Peptides
Peptide Fragments
Peptide Library
Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides
Peptides, Cyclic
Peptide Mapping
Amino Acid Sequence
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide
Cell-Penetrating Peptides
Protein Binding
Peptide Biosynthesis
Molecular Sequence Data
Peptide YY
Peptide Nucleic Acids
Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type
Natriuretic Peptides
Protein Conformation
Models, Molecular
Binding Sites
Gastrin-Releasing Peptide
Protein Structure, Secondary
Receptors, Formyl Peptide
Peptide PHI
Peptide Synthases
Peptide Hydrolases
Receptors, Peptide
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Atrial Natriuretic Factor
Base Sequence
Mass Spectrometry
Structure-Activity Relationship
Trypsin
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Amino Acids
Opioid Peptides
Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
Peptide Hormones
Protein Structure, Tertiary
Cloning, Molecular
Substrate Specificity
Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
Molecular Mimicry
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
Escherichia coli
Aptamers, Peptide
Proteins
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Cells, Cultured
Cattle
Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Binding, Competitive
Receptors, Atrial Natriuretic Factor
Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte
Salivary Proteins and Peptides
Amyloid beta-Peptides
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
Antigen Presentation
Melitten
Sequence Alignment
Protein Processing, Post-Translational
Cell Membrane
Epitope Mapping
Glucagon-Like Peptides
Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions
Defensins
Cyanogen Bromide
Magainins
T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic
Amino Acid Motifs
HLA-A2 Antigen
RNA, Messenger
Lipid Bilayers
Receptors, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide
Rabbits
Cathelicidins
Membrane Proteins
Endopeptidases
Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Sequence Analysis, Protein
Mutation
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Carrier Proteins
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Drug Design
Anti-Infective Agents
HLA-A Antigens
Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
Immunodominant Epitopes
T-Lymphocytes
Endorphins
Phosphorylation
DNA, Complementary
Serine Endopeptidases
Bombesin
Molecular Structure
Vaccines, Subunit
Glucagon-Like Peptide 2
Receptors, Bombesin
Chromatography, Gel
Cross Reactions
Gastrointestinal Hormones
Models, Chemical
Signal Transduction
Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
Amino Acid Substitution
Antibodies
Liposomes
Transfection
Lymphocyte Activation
Cricetinae
Proline
Disulfides
Blotting, Western
DNA
Thermodynamics
Crystallography, X-Ray
Peptide Biosynthesis, Nucleic Acid-Independent
Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid
Peptide T
Antibody Specificity
Invertebrate Hormones
Tumor Cells, Cultured
alpha-Defensins
Radioimmunoassay
Mice, Transgenic
Hemolysis
Bacteriocins
Temperature
Gene Expression
Chromatography, Affinity
Protein Engineering
Solubility
Antigens, Neoplasm
Amyloid
Swine
CHO Cells
Enkephalins
Adrenomedullin
Calcium
Glycopeptides
Substance P
Isotope Labeling
Protease Inhibitors
Trifluoroethanol
Hydrogen Bonding
Autoantigens
Receptors, Cell Surface
Chromatography, Ion Exchange
Surface Plasmon Resonance
Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II
Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
Alamethicin
Phosphatidylglycerols
DNA Primers
Neuropeptide Y
CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes
Glycoproteins
Enzyme Activation
FMRFamide
Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques
Solutions
Cross-Linking Reagents
Protein Transport
Dimerization
Biological Transport
Micelles
Role of endothelin in the increased vascular tone of patients with essential hypertension. (1/3908)
We investigated the possible role of endothelin in the increased vasoconstrictor tone of hypertensive patients using antagonists of endothelin receptors. Forearm blood flow (FBF) responses (strain-gauge plethysmography) to intraarterial infusion of blockers of endothelin-A (ETA) (BQ-123) and endothelin-B (ETB) (BQ-788) receptors, separately and in combination, were measured in hypertensive patients and normotensive control subjects. In healthy subjects, BQ-123 alone or in combination with BQ-788 did not significantly modify FBF (P=0.78 and P=0.63, respectively). In hypertensive patients, in contrast, BQ-123 increased FBF by 33+/-7% (P<0.001 versus baseline), and the combination of BQ-123 and BQ-788 resulted in a greater vasodilator response (63+/-12%; P=0.006 versus BQ-123 alone in the same subjects). BQ-788 produced a divergent vasoactive effect in the two groups, with a decrease of FBF (17+/-5%; P=0.004 versus baseline) in control subjects and transient vasodilation (15+/-7% after 20 minutes) in hypertensive patients (P<0.001, hypertensives versus controls). The vasoconstrictor response to endothelin-1 was slightly higher (P=0.04) in hypertensive patients (46+/-4%) than in control subjects (32+/-4%). Our data indicate that patients with essential hypertension have increased vascular endothelin activity, which may be of pathophysiological relevance to their increased vascular tone. In these patients, nonselective ETA and ETB blockade seems to produce a greater vasodilator effect than selective ETA blockade. (+info)Evidence for conservation of the vasopressin/oxytocin superfamily in Annelida. (2/3908)
Annetocin is a structurally and functionally oxytocin-related peptide isolated from the earthworm Eisenia foetida. We present the characterization of the annetocin cDNA. Sequence analyses of the deduced precursor polypeptide revealed that the annetocin precursor is composed of three segments: a signal peptide, an annetocin sequence flanked by a Gly C-terminal amidation signal and a Lys-Arg dibasic processing site, and a neurophysin domain, similar to other oxytocin family precursors. The proannetocin showed 37.4-45.8% amino acid homology to other prohormones. In the neurophysin domain, 14 cysteines and amino acid residues essential for association of a neurophysin with a vasopressin/oxytocin superfamily peptide were conserved, suggesting that the Eisenia neurophysin can bind to annetocin. Furthermore, in situ hybridization experiments demonstrated that the annetocin gene is expressed exclusively in neurons of the central nervous system predicted to be involved in regulation of reproductive behavior. These findings confirm that annetocin is a member of the vasopressin/oxytocin superfamily. This is the first identification of the cDNA encoding the precursor of an invertebrate oxytocin-related peptide and also the first report of the identification of an annelid vasopressin/oxytocin-related precursor. (+info)Treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer with the long-acting somatostatin analogue lanreotide: in vitro and in vivo results. (3/3908)
Fourteen patients with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma were treated with the long-acting somatostatin (SST) analogue lanreotide. No objective response was obtained, and the median survival was 4 months (range 1.8-7 months). Pancreatic cancer could not be visualized by means of SST-receptor (R) scintigraphy in our patients. In vitro data also demonstrated absence of SSTR2 expression, suggesting pancreatic cancer not to be a potential target for treatment with SST analogues. (+info)Neuroprotection of the developing brain by systemic administration of vasoactive intestinal peptide derivatives. (4/3908)
Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), a necrotic and often cystic lesion of the cerebral white matter occurring in very premature babies, is the leading cause of cerebral palsy in this population. Increased glutamate release and the excitotoxic cascade thus triggered may be critical factors in the development of PVL. The glutamatergic analog ibotenate injected intracerebrally into newborn mice produces white matter cysts that mimic human PVL. Concomitant injection of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a trophic factor, protects the white matter against excitotoxic lesions. The goal of the present study was to assess the protective properties of systemically injected VIP analogs against ibotenate-induced excitotoxic white matter lesions in newborn mice. VIP analogs were selected on the basis of their low susceptibility to endopeptidases and their potential ability to cross biological membranes. RO-25-1553, a long-lasting cyclic VIP analog, and stearyl-norleucine-VIP, a fatty derivative of VIP, reduced ibotenate-induced white matter cysts by up to 87% and 84%, respectively, when injected i.p. immediately after ibotenate. By comparison, i.p. coadministration of VIP and ibotenate was not protective against the excitotoxic insult. Furthermore, RO-25-1553 and stearyl-norleucine-VIP still induced significant neuroprotection of the developing white matter when injected systemically 8 and 12 h, respectively, after ibotenate, establishing these peptides as therapeutic agents in this murine model. VIP analogs may have therapeutic potential in human premature babies at high risk for PVL. (+info)Ultra-slow inactivation in mu1 Na+ channels is produced by a structural rearrangement of the outer vestibule. (5/3908)
While studying the adult rat skeletal muscle Na+ channel outer vestibule, we found that certain mutations of the lysine residue in the domain III P region at amino acid position 1237 of the alpha subunit, which is essential for the Na+ selectivity of the channel, produced substantial changes in the inactivation process. When skeletal muscle alpha subunits (micro1) with K1237 mutated to either serine (K1237S) or glutamic acid (K1237E) were expressed in Xenopus oocytes and depolarized for several minutes, the channels entered a state of inactivation from which recovery was very slow, i.e., the time constants of entry into and exit from this state were in the order of approximately 100 s. We refer to this process as "ultra-slow inactivation". By contrast, wild-type channels and channels with the charge-preserving mutation K1237R largely recovered within approximately 60 s, with only 20-30% of the current showing ultra-slow recovery. Coexpression of the rat brain beta1 subunit along with the K1237E alpha subunit tended to accelerate the faster components of recovery from inactivation, as has been reported previously of native channels, but had no effect on the mutation-induced ultra-slow inactivation. This implied that ultra-slow inactivation was a distinct process different from normal inactivation. Binding to the pore of a partially blocking peptide reduced the number of channels entering the ultra-slow inactivation state, possibly by interference with a structural rearrangement of the outer vestibule. Thus, ultra-slow inactivation, favored by charge-altering mutations at site 1237 in micro1 Na+ channels, may be analogous to C-type inactivation in Shaker K+ channels. (+info)Transcriptional down-regulation of the rabbit pulmonary artery endothelin B receptor during phenotypic modulation. (6/3908)
1. We confirmed that endothelium-independent contraction of the rabbit pulmonary artery (RPA) is mediated through both an endothelin A (ET(A)R) and endothelin B (ET(B2)R) receptor. 2. The response of endothelium-denuded RPA rings to endothelin-1 (ET-1, pD2 = 7.84 +/- 0.03) was only partially inhibited by BQ123 (10 microM), an ET(A)R antagonist. 3. Pretreatment with 1 nM sarafotoxin S6c (S6c), an ET(B)R agonist, desensitized the ET(B2)R and significantly attenuated the response to ET-3 (pD2 = 7.40 +/- 0.02 before, <6.50 after S6c). 4. Pretreatment with S6c had little effect on the response to ET-1, but BQ123 (10 microM) caused a parallel shift to the right of the residual ETAR-mediated response to ET-1 (pD2 = 7.84 +/- 0.03 before S6c, 7.93 +/- 0.03 after S6c, 6.81 +/- 0.05 after BQ123). 5. Binding of radiolabelled ET-1 to early passage cultures of RPA vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) displayed two patterns of competitive displacement characteristic of the ET(A)R (BQ123 pIC50 = 8.73 +/- 0.05) or ET(B2)R (S6c pIC50 = 10.15). 6. Competitive displacement experiments using membranes from late passage VSMC confirmed only the presence of the ET(A)R (ET-1 pIC50 = 9.3, BQ123 pIC50 = 8.0, S6c pIC50 < 6.0). 7. The ET(A)R was functionally active and coupled to rises in intracellular calcium which exhibited prolonged homologous desensitization. 8. Using a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for the rabbit ET(B2)R, we demonstrated the absence of mRNA expression in phenotypically modified VSMC. 9. We conclude that the ET(B2)R expressed by VSMC which mediates contraction of RPA is rapidly down-regulated at the transcriptional level during phenotypic modulation in vitro. (+info)Two affinities for a single antagonist at the neuronal NK1 tachykinin receptor: evidence from quantitation of receptor endocytosis. (7/3908)
1. In smooth muscle contractility assays, many NK1 receptor (NK1r) antagonists inhibit responses to the neurotransmitter, substance P (SP), and its analogue, septide, with markedly different potency, leading to the proposal that there is a septide-preferring receptor related to the NK1r. 2. We used fluorescence immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy to visualize agonist-induced NK1r endocytosis and analyse agonist/antagonist interactions at native NK1r in neurons of the myenteric plexus of guinea-pig ileum. 3. SP and septide gave sigmoid log concentration-response curves and were equipotent in inducing NK1r endocytosis. 4. The NK1r antagonists, CP-99994 (2S,3S)-3-(2-methoxybenzyl)amino-2-phenylpiperidine dihydrochloride and MEN-10581, cyclo(Leu,[CH2NH]Lys(benzyloxycarbonyl)-Gln-Trp-Phe-betaAla) were both more potent in inhibiting endocytosis (50 x and 8 x greater respectively) against septide than against SP. 5. The results suggest that SP and septide interact differently with the NK1r, and that a single antagonist can exhibit different affinities at a single NK1r population, depending on the agonist with which it competes. Thus it may not be necessary to posit a separate septide-preferring tachykinin receptor. (+info)The two-dimensional IR nonlinear spectroscopy of a cyclic penta-peptide in relation to its three-dimensional structure. (8/3908)
A form of two-dimensional (2D) vibrational spectroscopy, which uses two ultrafast IR laser pulses, is used to examine the structure of a cyclic penta-peptide in solution. Spectrally resolved cross peaks occur in the off-diagonal region of the 2D IR spectrum of the amide I region, analogous to those in 2D NMR spectroscopy. These cross peaks measure the coupling between the different amide groups in the structure. Their intensities and polarizations relate directly to the three-dimensional structure of the peptide. With the help of a model coupling Hamiltonian, supplemented by density functional calculations, the spectra of this penta-peptide can be regenerated from the known solution phase structure. This 2D-IR measurement, with an intrinsic time resolution of less than 1 ps, could be used in all time regimes of interest in biology. (+info)There are two main types of hemolysis:
1. Intravascular hemolysis: This type occurs within the blood vessels and is caused by factors such as mechanical injury, oxidative stress, and certain infections.
2. Extravascular hemolysis: This type occurs outside the blood vessels and is caused by factors such as bone marrow disorders, splenic rupture, and certain medications.
Hemolytic anemia is a condition that occurs when there is excessive hemolysis of RBCs, leading to a decrease in the number of healthy red blood cells in the body. This can cause symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, pale skin, and shortness of breath.
Some common causes of hemolysis include:
1. Genetic disorders such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia.
2. Autoimmune disorders such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA).
3. Infections such as malaria, babesiosis, and toxoplasmosis.
4. Medications such as antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and blood thinners.
5. Bone marrow disorders such as aplastic anemia and myelofibrosis.
6. Splenic rupture or surgical removal of the spleen.
7. Mechanical injury to the blood vessels.
Diagnosis of hemolysis is based on a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as complete blood count (CBC), blood smear examination, and direct Coombs test. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include supportive care, blood transfusions, and medications to suppress the immune system or prevent infection.
The symptoms of Alzheimer's disease can vary from person to person and may progress slowly over time. Early symptoms may include memory loss, confusion, and difficulty with problem-solving. As the disease progresses, individuals may experience language difficulties, visual hallucinations, and changes in mood and behavior.
There is currently no cure for Alzheimer's disease, but there are several medications and therapies that can help manage its symptoms and slow its progression. These include cholinesterase inhibitors, memantine, and non-pharmacological interventions such as cognitive training and behavioral therapy.
Alzheimer's disease is a significant public health concern, affecting an estimated 5.8 million Americans in 2020. It is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States, and its prevalence is expected to continue to increase as the population ages.
There is ongoing research into the causes and potential treatments for Alzheimer's disease, including studies into the role of inflammation, oxidative stress, and the immune system. Other areas of research include the development of biomarkers for early detection and the use of advanced imaging techniques to monitor progression of the disease.
Overall, Alzheimer's disease is a complex and multifactorial disorder that poses significant challenges for individuals, families, and healthcare systems. However, with ongoing research and advances in medical technology, there is hope for improving diagnosis and treatment options in the future.
1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.
2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.
3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.
4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.
5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.
6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.
7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.
8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.
9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.
10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.
There are several types of melanoma, including:
1. Superficial spreading melanoma: This is the most common type of melanoma, accounting for about 70% of cases. It usually appears as a flat or slightly raised discolored patch on the skin.
2. Nodular melanoma: This type of melanoma is more aggressive and accounts for about 15% of cases. It typically appears as a raised bump on the skin, often with a darker color.
3. Acral lentiginous melanoma: This type of melanoma affects the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, or nail beds and accounts for about 5% of cases.
4. Lentigo maligna melanoma: This type of melanoma usually affects the face and is more common in older adults.
The risk factors for developing melanoma include:
1. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure from the sun or tanning beds
2. Fair skin, light hair, and light eyes
3. A history of sunburns
4. Weakened immune system
5. Family history of melanoma
The symptoms of melanoma can vary depending on the type and location of the cancer. Common symptoms include:
1. Changes in the size, shape, or color of a mole
2. A new mole or growth on the skin
3. A spot or sore that bleeds or crusts over
4. Itching or pain on the skin
5. Redness or swelling around a mole
If melanoma is suspected, a biopsy will be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment options for melanoma depend on the stage and location of the cancer and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these. Early detection and treatment are key to successful outcomes in melanoma cases.
In conclusion, melanoma is a type of skin cancer that can be deadly if not detected early. It is important to practice sun safety, perform regular self-exams, and seek medical attention if any suspicious changes are noticed on the skin. By being aware of the risk factors, symptoms, and treatment options for melanoma, individuals can take steps to protect themselves from this potentially deadly disease.
There are two main types of heart failure:
1. Left-sided heart failure: This occurs when the left ventricle, which is the main pumping chamber of the heart, becomes weakened and is unable to pump blood effectively. This can lead to congestion in the lungs and other organs.
2. Right-sided heart failure: This occurs when the right ventricle, which pumps blood to the lungs, becomes weakened and is unable to pump blood effectively. This can lead to congestion in the body's tissues and organs.
Symptoms of heart failure may include:
* Shortness of breath
* Fatigue
* Swelling in the legs, ankles, and feet
* Swelling in the abdomen
* Weight gain
* Coughing up pink, frothy fluid
* Rapid or irregular heartbeat
* Dizziness or lightheadedness
Treatment for heart failure typically involves a combination of medications and lifestyle changes. Medications may include diuretics to remove excess fluid from the body, ACE inhibitors or beta blockers to reduce blood pressure and improve blood flow, and aldosterone antagonists to reduce the amount of fluid in the body. Lifestyle changes may include a healthy diet, regular exercise, and stress reduction techniques. In severe cases, heart failure may require hospitalization or implantation of a device such as an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) or a left ventricular assist device (LVAD).
It is important to note that heart failure is a chronic condition, and it requires ongoing management and monitoring to prevent complications and improve quality of life. With proper treatment and lifestyle changes, many people with heart failure are able to manage their symptoms and lead active lives.
Neoplasm refers to an abnormal growth of cells that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Neoplasms can occur in any part of the body and can affect various organs and tissues. The term "neoplasm" is often used interchangeably with "tumor," but while all tumors are neoplasms, not all neoplasms are tumors.
Types of Neoplasms
There are many different types of neoplasms, including:
1. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the epithelial cells lining organs and glands. Examples include breast cancer, lung cancer, and colon cancer.
2. Sarcomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in connective tissue, such as bone, cartilage, and fat. Examples include osteosarcoma (bone cancer) and soft tissue sarcoma.
3. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system, specifically affecting the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues. Examples include Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
4. Leukemias: These are cancers of the blood and bone marrow that affect the white blood cells. Examples include acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
5. Melanomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. Examples include skin melanoma and eye melanoma.
Causes and Risk Factors of Neoplasms
The exact causes of neoplasms are not fully understood, but there are several known risk factors that can increase the likelihood of developing a neoplasm. These include:
1. Genetic predisposition: Some people may be born with genetic mutations that increase their risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
2. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as radiation and certain chemicals, can increase the risk of developing a neoplasm.
3. Infection: Some neoplasms are caused by viruses or bacteria. For example, human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common cause of cervical cancer.
4. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a poor diet can increase the risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
5. Family history: A person's risk of developing a neoplasm may be higher if they have a family history of the condition.
Signs and Symptoms of Neoplasms
The signs and symptoms of neoplasms can vary depending on the type of cancer and where it is located in the body. Some common signs and symptoms include:
1. Unusual lumps or swelling
2. Pain
3. Fatigue
4. Weight loss
5. Change in bowel or bladder habits
6. Unexplained bleeding
7. Coughing up blood
8. Hoarseness or a persistent cough
9. Changes in appetite or digestion
10. Skin changes, such as a new mole or a change in the size or color of an existing mole.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Neoplasms
The diagnosis of a neoplasm usually involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans), and biopsy. A biopsy involves removing a small sample of tissue from the suspected tumor and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.
The treatment of neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Some common treatments include:
1. Surgery: Removing the tumor and surrounding tissue can be an effective way to treat many types of cancer.
2. Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
3. Radiation therapy: Using high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer is located in a specific area of the body.
4. Immunotherapy: Boosting the body's immune system to fight cancer can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.
5. Targeted therapy: Using drugs or other substances to target specific molecules on cancer cells can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.
Prevention of Neoplasms
While it is not always possible to prevent neoplasms, there are several steps that can reduce the risk of developing cancer. These include:
1. Avoiding exposure to known carcinogens (such as tobacco smoke and radiation)
2. Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
3. Getting regular exercise
4. Not smoking or using tobacco products
5. Limiting alcohol consumption
6. Getting vaccinated against certain viruses that are associated with cancer (such as human papillomavirus, or HPV)
7. Participating in screening programs for early detection of cancer (such as mammograms for breast cancer and colonoscopies for colon cancer)
8. Avoiding excessive exposure to sunlight and using protective measures such as sunscreen and hats to prevent skin cancer.
It's important to note that not all cancers can be prevented, and some may be caused by factors that are not yet understood or cannot be controlled. However, by taking these steps, individuals can reduce their risk of developing cancer and improve their overall health and well-being.
Cyclic peptide
Cliotide
2,5-Diketopiperazine
Peptide synthesis
Horst Kessler
James Inglese
Phallotoxin
Vy Maria Dong
Parvez Haris
Jean Thomas (biochemist)
Bacterial display
Amanin
Amanullin
Amaninamide
Virotoxins
Arginylglycylaspartic acid
Photoactivated peptide
EGLN1
Patellamide A
OPLS
Luis Moroder
Peptide therapeutics
Proamanullin
Mycobacillin
Xenortide
Peptide bond
Yu-Shan Lin
Mixed-mode chromatography
Supramolecular polymer
Viscumamide
Metabolism
Enamidase
BQ
Oxazoline
Polyproline helix
Corn silk
Enzyme inhibitor
Minigastrin
Gelatinase biosynthesis-activating pheromone
Index of biochemistry articles
Mechanically interlocked molecular architectures
Aminoimidazolase
NFATC4
Cyanotoxin
Raymond C. Stevens
Catch bond
Nuclear receptor coactivator 2
Hanoch Senderowitz
Petasis reaction
Bioorthogonal chemistry
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
Protecting group
Glyoxylic acid
Metformin
Riboswitch
Creatinine deaminase
Synthesis and Biological Characterization of Cyclic Disulfide-Containing Peptide Analogs of the Multifunctional Opioid...
Duration of pre-rheumatoid arthritis anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide positivity is positively associated with age at...
Results of search for 'su:{Peptides, Cyclic}'
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WHO HQ Library catalog
Frontiers | Peptide Folding and Binding Probed by Systematic Non-canonical Mutagenesis
Improving the selectivity of engineered protease inhibitors: Optimizing the P2 prime residue using a versatile cyclic peptide...
Table - Isolated Ocular Mpox without Skin Lesions, United States - Volume 29, Number 6-June 2023 - Emerging Infectious Diseases...
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Streptogramin A | Harvard Catalyst Profiles | Harvard Catalyst
Advanced Search Results - Public Health Image Library(PHIL)
Pharmaceutics | Free Full-Text | Cell Penetrating Peptides, Novel Vectors for Gene Therapy
1udu.1 | SWISS-MODEL Template Library
Atopic Dermatitis in Emergency Medicine Medication: Topical steroids, Topical calcineurin Inhibitors, Topical Phosphodiesterase...
JCI -
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Stimulation of Adenylate Cyclase and Active Electrolyte Secretion in Intestinal Mucosa
Broadly binding and functional antibodies and persisting memory B cells elicited by HIV vaccine PDPHV | npj Vaccines
Graham-Little-Piccardi-Lasseur Syndrome Medication: Immunosuppressant agents, Antibiotics, Corticosteroids, Antimalarial
Minirosetta 3.73-3.78
What blood tests indicate fibromyalgia?
AnaSpec | Custom Peptide Synthesis
Schalk F[au] - Search Results - PubMed
Publications | NCBS
Dolutegravir / Lamivudine - Tablet, film-coated | NIH
Search Product | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
People - The University of Nottingham
Catalog Peptides Market is Set to Generate $332.1 Million
Toward Structure Prediction for Short Peptides Using the Improved SAAP Force Field Parameters
WHO EMRO | Radiological changes in rheumatoid arthritis patients at a teaching hospital in Saudi Arabia | Volume 16, issue 9 |...
Breast Cancer Breakthrough Draws Public Eye to Alternative Treatment
Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide2
- Abdul Wahab A, Mohammad M, Rahman MM, Mohamed Said MS. Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody is a good indicator for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. (medlineplus.gov)
- Replication of Associations of Genetic Loci Outside the HLA Region With Susceptibility to Anti-Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide-Negative Rheumatoid Arthritis. (cdc.gov)
Proteins5
- Many proteins and peptides fold upon binding another protein. (frontiersin.org)
- The cargoes they can deliver range from other small peptides, full-length proteins, nucleic acids including RNA and DNA, liposomes, nanoparticles, and viral particles as well as radioisotopes and other fluorescent probes for imaging purposes. (mdpi.com)
- through Epac, exchange proteins directly activated by cyclic AMP. (nottingham.ac.uk)
- The research ( http://tinyurl.com/lzujwgw ) examines the use of chemicals called cyclic peptide inhibitors which block the proteins that cancer cells need to grow. (prweb.com)
- This reactivity of chemicals to cutaneous the peptide reactivity assay ( 10 ), quantitative LC-MS was proteins is the basis for most, if not all, current nonanimal- exploited by Natsch et al. (cdc.gov)
Antibodies6
- This test looks for CCP (cyclic citrullinated peptide) antibodies in the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
- HIV-1 envelope protein variable regions V1 and V2 were actively targeted by the antibodies as determined by specific binding to both peptide and V1V2-carrying scaffolds. (nature.com)
- This can be attributed to the effectiveness of catalog peptides in raising high-quality antibodies. (globenewswire.com)
- Systematic review: accuracy of anti-citrullinated Peptide antibodies for diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis. (medscape.com)
- Environmental risk factors differ between rheumatoid arthritis with and without auto-antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptides. (medscape.com)
- Antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptide and IgA rheumatoid factor predict the development of rheumatoid arthritis. (medscape.com)
Antibody5
- Antibody responses were assessed using IgG isotype and gp70-V1V2-binding ELISAs, peptide arrays, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assays. (nature.com)
- Among the various commercial applications of catalog peptides, the antibody production category contributed the highest share, of 52.7%, to the market in 2018. (globenewswire.com)
- This is mainly on the account of their large product portfolio of catalog peptides, which are being used for various applications such as antibody production, drug discovery, enzyme profiling, disease research, and biomarker discovery. (globenewswire.com)
- We recently demonstrated that phage peptide libraries can be an excellent source of immunoreagents that facilitate the development of sandwich-type noncompetitive immunoassays for the detection of small analytes, avoiding the technical challenges of producing anti-immunocomplex antibody. (cdc.gov)
- As a model system we used a polyclonal antibody to 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) and an anti-immunocomplex phage clone bearing the cyclic peptide CFNGKDWLYC. (cdc.gov)
Inhibitors2
- Improving the selectivity of engineered protease inhibitors: Optimizing the P2 prime residue using a versatile cyclic peptide library. (cipps.org.au)
- PDE-4 inhibitors allow for cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) to remain intact in order to decrease the proinflammatory response (eg, cytokine release) associated with atopic dermatitis. (medscape.com)
Synthesis1
- Synthesis and Biological Characterization of Cyclic Disulfide-Containing Peptide Analogs of the Multifunctional Opioid/Neuropeptide FF Receptor Agonists That Produce Long-Lasting and Nontolerant Antinociception. (iasp-pain.org)
Short peptide2
- In this study, the SAAP force field (SAAPFF) parameters were improved, and classical canonical Monte Carlo (MC) simulation was carried out for short peptide models, that is, Met-enkephalin and chignolin, at 300 K in an implicit water model. (hindawi.com)
- A protocol of SAAP-MC simulation followed by structural clustering and examination of the obtained structures by ab initio calculation or simply by the number of the hydrogen bonds (or the hardness) was demonstrated to be an effective strategy toward structure prediction for short peptide molecules. (hindawi.com)
Characterization1
- Since their initial description and characterization, the field of cell penetrating peptides as vectors has exploded. (mdpi.com)
Conformational2
- Therefore, binding affinity can be captured by a single thermodynamic value, K D or Δ G °. However, this strength of binding depends on numerous inter- and intra-chain interactions as well as the conformational preferences of the peptide and protein. (frontiersin.org)
- The results suggested that the SAAP-MC method is useful for conformational sampling for the short peptides. (hindawi.com)
Amino acid4
- We need a thorough understanding of how amino acid sequence affects the binding of these peptides. (frontiersin.org)
- Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs), also known as protein transduction domains (PTDs), first identified ~25 years ago, are small, 6-30 amino acid long, synthetic, or naturally occurring peptides, able to carry variety of cargoes across the cellular membranes in an intact, functional form. (mdpi.com)
- Cyclosporine is an 11-amino acid cyclic peptide and a natural product of fungi. (medscape.com)
- Peptides whose amino acid residues are linked together forming a circular chain. (bvsalud.org)
Assay3
- With over 25 years of unparalleled experience in the manufacturing of custom and catalog Peptides, Assay Kits, Fluorescent Dyes, Amino Acids , and more, AnaSpec aims to support and empower our customers in their endeavors to advance health and well-being. (anaspec.com)
- Cyclic anhydrides, select diones, and aromatic aldehydes proved to be false negatives in this assay. (cdc.gov)
- The peptide depletion assay developed skin sensitization perspective, understanding and predicting early by Gerberick et al. (cdc.gov)
20191
- NEW YORK, Aug. 06, 2019 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The global catalog peptides market is expected to generate $332.1 million revenue by 2024, advancing at a CAGR of 5.8% during the forecast period. (globenewswire.com)
Optimization1
- These developments are timely, as the insights they provide can guide the optimization of de novo cyclic peptides, a promising new modality for chemical probes and therapeutic agents. (frontiersin.org)
Protein2
- Folding upon binding reactions are necessarily multistep: Peptide and protein must diffuse into the same vicinity, the peptide must fold, interactions must form between peptide and partner protein, and the partner protein may change conformation-not necessarily in this order. (frontiersin.org)
- This method ( 10 ) mea- chemical-induced skin sensitization is the ability of a chemical, sured the depletion of the peptides after treatment with excess either as such or after ex/in cutaneo activation, to covalently electrophile for 24 h and adopted the percent depletion (dp) as react with a carrier protein or peptide ( 6 ), resulting in an the reactivity index of a given chemical. (cdc.gov)
Catalog5
- Based on application, the catalog peptides market has been categorized into commercial, academic research, and therapeutics applications. (globenewswire.com)
- It is also expected to be the fastest growing category in the catalog peptides market during the forecast period. (globenewswire.com)
- Globally, the North American catalog peptides market is expected to account for more than 30% share by 2024. (globenewswire.com)
- The U.S. is expected to lead the North American catalog peptides market throughout the analysis period. (globenewswire.com)
- Among these players, Bachem AG, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Merck KGaA, and AnaSpec Inc. are the key players occupying major share in the catalog peptides market. (globenewswire.com)
Potent1
- Interestingly, the cyclized analog possessed an improved stability in the brain and an increased blood-brain barrier permeability compared to the parent peptide and produced more potent analgesia after supraspinal or subcutaneous administration with improved duration of action of 4 h. (iasp-pain.org)
Hormones2
- In order to explore the possible role of VIP in the pathogenesis of this syndrome, we examined the effects of this peptide and other hormones on the cyclic AMP levels, adenylate cyclase activity, and ion transport in in vitro preparations of ileal mucosa. (jci.org)
- In rabbit ileal mucosa, VIP (20 μg/ml) caused a prompt fivefold increase in cyclic AMP level, whereas nine other hormones, which have been postulated to cause intestinal secretion, failed to exert such an effect. (jci.org)
Test1
- Cyclic citrullinated peptide test. (onteenstoday.com)
Cellular1
- Elevation of intracellular cyclic AMP levels leads to diverse cellular responses dependent on the cell type. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Protocol1
- This version uses the latest Rosetta source code which includes an improved score function, new protocols (for example a new cyclic peptide modeling protocol), and some modifications to the graphics application. (bakerlab.org)
Small1
- Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), originally isolated from hog small intestinal mucosa, has been shown to cause small intestinal secretion. (jci.org)
Levels2
High2
- Furthermore, these high-throughput mutagenesis methods have been expanded to include mutations to non-canonical amino acids, returning peptide structure-activity relationships with unprecedented depth and detail. (frontiersin.org)
- The category is expected to progress at a CAGR of 6.8% during the forecast period, mainly on account of the fact that these peptides provide good stability, high binding affinity, and selectivity toward target biomolecules. (globenewswire.com)
Select1
- Glutathione and other select peptides have been used to determine the reactivity of electrophilic allergens to nucleophiles, but these methods are inadequate to accurately measure rapid kinetics observed with many chemical sensitizers. (cdc.gov)
Complex1
- With over 25 years of peptide manufacturing experience, AnaSpec is your trusted source of highly complex peptides. (anaspec.com)
Administration1
- In a previously described chimeric peptide, we reported that the multifunctional opioid/neuropeptide FF (NPFF) receptor agonist (BN-9) produced antinociception for 1.5 h after supraspinal administration. (iasp-pain.org)
Source1
- He also added a nice light source for a spacefill representation which you will see soon once he starts submitting his cyclic peptide modeling jobs. (bakerlab.org)
Development1
- This can be mainly attributed to the presence of established players, increase in the adoption of advance peptide production technologies, and rise in the investment and funding for research and development (R&D) in the region. (globenewswire.com)
Analysis1
- Among these, the cyclic peptides category is projected to lead the market, both in terms of revenue and growth, throughout the analysis period. (globenewswire.com)
Type2
- Herein, four cyclic disulfide analogs containing l- and/or d-type cysteine at positions 2 and 5 were synthesized. (iasp-pain.org)
- Liraglutide, a glucagonlike peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonist, is the first noninsulin drug approved to treat type 2 diabetes in pediatric patients since metformin was approved for pediatric use in 2000. (medscape.com)
Increase1
- At a concentration of 2 μg/ml it caused a fivefold increase in cyclic AMP level and an increase in SCC of the same magnitude as that caused by 5 mM theophylline. (jci.org)
Skin1
- We manufacture custom GMP peptides and dyes for Diagnostic testing, BioPharmaceutical manufacturing, Skin cosmetics and many other applications. (anaspec.com)
Drug1
- An additional focus of my research has been an investigation of enzymes (particularly those involved in turnover of endocannabinoids, hydrogen sulphide and cyclic nucleotides), as convergence points for signalling cross-talk, as well as quantifying enzyme activities ex vivo , for example, in pathological conditions or following drug exposure. (nottingham.ac.uk)