification typically occurs at a cysteine residue within a CAAX motif (C is cysteine, A is an aliphatic amino acid, and X is any amino acid) found at the carboxyl-terminus of the protein. Prenylation plays a crucial role in membrane association, protein-protein interactions, and intracellular trafficking of proteins, particularly those involved in signal transduction pathways.

Exopeptidases are a type of enzyme that break down peptides or proteins by cleaving off one amino acid at a time from the end of the protein or peptide chain. There are two main types of exopeptidases: aminopeptidases, which remove amino acids from the N-terminus (the end of the chain with a free amino group), and carboxypeptidases, which remove amino acids from the C-terminus (the end of the chain with a free carboxyl group).

Exopeptidases play important roles in various biological processes, including protein degradation and turnover, digestion, and processing of peptide hormones and neuropeptides. They are also involved in the pathogenesis of certain diseases, such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders, where they can contribute to the accumulation of abnormal proteins and toxic protein fragments.

Exopeptidases are found in various organisms, including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. They are also used in biotechnology and research, for example, in the production of pharmaceuticals, food ingredients, and diagnostic tools.

Biosynthetic pathways refer to the series of biochemical reactions that occur within cells and living organisms, leading to the production (synthesis) of complex molecules from simpler precursors. These pathways involve a sequence of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, where each reaction builds upon the product of the previous one, ultimately resulting in the formation of a specific biomolecule.

Examples of biosynthetic pathways include:

1. The Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) - an essential metabolic pathway that generates energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
2. Glycolysis - a process that breaks down glucose into pyruvate to generate ATP and NADH.
3. Gluconeogenesis - the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors such as lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, and certain amino acids.
4. Fatty acid synthesis - a process that produces fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA through a series of reduction reactions.
5. Amino acid synthesis - the production of various amino acids from simpler precursors, often involving intermediates in central metabolic pathways like the Krebs cycle or glycolysis.
6. Steroid biosynthesis - the formation of steroids from simple precursors such as cholesterol and its derivatives.
7. Terpenoid biosynthesis - the production of terpenes, terpenoids, and sterols from isoprene units (isopentenyl pyrophosphate).
8. Nucleotide synthesis - the generation of nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA and RNA, through complex biochemical pathways involving various precursors and cofactors.

Understanding biosynthetic pathways is crucial for comprehending cellular metabolism, developing drugs that target specific metabolic processes, and engineering organisms with desired traits in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering applications.

Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) is a chemical compound with the formula H-C≡N. It is a colorless, extremely poisonous and flammable liquid that has a bitter almond-like odor in its pure form. However, not everyone can detect its odor, as some people lack the ability to smell it, which makes it even more dangerous. It is soluble in water and alcohol, and its aqueous solution is called hydrocyanic acid or prussic acid.

Hydrogen Cyanide is rapidly absorbed by inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact, and it inhibits the enzyme cytochrome c oxidase, which is essential for cellular respiration. This leads to rapid death due to hypoxia (lack of oxygen) at the cellular level. It is used industrially in large quantities as a pesticide, fumigant, and chemical intermediate, but it also has significant potential for use as a chemical weapon.

In the medical field, Hydrogen Cyanide poisoning can be treated with high-concentration oxygen, sodium nitrite, and sodium thiosulfate, which help to restore the function of cytochrome c oxidase and enhance the elimination of cyanide from the body.

Clofazimine is an antimycobacterial medication used mainly in the treatment of leprosy (Hansen's disease) and also has some activity against Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infections. It is an oral riminophenazine dye that accumulates in macrophages and bacterial cells, where it inhibits mycobacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Its side effects include skin discoloration, gastrointestinal symptoms, and potential eye toxicity.

"Pseudomonas aeruginosa" is a medically important, gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is widely found in the environment, such as in soil, water, and on plants. It's an opportunistic pathogen, meaning it usually doesn't cause infection in healthy individuals but can cause severe and sometimes life-threatening infections in people with weakened immune systems, burns, or chronic lung diseases like cystic fibrosis.

P. aeruginosa is known for its remarkable ability to resist many antibiotics and disinfectants due to its intrinsic resistance mechanisms and the acquisition of additional resistance determinants. It can cause various types of infections, including respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, gastrointestinal infections, dermatitis, and severe bloodstream infections known as sepsis.

The bacterium produces a variety of virulence factors that contribute to its pathogenicity, such as exotoxins, proteases, and pigments like pyocyanin and pyoverdine, which aid in iron acquisition and help the organism evade host immune responses. Effective infection control measures, appropriate use of antibiotics, and close monitoring of high-risk patients are crucial for managing P. aeruginosa infections.

Dimethylallyltranstransferase (DMAT) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of various natural compounds, including terpenoids and alkaloids. These compounds have diverse functions in nature, ranging from serving as pigments and fragrances to acting as defense mechanisms against predators or pathogens.

The primary function of DMAT is to catalyze the head-to-tail condensation of dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) with various diphosphate-bound prenyl substrates, forming prenylated products. This reaction represents the first committed step in the biosynthesis of many terpenoids and alkaloids.

The enzyme's catalytic mechanism involves the formation of a covalent bond between the pyrophosphate group of DMAPP and a conserved cysteine residue within the DMAT active site, followed by the transfer of the dimethylallyl moiety to the diphosphate-bound prenyl substrate.

DMAT is found in various organisms, including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. In humans, DMAT is involved in the biosynthesis of steroids, which are essential components of cell membranes and precursors to important hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones.

In summary, dimethylallyltranstransferase (DMAT) is an enzyme that catalyzes the condensation of dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) with various prenyl substrates, playing a critical role in the biosynthesis of diverse natural compounds, including terpenoids and alkaloids.

Microbial interactions refer to the various ways in which different microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites, influence each other's growth, survival, and behavior in a shared environment. These interactions can be categorized into several types:

1. Commensalism: One organism benefits from the interaction while the other is neither harmed nor benefited (e.g., certain gut bacteria that feed on host-derived nutrients without affecting the host's health).
2. Mutualism: Both organisms benefit from the interaction (e.g., the partnership between rhizobia bacteria and leguminous plants, where the bacteria fix nitrogen for the plant, and the plant provides carbohydrates for the bacteria).
3. Parasitism: One organism benefits at the expense of the other, causing harm or disease to the host (e.g., the malaria parasite infecting human red blood cells).
4. Competition: Both organisms struggle for limited resources, like nutrients or space, leading to a negative impact on one or both parties (e.g., different bacterial species competing for limited iron sources in the environment).
5. Amensalism: One organism is harmed or inhibited while the other remains unaffected (e.g., antibiotic-producing bacteria inhibiting the growth of nearby susceptible bacteria).
6. Synergism: Multiple organisms work together to produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their individual effects (e.g., certain bacterial and fungal communities in soil that enhance plant growth and nutrient uptake).
7. Antagonism: One organism inhibits or kills another through various mechanisms, such as the production of antibiotics or enzymes (e.g., some bacteria producing bacteriocins to inhibit the growth of closely related species).

Understanding microbial interactions is crucial for developing strategies in areas like infectious disease control, probiotic applications, and managing microbial communities in various ecosystems, including the human body.

Biological pigments are substances produced by living organisms that absorb certain wavelengths of light and reflect others, resulting in the perception of color. These pigments play crucial roles in various biological processes such as photosynthesis, vision, and protection against harmful radiation. Some examples of biological pigments include melanin, hemoglobin, chlorophyll, carotenoids, and flavonoids.

Melanin is a pigment responsible for the color of skin, hair, and eyes in animals, including humans. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that contains a porphyrin ring with an iron atom at its center, which gives blood its red color and facilitates oxygen transport. Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in plants, algae, and some bacteria that absorbs light during photosynthesis to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. Carotenoids are orange, yellow, or red pigments found in fruits, vegetables, and some animals that protect against oxidative stress and help maintain membrane fluidity. Flavonoids are a class of plant pigments with antioxidant properties that have been linked to various health benefits.

Oxidation-Reduction (redox) reactions are a type of chemical reaction involving a transfer of electrons between two species. The substance that loses electrons in the reaction is oxidized, and the substance that gains electrons is reduced. Oxidation and reduction always occur together in a redox reaction, hence the term "oxidation-reduction."

In biological systems, redox reactions play a crucial role in many cellular processes, including energy production, metabolism, and signaling. The transfer of electrons in these reactions is often facilitated by specialized molecules called electron carriers, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+/NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD/FADH2).

The oxidation state of an element in a compound is a measure of the number of electrons that have been gained or lost relative to its neutral state. In redox reactions, the oxidation state of one or more elements changes as they gain or lose electrons. The substance that is oxidized has a higher oxidation state, while the substance that is reduced has a lower oxidation state.

Overall, oxidation-reduction reactions are fundamental to the functioning of living organisms and are involved in many important biological processes.

4-Butyrolactone, also known as gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) or 1,4-butanolide, is a chemical compound with the formula C4H6O2. It is a colorless oily liquid that is used in various industrial and commercial applications, including as an intermediate in the production of other chemicals, as a solvent, and as a flavoring agent.

In the medical field, 4-butyrolactone has been studied for its potential use as a sleep aid and muscle relaxant. However, it is not currently approved by regulatory agencies such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for these uses. It is also known to have abuse potential and can cause intoxication, sedation, and other central nervous system effects when ingested or inhaled.

It's important to note that 4-butyrolactone is not a medication and should only be used under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional for approved medical purposes.

Quorum sensing is a type of cell-cell communication that allows bacteria to detect and respond to changes in population density by producing, releasing, and responding to signaling molecules called autoinducers. This process enables the coordinated expression of certain genes related to various group behaviors such as biofilm formation, virulence factor production, and bioluminescence. The term "quorum sensing" was coined in 1994 by Bonnie L. Bassler and Susan Goldberg to describe this population-dependent gene regulation mechanism in bacteria.

Bacterial proteins are a type of protein that are produced by bacteria as part of their structural or functional components. These proteins can be involved in various cellular processes, such as metabolism, DNA replication, transcription, and translation. They can also play a role in bacterial pathogenesis, helping the bacteria to evade the host's immune system, acquire nutrients, and multiply within the host.

Bacterial proteins can be classified into different categories based on their function, such as:

1. Enzymes: Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the bacterial cell.
2. Structural proteins: Proteins that provide structural support and maintain the shape of the bacterial cell.
3. Signaling proteins: Proteins that help bacteria to communicate with each other and coordinate their behavior.
4. Transport proteins: Proteins that facilitate the movement of molecules across the bacterial cell membrane.
5. Toxins: Proteins that are produced by pathogenic bacteria to damage host cells and promote infection.
6. Surface proteins: Proteins that are located on the surface of the bacterial cell and interact with the environment or host cells.

Understanding the structure and function of bacterial proteins is important for developing new antibiotics, vaccines, and other therapeutic strategies to combat bacterial infections.

"Pseudomonas fluorescens" is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium found in various environments such as soil, water, and some plants. It is a non-pathogenic species of the Pseudomonas genus, which means it does not typically cause disease in humans. The name "fluorescens" comes from its ability to produce a yellow-green pigment that fluoresces under ultraviolet light. This bacterium is known for its versatility and adaptability, as well as its ability to break down various organic compounds, making it useful in bioremediation and other industrial applications.

Fusaric acid is not typically defined in the context of human medicine, but it is a toxin produced by certain species of fungi. It's a naturally occurring organic compound with the chemical formula C6H6N2O4. Fusaric acid can be harmful to plants and animals, including humans, causing various toxic effects.

In plant pathology, fusaric acid is associated with Fusarium species, which are known to cause various diseases in crops and ornamental plants. The toxin can contribute to the overall disease symptoms and negatively impact plant growth and development.

Human exposure to fusaric acid may occur through the ingestion of contaminated food sources, such as grains and fruits, or by contact with moldy materials. Although there is limited research on the direct effects of fusaric acid in humans, it has been shown to have neurotoxic properties and can cause developmental issues in animal models.

In summary, fusaric acid is a mycotoxin produced by certain fungi that can negatively impact plants and animals, including potential health risks for humans. However, it is not a term typically used in human medical definitions unless discussing specific cases of mold exposure or food contamination.

The Electron Transport Chain (ETC) is a series of complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane that are involved in the process of cellular respiration. It is the final pathway for electrons derived from the oxidation of nutrients such as glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids to be transferred to molecular oxygen. This transfer of electrons drives the generation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, which is then used by ATP synthase to produce ATP, the main energy currency of the cell.

The electron transport chain consists of four complexes (I-IV) and two mobile electron carriers (ubiquinone and cytochrome c). Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transferred to Complex I and Complex II respectively, which then pass them along to ubiquinone. Ubiquinone then transfers the electrons to Complex III, which passes them on to cytochrome c. Finally, cytochrome c transfers the electrons to Complex IV, where they combine with oxygen and protons to form water.

The transfer of electrons through the ETC is accompanied by the pumping of protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, creating a proton gradient. The flow of protons back across the inner membrane through ATP synthase drives the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

Overall, the electron transport chain is a crucial process for generating energy in the form of ATP in the cell, and it plays a key role in many metabolic pathways.

Shikimic acid is not a medical term per se, but a chemical compound with significance in biochemistry and pharmacology. It is a cyclohexene derivative that plays a crucial role as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan) in plants and microorganisms.

Medically, shikimic acid is relevant due to its use as a precursor in the synthesis of antiviral drugs such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu), which is used for treating and preventing influenza A and B infections. It's important to note that shikimic acid itself does not have any direct medical applications, but its derivatives can be essential components in pharmaceutical products.

Streptomyces is a genus of Gram-positive, aerobic, saprophytic bacteria that are widely distributed in soil, water, and decaying organic matter. They are known for their complex morphology, forming branching filaments called hyphae that can differentiate into long chains of spores.

Streptomyces species are particularly notable for their ability to produce a wide variety of bioactive secondary metabolites, including antibiotics, antifungals, and other therapeutic compounds. In fact, many important antibiotics such as streptomycin, neomycin, tetracycline, and erythromycin are derived from Streptomyces species.

Because of their industrial importance in the production of antibiotics and other bioactive compounds, Streptomyces have been extensively studied and are considered model organisms for the study of bacterial genetics, biochemistry, and ecology.

Gene expression regulation in bacteria refers to the complex cellular processes that control the production of proteins from specific genes. This regulation allows bacteria to adapt to changing environmental conditions and ensure the appropriate amount of protein is produced at the right time.

Bacteria have a variety of mechanisms for regulating gene expression, including:

1. Operon structure: Many bacterial genes are organized into operons, which are clusters of genes that are transcribed together as a single mRNA molecule. The expression of these genes can be coordinately regulated by controlling the transcription of the entire operon.
2. Promoter regulation: Transcription is initiated at promoter regions upstream of the gene or operon. Bacteria have regulatory proteins called sigma factors that bind to the promoter and recruit RNA polymerase, the enzyme responsible for transcribing DNA into RNA. The binding of sigma factors can be influenced by environmental signals, allowing for regulation of transcription.
3. Attenuation: Some operons have regulatory regions called attenuators that control transcription termination. These regions contain hairpin structures that can form in the mRNA and cause transcription to stop prematurely. The formation of these hairpins is influenced by the concentration of specific metabolites, allowing for regulation of gene expression based on the availability of those metabolites.
4. Riboswitches: Some bacterial mRNAs contain regulatory elements called riboswitches that bind small molecules directly. When a small molecule binds to the riboswitch, it changes conformation and affects transcription or translation of the associated gene.
5. CRISPR-Cas systems: Bacteria use CRISPR-Cas systems for adaptive immunity against viruses and plasmids. These systems incorporate short sequences from foreign DNA into their own genome, which can then be used to recognize and cleave similar sequences in invading genetic elements.

Overall, gene expression regulation in bacteria is a complex process that allows them to respond quickly and efficiently to changing environmental conditions. Understanding these regulatory mechanisms can provide insights into bacterial physiology and help inform strategies for controlling bacterial growth and behavior.

Pyrrolnitrin is an antifungal agent that is produced naturally by certain types of bacteria. Its chemical formula is C12H13ClN2O2. It works by inhibiting the growth of fungi, including certain species that can cause infections in humans. Pyrrolnitrin is not widely used in medicine, but it has been studied as a potential treatment for fungal infections of the skin and nails. It is also used in agriculture as a fungicide to control fungal diseases in crops.

Ascomycota is a phylum in the kingdom Fungi, also known as sac fungi. This group includes both unicellular and multicellular organisms, such as yeasts, mold species, and morel mushrooms. Ascomycetes are characterized by their reproductive structures called ascus, which contain typically eight haploid spores produced sexually through a process called ascogony. Some members of this phylum have significant ecological and economic importance, as they can be decomposers, mutualistic symbionts, or plant pathogens causing various diseases. Examples include the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea, and morel mushroom Morchella esculenta.

Methanophenazine is only known phenazine of non-bacterial origin and also is the only phenazine that engages in primary ... Phenazine is an organic compound with the formula (C6H4)2N2. It is a dibenzo annulated pyrazine, and the parent substance of ... Phenazine biosynthesis branches off the shikimic acid pathway at a point subsequent to chorismic acid. Two molecules of this ... Classically phenazine are prepared by the reaction of nitrobenzene and aniline in the Wohl-Aue reaction. Other methods include ...
In enzymology, a Methanosarcina-phenazine hydrogenase (EC 1.12.98.3) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction H2 + 2-( ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is hydrogen:2-(2,3-dihydropentaprenyloxy)phenazine oxidoreductase. Other names in ... phenazine, whereas its product is 2-dihydropentaprenyloxyphenazine. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, ... "Isolation and characterization of methanophenazine and function of phenazines in membrane-bound electron transport of ...
Other phenazines from Pseudomonas ssp. and Streptomyces ssp. Avermectin, from Streptomyces avermitilis. Epothilones, ...
ISBN 0-412-46620-1. Thomashow, Linda (2013). Chincholkar, Sudhir (ed.). Microbial phenazines : biosynthesis, agriculture and ...
Microbial phenazines : biosynthesis, agriculture and health. Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-40573-0. {{cite book}}: , ... "Isolation and purification of a modified phenazine, griseoluteic acid, produced by Streptomyces griseoluteus P510". Research in ... "Isolation and structural identification of two bioactive phenazines from Streptomyces griseoluteus P510". Chinese Journal of ...
Microbial phenazines : biosynthesis, agriculture and health. Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-40573-0. {{cite book}}: , ...
Saleh, O; Flinspach, K; Westrich, L; Kulik, A; Gust, B; Fiedler, H. P.; Heide, L (2012). "Mutational analysis of a phenazine ... ISBN 978-0-387-68233-4. S.B. Chincholkar; Linda Thomashow (2013). Microbial Phenazines: Biosynthesis, Agriculture and Health. ...
Microbial phenazines : biosynthesis, agriculture and health. Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-40573-0. {{cite book}}: , ...
... is a phenazine derivative with the molecular formula C18H16N2O2 which is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces ... Endophenazines A-D, New Phenazine Antibiotics from the Arthropod Associated Endosymbiont Streptomyces anulatus. I. Taxonomy, ... Chincholkar, Sudhir; Thomashow, Linda (5 December 2013). Microbial Phenazines: Biosynthesis, Agriculture and Health. Springer ... Phenazines, Carboxylic acids, All stub articles, Organic compound stubs). ...
doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(01)92175-1. Gerber, Nancy N. (December 1967). "Phenazines, phenoxazinones, and dioxopiperazines from ... Streptomyces thioluteus produces leupeptins, phenazines, phenoxazinones, dioxopiperazines, questiomycin A, aureothricin and ...
2013). Microbial phenazines : biosynthesis, agriculture and health. Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-40573-0. J. Buckingham ...
2013). Microbial phenazines : biosynthesis, agriculture and health. Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-40573-0. Jie Jack, Li; ...
This was the first natural phenazine to be described. He also collaborated with Louis Daguerre and is thought to have been ... The Biosynthesis of Phenazines". ChemBioChem. 10 (14): 2295-2304. doi:10.1002/cbic.200900323. PMID 19658148. S2CID 197396616. ...
The main components of induline are various substituted phenazines. Although induline no longer in use, the related dye ... The indulines may be subdivided into the following groups: (1) benzindulines, derivatives of phenazine; (2) isorosindulines; ...
Though phenazine biosynthesis is well studied, questions remain as to the final structure of the brown phenazine pyomelanin.[ ... Phenazines are redox-active pigments produced by P. aeruginosa. These pigments are involved in quorum sensing, virulence, and ... September 2006). "The phenazine pyocyanin is a terminal signalling factor in the quorum sensing network of Pseudomonas ... The products of three key genes, phzH, phzM, and phzS then convert PCA to the other phenazines mentioned above. ...
Phenazine methosulphate can act as acceptor. It has been suggested that cytochrome c oxidase catalytic subunits evolved from ...
8,180 base pairs upstream of RUFY2 is the protein-coding gene for phenazine biosynthesis-like protein domain containing (PBLD ... ". "phenazine biosynthesis-like protein domain containing (PBLD)". "DNA2 conserved helicase/nuclease involved in the ...
... biosynthesis begins with the synthesis of the phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) core. In this reaction the enzyme ... Blankenfeldt, Wulf; Parsons, James F (2014). "The structural biology of phenazine biosynthesis". Current Opinion in Structural ... Sorensen R, Klinger J (1987). "Biological Effects of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Phenazine Pigments". Basic Research and Clinical ... the final step of phenazine-1-carboxylic acid synthesis the enzyme PhzG catalyzes the oxidation of THPCA to dihydro-phenazine-1 ...
"Phenazines as Disinfectants Against Bacterial Leaf Blight of the Rice Plant." Applied Microbiology 14(3):365-367. Tanaka, T.; ...
These antibiotics include: herbicolin, pantocins, phenazine and others. In addition, Pantoea agglomerans products may act as a ...
"Phenazines as model low-midpoint potential electron shuttles for photosynthetic bioelectrochemical systems". Chemical Science. ...
Rabaey, K., et al., Microbial Phenazine Production Enhances Electron Transfer in Biofuel Cells. Environmental Science & ... or secondary metabolites that are produced by the organisms including phenazines [32, 33] and flavins [34, 35]. In addition, ...
McDonald M, Mavrodi DV, Thomashow LS, Floss HG (September 2001). "Phenazine biosynthesis in Pseudomonas fluorescens: ... Laursen JB, Nielsen J (March 2004). "Phenazine natural products: biosynthesis, synthetic analogues, and biological activity". ... branchpoint from the primary shikimate biosynthetic pathway and role of phenazine-1,6-dicarboxylic acid". Journal of the ...
... a new dimeric phenazine from an endophytic Streptomyces diastaticus subsp. ardesiacus". The Journal of Antibiotics. 68 (3): 210 ... a new dimeric phenazine from an endophytic Streptomyces diastaticus subsp. ardesiacus". The Journal of Antibiotics. 68 (3): 210 ...
Parsons JF, Song F, Parsons L, Calabrese K, Eisenstein E, Ladner JE (October 2004). "Structure and function of the phenazine ... Parsons JF, Calabrese K, Eisenstein E, Ladner JE (November 2004). "Structure of the phenazine biosynthesis enzyme PhzG" (PDF). ... "PhzA/B catalyzes the formation of the tricycle in phenazine biosynthesis". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 130 (50): ... a key enzyme in the phenazine-biosynthesis pathway from Pseudomonas fluorescens 2-79". Acta Crystallographica Section D. 60 (Pt ...
Related to induline, it is a mixture of phenazine-based compounds. Its main industrial uses are as a colorant for lacquers and ...
Norsecurinine Phenazine Du GH, Wang DS, Fang LH, Du GH (2018). "Securinine". Natural Small Molecule Drugs from Plants. Springer ...
Li, Dehai; Wang, Fengping; Xiao, Xiang; Zeng, Xiang; Gu, Qian-Qun; Zhu, Weiming (May 2007). "A new cytotoxic phenazine ...
"Phenazine-Based Covalent Organic Framework Cathode Materials with High Energy and Power Densities". Journal of the American ...
... is a phenazine dye and is believed to work by interfering with DNA. Clofazimine was discovered in the 1950s at ... Phenazines, Chloroarenes, Irish inventions, Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate). ...
Methanophenazine is only known phenazine of non-bacterial origin and also is the only phenazine that engages in primary ... Phenazine is an organic compound with the formula (C6H4)2N2. It is a dibenzo annulated pyrazine, and the parent substance of ... Phenazine biosynthesis branches off the shikimic acid pathway at a point subsequent to chorismic acid. Two molecules of this ... Classically phenazine are prepared by the reaction of nitrobenzene and aniline in the Wohl-Aue reaction. Other methods include ...
benzo[a]phenazine 7,12-dioxide *Molecular Formula: C16H10N2O2 ... benzo[a]phenazine 7-oxide *Molecular Formula: C16H10N2O ... 2,8-dimethyl-1,2,3,7,8,9-hexahydrodipyrrolo[3,4-b:3,4-i]phenazine *Molecular Formula: C18H18N4 ...
... Distributor. Formula C12H8N2.Best Quality,Quick Response,Competitive Price.Great Customer Support. ... 9,12,12-trimethyl-N-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-8,9-dihydro-6,9-methano[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-b]phenazine-6(7H)-carboxamide ... 2023-12-07 92-82-0 Phenazine Distributor. Formula C12H8N2.Best Quality,Quick Response,Competitive Price.Great Customer Support ... 7-hydroxy-1,2,3,4,4a,5,14,14a-octahydronaphtho[2,3-a]phenazine-8,13-dione ...
Phenazine Submit Updates Chen et al., A high-throughput screen for TMPRSS2 expression identifies FDA-approved compounds that ... Phenazine has been reported as potentially beneficial for treatment of COVID-19. We have not reviewed these studies. See all ...
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One thought on "Halogenated phenazines could lead to cure for persistent MRSA infections: Florida researchers". * Pingback: ... Home » Drugs and antibiotics » Halogenated phenazines could lead to cure for persistent MRSA infections: Florida researchers ... The series of compounds known as the halogenated phenazines, or HPs, can kill dangerous bacterial biofilms present in recurring ... Halogenated phenazines could lead to cure for persistent MRSA infections: Florida researchers ...
... phenazine for experimental / research use. View information & documentation regarding COF&Dipyrido[3,2-a:2,3-c]phenazine, ...
Multi-electron redox phenazine for ready-to-charge organic batteries. Title. Multi-electron redox phenazine for ready-to-charge ... Here, we introduce a new class of p-type organic redox centers based on N,N-substituted phenazine (NSPZ) to build ready-to- ...
Nagai, K., & Hecht, S. M. (1991). Site-specific DNA cleavage by antisense oligonucleotides covalently linked to phenazine Di-N- ... Nagai, K & Hecht, SM 1991, Site-specific DNA cleavage by antisense oligonucleotides covalently linked to phenazine Di-N-oxide ... Nagai, Katsuyuki ; Hecht, Sidney M. / Site-specific DNA cleavage by antisense oligonucleotides covalently linked to phenazine ... Site-specific degradation of DNA was achieved by the use of DNA oligonucleotides covalently tethered to phenazine 5,10-di-N- ...
Phenazine methosulphate. 0 out of 5. $0.00. Read more Add to wishlist ...
Phenazines* * Sensitivity and Specificity * Sex Work * Uterine Cervicitis / diagnosis* * Uterine Cervicitis / microbiology ...
Electro-Oxidative Synthesis of Phenazines. Sharma D, Kotwal N, Chauhan P. Sharma D, et al. Org Lett. 2023 May 26;25(20):3772- ...
Deletion of rpoS or crc therefore leads to overproduction of methylated phenazines, which we show leads to increased metabolic ... Our results indicate that RpoS controls phenazine methylation by modulating activity of the carbon catabolite repression ... The pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces pigments called phenazines that can support metabolic activity in ... Spatial heterogeneity in biofilm metabolism elicited by local control of phenazine methyla ...
CMT A SOLUTION PHASE COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY APPROACH SYNTHESIS AND YIELD PREDICTION OF PHENAZINES ...
McGovern, D. A., Selmi, A., OBrien, J. E., Kelly, J. M. & Long, C. Reduction of dipyrido-[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]-phenazine (dppz) by ... On the association and structure of radicals derived from dipyridil[3,2-a:2′3′-c]phenazine. Contrast between the ... Generation of strong, homochiral bases by electrochemical reduction of phenazine derivatives. Chem. Commun. 412-413 (2004). ...
6. Phenazine Homeostasis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms Bendebury, Anastasia 2018 Theses MicrobiologyElectrical engineering ... MicrobiologyBiologyPseudomonas aeruginosaBiofilmsBacteriaDenitrificationPhenazineAnti-infective agents 3. The itaconate-driven ... PhenazinePseudomonas aeruginosaBiofilms 7. Redox-Balancing Strategies in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lin, Yu-Cheng 2018 Theses ...
Their study found that the bacterial colonies produced a phenazine gradient that, they say, is likely to be of physiological ... The team looked specifically at phenazines, which are secreted metabolites that control gene expression. ...
... whereas a few species possessed the phenazine, carbapenem, and carocins. Moreover, three clustered regularly interspaced short ... Phenazine synthesis-It has been described that phenazines activity triggers an excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen ... The phenazine (ehp), on the other hand, has been found within genome islands of P. c. subsp. brasiliense ICMP19477 and P. ... Diversity and evolution of the phenazine biosynthesis pathway. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2010, 76, 866-879. [Google Scholar] [ ...
Peter Jutzis 305 research works with 10,009 citations and 4,864 reads, including: ChemInform Abstract: The Pentamethylcyclopentadienylsilicon(II) Cation: Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity
Phenazines are key virulence factors that are characteristic of P. aeruginosa. Outliers (n = 14) had fused phzA1 with phzB1 and ... The fused gene does not alter phenazine production, and strain CR1 produced the characteristic blue color pigment in the ...
"Rethinking Secondary Metabolism: Physiological Roles for Phenazine Antibiotics." Nature Chemical Biology 2, no. 2 (2006): 71- ...
... and numerous dyes called phenazines. ...
The function of P_phen in root protection was independent of the cluster for phenazine production, as the phenazine deficient ... 2015b). Draft genome sequence of the phenazine-producing Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 2-79. Genome Announc 3:e00130-15. doi: ... Botrytis cinerea induces the expression of ABC transporters in the presence of phenazines or DAPG (Schoonbeek et al., 2002). ... This effect was not significantly dependent on the genomic potential to produce phenazines, lipopeptides or several metabolites ...
of the phenazine, oxasine, thiazine, acridine series show. of the phenazine, oxazine, thiazine, acridine series show ... Biological investigations have sufficiently proved that dyestuffs of the phenazine, oxazine, thiazine, acridine series show an ...
Phenazine. C12H8N2 ΔHf: 44.8 kcal/mol, REF: NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database, No. 69; W. G. Mallard, P ...
  • Some of the genera known to produce phenazines include Pseudomonas spp. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, the phenazine pyocyanin produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa contributes to its ability to colonise the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients. (wikipedia.org)
  • The pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces pigments called phenazines that can support metabolic activity in hypoxic/anoxic biofilm subzones, but these compounds also include methylated derivatives that are toxic to their producer under some conditions. (bvsalud.org)
  • The development of colony biofilms by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is affected by redox-active compounds called phenazines. (columbia.edu)
  • Here, we describe its anaerobic oxidation by Citrobacter portucalensis strain MBL, which was isolated from topsoil in Falmouth, MA, and which does not produce phenazines itself. (stanford.edu)
  • Phenazine biosynthesis branches off the shikimic acid pathway at a point subsequent to chorismic acid. (wikipedia.org)
  • The team looked specifically at phenazines, which are secreted metabolites that control gene expression. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Phenazines are secreted metabolites that microbes use in diverse ways, from quorum sensing to antimicrobial warfare to energy conservation. (stanford.edu)
  • For almost two decades, we've been researching a versatile class of metabolites called phenazines, which are redox-active pigments made by diverse bacteria. (societyforscience.org)
  • The series of compounds known as the halogenated phenazines, or HPs, can kill dangerous bacterial biofilms present in recurring and chronic bacterial infections such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or MRSA. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
  • In this study, we uncover roles for the global regulators RpoS and Hfq/Crc in controlling the beneficial and detrimental effects of methylated phenazines in biofilms . (bvsalud.org)
  • Deletion of rpoS or crc therefore leads to overproduction of methylated phenazines , which we show leads to increased metabolic activity-an apparent beneficial effect-in hypoxic/anoxic subpopulations within biofilms . (bvsalud.org)
  • However, we also find that under specific conditions, biofilms lacking RpoS and/or Crc show increased sensitivity to phenazines indicating that the increased metabolic activity in these mutants comes at a cost . (bvsalud.org)
  • The known biological sources of phenazine compounds are mostly bacterial in nature. (wikipedia.org)
  • While bacterial phenazines are principally involved in secondary metabolisms, methanophenazine in methanogenic archaea (methanogens) is involved in primary metabolisms and are important electron carrier. (wikipedia.org)
  • Methanophenazine is only known phenazine of non-bacterial origin and also is the only phenazine that engages in primary metabolisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Their study found that the bacterial colonies produced a phenazine gradient that, they say, is likely to be of physiological significance and contribute to colony morphogenesis. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Bacteria that make phenazines hail from the soil, yet can become important human opportunistic pathogens. (societyforscience.org)
  • Benzo[c]cinnoline is an isomer of phenazine, to which it bears the same relation that phenanthrene bears to anthracene. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pyrazines are components of many important compounds, including pteridines, some vitamins and antibiotics, and numerous dyes called phenazines. (dictionary.com)
  • Saleh O, Flinspach K, Westrich L, Kulik A, Gust B , Fiedler HP, Heide L. (2012) Mutational analysis of a phenazine biosynthetic gene cluster in Streptomyces anulatus 9663. (uni-tuebingen.de)
  • The more complex phenazines, such as the naphthophenazines, naphthazines, and naphthotolazines, may be prepared by condensing ortho-diamines with ortho-quinones or by the oxidation of an ortho-diamine in the presence of α-naphthol, and by the decomposition of ortho-anilido-(-toluidido- et cetera)- azo compounds with dilute acids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our results indicate that RpoS controls phenazine methylation by modulating activity of the carbon catabolite repression pathway, in which the Hfq/Crc complex inhibits translation of the phenazine methyltransferase PhzM. (bvsalud.org)
  • Phenazine is an organic compound with the formula (C6H4)2N2. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we introduce a new class of p-type organic redox centers based on N,N'-substituted phenazine (NSPZ) to build ready-to-charge organic batteries. (kist.re.kr)
  • Phenazines are able to contribute to these activities due to their redox activity. (stanford.edu)
  • These phenazine natural products have been implicated in the virulence and competitive fitness of producing organisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Trying to understand how phenazines affect their producers and other organisms in their vicinity under conditions that are environmentally relevant is challenging, but offers the chance to gain new insights into what structures and sustains microbial communities and how these communities, in turn, affect the host - plants or humans. (societyforscience.org)
  • Classically phenazine are prepared by the reaction of nitrobenzene and aniline in the Wohl-Aue reaction. (wikipedia.org)
  • Oxidation of 5,10-dihydro-5,10-dimethylphenazine and 5,10-dihydro-5,10-diethyl-phenazine under different reaction conditions leads to several iodine containing solids. (degruyter.com)
  • Similarly, phenazine-1-carboxylic acid, produced by a number of Pseudomonads, increases survival in soil environments and has been shown to be essential for the biological control activity of certain strains. (wikipedia.org)
  • Phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) is common in the environment and readily reduced by its producers. (stanford.edu)
  • Accordingly, we strive to take what we learn in the laboratory about phenazine biology and see how relevant it is in the context of crop rhizospheres, the zone of the soil in the vicinity of plant roots, and human chronic infections. (societyforscience.org)
  • Phenazine has been reported as potentially beneficial for treatment of COVID-19. (c19early.org)
  • Together, these results suggest that complex regulation of PhzM allows P. aeruginosa to simultaneously exploit the benefits and limit the toxic effects of methylated phenazines . (bvsalud.org)
  • Deze goede bacteriën vormen een complex netwerk en zouden slechte bacteriën kunnen onderdrukken. (scriptieprijs.be)
  • Sequential modifications then lead to a variety of phenazine with differing biological activities. (wikipedia.org)
  • Spatial heterogeneity in biofilm metabolism elicited by local control of phenazine methylation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Considering the antimycobacterial activity of phenazine derivatives previously reported by our research group, we aimed to explore possible applications to circumvent the resistance in M. tuberculosis. (nih.gov)
  • Phenazine methosulfate and DCIP can act as artificial acceptors. (genome.jp)
  • Similarly, phenazine-1-carboxylic acid, produced by a number of Pseudomonads, increases survival in soil environments and has been shown to be essential for the biological control activity of certain strains. (wikipedia.org)
  • Both strains exhibited reduced pyrrolnitrin (PRN), phenazine (PHZ) and protease production. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • aurantiaca mutant strains with increased production of phenazines. (nih.gov)
  • aurantiaca Reveals a Triplicate Quorum-Sensing Mechanism for Regulation of Phenazine Production. (nih.gov)
  • Phenazines are secreted metabolites that microbes use in diverse ways, from quorum sensing to antimicrobial warfare to energy conservation. (stanford.edu)
  • Effect of phenazine di-n-oxide and phenazine on total cellular dry mas" by H Lee, V Richards et al. (jax.org)
  • Effect of phenazine di-n-oxide and phenazine on total cellular dry mass of mouse ehrlich ascites cells as measured by interference microscopy. (jax.org)
  • The physiological consequences of cellular phenazine reduction have been extensively studied, but the counterpart phenazine oxidation has been largely overlooked. (stanford.edu)
  • Here, we describe its anaerobic oxidation by Citrobacter portucalensis strain MBL, which was isolated from topsoil in Falmouth, MA, and which does not produce phenazines itself. (stanford.edu)
  • Phenazines are able to contribute to these activities due to their redox activity. (stanford.edu)
  • These phenazine natural products have been implicated in the virulence and competitive fitness of producing organisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • 14. Screening of natural phenazine producers for electroactivity in bioelectrochemical systems. (nih.gov)
  • Phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) is common in the environment and readily reduced by its producers. (stanford.edu)