Central Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.Peripheral Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors.Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.Central Nervous System Viral Diseases: Viral infections of the brain, spinal cord, meninges, or perimeningeal spaces.Meningoencephalitis: An inflammatory process involving the brain (ENCEPHALITIS) and meninges (MENINGITIS), most often produced by pathogenic organisms which invade the central nervous system, and occasionally by toxins, autoimmune disorders, and other conditions.Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; RNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; SPIROCHAETALES INFECTIONS; fungal infections; PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS; HELMINTHIASIS; and PRION DISEASES may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process.Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.Brain: The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis: A rare, slowly progressive encephalitis caused by chronic infection with the MEASLES VIRUS. The condition occurs primarily in children and young adults, approximately 2-8 years after the initial infection. A gradual decline in intellectual abilities and behavioral alterations are followed by progressive MYOCLONUS; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; SEIZURES; DEMENTIA; autonomic dysfunction; and ATAXIA. DEATH usually occurs 1-3 years after disease onset. Pathologic features include perivascular cuffing, eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions, neurophagia, and fibrous gliosis. It is caused by the SSPE virus, which is a defective variant of MEASLES VIRUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp767-8)AIDS Dementia Complex: A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)Brain Diseases: Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.Demyelinating Diseases: Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.Maus Elberfeld virus: A strain of ENCEPHALOMYOCARDITIS VIRUS, a species of CARDIOVIRUS, usually causing an inapparent intestinal infection in mice. A small number of mice may show signs of flaccid paralysis.Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium.Cerebrospinal Fluid: A watery fluid that is continuously produced in the CHOROID PLEXUS and circulates around the surface of the BRAIN; SPINAL CORD; and in the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES.Meninges: The three membranes that cover the BRAIN and the SPINAL CORD. They are the dura mater, the arachnoid, and the pia mater.Enterovirus InfectionsNervous System: The entire nerve apparatus, composed of a central part, the brain and spinal cord, and a peripheral part, the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia, and plexuses. (Stedman, 26th ed)Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Astrocytes: A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.Schwann Cells: Neuroglial cells of the peripheral nervous system which form the insulating myelin sheaths of peripheral axons.Sciatic Nerve: A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the TIBIAL NERVE and the PERONEAL NERVE.Disease Models, Animal: Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.Myelin Sheath: The lipid-rich sheath surrounding AXONS in both the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. The myelin sheath is an electrical insulator and allows faster and more energetically efficient conduction of impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of glial cells (SCHWANN CELLS in the peripheral and OLIGODENDROGLIA in the central nervous system). Deterioration of the sheath in DEMYELINATING DISEASES is a serious clinical problem.Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms: Neoplasms which arise from peripheral nerve tissue. This includes NEUROFIBROMAS; SCHWANNOMAS; GRANULAR CELL TUMORS; and malignant peripheral NERVE SHEATH NEOPLASMS. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp1750-1)Ganglia, Spinal: Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain.Autonomic Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the parasympathetic or sympathetic divisions of the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; which has components located in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Autonomic dysfunction may be associated with HYPOTHALAMIC DISEASES; BRAIN STEM disorders; SPINAL CORD DISEASES; and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES. Manifestations include impairments of vegetative functions including the maintenance of BLOOD PRESSURE; HEART RATE; pupil function; SWEATING; REPRODUCTIVE AND URINARY PHYSIOLOGY; and DIGESTION.Lamin Type A: A subclass of developmentally regulated lamins having a neutral isoelectric point. They are found to disassociate from nuclear membranes during mitosis.Enteric Nervous System: Two ganglionated neural plexuses in the gut wall which form one of the three major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The enteric nervous system innervates the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the gallbladder. It contains sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Thus the circuitry can autonomously sense the tension and the chemical environment in the gut and regulate blood vessel tone, motility, secretions, and fluid transport. The system is itself governed by the central nervous system and receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation. (From Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3d ed, p766)Neural Crest: The two longitudinal ridges along the PRIMITIVE STREAK appearing near the end of GASTRULATION during development of nervous system (NEURULATION). The ridges are formed by folding of NEURAL PLATE. Between the ridges is a neural groove which deepens as the fold become elevated. When the folds meet at midline, the groove becomes a closed tube, the NEURAL TUBE.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Spinal Cord: A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.Nerve Regeneration: Renewal or physiological repair of damaged nerve tissue.Digestive System Diseases: Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).Nerve Tissue ProteinsNeuroglia: The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.Nervous System Physiological Phenomena: Characteristic properties and processes of the NERVOUS SYSTEM as a whole or with reference to the peripheral or the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Myelin P0 Protein: A protein that accounts for more than half of the peripheral nervous system myelin protein. The extracellular domain of this protein is believed to engage in adhesive interactions and thus hold the myelin membrane compact. It can behave as a homophilic adhesion molecule through interactions with its extracellular domains. (From J Cell Biol 1994;126(4):1089-97)Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.Peripheral Nerve Injuries: Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Neural Conduction: The propagation of the NERVE IMPULSE along the nerve away from the site of an excitation stimulus.Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease: A hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy transmitted most often as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by progressive distal wasting and loss of reflexes in the muscles of the legs (and occasionally involving the arms). Onset is usually in the second to fourth decade of life. This condition has been divided into two subtypes, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) types I and II. HMSN I is associated with abnormal nerve conduction velocities and nerve hypertrophy, features not seen in HMSN II. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1343)Myelin Proteins: MYELIN-specific proteins that play a structural or regulatory role in the genesis and maintenance of the lamellar MYELIN SHEATH structure.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint.Wallerian Degeneration: Degeneration of distal aspects of a nerve axon following injury to the cell body or proximal portion of the axon. The process is characterized by fragmentation of the axon and its MYELIN SHEATH.Neuritis, Autoimmune, Experimental: An experimental animal model for the demyelinating disease of GUILLAINE-BARRE SYNDROME. In the most frequently used protocol, animals are injected with a peripheral nerve tissue protein homogenate. After approximately 2 weeks the animals develop a neuropathy secondary to a T cell-mediated autoimmune response directed towards the MYELIN P2 PROTEIN in peripheral nerves. Pathologic findings include a perivascular accumulation of macrophages and T lymphocytes in the peripheral nervous system, similar to that seen in the Guillaine-Barre syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1314; J Neuroimmunol 1998 Apr 1;84(1):40-52)Autonomic Nervous System: The ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; and SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, especially the HYPOTHALAMUS and the SOLITARY NUCLEUS, which receive information relayed from VISCERAL AFFERENTS.Ranvier's Nodes: Regularly spaced gaps in the myelin sheaths of peripheral axons. Ranvier's nodes allow saltatory conduction, that is, jumping of impulses from node to node, which is faster and more energetically favorable than continuous conduction.Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body.Central Nervous System Neoplasms: Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.SOXE Transcription Factors: A subclass of closely-related SOX transcription factors. Members of this subfamily have been implicated in regulating the differentiation of OLIGODENDROCYTES during neural crest formation and in CHONDROGENESIS.Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system.Trauma, Nervous System: Traumatic injuries to the brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, autonomic nervous system, or neuromuscular system, including iatrogenic injuries induced by surgical procedures.Heart Conduction System: An impulse-conducting system composed of modified cardiac muscle, having the power of spontaneous rhythmicity and conduction more highly developed than the rest of the heart.Nervous System Neoplasms: Benign and malignant neoplastic processes arising from or involving components of the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, cranial nerves, and meninges. Included in this category are primary and metastatic nervous system neoplasms.Neurons, Afferent: Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Sense Organs: Specialized organs adapted for the reception of stimuli by the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Drosophila: A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.Drosophila Proteins: Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.Polyneuropathies: Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.Neurofilament Proteins: Type III intermediate filament proteins that assemble into neurofilaments, the major cytoskeletal element in nerve axons and dendrites. They consist of three distinct polypeptides, the neurofilament triplet. Types I, II, and IV intermediate filament proteins form other cytoskeletal elements such as keratins and lamins. It appears that the metabolism of neurofilaments is disturbed in Alzheimer's disease, as indicated by the presence of neurofilament epitopes in the neurofibrillary tangles, as well as by the severe reduction of the expression of the gene for the light neurofilament subunit of the neurofilament triplet in brains of Alzheimer's patients. (Can J Neurol Sci 1990 Aug;17(3):302)RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Ganglia, Sympathetic: Ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system including the paravertebral and the prevertebral ganglia. Among these are the sympathetic chain ganglia, the superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia, and the aorticorenal, celiac, and stellate ganglia.Nerve Growth Factors: Factors which enhance the growth potentialities of sensory and sympathetic nerve cells.Immune System Diseases: Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.Cranial Nerves: Twelve pairs of nerves that carry general afferent, visceral afferent, special afferent, somatic efferent, and autonomic efferent fibers.Sensory Receptor Cells: Specialized afferent neurons capable of transducing sensory stimuli into NERVE IMPULSES to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Sometimes sensory receptors for external stimuli are called exteroceptors; for internal stimuli are called interoceptors and proprioceptors.Sural Nerve: A branch of the tibial nerve which supplies sensory innervation to parts of the lower leg and foot.Mice, Inbred C57BLAmino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Endocrine System Diseases: Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.Mice, Transgenic: Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.Motor Neurons: Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.Mice, Knockout: Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Chick Embryo: The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.Embryo, Nonmammalian: The developmental entity of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE) in animal species other than MAMMALS. For chickens, use CHICK EMBRYO.Peripheral Nervous System Agents: Drugs that act principally at one or more sites within the peripheral neuroeffector systems, the autonomic system, and motor nerve-skeletal system. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p75)Peripheral Vascular Diseases: Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized CONNECTIVE TISSUE located outside the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Oligodendroglia: A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system. Oligodendroglia may be called interfascicular, perivascular, or perineuronal (not the same as SATELLITE CELLS, PERINEURONAL of GANGLIA) according to their location. They form the insulating MYELIN SHEATH of axons in the central nervous system.Risk Factors: An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.Early Growth Response Protein 2: An early growth response transcription factor that controls the formation of the MYELIN SHEATH around peripheral AXONS by SCHWANN CELLS. Mutations in EGR2 transcription factor have been associated with HEREDITARY MOTOR AND SENSORY NEUROPATHIES such as CHARCOT-MARIE-TOOTH DISEASE.Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.Neuropeptides: Peptides released by NEURONS as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells.Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth.Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.Mice, Neurologic Mutants: Mice which carry mutant genes for neurologic defects or abnormalities.Neurites: In tissue culture, hairlike projections of neurons stimulated by growth factors and other molecules. These projections may go on to form a branched tree of dendrites or a single axon or they may be reabsorbed at a later stage of development. "Neurite" may refer to any filamentous or pointed outgrowth of an embryonal or tissue-culture neural cell.Ganglia, Sensory: Clusters of neurons in the somatic peripheral nervous system which contain the cell bodies of sensory nerve axons. Sensory ganglia may also have intrinsic interneurons and non-neuronal supporting cells.Neurofibromatoses: A group of disorders characterized by an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance with high rates of spontaneous mutation and multiple neurofibromas or neurilemmomas. NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1 (generalized neurofibromatosis) accounts for approximately 95% of cases, although multiple additional subtypes (e.g., NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 2, neurofibromatosis 3, etc.) have been described. (From Neurochirurgie 1998 Nov;44(4):267-72)Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal: Surface ligands that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion and function in the assembly and interconnection of the vertebrate nervous system. These molecules promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism. These are not to be confused with NEURAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULES, now known to be expressed in a variety of tissues and cell types in addition to nervous tissue.Cell Movement: The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.Ganglioside Galactosyltransferase: Catalyzes the final step in the galactocerebroside biosynthesis pathway.Nerve Degeneration: Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.Brain Chemistry: Changes in the amounts of various chemicals (neurotransmitters, receptors, enzymes, and other metabolites) specific to the area of the central nervous system contained within the head. These are monitored over time, during sensory stimulation, or under different disease states.Drosophila melanogaster: A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.Gene Expression Regulation: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.Leukocytes, Mononuclear: Mature LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES transported by the blood to the body's extravascular space. They are morphologically distinguishable from mature granulocytic leukocytes by their large, non-lobed nuclei and lack of coarse, heavily stained cytoplasmic granules.Sciatic Neuropathy: Disease or damage involving the SCIATIC NERVE, which divides into the PERONEAL NERVE and TIBIAL NERVE (see also PERONEAL NEUROPATHIES and TIBIAL NEUROPATHY). Clinical manifestations may include SCIATICA or pain localized to the hip, PARESIS or PARALYSIS of posterior thigh muscles and muscles innervated by the peroneal and tibial nerves, and sensory loss involving the lateral and posterior thigh, posterior and lateral leg, and sole of the foot. The sciatic nerve may be affected by trauma; ISCHEMIA; COLLAGEN DISEASES; and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1363)Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.Neuritis: A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.Trigeminal Ganglion: The semilunar-shaped ganglion containing the cells of origin of most of the sensory fibers of the trigeminal nerve. It is situated within the dural cleft on the cerebral surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone and gives off the ophthalmic, maxillary, and part of the mandibular nerves.Genes, Insect: The functional hereditary units of INSECTS.Central Nervous System Helminthiasis: Infections of the BRAIN; SPINAL CORD; or MENINGES caused by HELMINTHS (parasitic worms).Tibial Nerve: The medial terminal branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve fibers originate in lumbar and sacral spinal segments (L4 to S2). They supply motor and sensory innervation to parts of the calf and foot.Retrospective Studies: Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.Organ Specificity: Characteristic restricted to a particular organ of the body, such as a cell type, metabolic response or expression of a particular protein or antigen.Zebrafish: An exotic species of the family CYPRINIDAE, originally from Asia, that has been introduced in North America. They are used in embryological studies and to study the effects of certain chemicals on development.Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.Nerve Crush: Treatment of muscles and nerves under pressure as a result of crush injuries.Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.Leukodystrophy, Globoid Cell: An autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of GALACTOSYLCERAMIDASE leading to intralysosomal accumulation of galactolipids such as GALACTOSYLCERAMIDES and PSYCHOSINE. It is characterized by demyelination associated with large multinucleated globoid cells, predominantly involving the white matter of the central nervous system. The loss of MYELIN disrupts normal conduction of nerve impulses.Nerve Tissue: Differentiated tissue of the central nervous system composed of NERVE CELLS, fibers, DENDRITES, and specialized supporting cells.Animals, Newborn: Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.Diabetic Neuropathies: Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors: A family of DNA-binding transcription factors that contain a basic HELIX-LOOP-HELIX MOTIF.Fluorescent Antibody Technique: Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.
Unsuccessful surgical treatment of hip dislocation in congenital sensory neuropathy with anhidrosis. A case report. (1/1736)
A six-year-old girl with congenital sensory neuropathy with anhidrosis (CSNA) presented with bilateral hip dysplasia and subluxation on the right side. Conservative treatment of the hips by closed reduction and a plaster cast was unsuccessful. When aged seven years the patient had an intertrochanteric varus rotation osteotomy on the right side, but subluxation was again evident after five months. A Salter-type pelvic osteotomy was carried out followed by immobilisation, but one year later subluxation was present in the right hip and dislocation in the left. At the age of nine years, the right femoral head resembled a Charcot joint, although walking ability was preserved. In patients with CSNA, surgery may not always be advisable. (+info)Phase II study of cisplatin and vinorelbine as first-line chemotherapy in patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix. (2/1736)
PURPOSE: To evaluate the activity and toxicity of the combination of cisplatin (80 mg/m2 day 1) and vinorelbine (25 mg/m2 days 1 and 8) in patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix that has not been previously treated with chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty patients with cervical cancer were enrolled onto this study (27 stage IB-III, 23 stage IVB-recurrent). A two-stage optimal Simon design was applied. Thirteen responders of 29 treated patients were required to proceed beyond the first stage, and 28 responders were needed overall. RESULTS: Hematologic toxicity was mild, with neutropenia being the most frequent side effect. Nonhematologic toxicity was frequent but never severe; one patient had grade 3 peripheral neurotoxicity. Objective responses were recorded for 32 patients (64%): 11 patients (22%) achieved a complete response (CR) and 21 patients (42%) achieved a partial response (PR). The response rate was 81.5% in patients with IB-III stage (25.9% CR rate) and 43.5% in patients with IVB-recurrent disease (17.4% CR rate). Responses were seen both in stage IVB patients (one CR and two PRs, for an overall rate of 37.5%) and in patients with recurrent disease (three CRs + four PRs, for an overall rate of 46.7%). CONCLUSION: The combination of cisplatin and vinorelbine is an active regimen in the treatment of patients with early-stage and advanced carcinoma of the uterine cervix. The hematologic and nonhematologic toxicity of this combination is mild. (+info)Clinicopathological features of Churg-Strauss syndrome-associated neuropathy. (3/1736)
We assessed the clinicopathological features of 28 patients with peripheral neuropathy associated with Churg-Strauss syndrome. Initial symptoms attributable to neuropathy were acute painful dysaesthesiae and oedema in the dysaesthetic portion of the distal limbs. Sensory and motor involvement mostly showed a pattern of mononeuritis multiplex in the initial phase, progressing into asymmetrical polyneuropathy, restricted to the limbs. Parallel loss of myelinated and unmyelinated fibres due to axonal degeneration was evident as decreased or absent amplitudes of sensory nerve action potentials and compound muscle action potentials, indicating acute massive axonal loss. Epineurial necrotizing vasculitis was seen in 54% of cases; infiltrates consisted mainly of CD8-positive suppressor/cytotoxic and CD4-positive helper T lymphocytes. Eosinophils were present in infiltrates, but in smaller numbers than lymphocytes. CD20-positive B lymphocytes were seen only occasionally. Deposits of IgG, C3d, IgE and major basic protein were scarce. The mean follow-up period was 4.2 years, with a range of 8 months to 10 years. Fatal outcome was seen only in a single patient, indicating a good survival rate. The patients who responded well to the initial corticosteroid therapy within 4 weeks regained self-controlled functional status in longterm follow-up (modified Rankin score was < or = 2), while those not responding well to the initial corticosteroid therapy led a dependent existence (P < 0.01). In addition the patients with poor functional outcomes had significantly more systemic organ damage caused by vasculitis (P < 0.05). Necrotizing vasculitis mediated by cytotoxic T cells, leading to ischaemic changes, appears to be a major cause of Churg-Strauss syndrome-associated neuropathy. The initial clinical course and the extent of systemic vasculitic lesions may influence the long-term functional prognosis. (+info)Neurological complications of neurofibromatosis type 1 in adulthood. (4/1736)
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic disease with a wide range of neurological manifestations. To examine these, and to evaluate neurological morbidity in adulthood of patients with NF1, we studied a hospital-based series of 158 patients that included 138 adult patients aged >18 years and 20 children. NF1 evaluation included a multidisciplinary clinical and a clinically oriented radiological investigation. Neurological events occurring during childhood (in both children and adults of the series) and adulthood were recorded. One or several neurological manifestations have been observed in 55% of patients (adults and children) (n = 87). These included: headache (28 patients); hydrocephalus (7); epilepsy (5); lacunar stroke (1); white matter disease (1); intraspinal neurofibroma (3); facial palsy (1); radiculopathy (5); and polyneuropathy (2). Tumours included: optic pathway tumours (20); meningioma (2); cerebral glioma (3); and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours (6). Life-threatening complications were observed in five adults and included four malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours and one meningioma. Pain was the leading symptom in 11 adults and was related to malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours, complications of intraspinal neurofibromas, subcutaneous neurofibromas and peripheral nerve neurofibromas. NF1 in adults was not associated with other disabling or life-threatening neurological complications. Symptomatic optic pathway tumours, cerebral gliomas, symptomatic aqueductal stenosis and spinal compression due to intraspinal NF were observed exclusively during childhood. In this series, the predominant neurological features of adults with NF1 were chronic pain and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours. (+info)Salinomycin-induced polyneuropathy in cats: morphologic and epidemiologic data. (5/1736)
In April 1996, an outbreak of toxic polyneuropathy in cats occurred in the Netherlands. All cats had been fed one of two brands of dry cat food from one manufacturer. Chemical analyses of these foods, stomach contents, and liver and kidney of affected cats revealed contamination with the ionophor salinomycin. Epidemiologic and clinical data were collected from 823 cats, or about 1% of the cats at risk. In 21 affected cats, postmortem examination was performed. The affected cats had acute onset of lameness and paralysis of the hindlimbs followed by the forelimbs. Clinical and pathologic examination indicated a distal polyneuropathy involving both the sensory and motor nerves. (+info)Ten- to 15-year outcome of surgery for lumbar disc herniation: radiographic instability and clinical findings. (6/1736)
The most appropriate treatment for radiculopathy associated with disc pathology is still controversial. Since 1934, surgical treatment has consisted of hemilaminectomy and removal of the herniated material. Many authors believe that these procedures may cause degenerative spondylosis and vertebral instability. Several surgical methods have been proposed, but the long-term effects are still being debated. In addition there appear to be few well-designed outcome studies on the management of this disease. In the present study, 150 patients were selected for surgery with strict criteria and all treated with the standard technique. The series was evaluated by subjective analyses (Roland questionnaire; 120 patients), objective examinations (68 patients - 56.6%) and radiographic studies including dynamic views (analyzed by the Taillard and Boxall methods) to establish the presence of vertebral instability (50 patients - 41.6%). The subjective and objective analyses showed a high rate of good results. Radiographic studies showed vertebral instability in 30 cases, but only 9 were symptomatic. Recurrences were not observed and only a few patients suffered from leg pain. The standard procedure for lumbar disc herniation showed good results at 10- and 15-year follow-up. (+info)Successful treatment of IgM paraproteinaemic neuropathy with fludarabine. (7/1736)
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the response of four patients with IgM paraproteinaemic neuropathy to a novel therapy-pulsed intravenous fludarabine. BACKGROUND: The peripheral neuropathy associated with IgM paraproteinaemia usually runs a chronic, slowly progressive course which may eventually cause severe disability. Treatment with conventional immunosuppressive regimens has been unsatisfactory. Fludarabine is a novel purine analogue which has recently been shown to be effective in low grade lymphoid malignancies. METHODS: Four patients were treated with IgM paraproteinaemic neuropathy with intravenous pulses of fludarabine. Two of the four patients had antibodies to MAG and characteristic widely spaced myelin on nerve biopsy and a third had characteristic widely spaced myelin only. The fourth had an endoneurial lymphocytic infiltrate on nerve biopsy and a diagnosis of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemia. RESULTS: In all cases subjective and objective clinical improvement occurred associated with a significant fall in the IgM paraprotein concentration in three cases. Neurophysiological parameters improved in the three patients examined. The treatment was well tolerated. All patients developed mild, reversible lymphopenia and 50% mild generalised myelosuppression, but there were no febrile episodes. CONCLUSION: Fludarabine should be considered as a possible treatment for patients with IgM MGUS paraproteinaemic neuropathy. (+info)Vasculitic polyradiculopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus. (8/1736)
A 22 year old woman with recently diagnosed systemic lupus erythematosus presented with subacute progressive areflexic paraparesis, electrophysiologically identified as a pure axonal polyradiculopathy. Sural nerve biopsy disclosed necrotising vasculitis. A striking radiological feature was marked enhancement of the cauda equina with gadolinium. (+info)NervesNeuropathiesDisordersSymptomsSpinalPolyneuropathyNeuropathic painDisorderSymptomaticDiabetesNeuropathyNeuropathiesAutonomicSymptomsClinicalDisorders of the nervous systemNeuronsSensoryAxonAutoimmune DiseasesEtiologyPathogenesisNeurological diseasesPatientsInvolvementCentral or peripheral2016Musculoskeletal systemMyelinNeurodegenerative diseasesEndocrineMetabolicAlzheimer'sBody'sAbstractInfectionHumansDisorderTherapeuticRheumatoidImmuneDemyelinatingAffect the nervous systemMuscleNeurologyDegenerative diseasesDigestive systemCharcot-Marie-TElectromyography
- Peripheral neuropathy occurs when there is a problem with the peripheral nervous system, the network of nerves that transmits information from the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) to the rest of the body. (childrens.com)
- Peripheral neuropathy can also be caused by extended periods of being sedentary (such as sitting in a wheelchair or lying in bed), which puts pressure on nerves. (childrens.com)
- Children with peripheral neuropathy develop pain, burning or tingling in the area where the nerves are affected. (childrens.com)
- The symptoms of peripheral neuropathy vary depending upon what nerves are affected. (childrens.com)
- Purpose: To provide evidence-based guidance on the optimum prevention and treatment approaches in the management of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathies (CIPN) in adult cancer survivors. (elsevier.com)
- Some current research in animal models has shown that neurotrophin-3 can oppose the demyelination present in some peripheral neuropathies. (wordpress.com)
- The Center can help lessen the pain associated with a variety of diseases and disorders including, but not limited to, chest and back conditions, nerve injuries, rheumatologic conditions, sports injuries and cancer. (childrens.com)
- Impaired physical function due to chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) symptoms may lead to diminished quality of life. (biomedcentral.com)
- What are the signs and symptoms of Peripheral Neuropathy? (childrens.com)
- To diagnose peripheral neuropathy, your provider will want to do a detailed physical exam of your child, understand your child's past medical history and family history, and learn as much as possible from you about the symptoms your child is experiencing. (childrens.com)
- Smoked cannabis was also found to relieve neuropathy associated with CRPS type I, spinal cord injury, peripheral neuropathy, and nerve injury. (wordpress.com)
- The four cardinal patterns of peripheral neuropathy are polyneuropathy, mononeuropathy, mononeuritis multiplex and autonomic neuropathy. (wordpress.com)
- The most common form is (symmetrical) peripheral polyneuropathy, which mainly affects the feet and legs. (wordpress.com)
- A range of drugs that act on the central nervous system such as drugs originally intended as antidepressants and antiepileptic drugs have been found to be useful in managing neuropathic pain. (wordpress.com)
- If your provider suspects your child may have an underlying autoimmune condition, metabolic disease or connective tissue disorder, he or she may order additional blood tests and/or refer your child to a rheumatologist, endocrinologist or geneticist. (childrens.com)
- Many treatment strategies for peripheral neuropathy are symptomatic. (wordpress.com)
- It can be inherited or caused by injury or certain diseases like shingles, hormonal imbalance, trauma or tissue injury, or diabetes, or be caused by poor nutrition or exposure to toxins. (childrens.com)
- Also searched for Peripheral neuropathy . (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Descriptive Statistics to measure the degree of peripheral neuropathy in the two arms based on the PQAS score. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Staff NP, Fehrenbacher JC, Caillaud M, Damaj MI, Segal RA, Rieger S. Pathogenesis of paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy: A current review of in vitro and in vivo findings using rodent and human model systems. (harvard.edu)
- Liu, Xiaomin 2018-01-01 00:00:00 Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth (CMT) disease is the most common inherited peripheral neuropathy characterized by progressive distal muscle weakness and atrophy with decreased or absent tendon reflexes. (deepdyve.com)
- Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth (CMT) disease is the most common inherited peripheral neuropathy characterized by progressive distal muscle weakness and atrophy with decreased or absent tendon reflexes. (deepdyve.com)
- Multivariate Cox regressions suggested longer time to resolution in patients with prior history of neuropathy, older age at SLE diagnosis, higher SLEDAI‐2K scores, and for peripheral neuropathy versus other neuropathies. (ucl.ac.uk)
- By physician assessment, the majority of neuropathies resolved or improved over time and this was associated with improvements in SF‐36 summary scores for peripheral neuropathy and mononeuropathy. (ucl.ac.uk)
- Analysis of youtube as a source of information for peripheral neuropathy. (uams.edu)
- Background: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy is a frequent side-effect of drugs that are used in the treatment of cancer. (isharonline.org)
- Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a serious dose-limiting side-effect without any FDA-approved treatment option. (isharonline.org)
- AIM: To identify which of the examined agents or modalities were effective in the management of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). (isharonline.org)
- Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease ( CMT ) is a hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy of the peripheral nervous system characterized by progressive loss of muscle tissue and touch sensation across various parts of the body. (wikipedia.org)
- Hypothyroidism: Can It Cause Peripheral Neuropathy? (medlineplus.gov)
- 1.Type 2 diabetic peripheral neuropathy;2. (chinastemcell.com.cn)
- Thus, the presence and levels of scrum anti-PNS antibodies in leprosy appear to be unrelated to parameters of disease activity, neuropathy in particular, and do not seem to be critically involved in the pathogenesis of nerve damage. (ilsl.br)
- Individuals with MGUS also have an increased risk of osteoporosis and osteopenia associated with an increased likelihood of developing fractures especially in the vertebral column, peripheral neuropathy and thromboembolic events. (nih.gov)
- He had a history of high blood lead levels and peripheral neuropathy documented by electromyography. (elsevier.es)
- MayoClinic.com explains that erectile dysfunction, constipation and bladder problems continue the roster of misfortunes visited upon those who live with diabetic neuropathy of the autonomic nervous system. (livestrong.com)
- Screening occupational populations for asymptomatic or early peripheral neuropathy. (cdc.gov)
- Available techniques for screening workers at risk for peripheral neuropathy from exposure to neurotoxins are of three types: those based on neurological history, those based on neurological examination, and those based on neurophysiological or electrodiagnostic testing. (cdc.gov)
- The purpose of this study is to determine if acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) reduces pain, numbness, and tingling in the feet and legs of patients with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)-associated peripheral neuropathy. (clinicalconnection.com)
- Distal symmetric peripheral neuropathy (DSPN) is the most frequent neurologic complication of HIV infection and its treatments. (clinicalconnection.com)
- Neuropathy, also known as peripheral neuropathy, is disease in the peripheral nerves the nerves that lead to and from the spinal cord and connect with all the various parts of the body. (healthcommunities.com)
- Participants had experienced moderate or severe neuropathic pain for at least three months due to cancer, cancer treatment, postherpetic neuralgia, peripheral diabetic neuropathy, spinal cord injury, or polyneuropathy. (mendeley.com)
- About thirty percent of all cancer patients receiving chemotherapy suffer from chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), which makes CIPN one of the most significant side effects of many widely used antineoplastic drugs. (uni-heidelberg.de)
- SUDOSCAN: A Simple, Rapid, and Objective Method with Potential for Screening for Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy. (curehunter.com)
- Magnetic resonance neuroimaging study of brain structural differences in diabetic peripheral neuropathy. (curehunter.com)
- Magnetic resonance imaging of the central nervous system in diabetic neuropathy. (curehunter.com)
- Advances in the epidemiology, pathogenesis and management of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. (curehunter.com)
- The Eurodiab study: what has this taught us about diabetic peripheral neuropathy? (curehunter.com)
- Our study aimed to explore the levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in healthy participants, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, and diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) patients in order to find their effects on DPN. (medscimonit.com)
- When neuropathic pain is present as a symptom of CMT, it is comparable to that seen in other peripheral neuropathies , as well as postherpetic neuralgia and complex regional pain syndrome , among other diseases. (wikipedia.org)
- The aim of this review is to evaluate the available data on clinical manifestations, pathogenesis , investigations and the therapeutic implication for peripheral nervous system [PNS] neuropathies complications of HIV / AIDS . (bvsalud.org)
- WHO HQ Library catalog › Results of search for 'su:{Nervous system diseases} and au:WHO Study Group on Peripheral Neuropathies. (who.int)
- Because of the accessibility of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) to direct physiological and pathological study, neuropathies have traditionally played a unique role in developing our understanding of basic mechanism of nervous system injury and repair. (nih.gov)
- This targeted FOA specifically seeks to generate scientific advancements addressing the role of the autonomic nervous system in the regulation of peripheral metabolism and its role in diabetes, obesity and related metabolic disease. (nih.gov)
- Interdisciplinary teams may propose to develop resources in the form of novel tools or methodologies that when applied to the autonomic nervous system will contribute to elucidating its functional role in metabolism. (nih.gov)
- Alternatively, teams may focus on novel approaches to address specific knowledge gaps or scientific questions that will significantly contribute to our understanding of role of the autonomic nervous system in metabolism with the goal of accelerating scientific progress in the treatment and prevention of metabolic disease. (nih.gov)
- The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system . (wikipedia.org)
- The autonomic nervous system is an involuntary control of smooth muscle and glands . (wikipedia.org)
- The autonomic nervous system is a 'self-regulating' system which influences the function of organs outside voluntary control, such as the heart rate , or the functions of the digestive system . (wikipedia.org)
- It can affect the feeling of your hands and feet and less often after very prolonged diabetes can affect your autonomic nervous system and lead to stomach problems or syncopal issues. (healthtap.com)
- Other disorders of the nervous system ( of autonomic nervous system , hydrocephalus , cerebral cysts , cerebral edema , syringomyelia , etc. (wikimedia.org)
- Symptoms and signs that present in demyelinating diseases are different for each condition. (wikipedia.org)
- Symptoms and progression of the disease can vary. (wikipedia.org)
- Mayoclinic.com notes that Parkinson's disease is primarily associated with motor nerve disruptions that cause symptoms such as tremors, loss of balance control and slowed movement. (livestrong.com)
- Alzheimer's Disease Facts about Alzheimer's Disease, including the symptoms and stages. (vitals.com)
- In HIV patients and other people with suppressed immune systems, however, the bacteria can cause brain abscess (tissue damage and the accumulation of pus) the symptoms of which vary depending on the location of the infection in the brain. (healthcommunities.com)
- Peripheral neuropathic pain often includes symptoms such as burning or shooting sensations, abnormal sensitivity to normally painless stimuli, or an increased sensitivity to normally painful stimuli. (mendeley.com)
- As the axon deteriorates, the nervous impulse can no longer travel along the axon as well, and symptoms arise. (bellaonline.com)
- Numerous proofs of concepts were made in animal models of genetic diseases and translational steps on large animals allowed phase I/II clinical trials for several severe neurodegenerative conditions. (frontiersin.org)
- Further developments in gene therapy would allow the progression and optimization of future applications regarding vector tools, therapeutic constructs, delivery systems, design of preclinical evaluation and clinical trials. (frontiersin.org)
- The aim of this Research Topic is to present the state of the art of gene therapy for neurological diseases from a clinical perspective, and address most key aspects representing the current focus of research of the international scientific community. (frontiersin.org)
- Objectives In a multi‐ethnic/racial, prospective SLE inception cohort, to determine the frequency, clinical characteristics, associations and outcomes in different types of peripheral nervous system (PNS) disease. (ucl.ac.uk)
- Infant Botulism Treatment and Prevention Program Official sites for physicians to obtain BabyBIG, an FDA approved orphant drug for treatment of infant botulism type A and B. Also provides parent support forum and medical/clinical information on the disease. (inter.rs)
- the frequencies of the symptom both as an initial sign and as observed during the clinical course of the disease were examined. (biomedsearch.com)
- It is therefore possible that the extent of NK T cell alteration may be a critical factor which would define the clinical and pathological features of autoimmune disease. (jimmunol.org)
- In close collaboration with the Department of Neuroradiology (www.klinikum.uni-heidelberg.de/MR-Neurographie.116270.0.html), we aim at defining more sensitive diagnostic parameters to detect lesions to the peripheral nervous system at possibly early stages of the disease and to predict response to different therapeutic options as well as to the clinical outcome more reliably. (uni-heidelberg.de)
- The Mount Sinai Health System is an internationally recognized leader in clinical neurology, neurology education , and neurology research . (mountsinai.org)
- Demyelinating diseases are a group of disorders of the nervous system that involve loss of the myelin sheath that normally surrounds the neurons. (nature.com)
- Peripheral nerve diseases are among the most prevalent disorders of the nervous system. (nih.gov)
- Life at the interface: adults with 'pediatric' disorders of the nervous system. (rochester.edu)
- centrencephalic system the neurons in the central core of the brainstem from the thalamus to the medulla oblongata, connecting the cerebral hemispheres . (thefreedictionary.com)
- Thanks to flow of rhythm regulated afferent electric pulsation created during the procedure neurons of posterior horns substantia gelatinosa are stimulated, and their perception of nocigenic (pain) information coming from pathology center through thing non-myelinated nervous fibers with low velocity of pulses conducting is blocked. (denasms.com)
- primarily will effect these peripheral, it will only effect these peripheral neurons. (coursera.org)
- A demyelinating disease is any disease of the nervous system in which the myelin sheath of neurons is damaged. (wikipedia.org)
- This is in direct contrast to its role in the central nervous system, where it triggers very different signals, exciting neurons and so promoting pain. (medicalxpress.com)
- Substance P works in the peripheral system by modulating the action of certain proteins that control the ability of pain-sensing neurons to respond to 'painful' stimuli. (medicalxpress.com)
- Diabetic Peripheral polyneuropathy (DPP) presents as a slowly progressive primary sensory deficit in length dependent fashion, to result in the classic stocking glove distribution. (bioportfolio.com)
- If you cut a, an axon in the peripheral nervous system, it can repair itself. (coursera.org)
- Peripheral Nerve Diffusion Tensor Imaging: Assessment of Axon and Myelin Sheath Integrity. (uni-heidelberg.de)
- Which autoimmune diseases affect the nervous system? (healthtap.com)
- Because they can rapidly produce large amounts of regulatory cytokines, a reduction of NK T cells may lead to the development of certain autoimmune diseases. (jimmunol.org)
- Although a requirement of NK T cells for a Th2 immune response is not absolute ( 13 , 14 ), accumulating evidence supports the role of NK T cells in the regulation of autoimmune diseases ( 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ). (jimmunol.org)
- It has recently been reported that NK T cells may be numerically or functionally altered in certain autoimmune diseases. (jimmunol.org)
- A decreased number of NK T cells was demonstrated in human systemic sclerosis ( 15 ), insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ( 16 ), and spontaneous autoimmune diseases in rodents ( 17 , 18 , 19 ). (jimmunol.org)
- Moreover, none of the studies have addressed whether NK T cells may participate in the local regulation of autoimmune diseases. (jimmunol.org)
- It has also been seen in people with autoimmune diseases -- like MS or psoriasis -- who take a type of medication known as a monoclonal antibody. (livestrong.com)
- Most of the large envelope-bearing viruses that figured prominently in older series of ADEM, of which measles was a particularly virulent example, no longer figure importantly in the etiology of ADEM because these diseases are prevented by vaccination. (medscape.com)
- Therefore, the role of the human-specific prolonged period of cortical myelination is an important evolutionary consideration in the pathogenesis of demyelinating disease. (wikipedia.org)
- In the last two decades, gene therapy has made considerable achievements, particularly in the field of neurological diseases. (frontiersin.org)
- A case-control study of the prevalence of neurological diseases in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). (uams.edu)
- to encourage physicians through the internet, especially from the developing countries who witness a spectrum of disease and acquire a wealth of knowledge to publish their experiences to benefit the medical community in patients care. (jcdr.net)
- Methods Patients were evaluated annually for 19 neuropsychiatric (NP) events including seven types of PNS disease. (ucl.ac.uk)
- Mud therapy may have therapeutic value in reducing inflammation and improving the immune status of patients with traumas of the peripheral nervous system. (greenmedinfo.com)
- Since antibodies against peripheral nervous system (PNS) antigens may play a pathogenetic role in the mechanism of nerve damage in leprosy, sera from leprosy patients and contacts were investigated for anti-PNS antibodies by ELISA and immunoblot. (ilsl.br)
- The main objective of this research is to optimize pain treatment with patients with occupation-conditioned diseases of the locomotor system (LMS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). (euroasia-science.ru)
- The patients of this research were hospitalized in the Department of Occupational Diseases, UMHAT "Dr. Georgi Stranski"- Pleven, during the period 2014-2016. (euroasia-science.ru)
- The aim of the study is to optimize the treatment of pain in patients with work related diseases of the bones-joints and peripheral nervous system. (euroasia-science.ru)
- Those who have been diagnosed with complex diseases, such patients also receive high-end diagnostic examination and rehabilitation measures. (placidway.com)
- We conducted a phase 3, open-label trial involving patients with HER2-positive early breast cancer who were found to have residual invasive disease in the breast or axilla at surgery after receiving neoadjuvant therapy containing a taxane (with or without anthracycline) and trastuzumab. (nih.gov)
- The estimated percentage of patients who were free of invasive disease at 3 years was 88.3% in the T-DM1 group and 77.0% in the trastuzumab group. (nih.gov)
- Distant recurrence as the first invasive-disease event occurred in 10.5% of patients in the T-DM1 group and 15.9% of those in the trastuzumab group. (nih.gov)
- Among patients with HER2-positive early breast cancer who had residual invasive disease after completion of neoadjuvant therapy, the risk of recurrence of invasive breast cancer or death was 50% lower with adjuvant T-DM1 than with trastuzumab alone. (nih.gov)
- There is recent evidence to indicate that patients with impaired glucose tolerance ( IGT) on OGTT, the prediabetic stage, have three times the prevalence of distal peripheral polyneuropathy than age matched controls. (bioportfolio.com)
- In patients with such neurologic disease, especially if sudden in onset, a search for a circulatory basis in lesions of the aorta or its branches may be rewarding and crucial. (biomedsearch.com)
- Cook treats patients with diseases affecting the central or peripheral nervous system. (courant.com)
- Determine the change in peripheral nerve function in cancer patients during and after treatment with chemotherapy or biologic therapy. (knowcancer.com)
- Patients undergo a 1-hour peripheral nerve function assessment, including hearing, vibratory sensation, and blood pressure testing, at baseline and then at 4, 8, and 12 weeks during treatment with chemotherapy or biologic therapy. (knowcancer.com)
- The most common central nervous system disorder in HIV patients is the infection toxoplasmosis, followed by HIV-related brain cancer. (healthcommunities.com)
- Cerebral toxoplasmosis, also known simply as toxoplasmosis, is the most common central nervous system infection in HIV patients. (healthcommunities.com)
- Central nervous system lymphoma is the second most common nervous system abnormality in HIV patients. (healthcommunities.com)
- TPD significantly attenuated TACE-mediated disease models of sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and reduced TNFa in synovial fluids from RA patients. (weizmann.ac.il)
- The impairment in non-verbal reasoning, speed of information processing, problem solving, learning and sequencing observed in chronic Chagas disease patients resembles the cognitive dysfunction associated with white matter disease. (scielo.br)
- Subsequently, we determined that serum NGF and BDNF levels were correlated with: the course of disease for patients, fasting C-peptide (FCP), 2-hour postprandial C-peptide level (2-h PCP), glycosylated hemoglobin level (HbAlc), and 24-hour urinary microalbumin excretion (24-h UME). (medscimonit.com)
- This case appears unique for the type of histologically documented cardiac and neurological parenchymal involvement, and at the same time, exemplifies the subtle and pernicious course of the disease. (springer.com)
- Chagas' disease, cognitive dysfunction, cerebral white matter involvement. (scielo.br)
- 6. Losavio A, Jones MC, Sanz OP, Mirkin G, Gonzalez Cappa SM, Muchnik S, Sica REP. A sequential study of the peripheral nervous system involvement in experimental Chagas' disease. (scielo.br)
- Neuropathic pain, which is caused by a lesion or disease affecting the somatosensory system, may be central or peripheral in origin. (mendeley.com)
- The subject is 58 people hospitalized in the Department of Occupational Diseases, University Hospital - Pleven in 2014-2016. (euroasia-science.ru)
- All musculoskeletal system and peripheral nervous system diseases and traumatic injuries in acute period are characterized by acute pain, edema, soft tissues hemorrhage, extravasations and infusions into joint cavity, inflammatory reaction and dysfunction. (denasms.com)
- Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate the absence of significant functional, structural, or compositional abnormalities in the peripheral nervous system of the murine model for Sandhoff disease, but do show the potential value of integrating multiple techniques to evaluate myelin structure and function in nervous system disorders. (harvard.edu)
- find that regeneration of CNS myelin requires death of proinflammatory microglia followed by repopulation to a pro-regenerative state, revealing new therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative disease. (nature.com)
- The myelin sheath allows signals to be transmitted rapidly from the nervous system to the rest of the body. (livestrong.com)
- A number of diseases affect the myelin sheath in the central and peripheral nervous system. (livestrong.com)
- In certain inherited diseases, the myelin sheath does not develop properly, or it becomes damaged with time. (livestrong.com)
- Unlike other primates, humans exhibit a unique pattern of postpubertal myelination, which may contribute to the development of psychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative diseases that present in early adulthood and beyond. (wikipedia.org)
- It has been previously speculated that injury-induced degeneration ( Wallerian degeneration) shares some molecular features with `dying back' neurodegenerative diseases. (weizmann.ac.il)
- For example, the collection of glands in the endocrine system can be thought of as a system, each endocrine gland could be viewed as a system, or even specific cells of a single gland could be studied as a system. (thefreedictionary.com)
- It is also possible to think of the human body as a living system and the endocrine system as a subsystem. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Peripheral nerve disorders encompass a spectrum of heterogeneous disorders of inflammatory, toxic, degenerative or metabolic origin. (uni-heidelberg.de)
- This concerned genetic (particularly lysosomal diseases) but also complex multifactorial disorders (Parkinson and Alzheimer's diseases). (frontiersin.org)
- The nervous system is the body's most well-organized and complex structural and functional system. (howtohint.com)
- It invades and impairs the body's immune system parts and processes of the body that fight disease and infection. (healthcommunities.com)
- But we've discovered a paradox - that in the peripheral nervous system it acts as one of the body's natural painkillers and actually suppresses pain. (medicalxpress.com)
- Drugs like morphine hijack the body's natural painkilling mechanisms, such as those used by endorphins, but because they act within the central nervous system, they can affect other brain cells that use similar pathways, leading to side effects such as addiction or sleepiness," says Professor Gamper. (medicalxpress.com)
- Features an abstract that discuss how toxic and infection impedes the development of the nervous system. (botw.org)
- Polyneuropathies are highly prevalent and represent the most common neurological sequelae in many systemic disorders such as diabetes, alcoholism, HIV or hepatitis infection, leukemia and other oncological diseases. (uni-heidelberg.de)
- The extended period of cortical myelination in humans may allow greater opportunity for disruption in myelination, resulting in the onset of demyelinating disease. (wikipedia.org)
- This disease is the most commonly inherited neurological disorder affecting about one in 2,500 people. (wikipedia.org)
- Parkinson's disease is a nervous system disorder whose origins remain unclear. (livestrong.com)
- Diseases associated with SIGLEC7 include Congenital Disorder Of Glycosylation, Type Iic and Autoimmune Disease Of Peripheral Nervous System . (genecards.org)
- The efficacy of gene therapy tools such as viral vectors, serotypes and therapeutic cassettes, the delivery systems manufacturing and quality control. (frontiersin.org)
- This report is representative of the neurological and cardiac changes described in the literature for IgG4-related disease, which may be correlated or not with the renal form and highlights the need, in some cases, of targeted therapeutic approaches. (springer.com)
- Are you referring to autoimmune types of connective tissue diseases, such as rheumatoid or psoriatic arthritis ? (healthtap.com)
- Can untreated rheumatoid arthritis cause nervous system damage or problems with the nervous system? (healthtap.com)
- Stimulating impulses have regulative influence on organism, mobilize reserve functional tissue elements and recover disturbed functions, help to switch rapidly the humoral and immune mechanism, remove energy and information block, and restore lost links between pathologic zones and all control systems of the organism. (denasms.com)
- Acquired immune system cells called T-cells are known to be present at the site of lesions. (wikipedia.org)
- Other immune-system cells called macrophages (and possibly mast cells ) also contribute to the damage. (wikipedia.org)
- The nervous system is extensively involved with no part of the neuraxis being immune from the virus . (bvsalud.org)
- What skeletal system diseases develop in the immune system? (healthtap.com)
- Can hashimoto disease cause a weakened immune system? (healthtap.com)
- Your immune system is "attacking" your thyroid . (healthtap.com)
- But the disease is not weakening your immune system, per se. (healthtap.com)
- In some cases, HIV can live for a long time inside of a person's body before any signs of a suppressed immune system develop. (healthcommunities.com)
- Damage can vary and may be caused by HIV itself, AIDS-related cancers, or other infections that an otherwise healthy immune system would be able to prevent. (healthcommunities.com)
- Primary lymphoma generally only develops in the central nervous system when the immune system is suppressed. (healthcommunities.com)
- At present they are providing new insight into the mechanisms of immune injury to the nervous system. (nih.gov)
- Among its related pathways are Class I MHC mediated antigen processing and presentation and Innate Immune System . (genecards.org)
- IgG4-Related Disease (IgG4-RD) is a systemic immune-mediated fibroinflammatory condition. (springer.com)
- PML occurs in people with severely weakened immune systems, including those with HIV. (livestrong.com)
- Demyelinating diseases can be caused by genetics , infectious agents, autoimmune reactions, and other unknown factors. (wikipedia.org)
- demyelinating myelinoclastic diseases and demyelinating leukodystrophic diseases . (wikipedia.org)
- The role of prolonged cortical myelination in human evolution has been implicated as a contributing factor in some cases of demyelinating disease. (wikipedia.org)
- Evolutionary considerations for the role of prolonged cortical myelination as a risk factor for demyelinating disease are particularly pertinent given that genetics and autoimmune deficiency hypotheses fail to explain many cases of demyelinating disease. (wikipedia.org)
- Demyelinating diseases can affect both the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. (nature.com)
- (1) Petitioner filed her petition on February 15, 1994, claiming that as the result of a Tetanus Toxoid vaccine (hereinafter sometimes TT) administered on February 15, 1991, she sustained a post-vaccinal myelitis, an autoimmune demyelinating disease with permanent neurological sequelae. (whale.to)
- Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, or PML, is an often fatal demyelinating disease of the brain caused by the John Cunningham, or JC, virus. (livestrong.com)
- Amyloidosis , is a rare but severe complication and can affect the nervous system. (healthtap.com)
- Diabetes can affect the nervous system but the cause of diabetes is not the nervous system. (healthtap.com)
- Does Lyme disease affect the nervous system? (healthtap.com)
- The somatic nervous system is under voluntary control, and transmits signals from the brain to end organs such as muscle s. (wikipedia.org)
- It may originate at multiple levels of the nervous system " beginning with ideation of an activity within the cortex and ending with the process of muscle contraction and force generation " [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Peripheral Nervous system or Muscle after damage or because of disease. (europa.eu)
- Nur Ergebnisse in Peripheral Neurology anzeigen. (uni-heidelberg.de)
- the first step towards regenerating damaged or diseased tissue into a fully functional and healthy organ, the project partnership has now fully defined a series of biomaterials to be combined with specific morphogens in the first series of developmental studies targeted for specific degenerative diseases. (europa.eu)
- alimentary system digestive system . (thefreedictionary.com)
- Which diseases affect the respiratory, circulatory and digestive system? (healthtap.com)
- Facts about Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. (healthysense.com)
- Charcot Marie Tooth disease was named for the three physicians who first described CMT in 1886. (bellaonline.com)
- Evoked potential is an electrical potential recorded from the nervous system following the presentation of a stimulus as detected by electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), or other electrophysiological recording method. (wikipedia.org)