On the analysis of nerve signals deduced from metacontrast experiments with human observers. (1/1444)

1. This paper reviews Alpern, Rushton & Torii's (1970a-d) derivation of the size of the inhibitory nerve signal arising from after flashes in the metacontrast experiment. 2. Their geometric argument is recast in terms of simple functional equations. This form of argument clearly displays the role of their assumptions in obtaining their main conclusion: nerve signal is linear in intensity over a range of 3-4 log units. 3. Two disadvantages of their approach are discussed. First, it is noted that in the presence of the data the assumption they employ in their analysis is logically equivalent to their conclusion. 4. Secondly, accepting their claim that the nerve signal generated by the after flash is linear over a broad range of intensities, and that this inhibitory signal simply cancels the excitatory signal of the test flash, leads to the conslusion that over this same intensity range the excitatory nerve signal is a power function with an exponent of close to two. This is incompatible with the suggestion that photoreceptor signals have been measured.  (+info)

Chromatic masking in the (delta L/L, delta M/M) plane of cone-contrast space reveals only two detection mechanisms. (2/1444)

The post-receptoral mechanisms that mediate detection of stimuli in the (delta L/L, delta M/M) plane of color space were characterized using noise masking. Chromatic masking noises of different chromaticities and spatial configurations were used, and threshold contours for the detection of Gaussian and Gabor tests were measured. The results do not show masking that is narrowly-selective for the chromaticity of the noise. On the contrary, our findings suggest that detection of these tests is mediated only by an opponent chromatic mechanism (a red-green mechanism) and a non-opponent luminance mechanism. These results are not consistent with the hypothesis of multiple chromatic mechanisms mediating detection in this color plane [1].  (+info)

Long range interactions between oriented texture elements. (3/1444)

Long range interactions between texture elements (short, oriented line segments) were examined. Specifically, we studied the influence of a background array of texture elements on the detectability of a target element (separated from the background by an intermediate textured region) using textures like those of Caputo (Vis. Res. 1996, 36, 2815-2826). We found that, in general, when the background elements were oriented orthogonally to the target element, detection of the target element was better than when the background elements had the same orientation as the target element. We discuss these interactions in terms of inhibitory and excitatory connections between orientation and spatial frequency selective linear filters (e.g. filters which mimic V1 simple cells) which would respond to the individual texture elements.  (+info)

Transducer model produces facilitation from opposite-sign flanks. (4/1444)

Small spots, lines and Gabor patterns can be easier to detect when they are superimposed upon similar spots, lines and Gabor patterns. Traditionally, such facilitation has been understood to be a consequence of nonlinear contrast transduction. Facilitation has also been reported to arise from non-overlapping patterns with opposite sign. We point out that this result does not preclude the traditional explanation for superimposed targets. Moreover, we find that facilitation from opposite-sign flanks is weaker than facilitation from same-sign flanks. Simulations with a transducer model produce opposite-sign facilitation.  (+info)

Reading with simulated scotomas: attending to the right is better than attending to the left. (5/1444)

Persons with central field loss must learn to read using eccentric retina. To do this, most adopt a preferred retinal locus (PRL), which substitutes for the fovea. Patients who have central field loss due to age-related macular degeneration (AMD), most often adopt PRL adjacent to and to the left of their scotoma in visual field space. It has been hypothesized that this arrangement of PRL and scotoma would benefit reading. We tested this hypothesis by asking normally-sighted subjects to read with the left or right half of their visual field plus 3.2 degrees in the contralateral field masked from view. Letter identification, word identification, and reading were all slower when only the information in the left visual field was available. This was primarily due to the number of saccades required to successfully read to stimuli. These data imply that patients would be better off with PRL to the right of their scotoma than to the left for the purposes of reading.  (+info)

The spatial tuning of color and luminance peripheral vision measured with notch filtered noise masking. (6/1444)

We have measured the spatial bandwidths of the bandpass red-green chromatic and luminance mechanisms at four locations in the nasal visual field (0, 10, 20 and 30 degrees) using a method of notch filtered noise masking which effectively removes the artifact of off-frequency looking for our stimuli. Detection thresholds were measured for luminance or isoluminant red-green Gaussian enveloped test gratings of 0.5 cpd embedded in 1/f noise. Firstly, thresholds were obtained as a function of increasing noise spectral density and were fitted using a standard noise masking model. These results support the existence across the visual field of independent, red-green chromatic and luminance mechanisms with similar sampling efficiencies. Secondly, we measured thresholds in notch filtered noise as a function of notch width and derived the spatial bandwidth of the detection mechanism. We find both color and luminance mechanisms have similar bandwidths which remain virtually constant across eccentricity. These results indicate strong overall similarities between the early processing of color and luminance vision, and lend support to the role of color as an 'intrinsic image' in spatial vision. The results are discussed in the light of the anchored channel and shifting channel models of peripheral contrast sensitivity and pattern detection.  (+info)

Orientation discrimination and tilt aftereffects with luminance and illusory contours. (7/1444)

Orientation discrimination and tilt aftereffects (TAEs) were measured to determine if the orientation of luminance and illusory contours are processed by separate mechanisms. The assumption was made that if a single mechanism supports the perception of both types of contours, then illusory and luminance contours that support the same level of orientation discrimination will be equally effective adapting patterns. Experiment I found that orientation discrimination psychometric functions for illusory and luminance contours are similar, confirming that performance could be matched. Experiment II measured orientation discrimination for a range of intensities for both contours. Experiment III measured TAEs following adaptation to illusory and luminance contours that supported a similar range of orientation discrimination. Similar TAEs were not observed, thus rejecting the single mechanism hypothesis. Experiments IV and V sought to validate the assumption that equivalent orientation discrimination predicts equivalent TAEs by using stimuli that seemed likely to be represented by the same visual mechanism. Luminance contours masked by randomly placed dots and unmasked luminance contours were used with the same procedures as experiments II and III. Equal TAEs were not observed for masked and unmasked contours matched on orientation discrimination, suggesting the assumption relating discriminability to adaptation was incorrect.  (+info)

The time course of psychophysical end-stopping. (8/1444)

This study measured the time course of psychophysical end-stopping and compared it with the time course of masking. For a 10' D6 target on an 18' D6 pedestal, two abutting end-zone masks (each 13.5' long) covering the filter end-zones reduce masking. This facilitatory 'end-stopping' effect was measured over a range of exposure durations and stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). We found that psychophysical end-stopping has a delayed onset which is around 70-100 ms after stimulus onset, in contrast to masking which is robust immediately after stimulus onset, suggesting intracortical feedback processes in the generation of psychophysical end-stopping. The development course of psychophysical end-stopping is relatively long and lasts for approximately 150-200 ms after stimulus onset, in contrast to that of masking which lasts for approximately 100-150 ms. Our results also showed that end-stopping occurs only when the center mask and the end-zone masks have sufficient temporal overlap, possibly indicating that the feedback process for generating end-stopping is triggered by the activation of the spatial filter center by the center mask. These results are in tune with current knowledge of intracortical feedback modulating activities of receptive fields, and have been incorporated into our model to describe the temporal dynamics within end-stopped spatial filters.  (+info)

The Perceptual Organization of Sound. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262022972. Miller, G. A. (1947). "The masking of ... Segregation can be based primarily on perceptual cues or rely on the recognition of learned patterns ("schema-based"). The job ... Gaudrain, E.; Grimault, N.; Healy, E. W.; Béra, J.-C. (2007). "Effect of spectral smearing on the perceptual segregation of ... But it has been suggested that about any systematic perceptual difference between two sequences can elicit streaming, provided ...
Yantis, Steven; Jonides, John (1996). "Attentional Capture by Abrupt Onsets: New Perceptual Objects or Visual Masking?" (PDF). ...
Leonard, Matthew K.; Baud, Maxime O.; Sjerps, Matthias J.; Chang, Edward F. (2016-12-20). "Perceptual restoration of masked ... The phonemic restoration effect was first documented in a 1970 paper by Richard M. Warren entitled "Perceptual Restoration of ... In adults, instead of completely replacing the phonemes, researchers masked them with tones that are informative(helped the ... Phonemic restoration effect is a perceptual phenomenon where under certain conditions, sounds actually missing from a speech ...
It has been shown that visual illusions such as the Ebbinghaus illusion distort judgements of a perceptual nature, but when the ... On the Differences Between Peripheral and Foveal Pattern Masking. Berkeley, California, U.S.A.: Masters Thesis. U.C. Berkeley. ... Barghout, Lauren (2003). Vision: How Global Perceptual Context Changes Local Contrast Processing (Ph.D. Dissertation). Updated ...
Masking and Perceptual Coding, Victor Lombardi, noisebetweenstations.com Svetlik, Joe (December 5, 2016). "MP3s make you less ... "Although one main goal of digital audio perceptual coders is data reduction, this is not a necessary characteristic. As we ... From this point of view, perceptual encoding is not essentially about discarding data, but rather about a better representation ... Cartesian Perceptual Compression, also known as CPC Fractal compression JBIG2 (lossless or lossy compression) S3TC texture ...
Sweetow RW, Reddell RC (1978). "The use of masking level differences in the identification of children with perceptual problems ... Masking Level Difference (MLD) at 500 Hz measures overlapping temporal processing, binaural processing, and low-redundancy by ... Cacace and McFarland have argued that APD should be defined as a modality-specific perceptual dysfunction that is not due to ... Manning WH, Johnston KL, Beasley DS (February 1977). "The performance of children with auditory perceptual disorders on a time- ...
While behaviour is obvious, a person's thoughts and feelings are masked. This gives rise to the idea that the most common ... Perceptual psychology is often used in therapy to help a patient better their problem-solving skills. Nativist and empiricist ... Perceptual psychology is a subfield of cognitive psychology that concerns the conscious and unconscious innate aspects of the ... "Perceptual Psychology: Nativism Vs. Empiricism". Archived from the original on 16 February 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2011. ( ...
... prevent or stop perceptual processing. The first used five experiments with dichoptic masking, energy masking, the lexical ... distinguishing between the effects of energy masking and backward pattern masking. Marcel's research on unconscious perception ... He noticed the children making errors that indicated the masked words were acting as priming stimuli. This was suggestive of ... Marcel also researched the processing of polysemous words (e.g. difference in process of "palm" when preceded by masked word " ...
This includes the modeling of masking effects in the frequency as well as in the temporal domain. The result is for each frame ... Hearing-Aid Speech Quality Index (HASQI) Perceptual Evaluation of Audio Quality (PEAQ) Perceptual Evaluation of Video Quality ( ... Perceptual differences between both signals are scored as differences. The perceptual psycho-acoustic model is based on similar ... The Third Generation ITU-T Standard for End-to-End Speech Quality Measurement Part II-Perceptual Model "P.862 : Perceptual ...
The key is masking, that describes the effect that a sound produces into another simultaneous sound. Masking depends on the ... Audio compression (data) Auditory masking Hearing-Aid Speech Quality Index (HASQI) Objective difference grade Perceptual ... This is the perceptual model of the encoding system. The spectral components are quantized and coded, keeping the quantization ... Perceptual Evaluation of Audio Quality (PEAQ) is a standardized algorithm for objectively measuring perceived audio quality, ...
Related perceptual illusions include backward masking, binocular rivalry, motion induced blindness and motion-induced ... In both flash suppression and binocular rivalry, perceptual conflict between the two eyes is required for the perceptual effect ... It can erase an image presented at the fovea (which usually is much more resistant to perceptual suppression, unlike, for ... 2006) Local field potential reflects perceptual suppression in monkey visual cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103, 17507-17512 ...
Masked recognition priming is a manipulation which is known to increase perceptual fluency. Since know responses increase with ... Know responses are enhanced by manipulations which increase perceptual and conceptual fluency. For example, masked repetition ... However, recent studies have reported that there are some conceptual factors that influence knowing and some perceptual factors ... Gardiner, J.M., Gregg, V.H., Karayianni, I. (2006). Recognition memory and awareness: occurrence of perceptual effects in ...
Macknik's research focuses on the neural bases of perceptual and cognitive illusions. He has studied visual masking illusions, ... His research on visual awareness has concentrated on visual masking, and attentional misdirection in stage magic. Macknik and ... Tse PU, Martinez-Conde S, Schlegel AA, Macknik SL (2005). "Visibility, visual awareness, and visual masking of simple ...
Perceptual learning. Fahle, Manfred., Poggio, Tomaso. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 2002. ISBN 978-0-262-27246-9. OCLC 51968804 ... Herzog, Michael H.; Brand, Andreas (June 2015). "Visual masking & schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Research: Cognition. 2 (2): 64- ... Herzog, Michael H.; Esfeld, Michael (June 2009). "How the mind constitutes itself through perceptual learning". Learning & ... Their research focuses on feature integration, contextual modulation, time course of information processing, and perceptual ...
Wilkins, A.J.; Evans, B.J.W.; Brown, J.A.; Busby, A.E.; Wingfield, A.E.; Jeanes, R.J.; Bald, J. (1994). "Double-masked placebo- ... To date, more than 100 of these studies supporting the use of colored overlays and lenses to treat the perceptual processing ... Robinson, G. L.; Foreman, P. J. (1999). "A long-term placebo controlled and masked study of reading achievement and perception ... Perceptual and Motor Skills. 91 (3 Pt 1): 707-724. doi:10.2466/pms.2000.91.3.707. PMID 11153837. S2CID 45587679. Soares, FA; ...
Masking pattern adapted Universal Subband Integrated Coding And Multiplexing) and ASPEC (Adaptive Spectral Perceptual Entropy ... an LPC-based perceptual speech-coding algorithm with auditory masking that achieved a significant data compression ratio for ... Perceptual coding was first used for speech coding compression with linear predictive coding (LPC), which has origins in the ... Between 1967 and 1974, Eberhard Zwicker did work in the areas of tuning and masking of critical frequency-bands, which in turn ...
Her research on visual awareness has concentrated on the neural bases of perceptual fading, visual masking, and attentional ... Troxler fading and other types of perceptual fading illusions, and various perceptual and attentional illusions in stage magic ... Her research bridges perceptual, cognitive, and oculomotor neuroscience. She is best known for her studies on illusions, eye ... Much of Martinez-Conde's research focuses on how our brains create perceptual and cognitive illusions in everyday life. She has ...
Switches in perceptual dominance and perceptual suppression in each eye can also occur randomly from time to time. It has been ... Other techniques for such manipulation include binocular rivalry, continuous flash suppression (CFS), visual masking and ... As such, mitigation of neural adaptation is required to ensure better quality and longer perceptual dominance and perceptual ... As such, manipulating signal strength can enable one to control perceptual dominance and also perceptual suppression during ...
The mask consisted of a circle on a black background with the masking contours positioned within the boundaries of the large ... "Perceptual filling-in", in its simplest definition, is simply the filling-in of information that is not directly given to the ... When the delay between target and mask presentation was long enough, the mask had no effect on the apparent brightness of the ... Moreover, the minimum target-mask delay at which the masking was effective increased with target size, suggesting that there ...
Masking phenomena have wide implications, ranging from a complex relationship between loudness (perceptual frame of reference) ... upward spread of masking as described above. Loudness Psychoacoustics, Masking effects Auditory masking Consonance and ... The masked thresholds are calculated through simultaneous masking when the signal is played to the subject at the same time as ... The larger the critical bandwidth the lower the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the more the signal is masked. Another concept ...
This masking effect is dealt with by understanding that a difference of one standard deviation between scores constitutes a ... The disabilities may include auditory processing weaknesses, sensory-motor integration issues, visual perceptual difficulties, ... giftedness in the twice-exceptional population is often identified later than in the average population as it is masked by the ...
Besides perceptual modeling, the PSQM algorithm uses cognitive modeling such as loudness scaling and asymmetric masking in ... Perceptual Speech Quality Measure (PSQM) is a computational and modeling algorithm defined in Recommendation ITU-T P.861 that ... ITU-T Recommendation P.862 (02/2001): Perceptual evaluation of speech quality (PESQ): An objective method for end-to-end speech ... PSQM uses a psychoacoustical mathematical modeling (both perceptual and cognitive) algorithm to analyze the pre and post ...
Albrecht, T., Klapötke, S., & Mattler, U.: Individual differences in metacontrast masking are enhanced by perceptual learning. ... 3 could be produced depending on stimulus conditions: complete visibility, complete masking, type-A masking, and type-B masking ... Type-B masking can occur with metacontrast masking but critically depends on stimulus properties of primes and targets. In ... 3, right panel). Most stimulus conditions lead to so-called "type-A masking", where the degree of masking is highest at short ...
... a long-term placebo controlled and masked study of reading achievement and perception of ability". Perceptual and Motor Skills ... October 1994). "Double-masked placebo-controlled trial of precision spectral filters in children who use coloured overlays". ... They are intended to help people with the supposed perceptual processing difficulty known as Irlen syndrome, also known as ... Scotopic sensitivity syndrome is said to be a visual-perceptual defect related to difficulties[vague] with light source, glare ...
Yet what he sees subjectively may be "real"-just as it may be a mask or a deception created through his own limited perceptual ...
When shown a masked and therefore invisible stimulus, participants were asked to either guess between a category or make a free ... Bode, S.; Sewell, D. K.; Lilburn, S.; Forte, J. D.; Smith, P. L.; Stahl, J. (2012). "Predicting Perceptual Decision Biases from ... Multivariate pattern analysis using EEG has suggested that an evidence-based perceptual decision model may be applicable to ... Bode, Stefan; Bogler, Carsten; Haynes, John-Dylan (2013). "Similar neural mechanisms for perceptual guesses and free decisions ...
... while also incorporating important perceptual phenomena, including both luminance masking and contrast masking terms. The ... Luminance masking is a phenomenon whereby image distortions (in this context) tend to be less visible in bright regions, while ... In addition to defining the SSIM quality index, the paper provides a general context for developing and evaluating perceptual ... Zhou Wang; Wang, Zhou; Li, Qiang (May 2011). "Information Content Weighting for Perceptual Image Quality Assessment". IEEE ...
Although to a lesser extent, MIB did nonetheless occur in the conditions where the perceptual occlusion was not taking place ( ... Grindley, G. C.; Townsend, Valerie (1 June 1965). "Binocular masking induced by a moving object". Quarterly Journal of ... Hsu, L. C.; Kramer, P.; Yeh, S. L. (August 2010). "Monocular depth effects on perceptual fading". Vision Research. 50 (17): ... Hsu, L. C.; Yeh, S. L.; Kramer, P. (November 2004). "Linking motion-induced blindness to perceptual filling-in". Vision ...
PSNR-HVS-M improves on PSNR-HVS by additionally taking into account visual masking. In a 2007 study, it delivered better ... Data compression ratio Perceptual Evaluation of Video Quality (PEVQ) Structural similarity (SSIM) index Subjective video ... "On between-coefficient contrast masking of DCT basis functions" (PDF), CD-ROM Proceedings of the Third International Workshop ...
... a perceptual coding algorithm that exploited the masking properties of the human ear, followed in the early 1980s with the code ... Perceptual coding is used by modern audio compression formats such as MP3 and AAC. Discrete cosine transform (DCT), developed ... Perceptual coding was first used for speech coding compression, with linear predictive coding (LPC). Initial concepts for LPC ... and perceptual coding algorithms. Lossless audio coding formats such as FLAC and Apple Lossless are sometimes available, though ...
The Perceptual Organization of Sound. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262022972. Miller, G. A. (1947). "The masking of ... Segregation can be based primarily on perceptual cues or rely on the recognition of learned patterns ("schema-based"). The job ... Gaudrain, E.; Grimault, N.; Healy, E. W.; Béra, J.-C. (2007). "Effect of spectral smearing on the perceptual segregation of ... But it has been suggested that about any systematic perceptual difference between two sequences can elicit streaming, provided ...
Hollow mask illusion. *Animated transparencies causing motion illusions. *Spinning motion aftereffect disc ... we demonstrated some illusions and perceptual effects on the stall, including: ...
This may relate to the development of sensory factors (tuning of AM filters, susceptibility to AM masking) or to changes in ... Results showed that between 5 and 11 years, AM detection thresholds improved and that susceptibility to AM masking slightly ... applied to carriers whose inherent modulations exerted different amounts of AM masking. ... Perceptual Masking * Psychophysics * Sound Spectrography * Speech Acoustics* * Speech Intelligibility* * Speech Perception* * ...
Skip menu "Perceptual Color" Main Page Namespace List Namespace Members Alphabetical List Class List Class Hierarchy File List ...
Leonard, M. K., Baud, M. O., Sjerps, M. J., and Chang, E. F. (2016). Perceptual restoration of masked speech in human cortex. ... This perceptual shift is accompanied by a measurable shift in fMRI activation patterns in early and higher-order auditory ... Norris, D., McQueen, J. M., and Cutler, A. (2003). Perceptual learning in speech. Cogn. Psychol. 47, 204-238. doi: 10.1016/ ... Samuel, A. G., and Kraljic, T. (2009). Perceptual learning for speech. Atten. Percept. Psychophys. 71, 1207-1218. doi: 10.3758/ ...
Modeling bee movement shows how a perceptual masking effect can influence flower discovery Author(s): Ana Morán; Mathieu ...
Frequency masking. If we play two sinusoid with slightly different frequencies, then the louder of the two can mask the second ... Surprisingly, such temporal masking can occur also the other way around, a later loud sound can mask a preceding weaker sound. ... In practice, frequency masking models are similar to spectral (energy) envelopes. That is, the shape of the frequency masking ... In coding applications we can thus define perceptual models as evaluation models, with which we approximate the perceptual ...
The roles of mask luminance and perceptual grouping in visual backward masking.. Journal of Vision, 9(11):22, p1-11. ... Linking perceptual learning with identical stimuli to imagery perceptual learning.. Journal of Vision, 15(10), p1-8. [⇒ pdf] ... Retinotopy of visual masking and non-retinotopic perception during masking.. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 77(4), ... What is the strength of a mask in visual metacontrast masking?. Journal of Vision, 7(1):7, p1-10. ...
Kurylo, D.D., and Bukhari, F. (2017). Effects of pattern masks on the formation of perceptual grouping. Vision Research, 138, ... as well as priming and masking effects on perceptual grouping. Dr. Kurylo has developing computer software for control of ... Kurylo, D.D., Waxman, R., Silverstein, S.M., and Kidron, R. (2017). Visual training improves perceptual grouping based on basic ... Kurylo, D.D. Waxman, R., Silverstein, S.M. and Weinstein, B. (2018) Remediation of perceptual organization in schizophrenia. ...
Mumma JM, Durso FT, Dyes M, dela Cruz R, Fox VP, Hoey M. (2018). Bag Valve Mask Ventilation as a Perceptual-Cognitive Skill. ...
Radial density masking. This concept renders every other pixel and uses the pixels near it to fill in the information that is ... it can provide a performance increase without a perceptual loss of quality. ... Radial density masking renders every other pixel on the screen and produces a checkerboard image where the neighboring pixels ...
1). Perceptual masks were colored pictures of a mixture of white noise at different spatial frequencies on which a naturalistic ... The scene was replaced by one of the mask images, selected randomly on each trial. The mask was presented for 300 ms. ... The two scenes were presented for 94 ms (eight screen refreshes), after which they were each replaced with masks, which ... or in short-term memory maintenance of body-related perceptual information. ...
Leung RW; Taubman DS, 2009, Perceptual optimization for scalable video compression based on visual masking principles, IEEE ... Leung RW; Taubman DS, 2006, Minimizing the perceptual impact of visual distortion in scalable wavelet compressed video, in ... Leung R; Taubman D, 2005, Perceptual mappings for visual quality enhancement in scalable video compression, in Proceedings - ... Leung R; Taubman A, 2005, Perceptual mappings for visual quality enhancement in scalable video compression, in 2005 ...
... while also incorporating important perceptual phenomena, including both luminance masking and contrast masking terms. The ... Luminance masking is a phenomenon whereby image distortions (in this context) tend to be less visible in bright regions, while ... Zhou Wang; Wang, Zhou; Li, Qiang (May 2011). "Information Content Weighting for Perceptual Image Quality Assessment". IEEE ... and other perceptual image and video quality metrics. SSIM has been repeatedly shown to significantly outperform MSE and its ...
... will have the opportunity to compensate for the perceptual deprivation that they experience outside the home. ... Masks Can Be Detrimental to Babies Speech and Language Development. The good news is that parents can take action to ... Take, for example, a baby at a birthday party or in a day care center where several masked people can be heard and seen talking ... My daughters friend was recently alarmed when she was told that her two-year-old must wear a mask in preschool. Her little ...
The team at Imperial College London found that by attacking an images perceptual hashing signature on a device, they could ... masked images to look "different to the algorithm 99.9% of the time, despite them looking identical to the human eye." ... This research shows that what perceptual hashing aims to achieve is difficult task with hard trade-offs. None of the five ...
The Hollow-Face illusion is an optical illusion in which the perception of a concave mask of a face appears as a normal convex ... This illusion reveals the significant role of prior experience, and thus hypotheses or expectations, in the perceptual process ... The astonishing transformations that concave masks appear to go through when rotated (or the viewer moves) provide great fun ... The astonishing transformations that concave masks appear to go through when rotated (or the viewer moves) provide endless ...
The incorporation of temporal masking along with simultaneous masking (as compared to using only simultaneous masking) produces ... and the level of residual perceptual noise. The application of objective measures and subjective listening tests demonstrate ... The combined masking is then used to adapt the subtraction parameters to obtain the best trade-off among noise reduction, ... Single-Channel Speech Enhancement Based on Psychoacoustic Masking. Authors:Zhou, Tingting; Zeng, Yumin; Wang, Rongrong. ...
Parker is emblematic of AAs perceptual problems, which were somewhat masked by UAs truly hideous ones, after its 2017 annus ...
so given my theorizing about your perceptual estate, i just thought it might make sense that you might see auras differently ... many times it works as a protective mask ... (speaking for myself) ... whatever, it is the emotional interface we have with the ... not to be too bold here, but you have exceptional perceptual ... ( i dont know if thats a word ... perceptional?) systems ...
The line-finder is simply placed upon the page to be read to mask out unwanted text. Some styles have an aperture to form a ... This condition may be the result of a visual perceptual difficulty or a learning disability such as dyslexia. ...
Baker, D. H., & Graf, E. W. (2009). On the relation between dichoptic masking and binocular rivalry. Vision Research, 49(4), ... Knapen, T., Brascamp, J., Adams, W. J., & Graf, E. W. (2009). The spatial scale of perceptual memory in ambiguous figure ...
... lack of masking noise or a perceptual effect, and whether it is due to the lockdown or not [8]. ... Natural sounds are heard again, both because there is less noise to mask them, and because of the reappearance of animal ... The physical indicators proposed, although they are linked to perceptual and health effects, will most likely be insufficient ... Modeling soundscape pleasantness using perceptual assessments and acoustic measurements along paths in urban context. Acta ...
A long-term placebo controlled and masked study of reading achievement and perception of ability. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 89 ... Perceptual and motor skills, 127(2), 490-509.. Guimaraes MR, Reis Guimaraes J R, Guimaraes R. (2010). Selective spectral ... Perceptual and Motor Skills, 91, 707-724.. Robinson, G.L., Foreman, P.J., Dear, K.G.B., and Sparkes, D. (2004). The Family ... Perceptual and Motor Skills, 112 (3), pp. 770-782.. Vilhena, D. D. A., Guimarães, M. R., Guimarães, R. Q., & Pinheiro, Â. M. V ...
A study published in 1996 by the journal Perceptual and Motor Skills investigated how smiles-which are hidden by masks-affect ... for an N95 mask, 46% for a KN95 mask, 46% for an R95 mask, 20% for an N95 mask with a one-way valve, 12% for a surgical mask, ... cloth masks, which are made of common fabrics that tend to be highly permeable. These masks were already worn before the C-19 ... the cloth mask was 2,051 parts per million (ppm)-or four times the 501 ppm level "when no mask was worn" and twice the 1,000 ...
... involving perceptual masking of brief stimuli to inhibit their entry into conscious perception [16]. , [17]. , [18]. , [19]. , ... While these excitations may be chaotic in the time domain, the dynamics accompanying perceptual recognition shows spatially ... The lessons of the butterfly catastrophe combined with evidence for transitions from chaos in perceptual recognition therefore ... have shown a close correspondence between self-organized criticality and brain dynamics in processing real perceptual and ...
Different Brain Circuits Underlie Motor and Perceptual Representations of Temporal Intervals Domenica Bueti, Vincent Walsh, ... Participants performed a detection task on noise-masked point-light displays of human animations and scrambled versions of the ... A perceptual decision-making task was administered. Participants were asked to classify rectangles with different height-to- ... Perceptual thresholds were determined individually. Performance was measured before and after 20 sec of continuous theta burst ...
... to mask pixels in HDR images. JzCzHz is derived from JzAzBz, which is a perceptual color space developed for HDR and published ... Module masking is now enhanced for use with scene-referred workflows. A new masking implementation has been added, with fully ... for a robust hue/saturation masking. A JzCzHz hue mask will produce the same output whether it is used before input color ... A boost factor slider has been introduced in the masking GUI so that users may set thresholding parameters above 100% ...
... or that our entire perceptual reality is an illusion forever masking a thing in itself-like reality. The idea that reality is ... Thats perceptual knowledge. Its empirical knowledge, but not all knowledge is of this sort. And dont forget that the idea ...
  • Dr. Kurylo has served as Principle Investigator on studies of performance and neural mediation of visual perception, including research on stimulus features and scale, retinal position, as well as priming and masking effects on perceptual grouping. (cuny.edu)
  • SSIM is a perception-based model that considers image degradation as perceived change in structural information , while also incorporating important perceptual phenomena, including both luminance masking and contrast masking terms. (wikipedia.org)
  • [1] In addition to defining the SSIM quality index, the paper provides a general context for developing and evaluating perceptual quality measures, including connections to human visual neurobiology and perception, and direct validation of the index against human subject ratings. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Hollow-Face illusion is an optical illusion in which the perception of a concave mask of a face appears as a normal convex face. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • We propose two possible explanations for these findings: the perceptual bias account (bottom-up effects of stimulation on perception) and the motor-choice bias account (top-down modulation of the decision-making system by facilitation of response in one hand over the other). (mit.edu)
  • In conclusion, masking is an essential tool in cognitive psychology research that helps researchers investigate various aspects of human perception, attention, and memory. (strangeherring.com)
  • Perceptual models refer to methods which try to approximate or predict the judgement of auditory quality perceived by human listeners. (aalto.fi)
  • This paper addresses single-channel speech enhancement based on the masking properties of the human auditory system. (aes.org)
  • The incorporation of temporal masking along with simultaneous masking (as compared to using only simultaneous masking) produces results that are more consistent with human auditory characteristics. (aes.org)
  • Auditory time-frequency masking for spectrally and temporally maximally-compact stimuli", PlosOne 11(11) : e0166937. (cnrs-mrs.fr)
  • Auditory Time-Frequency Masking : Psychoacoustical Data and Application to Audio Representations", S. Ystad, M. Aramaki, R. Kronland-Martinet, K. Jensen, S. Mohanty. (cnrs-mrs.fr)
  • Musical experience shapes top–down auditory mechanisms: Evidence from masking and auditory attention performance. (crossref.org)
  • Dr. Kurylo has developing computer software for control of perceptual measurements, which has been adapted to cognitive rehabilitation for improving visual abilities in schizophrenia. (cuny.edu)
  • Although previous studies have reported that individual differences in perceptual skills and cognitive capacities are reflected in brain structures, it remains unknown whether timing abilities are also reflected in the brain anatomy. (mit.edu)
  • What Is Masking Cognitive Psychology? (strangeherring.com)
  • Masking is an essential concept in cognitive psychology that refers to the phenomenon of hiding or concealing certain information from the conscious awareness of an individual. (strangeherring.com)
  • There are several types of masking techniques used in cognitive psychology research. (strangeherring.com)
  • Masking has various applications in cognitive psychology research. (strangeherring.com)
  • Metacontrast masking involves presenting two stimuli in quick succession with a brief inter-stimulus interval. (strangeherring.com)
  • Masking can be used to investigate how humans perceive complex stimuli like faces, objects, and scenes. (strangeherring.com)
  • Masking can be used to examine how attentional resources are allocated in response to different stimuli. (strangeherring.com)
  • By manipulating the timing and location of the mask relative to the Target stimulus, researchers can investigate how attention is allocated to different visual stimuli. (strangeherring.com)
  • We presented textured figure-ground stimuli and manipulated reportability either by masking (which only interferes with consciousness) or with an inattention paradigm (which only interferes with attention). (mit.edu)
  • Behavioral and neural learning effects were found for stimuli presented in the inattention paradigm and not for masked stimuli. (mit.edu)
  • To test for the independent effects of perceptual and preconceptual biases we fitted a drift- diffusion model (DDM) to the behavioral data of each participant. (bvsalud.org)
  • Luminance masking is a phenomenon whereby image distortions (in this context) tend to be less visible in bright regions, while contrast masking is a phenomenon whereby distortions become less visible where there is significant activity or "texture" in the image. (wikipedia.org)
  • Based on this idea, an adaptive watermarking algorithm is presented.We incorporate the feature of texture masking and luminance masking of the human visual system into watermarking. (compression.ru)
  • Surprisingly, such temporal masking can occur also the other way around, a later loud sound can mask a preceding weaker sound. (aalto.fi)
  • Temporal effects in simultaneous masking with on- and off-frequency noise maskers : effects of signal frequency and masker level", Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 115, 1674-1683. (cnrs-mrs.fr)
  • Effect of contralateral precursor type on the temporal effect in simultaneous masking with tone and noise maskers (L)", Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 114, 580-582. (cnrs-mrs.fr)
  • Backward masking involves presenting a visual stimulus (target) for a brief duration, which is immediately followed by another visual stimulus (mask) that makes it difficult for an individual to perceive it consciously. (strangeherring.com)
  • 3]: Koyama S, Akahane-Yamada R, Gunji A, Kubo R, Roberts TP, Yabe H, Kakigi R. 'Cortical evidence of the perceptual backward masking effect on /l/ and /r/ sounds from a following vowel in Japanese speakers. (sciforums.com)
  • A complete implementation of speech enhancement using psychoacoustic masking is presented. (aes.org)
  • These findings show that aesthetic judgments are not sequentially independent, showing that positive serial dependencies are not limited to low-level perceptual judgments. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • In coding applications we can thus define perceptual models as evaluation models , with which we approximate the perceptual effect of distortions. (aalto.fi)
  • Dr. Kurylo's graduate training included application of psychophysical techniques, enabling precise measurements of perceptual capacities. (cuny.edu)
  • Visual masking deficits in schizophrenia: a view into the genetics of the disease through an endophenotype. (epfl.ch)
  • This may relate to the development of sensory factors (tuning of AM filters, susceptibility to AM masking) or to changes in processing efficiency (reduction in internal noise, optimization of decision strategies). (nih.gov)
  • The combined masking is then used to adapt the subtraction parameters to obtain the best trade-off among noise reduction, speech distortion, and the level of residual perceptual noise. (aes.org)
  • The mask can be a random pattern, noise, or any other visual stimulus that serves the purpose of concealing the Target. (strangeherring.com)
  • We applied a memory masking paradigm in which the memory representation of a masker stimulus interferes with a delayed spatial frequency discrimination task when its frequency differs from the discriminanda with ±1 octave and found that impaired behavioral performance due to masking is reflected in weaker V1 BOLD signals. (uni-regensburg.de)
  • Simultaneous masking additivity for short gaussian-shaped tones : Spectral effects", Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 134, 1160-1171. (cnrs-mrs.fr)
  • There might be a perceived greater effort with activity, but the effects of wearing a mask on the work of breathing, on gases like oxygen and CO2 in blood or other physiological parameters are small, often too small to be detected," said the study's first author Susan Hopkins, MD, PhD, professor of medicine and radiology at University of California San Diego School of Medicine. (eurasiareview.com)
  • The researchers came to their conclusions following a review of all known scientific literature published that examined the effects of various facemasks and respiratory loading devices on physiological and perceptual responses to physical activity. (eurasiareview.com)
  • For healthy persons, the effects of wearing a mask on these physiological markers were minimal, no matter what type of mask was worn or the degree of exercise. (eurasiareview.com)
  • The objective of perceptual modelling is then to choose the quantization accuracy such that the perceptually degrading effect of quantization is minimized. (aalto.fi)
  • The primary objective of masking is to prevent conscious awareness of the Target stimulus so that researchers can examine various aspects of unconscious processing, such as perceptual processing, attentional allocation, and memory consolidation. (strangeherring.com)
  • To investigate this, we asked participants (N = 136) to decide whether ambiguous (morphed) facial expressions , with or without a mask , were perceived as friendly or unfriendly. (bvsalud.org)
  • Effects of pattern masks on the formation of perceptual grouping. (cuny.edu)
  • Developmental versus sensory deficit effects on perceptual processing in the reading disabled. (irlen.com)
  • Randomized controlled trials-which are the "gold standard" for clinical research-have repeatedly measured the effects of masks on preventing the spread of contagious respiratory diseases. (heartland.org)
  • JzCzHz is derived from JzAzBz, which is a perceptual color space developed for HDR and published in 2017, with better properties than CIE Lab from 1976, allowing near-perfect hue linearity, for a robust hue/saturation masking. (diyphotography.net)
  • In Experiment 1, twenty-three participants performed a lexical decision task (temporally flanked by supraliminal masks) while having high-density 129-channel ERP data collected. (unl.edu)
  • A number of grouping principles appear to underlie ASA, many of which are related to principles of perceptual organization discovered by the school of Gestalt psychology. (wikipedia.org)
  • Post-doctoral training expanded research on visual processing, and included analysis of perceptual organization in clinical populations. (cuny.edu)
  • Visual training improves perceptual grouping based on basic stimulus features. (cuny.edu)
  • Masking can be defined as a process where a visual stimulus (known as the Target) is presented briefly and immediately followed by another visual stimulus (known as the mask) that hinders our ability to perceive the Target. (strangeherring.com)
  • Forward masking involves presenting a visual stimulus (mask) before the Target stimulus appears. (strangeherring.com)
  • The second stimulus acts as a mask and hinders our ability to perceive the first stimulus consciously. (strangeherring.com)
  • By manipulating the duration and type of mask used to hide the Target stimulus, researchers can examine how much information is necessary for an individual to perceive the Target consciously. (strangeherring.com)
  • By presenting a visual stimulus briefly and then masking it with a second stimulus, researchers can investigate how much information is transferred from short-term memory to long-term memory. (strangeherring.com)
  • By concealing a visual stimulus with a second visual stimulus (mask), researchers can examine how much information is necessary for an individual to perceive a particular stimulus consciously. (strangeherring.com)
  • To disambiguate facial expressions , we rely on perceptual (stimulus-driven) as well as preconceptual (top-down) processes. (bvsalud.org)
  • In contrast, perceptual models are applied when we subjectively observe the signal, to evaluate properties of the signal. (aalto.fi)
  • Visual-perceptual difficulties and the impact on children's learning: are teachers missing the page? (irlen.com)
  • This effect is known as frequency masking . (aalto.fi)
  • The effect held both for 1 s exposure times, and for brief 250 ms exposures (followed by a mask). (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Human adults and human infants show a perceptual magnet effect for the prototypes of speech categories, monkeys do not. (crossref.org)
  • The perceptual-magnet effect: An emergent consequence of exemplar-based phonetic memory. (crossref.org)
  • Forty subjects (19-65 years) underwent body plethysmography, ergometry, cardiopulmonary exercise test and a 4-h wearing period without a mask, with a surgical mask (SM), a community mask (CM), and an FFP2 respirator (FFP2). (researchgate.net)
  • This PPE ensemble includes a TyChem C coverall (a type of limited-use Chemical Protective Coverall), a custom-made Tyvek hood with integrated surgical mask, rubber apron, respirator, googles, rubber gloves, and rubber boots. (cdc.gov)
  • Examples of PPE used for Ebola include (but are not limited to) gloves, gown/coverall, mask/respirator, apron, faceshield/goggles, and cap/hood (see Figure 1). (cdc.gov)
  • Observational studies-which are a weaker form of evidence than randomized controlled trials-find that masking schoolchildren provides negligible or no benefits. (heartland.org)
  • Lab studies-which are the weakest form of clinical evidence-don't support the notion that surgical or cloth masks reduce the transmission of Covid-19. (heartland.org)
  • We evaluated cardiorespiratory parameters at rest and during maximal exertion to highlight any differences with the use of protection masks. (researchgate.net)
  • Conclusions Protection masks are associated with significant but modest worsening of spirometry and cardiorespiratory parameters at rest and peak exercise. (researchgate.net)
  • A boost factor slider has been introduced in the masking GUI so that users may set thresholding parameters above 100% to mask pixels in HDR images. (diyphotography.net)
  • In both cases-and in most other audio codecs (compression/decompression algorithms) used today-the bit rate reduction is achieved using "perceptual coding. (mixonline.com)
  • Prevalencia del síndrome Meares-Irlen/Estrés Visual que afecta la lectura en niños de tercer grado. (irlen.com)
  • 1987), y el Modelo de Control de Locomoción Visual (Lee & Lishman, 1977b) se integran en un solo modelo, que todavía incorpora desarrollos recientes en la investigación empírica. (bvsalud.org)
  • If we play two sinusoid with slightly different frequencies, then the louder of the two can mask the second sinusoid such that it becomes inaudible. (aalto.fi)
  • Sounds that we are less likely to hear-frequencies that are masked, for instance, by louder frequencies nearby-are discarded, leaving more bits available for allocation to the more important sounds that remain. (mixonline.com)
  • But the physical barrier created by masks has prompted concerns that they might impair the cardiopulmonary system by making it harder to breathe, by altering the flow of inhaled oxygen and exhaled carbon dioxide and by increasing dyspnea - a medical term that describe shortness of breath or difficulty breathing, especially during physical activity. (eurasiareview.com)
  • So while dyspnea might be increased with a mask, you have to weigh that against the reduced risk of contracting COVID-19, knowing that the physiology is essentially unchanged. (eurasiareview.com)
  • In practice, frequency masking models are similar to spectral (energy) envelopes. (aalto.fi)
  • That is, the shape of the frequency masking model is similar to the spectral envelope, but a smoothed and less pronounced version thereof. (aalto.fi)
  • A new masking implementation has been added, with fully unbounded blending modes, which allows parametric masking either in linear RGB or in JzCzHz color spaces. (diyphotography.net)
  • The use of face masks became mandatory during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. (researchgate.net)
  • Now that the face mask has become the essential accoutrement of our lives, the COVID pandemic has laid bare our fundamental need to see whole faces. (scientificamerican.com)
  • With reckless disregard for both of those principles, powerful government officials and big tech executives have corrupted or suppressed the central scientific facts about face masks. (heartland.org)
  • These are rotating face masks, the left calculated for proper lighting conditions, the right filmed from an actual object. (michaelbach.de)
  • Positive and negative versions of the mask only differ in the position of the assumed light source, and a face is such a strong percept that it overcomes the "history" which is the only cue that the face is negative. (michaelbach.de)
  • And if you're exercising, the mask can cause your face to become hot and sweaty. (eurasiareview.com)
  • During the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of face masks has become a daily routine. (bvsalud.org)
  • Studies have shown that face masks increase the ambiguity of facial expressions which not only affects (the development of) emotion recognition, but also interferes with social interaction and judgement . (bvsalud.org)
  • Results show that face masks induce a clear loss of information leading to a slight perceptual bias towards friendly choices, but also a clear preconceptual bias towards unfriendly choices for masked faces . (bvsalud.org)
  • These results suggest that, although face masks can increase the perceptual friendliness of faces , people have the prior preconception to interpret masked faces as unfriendly. (bvsalud.org)
  • Methods Twelve healthy subjects underwent three cardiopulmonary exercise tests: without wearing protection mask, with surgical and with FFP2 mask. (researchgate.net)
  • Masks of all types have negative impacts on some people, including headaches, difficulty breathing, increased cardio-pulmonary stress during exercise, marked discomfort, and weakened social bonds. (heartland.org)
  • However, it is unknown which of these two mechanisms accounts for the misinterpretation of masked expressions. (bvsalud.org)
  • In frequency-domain codecs, where a frequency-domain representation of the signal is quantized, we choose the quantization accuracy in different regions of the spectrum based on a perceptual model. (aalto.fi)
  • such as LSB (Least Significant Bits), Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), Discrete Fourier Transform, Spread-Spectrum Encoding, and Perceptual Masking, but all of them are challenged by steganalysis. (scirp.org)
  • With further research and development of masking techniques, we may gain more insights into the complex workings of human cognition. (strangeherring.com)
  • Take, for example, a baby at a birthday party or in a day care center where several masked people can be heard and seen talking. (scientificamerican.com)
  • The average CO2 concentrations inhaled by people wearing N95 masks range from 2.6 to 7.0 times OSHA's work shift limit for CO2. (heartland.org)
  • The average CO2 concentrations inhaled by people wearing cloth and surgical masks range from 2 to 3 times the government CO2 limits for classrooms in many countries. (heartland.org)
  • Results showed that between 5 and 11 years, AM detection thresholds improved and that susceptibility to AM masking slightly increased. (nih.gov)
  • A JzCzHz hue mask will produce the same output whether it is used before input color profile, after output color profile, or anywhere in-between, providing an important consistency improvement over HSL masking. (diyphotography.net)
  • This raises an important question in the field of perceptual learning. (mit.edu)
  • The influence of different masks on cardiopulmonary performance was investigated in a partially double-blinded randomized cross-over design. (researchgate.net)
  • These trials have found inconsistent benefits from N95 masks in healthcare settings and no statistically significant benefits from any type of mask in community settings. (heartland.org)
  • Does Perceptual Learning Require Consciousness or Attention? (mit.edu)
  • But it has been suggested that about any systematic perceptual difference between two sequences can elicit streaming, provided the speed of the sequence is sufficient. (wikipedia.org)
  • Another benefit of using GEGL is being able to work on images in a linear RGB color space as opposed to gamma-corrected (perceptual) RGB color space. (gimp.org)
  • You can choose whether the gradient tool should work in perceptual RGB, linear RGB, or CIE LAB color space. (gimp.org)
  • Masking can be used to study how memories are consolidated into long-term memory. (strangeherring.com)
  • This illusion reveals the significant role of prior experience, and thus hypotheses or expectations, in the perceptual process. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • PERCEPTUAL CODINGUnlike digital audio interfacing standards such as AES/EBU or S/PDIF, formats such as Dolby Digital and Dolby E are designed to reduce the overall volume of data required to store or transmit an audio signal. (mixonline.com)
  • Marius Pedersen har en bachelor i ingeniørfag, data (2006) og har en master i teknologi, medieteknikk (2007), begge fra Høgskolen i Gjøvik. (ntnu.no)