Phenanthrenes are aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of three benzene rings fused together in a linear arrangement, commonly found in various plants and some animals, and can act as precursors for certain steroid hormones or exhibit pharmacological activities with potential therapeutic uses.
A major group of unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons containing two or more rings. The vast number of compounds of this important group, derived chiefly from petroleum and coal tar, are rather highly reactive and chemically versatile. The name is due to the strong and not unpleasant odor characteristic of most substances of this nature. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p96)
Elimination of ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; PESTICIDES and other waste using living organisms, usually involving intervention of environmental or sanitation engineers.
Substances which pollute the soil. Use for soil pollutants in general or for which there is no specific heading.
A group of condensed ring hydrocarbons.
A genus of gram-negative, strictly aerobic chemoorganotrophic bacteria, in the family COMAMONADACEAE.
Compounds consisting of two or more fused ring structures.
A genus of basidiomyceteous fungi in the family POLYPORACEAE found mostly on living trees or dead wood.
A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria characterized by an outer membrane that contains glycosphingolipids but lacks lipopolysaccharide. They have the ability to degrade a broad range of substituted aromatic compounds.
A family of bracket fungi, order POLYPORALES, living in decaying plant matter and timber.
An order of fungi in the phylum BASIDIOMYCOTA having macroscopic basidiocarps. The members are characterized by their saprophytic activities as decomposers, particularly in the degradation of CELLULOSE and LIGNIN. A large number of species in the order have been used medicinally. (From Alexopoulos, Introductory Mycology, 4th ed, pp504-68)
A concave exterior region on some POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS that have three phenyl rings in a non-linear arrangement.
A species of NAIROVIRUS of the family BUNYAVIRIDAE. It is primarily transmitted by ticks and causes a severe, often fatal disease in humans.
The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the soil. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.
Two-ring crystalline hydrocarbons isolated from coal tar. They are used as intermediates in chemical synthesis, as insect repellents, fungicides, lubricants, preservatives, and, formerly, as topical antiseptics.
1,2-Benzphenanthrenes. POLYCYCLIC COMPOUNDS obtained from coal tar.
Organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen in the form of an unsaturated, usually hexagonal ring structure. The compounds can be single ring, or double, triple, or multiple fused rings.
A group of compounds with three aromatic rings joined in linear arrangement.
Naphthalene derivatives carrying one or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups at any ring position. They are often used in dyes and pigments, as antioxidants for rubber, fats, and oils, as insecticides, in pharmaceuticals, and in numerous other applications.
Non-heme iron-containing enzymes that incorporate two atoms of OXYGEN into the substrate. They are important in biosynthesis of FLAVONOIDS; GIBBERELLINS; and HYOSCYAMINE; and for degradation of AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS.
A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that contains dihydroayapin (COUMARINS) and phenanthraquinones.
Hydrocarbons are organic compounds consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon atoms, forming the basis of classes such as alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons, which play a vital role in energy production and chemical synthesis.
A CC chemokine with specificity for CCR1 RECEPTORS and CCR5 RECEPTORS. It is a chemoattractant for NK CELLS; MONOCYTES; and a variety of other immune cells. This chemokine is encoded by multiple genes.
Butylamines are a class of organic compounds where a butyl group is attached to an amine functional group, with the general structure (C4H9)NHR or (C4H9)NR'R", commonly used as stimulants, entactogens, and psychedelics.
The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
A phylum of fungi that produce their sexual spores (basidiospores) on the outside of the basidium. It includes forms commonly known as mushrooms, boletes, puffballs, earthstars, stinkhorns, bird's-nest fungi, jelly fungi, bracket or shelf fungi, and rust and smut fungi.
Organic compounds that include a cyclic ether with three ring atoms in their structure. They are commonly used as precursors for POLYMERS such as EPOXY RESINS.
The products of chemical reactions that result in the addition of extraneous chemical groups to DNA.
An order of zygomycetous fungi, usually saprophytic, causing damage to food in storage, but which may cause respiratory infection or MUCORMYCOSIS in persons suffering from other debilitating diseases.
A greasy substance with a smoky odor and burned taste created by high temperature treatment of BEECH and other WOOD; COAL TAR; or resin of the CREOSOTE BUSH. It contains CRESOLS and POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS which are CARCINOGENS. It has been widely used as wood preservative and in PESTICIDES and had former use medicinally in DISINFECTANTS; LAXATIVES; and DERMATOLOGIC AGENTS.
A group of ethane-based halogenated hydrocarbons containing one or more fluorine and chlorine atoms.
A copolymer of polyethylene and polypropylene ether glycol. It is a non-ionic polyol surface-active agent used medically as a fecal softener and in cattle for prevention of bloat.
A family of diphenylenemethane derivatives.
A plant genus best known for edible underground tubers. Yam may also refer to a moist variety of sweet potato, IPOMOEA BATATAS.
Inorganic compounds that contain bromine as an integral part of the molecule.
The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alterations may be divided into METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE I and METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE II.
The adhesion of gases, liquids, or dissolved solids onto a surface. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses onto surfaces as well. ABSORPTION into the substance may follow but not necessarily.
Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants.
A genus in the family BURKHOLDERIACEAE, comprised of many species. They are associated with a variety of infections including MENINGITIS; PERITONITIS; and URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.
Adverse effect upon bodies of water (LAKES; RIVERS; seas; groundwater etc.) caused by CHEMICAL WATER POLLUTANTS.
A genus of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria. Most species are free-living in soil and water, but the major habitat for some is the diseased tissue of warm-blooded hosts.
Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes.
Neurons of the innermost layer of the retina, the internal plexiform layer. They are of variable sizes and shapes, and their axons project via the OPTIC NERVE to the brain. A small subset of these cells act as photoreceptors with projections to the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS, the center for regulating CIRCADIAN RHYTHM.
An activating transcription factor that regulates the expression of a variety of GENES involved in amino acid metabolism and transport. It also interacts with HTLV-I transactivator protein.
A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria. Organisms in this genus had originally been classified as members of the PSEUDOMONAS genus but overwhelming biochemical and chemical findings indicated the need to separate them from other Pseudomonas species, and hence, this new genus was created.
A family of gram-negative, asporogenous rods or ovoid cells, aerobic or facultative anaerobic chemoorganotrophs. They are commonly isolated from SOIL, activated sludge, or marine environments.
A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants.
Substances that increase the risk of NEOPLASMS in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included.
Oxidases that specifically introduce DIOXYGEN-derived oxygen atoms into a variety of organic molecules.
A technique for growing plants in culture solutions rather than in soil. The roots are immersed in an aerated solution containing the correct proportions of essential mineral salts. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
Biphenyl compounds are organic substances consisting of two phenyl rings connected by a single covalent bond, and can exhibit various properties and uses, including as intermediates in chemical synthesis, components in plastics and dyes, and as additives in fuels.
One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.
The custard-apple plant family of the order Magnoliales, subclass Magnoliidae, class Magnoliopsida. Some members provide large pulpy fruits and commercial timber. Leaves and wood are often fragrant. Leaves are simple, with smooth margins, and alternately arranged in two rows along the stems.
Tests of chemical substances and physical agents for mutagenic potential. They include microbial, insect, mammalian cell, and whole animal tests.
Dibenzoquinolines derived in plants from (S)-reticuline (BENZYLISOQUINOLINES).
A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.
One of the early purine analogs showing antineoplastic activity. It functions as an antimetabolite and is easily incorporated into ribonucleic acids.

An investigation into the binding of the carcinogen 15,16-dihydro-11-methylcyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-one to DNA in vitro. (1/766)

After metabolic activation the carcinogen 15,16-dihydro-11-[3H]methylcyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-one binds to DNA in vitro, and this binding is prevented by 7,8-benzoflavone. Radioactivity cannot be removed from the DNA with organic solvents or by chromatography on Sephadex G-50, even after heat denaturation of the DNA. Enzymatic hydrolysis yields radioactive fractions, which elute from a column of Sephadex LH-20 immediately after the natural nucleosides. At least two species of reactive metabolites are involved in this bending, those with a half-life of a few hr and others with greater stability. After extraction from the aqueous incubation mixture, they could be detected in discrete polar fractions from separations of the complex metabolite mixture by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Their ability to bind to DNA decreased with time at ambient temperature, and they were rapidly deactivated by acid. 7,8-Benzolflavone acted by suppressing the formation of polar metabolites derived from enzymatic oxidation of the aromatic double bonds. The inhibitor had no effect on the enzymes hydroxylating saturated carbon; hence it is unlikely that metabolism of the methyl group is important in conversion of this carcinogen to its proximate form, although the presence of the 11-methyl group is essential for carcinogenic activity in this series.  (+info)

Contrasting effects of a nonionic surfactant on the biotransformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to cis-dihydrodiols by soil bacteria. (2/766)

The biotransformation of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) naphthalene and phenanthrene was investigated by using two dioxygenase-expressing bacteria, Pseudomonas sp. strain 9816/11 and Sphingomonas yanoikuyae B8/36, under conditions which facilitate mass-transfer limited substrate oxidation. Both of these strains are mutants that accumulate cis-dihydrodiol metabolites under the reaction conditions used. The effects of the nonpolar solvent 2,2,4, 4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane (HMN) and the nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 on the rate of accumulation of these metabolites were determined. HMN increased the rate of accumulation of metabolites for both microorganisms, with both substrates. The enhancement effect was most noticeable with phenanthrene, which has a lower aqueous solubility than naphthalene. Triton X-100 increased the rate of oxidation of the PAHs with strain 9816/11 with the effect being most noticeable when phenanthrene was used as a substrate. However, the surfactant inhibited the biotransformation of both naphthalene and phenanthrene with strain B8/36 under the same conditions. The observation that a nonionic surfactant could have such contrasting effects on PAH oxidation by different bacteria, which are known to be important for the degradation of these compounds in the environment, may explain why previous research on the application of the surfactants to PAH bioremediation has yielded inconclusive results. The surfactant inhibited growth of the wild-type strain S. yanoikuyae B1 on aromatic compounds but did not inhibit B8/36 dioxygenase enzyme activity in vitro.  (+info)

Antimalarial activities of various 9-phenanthrenemethanols with special attention to WR-122,455 and WR-171,669. (3/766)

Pilot appraisals of the activities of 16 specially selected 9-phenanthrenemethanols against acute infections with Plasmodium falciparum in owl monkeys showed that all were more active than the reference compound, WR-33,063. WR-122,455, the most active derivative, and WR-171,669, ranked sixth, were selected for study in human volunteers. To assist this undertaking, appraisals of both compounds in owl monkeys infected with various strains of P. falciparum were expanded. These assessments showed: (i) that WR-122,455 was four times as active as chloroquine against infections with chloroquine-sensitive strains and that WR-171,669 equalled chloroquine in activity; (ii) that these compounds were fully active against infections with strains resistant to chloroquine, pyrimethamine, or quinine, or to all three standard drugs; (iii) that the activity of WR-122,455 was a function of total dose, single doses being as effective as the same amounts delivered in three or seven daily fractions; and (iv) that a single dose of WR-122,455 conferred extended, although only partial, protection against challenges with trophozoites. Complementary experiments in rhesus monkeys inoculated with sporozoites of P. cynomolgi showed that the activity of WR-122,455 was limited to blood schizonts and did not extend to early or late tissue schizonts. These evaluations were compatible with the results of preliminary studies of the activities of WR-122,455 and WR-171,669 in human volunteers.  (+info)

Inhibition of GABA-gated chloride channels by 12,14-dichlorodehydroabietic acid in mammalian brain. (4/766)

1. 12,14-dichlorodehydroabietic acid (12,14-Cl2DHA) reduced GABA-stimulated uptake of 36Cl- into mouse brain synaptoneurosomes suggesting inhibition of mammalian GABA(A) receptor function. 2. 12,14-Cl2DHA did not affect the binding of [3H]-muscimol to brain membranes but displaced specifically bound [3H]-EBOB. The inhibitory effect on [3H]-EBOB binding was not reversible. 12,14-Cl2DHA reduced the availability of [3H]-EBOB binding sites (Bmax) without changing the KD of the radioligand for remaining sites. 12,14-Cl2DHA did not affect the rate of association of [3H]-EBOB with its chloride channel receptor, but increased the initial rate of [3H]-EBOB dissociation. 3. 12,14-Cl2DHA enhanced the incidence of EPSCs when rapidly applied to cultured rat cortical neurones. Longer exposures produced block of IPSCs with marked increases in the frequency of EPSCs and min EPSCs. 12,14-Cl2DHA also irreversibly suppressed chloride currents evoked by pulses of exogenous GABA in these cells. 4. Ultimately, 12,14-Cl2DHA inhibited all synaptic traffic and action currents in current clamped cells indicating that, in contrast to picrotoxinin (which causes paroxysmal bursting), it is not fully selective for the GABA(A) receptor-chloride channel complex. 5. The depolarizing block seen with 12,14-Cl2DHA in amphotericin-perforated preparations implicates loss of Ca2+ buffering in the polarity change and this may account for inhibition of spontaneous action potentials. 6. Our investigation demonstrates that 12,14-Cl2DHA blocks GABA-dependent chloride entry in mammalian brain and operates as a non-competitive insurmountable GABA(A) antagonist. The mechanism likely involves either irreversible binding of 12,14-Cl2DHA to the trioxabicyclooctane recognition site or a site that is allosterically coupled to it. We cannot exclude, however, the possibility that 12,14-Cl2DHA causes localized proteolysis or more extensive conformational change within a critical subunit of the chloride channel.  (+info)

A novel aromatic-ring-hydroxylating dioxygenase from the diterpenoid-degrading bacterium Pseudomonas abietaniphila BKME-9. (5/766)

Pseudomonas abietaniphila BKME-9 is able to degrade dehydroabietic acid (DhA) via ring hydroxylation by a novel dioxygenase. The ditA1, ditA2, and ditA3 genes, which encode the alpha and beta subunits of the oxygenase and the ferredoxin of the diterpenoid dioxygenase, respectively, were isolated and sequenced. The ferredoxin gene is 9. 2 kb upstream of the oxygenase genes and 872 bp upstream of a putative meta ring cleavage dioxygenase gene, ditC. A Tn5 insertion in the alpha subunit gene, ditA1, resulted in the accumulation by the mutant strain BKME-941 of the pathway intermediate, 7-oxoDhA. Disruption of the ferredoxin gene, ditA3, in wild-type BKME-9 by mutant-allele exchange resulted in a strain (BKME-91) with a phenotype identical to that of the mutant strain BKME-941. Sequence analysis of the putative ferredoxin indicated that it is likely to be a [4Fe-4S]- or [3Fe-4S]-type ferredoxin and not a [2Fe-2S]-type ferredoxin, as found in all previously described ring-hydroxylating dioxygenases. Expression in Escherichia coli of ditA1A2A3, encoding the diterpenoid dioxygenase without its putative reductase component, resulted in a functional enzyme. The diterpenoid dioxygenase attacks 7-oxoDhA, and not DhA, at C-11 and C-12, producing 7-oxo-11, 12-dihydroxy-8,13-abietadien acid, which was identified by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, UV-visible light, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The organization of the genes encoding the various components of the diterpenoid dioxygenase, the phylogenetic distinctiveness of both the alpha subunit and the ferredoxin component, and the unusual Fe-S cluster of the ferredoxin all suggest that this enzyme belongs to a new class of aromatic ring-hydroxylating dioxygenases.  (+info)

Effect of selected antimalarial drugs and inhibitors of cytochrome P-450 3A4 on halofantrine metabolism by human liver microsomes. (6/766)

Halofantrine (HF) is used in the treatment of uncomplicated multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Severe cardiotoxicity has been reported to be correlated with high plasma concentrations of HF but not with that of its metabolite N-debutylhalofantrine. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of other antimalarial drugs and of ketoconazole, a typical cytochrome P-450 3A4 inhibitor, on HF metabolism by human liver microsomes. Antimalarial drug inhibitory effects were ranked as follows: primaquine > proguanil > mefloquine > quinine > quinidine > artemether > amodiaquine. Artemisine, doxycycline, sulfadoxine, and pyrimethamine showed little or no inhibition of HF metabolism. Mefloquine, quinine, quinidine, and ketoconazole used at maximal plasma concentrations inhibited N-debutylhalofantrine formation noncompetitively with Ki values of 70 microM, 49 microM, 62 microM, and 0.05 microM resulting in 7%, 49%, 26%, and 99% inhibition, respectively, in HF metabolism. In conclusion, we showed that quinine and quinidine coadministered with HF might inhibit its metabolism resulting in the potentiation of HF-induced cardiotoxicity in patients. This requires a close monitoring of ECG. For the same reasons, the concomitant administration of HF and ketoconazole must be avoided. By contrast, none of the other antimalarials studied inhibited HF metabolism and, by extrapolation, cytochrome P-450 3A4 activity.  (+info)

Immunosuppressant PG490 (triptolide) inhibits T-cell interleukin-2 expression at the level of purine-box/nuclear factor of activated T-cells and NF-kappaB transcriptional activation. (7/766)

PG490 (triptolide) is a diterpene triepoxide with potent immunosuppressive and antiinflammatory properties. PG490 inhibits interleukin(IL)-2 expression by normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and antibody to CD3 (IC50 of 10 ng/ml), and with PMA and ionomycin (Iono, IC50 of 40 ng/ml). In Jurkat T-cells, PG490 inhibits PMA/Iono-stimulated IL-2 transcription. PG490 inhibits the induction of DNA binding activity at the purine-box/antigen receptor response element (ARRE)/nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NF-AT) target sequence but not at the NF-kappaB site. PG490 can completely inhibit transcriptional activation at the purine-box/ARRE/NF-AT and NF-kappaB target DNA sequences triggered by all stimuli examined (PMA, PMA/Iono, tumor necrosis factor-alpha). PG490 also inhibits PMA-stimulated activation of a chimeric transcription factor in which the C-terminal TA1 transactivation domain of NF-kappaB p65 is fused to the DNA binding domain of GAL4. In 16HBE human bronchial epithelial cells, IL-8 expression is regulated predominantly by NF-kappaB, and PG490 but not cyclosporin A can completely inhibit expression of IL-8. The mechanism of PG490 inhibition of cytokine gene expression differs from cyclosporin A and involves nuclear inhibition of transcriptional activation of NF-kappaB and the purine-box regulator operating at the ARRE/NF-AT site at a step after specific DNA binding.  (+info)

PG490 (triptolide) cooperates with tumor necrosis factor-alpha to induce apoptosis in tumor cells. (8/766)

Progress in the treatment of solid tumors has been slow and sporadic. The efficacy of conventional chemotherapy in solid tumors is limited because tumors frequently have mutations in the p53 gene. Also, chemotherapy only kills rapidly dividing cells. Members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family, however, induce apoptosis regardless of the p53 phenotype. Unfortunately, the cytotoxicity of TNF-alpha is limited by its activation of NF-kappaB and activation of NF-kappaB is proinflammatory. We have identified a compound called PG490, that is composed of purified triptolide, which induces apoptosis in tumor cells and sensitizes tumor cells to TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis. PG490 potently inhibited TNF-alpha-induced activation of NF-kappaB. PG490 also blocked TNF-alpha-mediated induction of c-IAP2 (hiap-1) and c-IAP1 (hiap-2), members of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family. Interestingly, PG490 did not block DNA binding of NF-kappaB, but it blocked transactivation of NF-kappaB. Our identification of a compound that blocks TNF-alpha-induced activation of NF-kappaB may enhance the cytotoxicity of TNF-alpha on tumors in vivo and limit its proinflammatory effects.  (+info)

Phenanthrenes are not typically defined in a medical context, but they are a class of organic compounds that have a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon structure consisting of three benzene rings fused together. They can be found in some natural products and have been studied for their potential pharmacological properties. Some phenanthrenes have shown anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities, among others. However, more research is needed to fully understand their therapeutic potential and safety profile.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic compounds characterized by the presence of two or more fused benzene rings. They are called "polycyclic" because they contain multiple cyclic structures, and "aromatic" because these structures contain alternating double bonds that give them distinctive chemical properties and a characteristic smell.

PAHs can be produced from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Natural sources include wildfires, volcanic eruptions, and the decomposition of organic matter. Anthropogenic sources include the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and gasoline, as well as tobacco smoke, grilled foods, and certain industrial processes.

PAHs are known to be environmental pollutants and can have harmful effects on human health. They have been linked to an increased risk of cancer, particularly lung, skin, and bladder cancers, as well as reproductive and developmental toxicity. PAHs can also cause skin irritation, respiratory problems, and damage to the immune system.

PAHs are found in a variety of environmental media, including air, water, soil, and food. They can accumulate in the food chain, particularly in fatty tissues, and have been detected in a wide range of foods, including meat, fish, dairy products, and vegetables. Exposure to PAHs can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact.

It is important to limit exposure to PAHs by avoiding tobacco smoke, reducing consumption of grilled and smoked foods, using ventilation when cooking, and following safety guidelines when working with industrial processes that produce PAHs.

Environmental biodegradation is the breakdown of materials, especially man-made substances such as plastics and industrial chemicals, by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi in order to use them as a source of energy or nutrients. This process occurs naturally in the environment and helps to break down organic matter into simpler compounds that can be more easily absorbed and assimilated by living organisms.

Biodegradation in the environment is influenced by various factors, including the chemical composition of the substance being degraded, the environmental conditions (such as temperature, moisture, and pH), and the type and abundance of microorganisms present. Some substances are more easily biodegraded than others, and some may even be resistant to biodegradation altogether.

Biodegradation is an important process for maintaining the health and balance of ecosystems, as it helps to prevent the accumulation of harmful substances in the environment. However, some man-made substances, such as certain types of plastics and industrial chemicals, may persist in the environment for long periods of time due to their resistance to biodegradation, leading to negative impacts on wildlife and ecosystems.

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in developing biodegradable materials that can break down more easily in the environment as a way to reduce waste and minimize environmental harm. These efforts have led to the development of various biodegradable plastics, coatings, and other materials that are designed to degrade under specific environmental conditions.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "soil pollutants" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Soil pollution refers to the presence or accumulation of hazardous substances, chemicals, or other pollutants in soil that can have negative effects on plant life, human health, and the environment.

However, if you're asking about potential health effects of exposure to soil pollutants, it could include a variety of symptoms or diseases, depending on the specific pollutant. For example, exposure to lead-contaminated soil can lead to developmental delays in children, while exposure to certain pesticides or industrial chemicals can cause neurological problems, respiratory issues, and even cancer.

If you have more specific information about a particular substance or context, I may be able to provide a more precise answer.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Pyrenes" is not a medical term. It is a term used in chemistry and materials science, referring to a type of aromatic hydrocarbon molecule that consists of two benzene rings fused together. If you have a different term or concept in mind, please provide it so I can give you an accurate definition or information.

'Delftia' is a genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that are commonly found in various environments such as soil, water, and clinical samples. The name 'Delftia' comes from the city of Delft in the Netherlands, where the bacterium was first isolated and studied.

Some species of Delftia have been known to cause infections in humans, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying medical conditions. These infections can include urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and bacteremia (bloodstream infections). However, such infections are relatively rare, and the majority of Delftia species are not considered to be harmful to humans.

In addition to their potential role in human health, Delftia species have also been studied for their ability to break down various pollutants and contaminants in the environment, making them potentially useful in bioremediation efforts.

Medical definitions typically focus on the relevance of a term to medicine or healthcare, so here's a medical perspective on polycyclic compounds:

Polycyclic compounds are organic substances that contain two or more chemical rings in their structure. While not all polycyclic compounds are relevant to medicine, some can have significant medical implications. For instance, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a type of polycyclic compound that can be found in tobacco smoke and certain types of air pollution. PAHs have been linked to an increased risk of cancer, particularly lung cancer, due to their ability to damage DNA.

Another example is the class of drugs called steroids, which include hormones like cortisol and sex hormones like testosterone and estrogen. These compounds are polycyclic because they contain several interconnected rings in their structure. Steroid medications are used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including inflammation, asthma, and Addison's disease.

In summary, while not all polycyclic compounds are relevant to medicine, some can have important medical implications, either as harmful environmental pollutants or as useful therapeutic agents.

"Polyporus" is a term that is used in the field of mycology, which is the study of fungi. It specifically refers to a genus of fungi that belong to the family Polyporaceae. These fungi are characterized by their poroid hymenophore, which means that they have tiny pores on the underside of their caps through which their spores are released. Many species in this genus are saprophytic, meaning they decompose dead or decaying organic matter. Some polypores are also known to be parasitic, infecting and growing on living trees. It is important to note that "polyporus" is not a medical term, but a taxonomic one used to classify certain types of fungi.

Sphingomonas is a genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that are widely distributed in the environment. They are known for their ability to degrade various organic compounds and are often found in water, soil, and air samples. The cells of Sphingomonas species are typically straight or slightly curved rods, and they do not form spores.

One distinctive feature of Sphingomonas species is the presence of a unique lipid called sphingolipid in their cell membranes. This lipid contains a long-chain base called sphingosine, which is not found in the cell membranes of other gram-negative bacteria. The genus Sphingomonas includes several species that have been associated with human infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. These infections can include bacteremia, pneumonia, and urinary tract infections. However, Sphingomonas species are generally considered to be of low virulence and are not typically regarded as major pathogens.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Polyporaceae" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic category in mycology, which is the branch of biology that deals with the study of fungi.

Polyporaceae is a family of fungi that includes various types of polypores, which are characterized by having pores on the underside of their fruiting bodies (the above-ground reproductive structures) instead of gills. These fungi are mostly saprotrophic, meaning they decompose dead or decaying organic matter to obtain nutrients. Some species can also be parasitic and cause diseases in living trees.

Examples of genera within Polyporaceae include Trametes, Ganoderma, Fomes, and Irpex, among others. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or concepts, please feel free to ask!

Polyporales is an order of class Agaricomycetes, division Basidiomycota, in the kingdom Fungi. This order consists of various wood-decay fungi, characterized by their typically annual growth rings and pores on the underside of the cap. The fruiting bodies or conks of these fungi can be either resupinate (crust-like) or pileate (cap-like). Polyporales includes several economically important species that cause decay in trees and timber, as well as some medicinal mushrooms. Examples of genera within this order include Polyporus, Trametes, Fomes, and Ganoderma.

A Bay-Region, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) refers to a class of organic compounds that consist of multiple aromatic rings arranged in a bay-region structure. These compounds are typically formed as a result of incomplete combustion of organic materials and can be found in sources such as vehicle exhaust, cigarette smoke, and industrial processes.

Bay-Region PAHs have been associated with various adverse health effects, including cancer, due to their ability to interact with DNA and disrupt normal cellular function. They are also known to have toxic, mutagenic, and teratogenic properties, making them a significant concern for public health.

It is important to note that while all Bay-Region PAHs are classified as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, not all PAHs necessarily contain a bay-region structure.

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a viral disease transmitted to humans through tick bites or contact with infected animal blood or tissues during and after slaughter. The virus belongs to the Nairovirus genus in the Bunyaviridae family. The disease was first identified in Crimea in 1944 and later in the Congo in 1956, hence the name Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever.

The CCHF virus causes severe illness with a case fatality rate of up to 40% in hospitalized patients. The symptoms include sudden onset of fever, muscle pain, headache, dizziness, neck pain and stiffness, back pain, sore eyes, and sensitivity to light. After a few days, patients may develop nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and bleeding from the mouth, nose, gums, and private parts.

There is no specific treatment or vaccine available for CCHF, but early supportive care with oral or intravenous fluids, analgesics, and antipyretics can significantly reduce mortality. Ribavirin has been used in the treatment of severe cases, but its efficacy is not fully proven. Preventive measures include avoiding tick bites, using protective clothing and gloves while handling animals or their tissues, and practicing good hygiene and food safety.

I apologize, but there seems to be a misunderstanding. "Soil microbiology" is not a medical term; rather, it is a branch of microbiology that deals with the study of microorganisms in soil. It involves understanding the diversity, ecology, and biochemistry of bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and other microscopic life forms found in soil. This field has applications in agriculture, environmental science, and waste management but is not directly related to medical definitions or human health.

Naphthalene is not typically referred to as a medical term, but it is a chemical compound with the formula C10H8. It is a white crystalline solid that is aromatic and volatile, and it is known for its distinctive mothball smell. In a medical context, naphthalene is primarily relevant as a potential toxin or irritant.

Naphthalene can be found in some chemical products, such as mothballs and toilet deodorant blocks. Exposure to high levels of naphthalene can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and headaches. Long-term exposure has been linked to anemia and damage to the liver and nervous system.

In addition, naphthalene is a known environmental pollutant that can be found in air, water, and soil. It is produced by the combustion of fossil fuels and is also released from some industrial processes. Naphthalene has been shown to have toxic effects on aquatic life and may pose a risk to human health if exposure levels are high enough.

Chrysenes are a group of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that are found in the environment as a result of both natural processes and human activities such as combustion of fossil fuels, waste incineration, and cigarette smoke. They consist of four fused benzene rings and are highly stable, making them persistent in the environment. Chrysenes have been shown to have potential toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic effects on living organisms, including humans. They can accumulate in the food chain and pose a risk to human health through exposure via contaminated air, water, and food.

Aromatic hydrocarbons, also known as aromatic compounds or arenes, are a class of organic compounds characterized by a planar ring structure with delocalized electrons that give them unique chemical properties. The term "aromatic" was originally used to describe their distinctive odors, but it now refers to their characteristic molecular structure and stability.

Aromatic hydrocarbons contain one or more benzene rings, which are cyclic structures consisting of six carbon atoms arranged in a planar hexagonal shape. Each carbon atom in the benzene ring is bonded to two other carbon atoms and one hydrogen atom, forming alternating double and single bonds between the carbon atoms. However, the delocalized electrons in the benzene ring are evenly distributed around the ring, leading to a unique electronic structure that imparts stability and distinctive chemical properties to aromatic hydrocarbons.

Examples of aromatic hydrocarbons include benzene, toluene, xylene, and naphthalene. These compounds have important uses in industry, but they can also pose health risks if not handled properly. Exposure to high levels of aromatic hydrocarbons has been linked to various health effects, including cancer, neurological damage, and respiratory problems.

Anthracene is an organic compound with the chemical formula C6H6. It is a solid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and is composed of three benzene rings arranged in a linear fashion. Anthracene is used primarily for research purposes, including studying DNA damage and mutagenesis. It is not known to have any significant biological role or uses in medicine. Exposure to anthracene may occur through coal tar or coal tar pitch volatiles, but it does not have established medical definitions related to human health or disease.

Naphthols are chemical compounds that consist of a naphthalene ring (a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon made up of two benzene rings) substituted with a hydroxyl group (-OH). They can be classified as primary or secondary naphthols, depending on whether the hydroxyl group is directly attached to the naphthalene ring (primary) or attached through a carbon atom (secondary). Naphthols are important intermediates in the synthesis of various chemical and pharmaceutical products. They have been used in the production of azo dyes, antioxidants, and pharmaceuticals such as analgesics and anti-inflammatory agents.

Dioxygenases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the incorporation of both atoms of molecular oxygen (O2) into their substrates. They are classified based on the type of reaction they catalyze and the number of iron atoms in their active site. The two main types of dioxygenases are:

1. Intradiol dioxygenases: These enzymes cleave an aromatic ring by inserting both atoms of O2 into a single bond between two carbon atoms, leading to the formation of an unsaturated diol (catechol) intermediate and the release of CO2. They contain a non-heme iron(III) center in their active site.

An example of intradiol dioxygenase is catechol 1,2-dioxygenase, which catalyzes the conversion of catechol to muconic acid.

2. Extradiol dioxygenases: These enzymes cleave an aromatic ring by inserting one atom of O2 at a position adjacent to the hydroxyl group and the other atom at a more distant position, leading to the formation of an unsaturated lactone or cyclic ether intermediate. They contain a non-heme iron(II) center in their active site.

An example of extradiol dioxygenase is homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase, which catalyzes the conversion of homogentisate to maleylacetoacetate in the tyrosine degradation pathway.

Dioxygenases play important roles in various biological processes, including the metabolism of aromatic compounds, the biosynthesis of hormones and signaling molecules, and the detoxification of xenobiotics.

Dendrobium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Orchidaceae. It contains around 1,200 to 1,500 species, making it one of the largest orchid genera. The name Dendrobium comes from the Greek words "dendron" meaning tree and "bios" meaning life, which refers to the fact that many of these orchids grow on trees or other plants as epiphytes.

Dendrobium orchids are native to a wide range of habitats in Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. They vary greatly in size, shape, and color, but most have fleshy, jointed stems and narrow leaves. Some species produce flowers that are highly fragrant and last for several weeks.

In traditional medicine, some Dendrobium species have been used for their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-boosting properties. However, it is important to note that the safety and efficacy of using these plants as medicinal remedies have not been thoroughly studied and should be approached with caution.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "hydrocarbons" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. They are primarily used in industry as fuel, lubricants, and as raw materials for the production of plastics, fibers, and other chemicals.

However, in a broader scientific context, hydrocarbons can be relevant to medical discussions. For instance, in toxicology, exposure to certain types of hydrocarbons (like those found in gasoline or solvents) can lead to poisoning and related health issues. In environmental medicine, the pollution of air, water, and soil with hydrocarbons is a concern due to potential health effects.

But in general clinical medicine, 'hydrocarbons' wouldn't have a specific definition.

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 (CCL3), also known as macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1α), is a small signaling protein belonging to the chemokine family. Chemokines are a group of cytokines, or cell signaling molecules, that play important roles in immune responses and inflammation. They mediate their effects by interacting with specific receptors on the surface of target cells, leading to various biological responses such as chemotaxis (directed migration) of immune cells.

CCL3 is primarily produced by activated T cells, monocytes, macrophages, and other immune cells in response to infection or injury. It plays a crucial role in recruiting immune cells like monocytes, neutrophils, and dendritic cells to the sites of inflammation or infection. CCL3 also contributes to the activation and differentiation of immune cells, thereby participating in the regulation of adaptive immunity. Dysregulation of CCL3 has been implicated in several pathological conditions, including autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammation, and cancer.

Butylamines are a class of organic compounds that contain a butyl group (a chain of four carbon atoms) attached to an amine functional group, which consists of nitrogen atom bonded to one or more hydrogen atoms. The general structure of a primary butylamine is R-NH2, where R represents the butyl group.

Butylamines can be found in various natural and synthetic substances. Some of them have important uses in industry as solvents, intermediates in chemical synthesis, or building blocks for pharmaceuticals. However, some butylamines are also known to have psychoactive effects and may be used as recreational drugs or abused.

It is worth noting that the term "butylamine" can refer to any of several specific compounds, depending on the context. For example, n-butylamine (also called butan-1-amine) has the formula CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2, while tert-butylamine (also called 2-methylpropan-2-amine) has the formula (CH3)3CNH2. These two compounds have different physical and chemical properties due to their structural differences.

In a medical context, butylamines may be encountered as drugs of abuse or as components of pharmaceuticals. Some examples of butylamine-derived drugs include certain antidepressants, anesthetics, and muscle relaxants. However, it is important to note that these compounds are often highly modified from their parent butylamine structure, and may not resemble them closely in terms of their pharmacological properties or toxicity profiles.

Stereoisomerism is a type of isomerism (structural arrangement of atoms) in which molecules have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms, but differ in the three-dimensional orientation of their atoms in space. This occurs when the molecule contains asymmetric carbon atoms or other rigid structures that prevent free rotation, leading to distinct spatial arrangements of groups of atoms around a central point. Stereoisomers can have different chemical and physical properties, such as optical activity, boiling points, and reactivities, due to differences in their shape and the way they interact with other molecules.

There are two main types of stereoisomerism: enantiomers (mirror-image isomers) and diastereomers (non-mirror-image isomers). Enantiomers are pairs of stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other, but cannot be superimposed on one another. Diastereomers, on the other hand, are non-mirror-image stereoisomers that have different physical and chemical properties.

Stereoisomerism is an important concept in chemistry and biology, as it can affect the biological activity of molecules, such as drugs and natural products. For example, some enantiomers of a drug may be active, while others are inactive or even toxic. Therefore, understanding stereoisomerism is crucial for designing and synthesizing effective and safe drugs.

Basidiomycota is a phylum in the kingdom Fungi that consists of organisms commonly known as club fungi or club mushrooms. The name Basidiomycota is derived from the presence of a characteristic reproductive structure called a basidium, which is where spores are produced.

The basidiomycetes include many familiar forms such as mushrooms, toadstools, bracket fungi, and other types of polypores. They have a complex life cycle that involves both sexual and asexual reproduction. The sexual reproductive stage produces a characteristic fruiting body, which may be microscopic or highly visible, depending on the species.

Basidiomycota fungi play important ecological roles in decomposing organic matter, forming mutualistic relationships with plants, and acting as parasites on other organisms. Some species are economically important, such as edible mushrooms, while others can be harmful or even deadly to humans and animals.

Epoxy compounds, also known as epoxy resins, are a type of thermosetting polymer characterized by the presence of epoxide groups in their molecular structure. An epoxide group is a chemical functional group consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to a carbon atom, which is itself bonded to another carbon atom.

Epoxy compounds are typically produced by reacting a mixture of epichlorohydrin and bisphenol-A or other similar chemicals under specific conditions. The resulting product is a two-part system consisting of a resin and a hardener, which must be mixed together before use.

Once the two parts are combined, a chemical reaction takes place that causes the mixture to cure or harden into a solid material. This curing process can be accelerated by heat, and once fully cured, epoxy compounds form a strong, durable, and chemically resistant material that is widely used in various industrial and commercial applications.

In the medical field, epoxy compounds are sometimes used as dental restorative materials or as adhesives for bonding medical devices or prosthetics. However, it's important to note that some people may have allergic reactions to certain components of epoxy compounds, so their use must be carefully evaluated and monitored in a medical context.

DNA adducts are chemical modifications or alterations that occur when DNA molecules become attached to or bound with certain harmful substances, such as toxic chemicals or carcinogens. These attachments can disrupt the normal structure and function of the DNA, potentially leading to mutations, genetic damage, and an increased risk of cancer and other diseases.

DNA adducts are formed when a reactive molecule from a chemical agent binds covalently to a base in the DNA molecule. This process can occur either spontaneously or as a result of exposure to environmental toxins, such as those found in tobacco smoke, certain industrial chemicals, and some medications.

The formation of DNA adducts is often used as a biomarker for exposure to harmful substances, as well as an indicator of potential health risks associated with that exposure. Researchers can measure the levels of specific DNA adducts in biological samples, such as blood or urine, to assess the extent and duration of exposure to certain chemicals or toxins.

It's important to note that not all DNA adducts are necessarily harmful, and some may even play a role in normal cellular processes. However, high levels of certain DNA adducts have been linked to an increased risk of cancer and other diseases, making them a focus of ongoing research and investigation.

Mucorales is a order of fungi that includes several genera of mold-like fungi, such as Mucor, Rhizopus, and Absidia. These fungi are commonly found in soil, decaying vegetation, and animal manure. Some species can cause mucormycosis, a serious and often life-threatening invasive fungal infection that primarily affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those with uncontrolled diabetes, cancer, or organ transplants. The infection typically begins in the respiratory tract, but it can spread to other parts of the body, including the sinuses, brain, and lungs. Mucormycosis is difficult to diagnose and treat, and it has a high mortality rate.

Creosote is a thick, dark brown or black liquid that has a strong, tarry odor and is produced when wood, coal, or other organic materials are burned or distilled. It is a complex mixture of chemicals, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which have been linked to an increased risk of cancer.

In the medical context, creosote is not typically used as a treatment for any condition. However, it has been used historically as a topical antiseptic and wound dressing, due to its antibacterial properties. However, its use in this way has largely been replaced by more modern and effective treatments.

It's important to note that creosote is considered a hazardous substance and can be harmful if swallowed, inhaled, or comes into contact with the skin. It can cause irritation to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract, and prolonged exposure has been linked to an increased risk of cancer. Therefore, it should be handled with care and used only under the supervision of a medical professional.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are a group of synthetic chemicals that were commonly used in refrigerants, aerosol propellants, and foam blowing agents. They consist of carbon atoms bonded to chlorine and fluorine atoms. CFCs are known to contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer in the Earth's atmosphere.

CFC-12, also known as dichlorodifluoromethane, is a specific type of CFC with the chemical formula CF~2Cl2. It was widely used as a refrigerant and aerosol propellant before being phased out due to its ozone-depleting properties.

On the other hand, ethane (C2H6) is a hydrocarbon consisting of two carbon atoms and six hydrogen atoms. It is a colorless gas with a faint sweet odor and is commonly found in natural gas. Ethane is not a CFC and does not contain chlorine or fluorine atoms.

Therefore, there is no medical definition for "Chlorofluorocarbons, Ethane" as it is a combination of two unrelated terms.

Poloxalene is not a medical term, but a chemical compound. It's an ether used as a non-ionic surfactant and emulsifying agent in the pharmaceutical industry. Poloxalene is also known for its ability to reduce the severity of bloat (gas distention) in animals, particularly in ruminants like cows, when included in their feed. However, it's not typically used as a human medication.

I believe there may be some confusion in your question. "Fluorenes" is not a medical term, but rather a chemical term referring to organic compounds that contain a fluorene moiety, which is a bicyclic compound made up of two benzene rings fused to a five-membered ring containing two carbon atoms and one double bond.

Fluorenes have various applications in the field of materials science, including organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic photovoltaics (OPVs), and organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). They are not typically used in a medical context, although some fluorene derivatives have been explored for potential therapeutic applications.

Therefore, I cannot provide a medical definition of "Fluorenes." However, if you have any questions about the chemical properties or applications of fluorenes, I would be happy to try and answer them.

'Dioscorea' is the medical term for a genus of plants commonly known as yams. These plants belong to the family Dioscoreaceae and are native to tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. The tubers or roots of some species of Dioscorea are edible and are an important food source in many parts of the world, particularly in Africa and Asia. Some species of Dioscorea contain steroidal saponins, which have been used in traditional medicine for their anti-inflammatory and other properties. However, it is important to note that some species of Dioscorea are toxic and should not be consumed without proper preparation and knowledge.

Bromine compounds refer to chemical substances that contain bromine, a halogen element with the atomic number 35 and symbol Br. Bromine is a volatile, reddish-brown liquid at room temperature that evaporates easily into a red-brown gas with a strong, chlorine-like odor.

Bromine compounds can be formed when bromine combines with other elements or compounds. These compounds have various properties and uses depending on the other elements or groups involved. Some common examples of bromine compounds include:

1. Bromides: These are salts of hydrobromic acid, which contains bromide ions (Br-). They are commonly used as sedatives, anticonvulsants, and in photography.
2. Organobromines: These are organic compounds that contain bromine atoms. They have various uses, including as flame retardants, fumigants, and intermediates in the production of other chemicals.
3. Bromates: These are oxides of bromine that contain the bromate ion (BrO3-). They are used as oxidizing agents in water treatment and bleaching.
4. Bromine pentafluoride (BrF5): This is a highly reactive and corrosive compound that is used as a fluorinating agent in chemical reactions.
5. Bromine trifluoride (BrF3): This is another reactive and corrosive compound that is used as a fluorinating agent, particularly in the production of uranium hexafluoride for nuclear reactors.

It's important to note that some bromine compounds can be toxic, corrosive, or environmentally harmful, so they must be handled with care and disposed of properly.

Biotransformation is the metabolic modification of a chemical compound, typically a xenobiotic (a foreign chemical substance found within an living organism), by a biological system. This process often involves enzymatic conversion of the parent compound to one or more metabolites, which may be more or less active, toxic, or mutagenic than the original substance.

In the context of pharmacology and toxicology, biotransformation is an important aspect of drug metabolism and elimination from the body. The liver is the primary site of biotransformation, but other organs such as the kidneys, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract can also play a role.

Biotransformation can occur in two phases: phase I reactions involve functionalization of the parent compound through oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis, while phase II reactions involve conjugation of the metabolite with endogenous molecules such as glucuronic acid, sulfate, or acetate to increase its water solubility and facilitate excretion.

Adsorption is a process in which atoms, ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid accumulate on the surface of a material. This occurs because the particles in the adsorbate (the substance being adsorbed) have forces that attract them to the surface of the adsorbent (the material that the adsorbate is adhering to).

In medical terms, adsorption can refer to the use of materials with adsorptive properties to remove harmful substances from the body. For example, activated charcoal is sometimes used in the treatment of poisoning because it can adsorb a variety of toxic substances and prevent them from being absorbed into the bloodstream.

It's important to note that adsorption is different from absorption, which refers to the process by which a substance is taken up and distributed throughout a material or tissue.

Petroleum is not a medical term, but it is a term used in the field of geology and petrochemicals. It refers to a naturally occurring liquid found in rock formations, which is composed of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, organic compounds consisting primarily of carbon and hydrogen.

Petroleum is not typically associated with medical definitions; however, it's worth noting that petroleum and its derivatives are widely used in the production of various medical supplies, equipment, and pharmaceuticals. Some examples include plastic syringes, disposable gloves, catheters, lubricants for medical devices, and many active ingredients in medications.

In a broader sense, environmental or occupational exposure to petroleum and its byproducts could lead to health issues, but these are not typically covered under medical definitions of petroleum itself.

"Ralstonia" is a genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that are commonly found in soil and water. Some species of Ralstonia are known to cause healthcare-associated infections, particularly in patients with compromised immune systems. These infections can include pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis. One notable species, Ralstonia solanacearum, is a plant pathogen that causes bacterial wilt in a wide range of plants.

Ralstonia bacteria are known for their ability to form biofilms, which can make them resistant to antibiotics and disinfectants. They can also survive in harsh environments, such as those with low nutrient availability and high salt concentrations. These characteristics make Ralstonia a challenging organism to control in healthcare settings and in the environment.

It's important to note that while Ralstonia bacteria can cause serious infections, they are not typically considered highly virulent or contagious. Instead, infections are often associated with contaminated medical equipment or solutions, such as intravenous fluids, respiratory therapy equipment, and contaminated water sources. Proper infection control practices, including environmental cleaning and disinfection, can help prevent the spread of Ralstonia in healthcare settings.

Chemical water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (such as lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater) with harmful chemicals or substances that negatively impact water quality and pose a threat to human health, aquatic life, and the environment. These chemical pollutants can come from various sources, including industrial and agricultural activities, waste disposal, oil spills, and chemical accidents. Examples of chemical pollutants include heavy metals (such as mercury, lead, and cadmium), pesticides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and other hazardous substances. These chemicals can have toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic effects on living organisms and can disrupt ecosystems, leading to decreased biodiversity and impaired ecological functions.

"Mycobacterium" is a genus of gram-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are characterized by their complex cell walls containing large amounts of lipids. This genus includes several species that are significant in human and animal health, most notably Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis, and Mycobacterium leprae, which causes leprosy. Other species of Mycobacterium can cause various diseases in humans, including skin and soft tissue infections, lung infections, and disseminated disease in immunocompromised individuals. These bacteria are often resistant to common disinfectants and antibiotics, making them difficult to treat.

Mutagens are physical or chemical agents that can cause permanent changes in the structure of genetic material, including DNA and chromosomes, leading to mutations. These mutations can be passed down to future generations and may increase the risk of cancer and other diseases. Examples of mutagens include ultraviolet (UV) radiation, tobacco smoke, and certain chemicals found in industrial settings. It is important to note that not all mutations are harmful, but some can have negative effects on health and development.

Retinal Ganglion Cells (RGCs) are a type of neuron located in the innermost layer of the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. These cells receive visual information from photoreceptors (rods and cones) via intermediate cells called bipolar cells. RGCs then send this visual information through their long axons to form the optic nerve, which transmits the signals to the brain for processing and interpretation as vision.

There are several types of RGCs, each with distinct morphological and functional characteristics. Some RGCs are specialized in detecting specific features of the visual scene, such as motion, contrast, color, or brightness. The diversity of RGCs allows for a rich and complex representation of the visual world in the brain.

Damage to RGCs can lead to various visual impairments, including loss of vision, reduced visual acuity, and altered visual fields. Conditions associated with RGC damage or degeneration include glaucoma, optic neuritis, ischemic optic neuropathy, and some inherited retinal diseases.

Activating Transcription Factor 4 (ATF4) is a protein that plays a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression, particularly during times of cellular stress. It belongs to the family of basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors and is involved in various biological processes such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, amino acid metabolism, and protein synthesis.

ATF4 is encoded by the ATF4 gene, located on human chromosome 22q13.1. The protein contains several functional domains, including a bZIP domain that facilitates its dimerization with other bZIP proteins and binding to specific DNA sequences called ER stress response elements (ERSE) or amino acid response elements (AARE).

Under normal conditions, ATF4 levels are relatively low in cells. However, during periods of cellular stress, such as nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, or ER stress, the translation of ATF4 mRNA is selectively enhanced, leading to increased ATF4 protein levels. This upregulation of ATF4 triggers the expression of various target genes involved in adapting to stress conditions, promoting cell survival, or initiating programmed cell death (apoptosis) if the stress cannot be resolved.

In summary, Activating Transcription Factor 4 is a crucial protein that helps regulate gene expression during cellular stress, playing essential roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis and responding to various environmental challenges.

Burkholderia is a genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that are widely distributed in the environment, including soil, water, and associated with plants. Some species of Burkholderia are opportunistic pathogens, meaning they can cause infection in individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying medical conditions.

One of the most well-known species of Burkholderia is B. cepacia, which can cause respiratory infections in people with cystic fibrosis and chronic granulomatous disease. Other notable species include B. pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, a potentially serious infection that primarily affects the respiratory system; and B. mallei, which causes glanders, a rare but severe disease that can affect humans and animals.

Burkholderia species are known for their resistance to many antibiotics, making them difficult to treat in some cases. Proper identification of the specific Burkholderia species involved in an infection is important for determining the most appropriate treatment approach.

Sphingomonadaceae is a family of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that are commonly found in various environments such as soil, water, and clinical samples. They are characterized by the presence of sphingophospholipids in their outer membrane, which differentiates them from other gram-negative bacteria.

Members of this family are often rod-shaped or coccoid and may be motile or nonmotile. Some species have the ability to degrade various organic compounds, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and other aromatic hydrocarbons.

Sphingomonadaceae includes several genera of medical importance, such as Sphingomonas, Sphingopyxis, and Novosphingobium. These bacteria have been associated with various infections in humans, including bacteremia, pneumonia, meningitis, and urinary tract infections, particularly in immunocompromised patients. However, they are generally considered to be opportunistic pathogens, and their clinical significance is not well understood.

"Pseudomonas" is a genus of Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that are widely found in soil, water, and plants. Some species of Pseudomonas can cause disease in animals and humans, with P. aeruginosa being the most clinically relevant as it's an opportunistic pathogen capable of causing various types of infections, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.

P. aeruginosa is known for its remarkable ability to resist many antibiotics and disinfectants, making infections caused by this bacterium difficult to treat. It can cause a range of healthcare-associated infections, such as pneumonia, bloodstream infections, urinary tract infections, and surgical site infections. In addition, it can also cause external ear infections and eye infections.

Prompt identification and appropriate antimicrobial therapy are crucial for managing Pseudomonas infections, although the increasing antibiotic resistance poses a significant challenge in treatment.

Carcinogens are agents (substances or mixtures of substances) that can cause cancer. They may be naturally occurring or man-made. Carcinogens can increase the risk of cancer by altering cellular DNA, disrupting cellular function, or promoting cell growth. Examples of carcinogens include certain chemicals found in tobacco smoke, asbestos, UV radiation from the sun, and some viruses.

It's important to note that not all exposures to carcinogens will result in cancer, and the risk typically depends on factors such as the level and duration of exposure, individual genetic susceptibility, and lifestyle choices. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies carcinogens into different groups based on the strength of evidence linking them to cancer:

Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans
Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans
Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans
Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans
Group 4: Probably not carcinogenic to humans

This information is based on medical research and may be subject to change as new studies become available. Always consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Oxygenases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the incorporation of molecular oxygen (O2) into their substrates. They play crucial roles in various biological processes, including the biosynthesis of many natural products, as well as the detoxification and degradation of xenobiotics (foreign substances).

There are two main types of oxygenases: monooxygenases and dioxygenases. Monooxygenases introduce one atom of molecular oxygen into a substrate while reducing the other to water. An example of this type of enzyme is cytochrome P450, which is involved in drug metabolism and steroid hormone synthesis. Dioxygenases, on the other hand, incorporate both atoms of molecular oxygen into their substrates, often leading to the formation of new carbon-carbon bonds or the cleavage of existing ones.

It's important to note that while oxygenases are essential for many life-sustaining processes, they can also contribute to the production of harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS) during normal cellular metabolism. An imbalance in ROS levels can lead to oxidative stress and damage to cells and tissues, which has been linked to various diseases such as cancer, neurodegeneration, and cardiovascular disease.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "hydroponics" is not a medical term. It is an agricultural technique and term. Hydroponics refers to the practice of growing plants in nutrient-rich water solutions, without soil. This method allows plants to obtain their necessary nutrients directly from the water, which is enriched with dissolved minerals. Common hydroponic systems include wick systems, deep water culture, nutrient film technique, ebb and flow system, aeroponics, and drip systems.

Biphenyl compounds, also known as diphenyls, are a class of organic compounds consisting of two benzene rings linked by a single carbon-carbon bond. The chemical structure of biphenyl compounds can be represented as C6H5-C6H5. These compounds are widely used in the industrial sector, including as intermediates in the synthesis of other chemicals, as solvents, and in the production of plastics and dyes. Some biphenyl compounds also have biological activity and can be found in natural products. For example, some plant-derived compounds that belong to this class have been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties.

Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that are among the earliest known life forms on Earth. They are typically characterized as having a cell wall and no membrane-bound organelles. The majority of bacteria have a prokaryotic organization, meaning they lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Bacteria exist in diverse environments and can be found in every habitat on Earth, including soil, water, and the bodies of plants and animals. Some bacteria are beneficial to their hosts, while others can cause disease. Beneficial bacteria play important roles in processes such as digestion, nitrogen fixation, and biogeochemical cycling.

Bacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission or budding, and some species can also exchange genetic material through conjugation. They have a wide range of metabolic capabilities, with many using organic compounds as their source of energy, while others are capable of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

Bacteria are highly adaptable and can evolve rapidly in response to environmental changes. This has led to the development of antibiotic resistance in some species, which poses a significant public health challenge. Understanding the biology and behavior of bacteria is essential for developing strategies to prevent and treat bacterial infections and diseases.

Annonaceae is a family of flowering plants, also known as custard apple family. It includes several genera and species of tropical trees and shrubs that are native to the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Australia. The plants in this family are characterized by their large, often fragrant flowers and fleshy fruits. Some of the commercially important crops in this family include cherimoya, soursop, custard apple, and pawpaw. Many species of Annonaceae have also been studied for their potential medicinal properties, including the presence of alkaloids with anticancer and anti-malarial activities.

Mutagenicity tests are a type of laboratory assays used to identify agents that can cause genetic mutations. These tests detect changes in the DNA of organisms, such as bacteria, yeast, or mammalian cells, after exposure to potential mutagens. The most commonly used mutagenicity test is the Ames test, which uses a strain of Salmonella bacteria that is sensitive to mutagens. If a chemical causes an increase in the number of revertants (reversion to the wild type) in the bacterial population, it is considered to be a mutagen. Other tests include the mouse lymphoma assay and the chromosomal aberration test. These tests are used to evaluate the potential genotoxicity of chemicals and are an important part of the safety evaluation process for new drugs, chemicals, and other substances.

Aporphine is a type of chemical compound called alkaloids, which are found in certain plants. Aporphines have a specific chemical structure and can have various pharmacological effects. They have been studied for their potential medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, and antiasthmatic activities. Some aporphine alkaloids have also been found to have psychoactive effects and are used in traditional medicine in some cultures. However, more research is needed to fully understand the therapeutic potential and safety of aporphines.

Azaguanine is a type of antimetabolite drug that is used in medical research and treatment. It is a purine analogue, which means it has a similar chemical structure to the natural purine bases adenine and guanine, which are building blocks of DNA and RNA. Azaguanine can be incorporated into the genetic material of cells, interfering with their normal function and replication. It is used in research to study the effects of such interference on cell growth and development.

In clinical medicine, azaguanine has been used as an anticancer drug, although it is not widely used today due to its toxicity and the availability of more effective treatments. It may also have some activity against certain types of parasitic infections, such as leishmaniasis and malaria.

It's important to note that azaguanine is not a commonly used medication and its use should be under the supervision of a medical professional with experience in its administration and management of potential side effects.

... occurs naturally and also is a man-made chemical. Commonly, humans are exposed to phenanthrene through inhalation ... The Bardhan-Sengupta phenanthrene synthesis is a classic way to make phenanthrenes. This process involves electrophilic ... Phenanthrene can also be obtained photochemically from certain diarylethenes. Reactions of phenanthrene typically occur at the ... The compound with a phenanthrene skeleton and nitrogens at the 4 and 5 positions is known as phenanthroline. Phenanthrene is ...
The crystal structure of benzo[c]phenanthrene and of 1,12-dimethylbenzo[c]phenanthrene". Journal of the Chemical Society ( ... Benzo[c]phenanthrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C18H12. It is a white solid that is soluble ... phenanthrene and benzo[g]chrysene". Cancer Research. 58 (23): 5340-5343. ISSN 0008-5472. PMID 9850062. v t e (Articles with ...
Cirrhopetalanthrin is a dimeric phenanthrene derivative from Cirrhopetalum maculosum. Five phenanthrene glycosides, ... and the dimeric phenanthrenes reptanthrin and isoreptanthrin. Bulbophyllum vaginatum contains the two phenanthrenes 4,9- ... Three phenanthrenes can be isolated from the stems of the orchid Flickingeria fimbriata. The structures are 2,5-dihydroxy-4,9, ... Hwang, JS; Lee, SA; Hong, SS; Han, XH; Lee, C; Kang, SJ; Lee, D; Kim, Y; Hong, JT; Lee, MK; Hwang, BY (2010). "Phenanthrenes ...
From the stems, three phenanthrenes can be isolated, named plicatol A, B and C. The plant also contains the norditerpenoids ... Honda, Chie; Yamaki, Masae (2000). "Phenanthrenes from Dendrobium plicatile". Phytochemistry. 53 (8): 987-990. doi:10.1016/ ...
Chemical compounds useful in medicine, including phenanthrenes have been extracted from this orchid. "Dendrobium densiflorum". ... Kovács, Adriána; Vasas, Andrea; Hohmann, Judit (March 2008). "Natural phenanthrenes and their biological activity". ...
Yang, H; Sung, S. H; Kim, Y. C (2007). "Antifibrotic phenanthrenes of Dendrobium nobile stems". Journal of Natural Products. 70 ... "Phenanthrenes from Dendrobium nobile and their inhibition of the LPS-induced production of nitric oxide in macrophage RAW 264.7 ... Extract of the stems of Dendrobium nobile yielded 17 phenanthrenes (including 3,4,8-trimethoxyphenanthrene-2,5-diol, 2,8- ...
Four new phenanthrenes from Monomeria barbata Lindl. Minghui Yang, Le Cai, Zhigang Tai, Xianghui Zeng and Zhongtao Ding, ... Yang, Minghui; Cai, Le; Tai, Zhigang; Zeng, Xianghui; Ding, Zhongtao (2010). "Four new phenanthrenes from Monomeria barbata ...
... is one of the three phenanthrenes that can be isolated from the stems of the orchid Flickingeria fimbriata. Plicatol ... A Plicatol B Phenanthrenes from Dendrobium plicatile. Chie Honda and Masae Yamaki, Phytochemistry, April 2000, Volume 53, Issue ...
... is one of the three phenanthrenes that can be isolated from the stems of the orchid Dendrobium plicatile. Plicatol B ... Plicatol C Phenanthrenes from Dendrobium plicatile. Chie Honda and Masae Yamaki, Phytochemistry, April 2000, Volume 53, Issue 8 ...
Compounds without a Phenanthrene Nucleus". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 125 (839): 222-232. Bibcode ... Dodds, E. C.; Lawson, Wilfrid (1936). "Synthetic strogenic Agents without the Phenanthrene Nucleus". Nature. 137 (3476): 996. ...
Compounds without a Phenanthrene Nucleus". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 125 (839): 222- ... Dodds EC, Lawson W (1936). "Synthetic Œstrogenic Agents without the Phenanthrene Nucleus". Nature. 137 (3476): 996. Bibcode: ...
Several other methods are available to synthesize the phenanthrene ring system; however, most of these are longer or less ... ortho-Substituted substrates generally give 1-substituted phenanthrenes, unless the substituent is a good leaving group, in ... For example, dihydrophenanthrene becomes phenanthrene. Oxygen and iodine are the most commonly employed oxidants. For most ... the Mallory reaction is a photochemical-cyclization-elimination reaction of diaryl-ethylene structures to form phenanthrenes ...
7. Synthesis of Steroidal Phenanthrenes by Double Methyl Migration". Journal of the Chemical Society C: Organic. 1971: 2566- ...
Phenanthrenes, dihydrophenanthrenes and bibenzyls from the orchid Bulbophyllum vaginatum. Leong Y-W, KAng C-C, Harrison LJ and ... Bulbophyllum vaginatum contains the two phenanthrenes 4,9-dimethoxyphenanthrene-2,5-diol and 4,6-dimethoxyphenanthrene-2,3,7- ...
DDQ and an acid catalyst has been used to synthesise a steroid with a phenanthrene core by oxidation accompanied by a double ... The Synthesis of Steroidal Phenanthrenes by Double Methyl Migration". Journal of the Chemical Society C: Organic. 14: 2566-2572 ...
Yuan-Wah Leong; Chiang-Cheong Kang; Harrison, Leslie J.; Powell, Andrew D. (1997). "Phenanthrenes, dihydrophenanthrenes and ...
Preparation of phenanthrene 9,10-imine". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 43 (22): 4271-4273. doi:10.1021/jo00416a003. ...
Common impurities are phenanthrene and carbazole. The mineral form of anthracene is called freitalite and is related to a coal ... 9,10-Dithioanthracene, derivative with two thiol groups added to the central ring Phenanthrene Tetracene Haynes, p. 3.28 Haynes ...
Phenanthrene Merck Index, 11th Edition, 2259. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (2014). Nomenclature of Organic ...
Bufadienolides and phenanthrene are toxic compounds. Two calves fed for 48 hours with K. pinnata have been reported to have ... Phytochemical studies of Kalanchoe pinnata have identified the presence of triterpenes, steroid, phenanthrene, flavonoid, ...
Examples are naphthalene, anthracene, and phenanthrene. In fused aromatics, not all carbon-carbon bonds are necessarily ...
It can also degrade phenanthrene, which is a carbon source from polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons. Phenanthrene is a common ... Delftia acidovorans strains Cs1-4 and SPH-1 can use phenanthrene, pyruvate, vanillate, succinate, formic acid, gluconic acid, ... "Complete genome sequence of the phenanthrene-degrading soil bacterium Delftia acidovorans Cs1-4". Standards in Genomic Sciences ...
Deveryshetty J, Phale PS (October 2010). "Biodegradation of phenanthrene by Alcaligenes sp. strain PPH: partial purification ...
Preparation of phenanthrene 9,10-imine". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 43 (22): 4271-4273. doi:10.1021/jo00416a003. Ittah, ...
Phenanthrene derivatives from the orchid Coelogyne cristata. Majumder PL1, Sen S and Majumder S, Phytochemistry, October 2001, ...
"A New Phenanthrene Derivative from Pleione praecox". Chemistry of Natural Compounds. 57 (3): 409-411. doi:10.1007/s10600-021- ...
Phenanthrene or Biphenyl)". Journal of Inclusion Phenomena and Macrocyclic Chemistry. 39 (1/2): 175-180. doi:10.1023/A: ...
Phenanthrene derivatives from the orchid Coelogyne cristata. Majumder PL1, Sen S and Majumder S, Phytochemistry, October 2001, ... C. cristata contains the phenanthrenes coeloginanthridin (3,5,7-trihydroxy-1,2-dimethoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene), a 9,10- ... dihydrophenanthrene derivative, and coeloginanthrin, the corresponding phenanthrene analogue, coelogin and coeloginin. " ...
WF1 was able to degrade the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon phenanthrene, each when alone and when in co-culture with the ... WF1 and Phanerochaete chrysosporium in phenanthrene biodegradation". Science of the Total Environment. 781: 146655. doi:10.1016 ...
Majumder, P. L.; Sen, S.; Majumder, S. (2001). "Phenanthrene derivatives from the orchid Coelogyne cristata". Phytochemistry. ...
Phenanthrene occurs naturally and also is a man-made chemical. Commonly, humans are exposed to phenanthrene through inhalation ... The Bardhan-Sengupta phenanthrene synthesis is a classic way to make phenanthrenes. This process involves electrophilic ... Phenanthrene can also be obtained photochemically from certain diarylethenes. Reactions of phenanthrene typically occur at the ... The compound with a phenanthrene skeleton and nitrogens at the 4 and 5 positions is known as phenanthroline. Phenanthrene is ...
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) uses its best efforts to deliver a high quality copy of the Database and to verify that the data contained therein have been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST shall not be liable for any damage that may result from errors or omissions in the Database ...
Sublimate of phenanthrene. Orrin E George Affiliation. IBM Corp.. Tucson, Arizona, USA. Technique. Transmitted Light with ...
... exemplified by phenanthrene) on cork and the availability of the chemical comp … ... An integrated approach to understanding the sorption mechanism of phenanthrene by cork Chemosphere. 2013 Feb;90(6):1939-44. doi ... The modeling study showed that the lignin-phenanthrene interaction is mostly hydrophobic in nature being largely determined by ... This result justifies the observed correlations as dichloromethane extractives, being hydrophobic, compete with phenanthrene ...
336 9,10-Dihydro-phenanthrene (Previous) (Back) (Next) Geometry predicted using PM7. # Species Formula ... PM7 9,10-Dihydro-phenanthrene H=37.07 HR=NIST C 0.00000000 +0 0.0000000 +0 0.0000000 +0 0 0 0 C 1.39311189 +1 0.0000000 +0 ...
... and stereoselective metabolism of phenanthrene (PA) by seven cDNA-expressed human and five rodent and rabbit cytochromes P-450 ... Regio- and stereo-selective metabolism of phenanthrene by twelve cDNA-expressed human, rodent, and rabbit cytochromes P-450 ... The regio- and stereoselective metabolism of phenanthrene (PA) by seven cDNA-expressed human and five rodent and rabbit ...
As a product of bacteria and fungi during phenanthrene degradation, 2,2-diphenic acid can serve as a dependable biomarker of ... Diverse species of bacteria and fungi metabolize phenanthrenes as their sole source of carbon and energy. However, bacteria are ... 2,2-diphenic acid mounts equivalent position to 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, metabolite that ends the phenanthrene metabolic ... This has been shown in published pathways of phenanthrene biodegradation implicating various intermediary metabolites, ...
Soil was spiked with [9-C-14]phenanthrene and [1-C-14]hexadecane at 50 mg kg(-1) and aged for 1, 25, 50, 100 and 250 d. At each ... Influence of hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin on the biodegradation of C-14-phenanthrene and C-14-hexadecane in soil ... Influence of hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin on the biodegradation of C-14-phenanthrene and C-14-hexadecane in soil. ...
Browse a full range of Phenanthrenes and derivatives products from leading suppliers. Shop now at Fisher Scientific for all of ...
Browse a full range of Phenanthrenes and derivatives products from leading suppliers. Shop now at Fisher Scientific for all of ...
URXP19 - 4-phenanthrene (ng/L). Variable Name: URXP19 SAS Label: 4-phenanthrene (ng/L). English Text: 4-phenanthrene (ng/L). ... 4-phenanthrene comment code. English Text: 4-phenanthrene comment code. Target: Both males and females 20 YEARS - 150 YEARS. ... URDP19LC - 4-phenanthrene comment code. Variable Name: URDP19LC. SAS Label: ...
11H-indeno[2,1-a]phenanthrene. InChI. InChI=1S/C21H14/c1-3-7-16-14(5-1)9-10-20-18(16)11-12-19-17-8-4-2-6-15(17)13-21(19)20/h1- ...
Conjugated macrocycles based on phenanthrene: from syntheses to applications. Zheng, Xing. === Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese ... Synthesis of benzo (C) phenanthrene and related compounds by: Madison, Brenton Howard. Published: (2015) ...
External and internal heavy-atom effects on the luminescence of the electron-donor-acceptor complex of phenanthrene and ... External and internal heavy-atom effects on the luminescence of the electron-donor-acceptor complex of phenanthrene and ...
Copy For Citation Öztürk E., Turhan Irak Z., Gümüş A., Gümüş S. International Conference on Research in Education and Science (ICRES), Muğla, Turkey, 28 April - 01 May 2018, pp.1 ...
title = "Solution Conformation of the (-)-trans-anti-Benzo[c]phenanthrene-dA ([BPh]dA) Adduct opposite dT in a DNA Duplex: ... Solution Conformation of the (-)-trans-anti-Benzo[c]phenanthrene-dA ([BPh]dA) Adduct opposite dT in a DNA Duplex: Intercalation ... Solution Conformation of the (-)-trans-anti-Benzo[c]phenanthrene-dA ([BPh]dA) Adduct opposite dT in a DNA Duplex: Intercalation ... Dive into the research topics of Solution Conformation of the (-)-trans-anti-Benzo[c]phenanthrene-dA ([BPh]dA) Adduct opposite ...
... were reacted in microautoclave reactors in a hydrogen atmosphere and with the nondonor solvent phenan-threne. Reactions were ... were reacted in microautoclave reactors in a hydrogen atmosphere and with the nondonor solvent phenan-threne. Reactions were ... were reacted in microautoclave reactors in a hydrogen atmosphere and with the nondonor solvent phenan-threne. Reactions were ... were reacted in microautoclave reactors in a hydrogen atmosphere and with the nondonor solvent phenan-threne. Reactions were ...
Enhanced biodegradation of phenanthrene using different inoculum types in a microbial fuel cell. Engineering in Life Sciences. ... Enhanced biodegradation of phenanthrene using different inoculum types in a microbial fuel cell. Adelaja, O., Keshavarz, T. and ... Treatment of phenanthrene and benzene using microbial fuel cells operated continuously for possible in situ and ex situ ... Treatment of phenanthrene and benzene using microbial fuel cells operated continuously for possible in situ and ex situ ...
Phenanthrene and its methyl-,dimethyl-, and trimethyl-isomers were biodegraded and reduced by more than 99% of their initial ... Phenanthrene and its methyl-,dimethyl-, and trimethyl-isomers were biodegraded and reduced by more than 99% of their initial ... Phenanthrene and its methyl-,dimethyl-, and trimethyl-isomers were biodegraded and reduced by more than 99% of their initial ... This is a somewhat surprising result since it follows that the phenanthrenes were more susceptible to biodegradation than the n ...
Structural Evolution of Solid Phenanthrene at High Pressures. In: The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 2016 ; Vol. 120. pp. ... Structural Evolution of Solid Phenanthrene at High Pressures. Francesco Capitani, Marc Hoeppner, L. Malavasi, G.A. Artioli, C. ... Structural Evolution of Solid Phenanthrene at High Pressures. / Capitani, Francesco; Hoeppner, Marc; Malavasi, L. et al. In: ... Structural Evolution of Solid Phenanthrene at High Pressures. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 2016;120:14310-14316. doi: ...
Phenanthrene. 5528. POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS in AIR by GC-MS SIM. PAHs. 5528. POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS in AIR ...
... and C2-phenanthrene (the entire accident area points) concentrations were higher than the ERL SQG. ... Only the C2-naphthalene (St.A), C1-phenanthrene (St.A and St.B), ... C1-Phenanthrenes. C1-Phe. 192. Dibenz(a,h)anthracene. InP. 278 ... Only the C2-naphthalene (St.A), C1-phenanthrene (St.A and St.B), and C2-phenanthrene (the entire accident area points) ... Note: a C2-DBT/C2-Phe: C2-Dibenzothiophenes/C2-Phenanthrenes. b C3-DBT/C3-Phe: C3-Dibenzothiophenes/C3-Phenanthrenes. ...
Phenanthrene (Phe) and pyrene (Pyr) are two typical polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) found in contaminated soil. This ... Dive into the research topics of Physiological and biochemical responses of rice (Oryza sativa L.) to phenanthrene and pyrene ... Physiological and biochemical responses of rice (Oryza sativa L.) to phenanthrene and pyrene. ... to phenanthrene and pyrene. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 10(2), 106-118. doi: 10.1080/15226510801913587 ...
Influence of nonionic surfactant on attached biofilm formation and phenanthrene bioavailability during simulated surfactant ...
... than those observed in phenanthrene contamination. Up to 98 % of phenanthrene removal was observed. In response to phenanthrene ... Phenanthrene contamination had a severe impact on bacteria and meiofauna abundances with a strong decrease of nematodes with a ... Phenanthrene had a significant effect on meiofaunal and bacterial abundances (p < 0.05), with a strong reduction of density ... Show more ,A microcosm experiment was setup to examine (1) the effect of phenanthrene contamination on meiofauna and bacteria ...
The isolate could grow up to 600 mgL-1 and 400 mgL-1 of anthracene and phenanthrene as the sole carbon source at an optimum pH ... The strain could degrade phenanthrene and anthracene to a maximum of 99 and 72 percent, respectively, under ideal conditions. ... BIODEGRADATION OF ANTHRACENE AND PHENANTHRENE BY PSEUDOMONAS STUTZERI (BUK_BTEG1) ISOLATED FROM PETROCHEMICAL CONTAMINATED SOIL ... BIODEGRADATION OF ANTHRACENE AND PHENANTHRENE BY PSEUDOMONAS STUTZERI (BUK_BTEG1) ISOLATED FROM PETROCHEMICAL CONTAMINATED SOIL ...
Soil microbial community dynamics and phenanthrene degradation as affected by rape oil application. in: Applied Soil Ecology. ... Mellendorf M, Soja G, Gerzabek Martin H, Watzinger A. Soil microbial community dynamics and phenanthrene degradation as ... Mellendorf, M., Soja, G., Gerzabek Martin, H., & Watzinger, A. (2010). Soil microbial community dynamics and phenanthrene ... Soil microbial community dynamics and phenanthrene degradation as affected by rape oil application. / Mellendorf, M.; Soja, ...
PHENANTHRENE. 583. 85-01-8. 257. DIURON. 580. 330-54-1. 258. 4-NITROPHENOL. 580. 100-02-7. ...
Phenanthrene. aromatic. Phenol. sweet, tar, creasote, acid. Phosphorus. pungent, garlic. Polyethylene. odorless. ...
... phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, and chrysene. The Results chapter also illustrates the ...
  • Reactions of phenanthrene typically occur at the 9 and 10 positions, including: Organic oxidation to phenanthrenequinone with chromic acid Organic reduction to 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene with hydrogen gas and raney nickel Electrophilic halogenation to 9-bromophenanthrene with bromine Aromatic sulfonation to 2 and 3-phenanthrenesulfonic acids with sulfuric acid Ozonolysis to diphenylaldehyde Phenanthrene is more stable than its linear isomer anthracene. (wikipedia.org)
  • The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has identified 16 substances as priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that are harmful to humans, including anthracene and phenanthrene. (abmj.ro)
  • The isolate could grow up to 600 mgL-1 and 400 mgL-1 of anthracene and phenanthrene as the sole carbon source at an optimum pH of 7.0 and 7.5 respectively, inoculum concentration of 4% (v/v), and temperature of 35°C during 72 hours of incubation. (abmj.ro)
  • The strain could degrade phenanthrene and anthracene to a maximum of 99 and 72 percent, respectively, under ideal conditions. (abmj.ro)
  • Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations showed only detectable levels of acenaphthylene (208968), acenaphthene (83329), fluorene (86737), phenanthrene (85018), anthracene (120127), and naphthalene (91203). (cdc.gov)
  • Phenanthrene (Phe) and pyrene (Pyr) are two typical polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) found in contaminated soil. (eduhk.hk)
  • separately, and in combination, on the dissipation of spiked phenanthrene and pyrene (0, 50 + 50, 100 + 100, 200 + 200 mg kg - 1 ) in waterlogged soil were studied using pot trials. (edu.hk)
  • Phenanthrene and pyrene concentrations in roots ranged from 1-27 and 20-98 mg kg - 1 , respectively, while their concentrations in shoots were generally lower than 0.2 mg kg - 1 . (edu.hk)
  • Phenanthrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) with formula C14H10, consisting of three fused benzene rings. (wikipedia.org)
  • Phenanthrene (PHE) and hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPCD) were chosen respectively as a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) representative and as a solubilizing agent. (univ-lorraine.fr)
  • A urinary metabolite of phenanthrene as a biomarker of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolic activation in workers exposed to residual oil fly ash. (cdc.gov)
  • This has been shown in published pathways of phenanthrene biodegradation implicating various intermediary metabolites, including 2,2-diphenic acid, which is a downline metabolite of 9,10-dihydroxyphenanthrene. (scienceopen.com)
  • This is a somewhat surprising result since it follows that the phenanthrenes were more susceptible to biodegradation than the n-alkanes and isoprenoids. (ac.rs)
  • Depending on the microbial community used for bioaugmentation, biodegradation of phenanthrene can precede biodegradation of saturated hydrocarbons. (ac.rs)
  • The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the structure of solid phenanthrene (C14H10) was investigated up to 25.7 GPa through synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction and an evolutionary algorithm for crystal structure prediction based on van der Waals density functional calculations. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Phenanthrene is nearly insoluble in water but is soluble in most low polarity organic solvents such as toluene, carbon tetrachloride, ether, chloroform, acetic acid and benzene. (wikipedia.org)
  • The treatment of a mixture of phenanthrene and benzene using two different tubular microbial fuel cells (MFCs) designed for either in situ and ex situ applications in aqueous systems was investigated over long operational periods (up to 155 days). (westminster.ac.uk)
  • The tubular MFC could be operated successfully at copiotrophic (100 ppm phenanthrene, 2000 ppm benzene at HRT 30 days) and oligotrophic (phenanthrene and benzene, 50 ppb each, HRT 10 days) substrate conditions suggesting its effectiveness and robustness at extreme substrate concentrations in anoxic environments. (westminster.ac.uk)
  • Biostimulation using mineral salt medium strongly enhanced phenanthrene removal, leading to a decrease of its toxicity. (univ-lille.fr)
  • A 48-h acute toxicity test was conducted exposing the cladoceran, Daphnia magna, to five concentrations of phenanthrene. (wisconsin.edu)
  • Soil was spiked with [9-C-14]phenanthrene and [1-C-14]hexadecane at 50 mg kg(-1) and aged for 1, 25, 50, 100 and 250 d. (lancs.ac.uk)
  • Treatment of synthetic soil washing solutions containing phenanthrene and cyclodextrin by electro-oxidation. (univ-lorraine.fr)
  • The dissipation of phenanthrene was mainly due to abiotic loss as 70-78% phenanthrene was lost from the control soil at the end of 80 days, while removal of 86-87% phenanthrene had been achieved after 40 days in the treatment co-cultivated with Acinetobacter sp. (edu.hk)
  • 0.05) increased in contaminated microcosms, could be considered as "opportunistic" species to phenanthrene whereas Anticoma acuminata and Calomicrolaimus honestus increased in the treatment combining biostimulation and bioaugmentation. (univ-lille.fr)
  • As a product of bacteria and fungi during phenanthrene degradation, 2,2-diphenic acid can serve as a dependable biomarker of phenanthrene metabolism in a polluted habitat, where microbial community exist freely. (scienceopen.com)
  • Microbial degradation entails breaking down of chemical compound bacteria, fungi, yeast and algae in the course of utilizing such compound (phenanthrene for example) as their source of carbon and energy. (scienceopen.com)
  • Synthesis of benzo (C) phenanthrene and related compounds by: Madison, Brenton Howard. (uitm.edu.my)
  • This adduct is derived from the covalent binding of (-)-1,2-dihydroxy-3,4-epoxy-l, 2,3,4-tetrahydro-benzo[c]phenanthrene [(-)-anti-BPhDE] to N6 of dA6 in this duplex sequence. (psu.edu)
  • Like other signatory metabolites, the 2,2-diphenic acid can be used as a metabolic biomarker of phenanthrene degradation, though it has not been commonly presented as one in published articles. (scienceopen.com)
  • Thus, 2,2-diphenic acid can serve as a dependable biomarker of phenanthrene metabolism in an unrestricted polluted habitat. (scienceopen.com)
  • In the course of degrading phenanthrene, certain pathways are followed and characterized by various intermediary metabolites. (scienceopen.com)
  • Both metabolites produce phthalic acid and salicylic acid and are produced by bacteria and fungi during phenanthrene degradation. (scienceopen.com)
  • Diverse species of bacteria and fungi metabolize phenanthrenes as their sole source of carbon and energy. (scienceopen.com)
  • Phenanthrene contamination had a severe impact on bacteria and meiofauna abundances with a strong decrease of nematodes with a complete disappearance of polychaetes and copepods. (univ-lille.fr)
  • Immunomodulatory Effects of New Phenanthrene Derivatives from Dendrobium crumenatum . (bvsalud.org)
  • The regio- and stereoselective metabolism of phenanthrene (PA) by seven cDNA-expressed human and five rodent and rabbit cytochromes P-450 has been examined using reverse-phase and chiral stationary phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). (nih.gov)
  • The aim of the present work is to go further by investigating the sorption mechanism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (exemplified by phenanthrene) on cork and the availability of the chemical components (i.e. lignin, suberin, holocellulose and extractives) to retain phenanthrene. (nih.gov)
  • Phenanthrene is among the 16 priority polyaromatic hydrocarbons that pose threat to human health. (scienceopen.com)
  • The Bardhan-Sengupta phenanthrene synthesis is a classic way to make phenanthrenes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The synthesis of air-stable Rh, Ir, and Ag complexes, supported by the new phenanthrene-fused 1,3-dibutylimidazol-2-ylidene ligand, is described. (kennesaw.edu)
  • Phenanthrene and its methyl-,dimethyl-, and trimethyl-isomers were biodegraded and reduced by more than 99% of their initial levels. (ac.rs)
  • Commonly, humans are exposed to phenanthrene through inhalation of cigarette smoke but there are many routes of exposure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Renewal of exposure solutions of phenanthrene was done every 24-h. (wisconsin.edu)
  • 2,2-diphenic acid mounts equivalent position to 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, metabolite that ends the phenanthrene metabolic pathway. (scienceopen.com)
  • The 2,2-diphenic acid is equivalent in position to 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, which terminates the phenanthrene upper metabolic pathway. (scienceopen.com)
  • Ravatite is a natural mineral consisting of phenanthrene. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sediments from Bizerte lagoon were contaminated with (100 mg kg-1) phenanthrene and effects were examined after 20 days. (univ-lille.fr)
  • Deprotonation of phenanthrene-fused imidazolium salt 4 in the presence of [M(COD)Cl]2 (M = Rh, Ir) afforded complexes 6 and 7 in excellent yields. (kennesaw.edu)
  • Animal studies have shown that phenanthrene is a potential carcinogen. (wikipedia.org)
  • Phenanthrene occurs naturally and also is a man-made chemical. (wikipedia.org)