Peptides: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.Peptide Fragments: Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.Peptide Library: A collection of cloned peptides, or chemically synthesized peptides, frequently consisting of all possible combinations of amino acids making up an n-amino acid peptide.Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides: Small cationic peptides that are an important component, in most species, of early innate and induced defenses against invading microbes. In animals they are found on mucosal surfaces, within phagocytic granules, and on the surface of the body. They are also found in insects and plants. Among others, this group includes the DEFENSINS, protegrins, tachyplesins, and thionins. They displace DIVALENT CATIONS from phosphate groups of MEMBRANE LIPIDS leading to disruption of the membrane.Peptides, Cyclic: Peptides whose amino and carboxy ends are linked together with a peptide bond forming a circular chain. Some of them are ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS. Some of them are biosynthesized non-ribosomally (PEPTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS, NON-RIBOSOMAL).Peptide Mapping: Analysis of PEPTIDES that are generated from the digestion or fragmentation of a protein or mixture of PROTEINS, by ELECTROPHORESIS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; or MASS SPECTROMETRY. The resulting peptide fingerprints are analyzed for a variety of purposes including the identification of the proteins in a sample, GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS, patterns of gene expression, and patterns diagnostic for diseases.Oligopeptides: Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide: Calcitonin gene-related peptide. A 37-amino acid peptide derived from the calcitonin gene. It occurs as a result of alternative processing of mRNA from the calcitonin gene. The neuropeptide is widely distributed in neural tissue of the brain, gut, perivascular nerves, and other tissue. The peptide produces multiple biological effects and has both circulatory and neurotransmitter modes of action. In particular, it is a potent endogenous vasodilator.Cell-Penetrating Peptides: Peptides that have the ability to enter cells by crossing the plasma membrane directly, or through uptake by the endocytotic pathway.Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.Peptide Biosynthesis: The production of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS by the constituents of a living organism. The biosynthesis of proteins on RIBOSOMES following an RNA template is termed translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC). There are other, non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis (PEPTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS, NUCLEIC ACID-INDEPENDENT) mechanisms carried out by PEPTIDE SYNTHASES and PEPTIDYLTRANSFERASES. Further modifications of peptide chains yield functional peptide and protein molecules.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Peptide YY: A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.Peptide Nucleic Acids: DNA analogs containing neutral amide backbone linkages composed of aminoethyl glycine units instead of the usual phosphodiester linkage of deoxyribose groups. Peptide nucleic acids have high biological stability and higher affinity for complementary DNA or RNA sequences than analogous DNA oligomers.Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type: A PEPTIDE of 22 amino acids, derived mainly from cells of VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM. It is also found in the BRAIN, major endocrine glands, and other tissues. It shares structural homology with ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR. It has vasorelaxant activity thus is important in the regulation of vascular tone and blood flow. Several high molecular weight forms containing the 22 amino acids have been identified.Natriuretic Peptides: Peptides that regulate the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in the body, also known as natriuretic peptide hormones. Several have been sequenced (ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR; BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE; C-TYPE NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE).Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).Models, Molecular: Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.Binding Sites: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.Gastrin-Releasing Peptide: Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the STOMACH, the neuropeptide stimulates release of GASTRIN from the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS.Protein Structure, Secondary: The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.Receptors, Formyl Peptide: A family of G-protein-coupled receptors that was originally identified by its ability to bind N-formyl peptides such as N-FORMYLMETHIONINE LEUCYL-PHENYLALANINE. Since N-formyl peptides are found in MITOCHONDRIA and BACTERIA, this class of receptors is believed to play a role in mediating cellular responses to cellular damage and bacterial invasion. However, non-formylated peptide ligands have also been found for this receptor class.Peptide PHI: A 27-amino acid peptide with histidine at the N-terminal and isoleucine amide at the C-terminal. The exact amino acid composition of the peptide is species dependent. The peptide is secreted in the intestine, but is found in the nervous system, many organs, and in the majority of peripheral tissues. It has a wide range of biological actions, affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and central nervous systems.Peptide Synthases: Ligases that catalyze the joining of adjacent AMINO ACIDS by the formation of carbon-nitrogen bonds between their carboxylic acid groups and amine groups.Peptide Hydrolases: Hydrolases that specifically cleave the peptide bonds found in PROTEINS and PEPTIDES. Examples of sub-subclasses for this group include EXOPEPTIDASES and ENDOPEPTIDASES.Receptors, Peptide: Cell surface receptors that bind peptide messengers with high affinity and regulate intracellular signals which influence the behavior of cells.Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid: Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.Epitopes: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Mass Spectrometry: An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.Protein PrecursorsTrypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.Sequence Homology, Amino Acid: The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.Opioid Peptides: The endogenous peptides with opiate-like activity. The three major classes currently recognized are the ENKEPHALINS, the DYNORPHINS, and the ENDORPHINS. Each of these families derives from different precursors, proenkephalin, prodynorphin, and PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN, respectively. There are also at least three classes of OPIOID RECEPTORS, but the peptide families do not map to the receptors in a simple way.Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins: Proteins and peptides that are involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION within the cell. Included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and cellular processes in response to signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. Intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors.Peptide Hormones: Hormones synthesized from amino acids. They are distinguished from INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS in that their actions are systemic.Protein Structure, Tertiary: The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Substrate Specificity: A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization: A mass spectrometric technique that is used for the analysis of large biomolecules. Analyte molecules are embedded in an excess matrix of small organic molecules that show a high resonant absorption at the laser wavelength used. The matrix absorbs the laser energy, thus inducing a soft disintegration of the sample-matrix mixture into free (gas phase) matrix and analyte molecules and molecular ions. In general, only molecular ions of the analyte molecules are produced, and almost no fragmentation occurs. This makes the method well suited for molecular weight determinations and mixture analysis.Molecular Mimicry: The structure of one molecule that imitates or simulates the structure of a different molecule.Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Aptamers, Peptide: Peptide sequences, generated by iterative rounds of SELEX APTAMER TECHNIQUE, that bind to a target molecule specifically and with high affinity.Proteins: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.Molecular Weight: The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: Cell surface proteins that bind VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE; (VIP); with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells.Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel: Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.Binding, Competitive: The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.Receptors, Atrial Natriuretic Factor: Cell surface proteins that bind ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. They contain intrinsic guanylyl cyclase activity.Amphibian Proteins: Proteins obtained from species in the class of AMPHIBIANS.Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte: Antigenic determinants recognized and bound by the T-cell receptor. Epitopes recognized by the T-cell receptor are often located in the inner, unexposed side of the antigen, and become accessible to the T-cell receptors after proteolytic processing of the antigen.Salivary Proteins and Peptides: Proteins and peptides found in SALIVA and the SALIVARY GLANDS. Some salivary proteins such as ALPHA-AMYLASES are enzymes, but their composition varies in different individuals.Amyloid beta-Peptides: Peptides generated from AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES PRECURSOR. An amyloid fibrillar form of these peptides is the major component of amyloid plaques found in individuals with Alzheimer's disease and in aged individuals with trisomy 21 (DOWN SYNDROME). The peptide is found predominantly in the nervous system, but there have been reports of its presence in non-neural tissue.Recombinant Fusion Proteins: Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.Antigen Presentation: The process by which antigen is presented to lymphocytes in a form they can recognize. This is performed by antigen presenting cells (APCs). Some antigens require processing before they can be recognized. Antigen processing consists of ingestion and partial digestion of the antigen by the APC, followed by presentation of fragments on the cell surface. (From Rosen et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 1989)Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.Sequence Alignment: The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.Protein Processing, Post-Translational: Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.Cell Membrane: The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.Epitope Mapping: Methods used for studying the interactions of antibodies with specific regions of protein antigens. Important applications of epitope mapping are found within the area of immunochemistry.Glucagon-Like Peptides: Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms.Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions: The thermodynamic interaction between a substance and WATER.Defensins: Family of antimicrobial peptides that have been identified in humans, animals, and plants. They are thought to play a role in host defenses against infections, inflammation, wound repair, and acquired immunity.Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.Dipeptides: Peptides composed of two amino acid units.Magainins: A class of antimicrobial peptides discovered in the skin of XENOPUS LAEVIS. They kill bacteria by permeabilizing cell membranes without exhibiting significant toxicity against mammalian cells.T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic: Immunized T-lymphocytes which can directly destroy appropriate target cells. These cytotoxic lymphocytes may be generated in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC), in vivo during a graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction, or after immunization with an allograft, tumor cell or virally transformed or chemically modified target cell. The lytic phenomenon is sometimes referred to as cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). These CD8-positive cells are distinct from NATURAL KILLER CELLS and NATURAL KILLER T-CELLS. There are two effector phenotypes: TC1 and TC2.Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium.Amino Acid Motifs: Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.HLA-A2 Antigen: A specific HLA-A surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-A*02 allele family.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.Lipid Bilayers: Layers of lipid molecules which are two molecules thick. Bilayer systems are frequently studied as models of biological membranes.Receptors, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide: Cell surface proteins that bind CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. CGRP receptors are present in both the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and the periphery. They are formed via the heterodimerization of the CALCITONIN RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN and RECEPTOR ACTIVITY-MODIFYING PROTEIN 1.Rabbits: The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.Cathelicidins: Antimicrobial cationic peptides with a highly conserved amino terminal cathelin-like domain and a more variable carboxy terminal domain. They are initially synthesized as preproproteins and then cleaved. They are expressed in many tissues of humans and localized to EPITHELIAL CELLS. They kill nonviral pathogens by forming pores in membranes.Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.Endopeptidases: A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.Tandem Mass Spectrometry: A mass spectrometry technique using two (MS/MS) or more mass analyzers. With two in tandem, the precursor ions are mass-selected by a first mass analyzer, and focused into a collision region where they are then fragmented into product ions which are then characterized by a second mass analyzer. A variety of techniques are used to separate the compounds, ionize them, and introduce them to the first mass analyzer. For example, for in GC-MS/MS, GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY is involved in separating relatively small compounds by GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY prior to injecting them into an ionization chamber for the mass selection.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Sequence Analysis, Protein: A process that includes the determination of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE of a protein (or peptide, oligopeptide or peptide fragment) and the information analysis of the sequence.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Proteomics: The systematic study of the complete complement of proteins (PROTEOME) of organisms.Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.Mice, Inbred C57BLCarrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.Hydrogen-Ion Concentration: The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Antibodies, Monoclonal: Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.Drug Design: The molecular designing of drugs for specific purposes (such as DNA-binding, enzyme inhibition, anti-cancer efficacy, etc.) based on knowledge of molecular properties such as activity of functional groups, molecular geometry, and electronic structure, and also on information cataloged on analogous molecules. Drug design is generally computer-assisted molecular modeling and does not include pharmacokinetics, dosage analysis, or drug administration analysis.Anti-Bacterial Agents: Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.Anti-Infective Agents: Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection.HLA-A Antigens: Polymorphic class I human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigens present on almost all nucleated cells. At least 20 antigens have been identified which are encoded by the A locus of multiple alleles on chromosome 6. They serve as targets for T-cell cytolytic responses and are involved with acceptance or rejection of tissue/organ grafts.Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins: Regulatory proteins and peptides that are signaling molecules involved in the process of PARACRINE COMMUNICATION. They are generally considered factors that are expressed by one cell and are responded to by receptors on another nearby cell. They are distinguished from HORMONES in that their actions are local rather than distal.Mice, Inbred BALB CImmunodominant Epitopes: Subunits of the antigenic determinant that are most easily recognized by the immune system and thus most influence the specificity of the induced antibody.T-Lymphocytes: Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.Endorphins: One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; OPIOID PEPTIDES is used for the broader group.Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.Protein Folding: Processes involved in the formation of TERTIARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE.DNA, Complementary: Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.Serine Endopeptidases: Any member of the group of ENDOPEPTIDASES containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis.Bombesin: A tetradecapeptide originally obtained from the skins of toads Bombina bombina and B. variegata. It is also an endogenous neurotransmitter in many animals including mammals. Bombesin affects vascular and other smooth muscle, gastric secretion, and renal circulation and function.Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.Vaccines, Subunit: Vaccines consisting of one or more antigens that stimulate a strong immune response. They are purified from microorganisms or produced by recombinant DNA techniques, or they can be chemically synthesized peptides.Glucagon-Like Peptide 2: A 33-amino acid peptide derived from the C-terminal of PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. It stimulates intestinal mucosal growth and decreased apoptosis of ENTEROCYTES. GLP-2 enhances gastrointestinal function and plays an important role in nutrient homeostasis.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Receptors, Bombesin: Cell surface proteins that bind bombesin or closely related peptides with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Gastrin- releasing peptide (GRP); GRP 18-27 (neuromedin C), and neuromedin B are endogenous ligands of bombesin receptors in mammals.Chromatography, Gel: Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.Cross Reactions: Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.Chromatography, Liquid: Chromatographic techniques in which the mobile phase is a liquid.Gastrointestinal Hormones: HORMONES secreted by the gastrointestinal mucosa that affect the timing or the quality of secretion of digestive enzymes, and regulate the motor activity of the digestive system organs.Models, Chemical: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization: A mass spectrometry technique used for analysis of nonvolatile compounds such as proteins and macromolecules. The technique involves preparing electrically charged droplets from analyte molecules dissolved in solvent. The electrically charged droplets enter a vacuum chamber where the solvent is evaporated. Evaporation of solvent reduces the droplet size, thereby increasing the coulombic repulsion within the droplet. As the charged droplets get smaller, the excess charge within them causes them to disintegrate and release analyte molecules. The volatilized analyte molecules are then analyzed by mass spectrometry.Amino Acid Substitution: The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).Liposomes: Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins.Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.Lymphocyte Activation: Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.Cricetinae: A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.Disulfides: Chemical groups containing the covalent disulfide bonds -S-S-. The sulfur atoms can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties.Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.DNA: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).H-2 Antigens: The major group of transplantation antigens in the mouse.Spectrometry, Fluorescence: Measurement of the intensity and quality of fluorescence.Thermodynamics: A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)beta-Defensins: DEFENSINS found mainly in epithelial cells.Crystallography, X-Ray: The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Peptide Biosynthesis, Nucleic Acid-Independent: The enzymatic synthesis of PEPTIDES without an RNA template by processes that do not use the ribosomal apparatus (RIBOSOMES).Mutagenesis, Site-Directed: Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.Peptide T: N-(N-(N(2)-(N-(N-(N-(N-D-Alanyl L-seryl)-L-threonyl)-L-threonyl) L-threonyl)-L-asparaginyl)-L-tyrosyl) L-threonine. Octapeptide sharing sequence homology with HIV envelope protein gp120. It is potentially useful as antiviral agent in AIDS therapy. The core pentapeptide sequence, TTNYT, consisting of amino acids 4-8 in peptide T, is the HIV envelope sequence required for attachment to the CD4 receptor.Antibody Specificity: The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.Invertebrate Hormones: Hormones produced by invertebrates, usually insects, mollusks, annelids, and helminths.Tumor Cells, Cultured: Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.alpha-Defensins: DEFENSINS found in azurophilic granules of neutrophils and in the secretory granules of intestinal PANETH CELLS.Radioimmunoassay: Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.Cell Line, Tumor: A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.Mice, Transgenic: Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.Hemolysis: The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.Bacteriocins: Substances elaborated by specific strains of bacteria that are lethal against other strains of the same or related species. They are protein or lipopolysaccharide-protein complexes used in taxonomy studies of bacteria.Temperature: The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Chromatography, Affinity: A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. It is used in protein biochemistry. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Protein Engineering: Procedures by which protein structure and function are changed or created in vitro by altering existing or synthesizing new structural genes that direct the synthesis of proteins with sought-after properties. Such procedures may include the design of MOLECULAR MODELS of proteins using COMPUTER GRAPHICS or other molecular modeling techniques; site-specific mutagenesis (MUTAGENESIS, SITE-SPECIFIC) of existing genes; and DIRECTED MOLECULAR EVOLUTION techniques to create new genes.Solubility: The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Antigens, Neoplasm: Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.Amyloid: A fibrous protein complex that consists of proteins folded into a specific cross beta-pleated sheet structure. This fibrillar structure has been found as an alternative folding pattern for a variety of functional proteins. Deposits of amyloid in the form of AMYLOID PLAQUES are associated with a variety of degenerative diseases. The amyloid structure has also been found in a number of functional proteins that are unrelated to disease.Swine: Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).CHO Cells: CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.Enkephalins: One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla.Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.Glycopeptides: Proteins which contain carbohydrate groups attached covalently to the polypeptide chain. The protein moiety is the predominant group with the carbohydrate making up only a small percentage of the total weight.Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of PAIN, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses.Isotope Labeling: Techniques for labeling a substance with a stable or radioactive isotope. It is not used for articles involving labeled substances unless the methods of labeling are substantively discussed. Tracers that may be labeled include chemical substances, cells, or microorganisms.Protease Inhibitors: Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (ENDOPEPTIDASES).Trifluoroethanol: A non-aqueous co-solvent that serves as tool to study protein folding. It is also used in various pharmaceutical, chemical and engineering applications.Hydrogen Bonding: A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds.Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with AUTOANTIBODIES and cause an immune response.Receptors, Cell Surface: Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.Chromatography, Ion Exchange: Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.Surface Plasmon Resonance: A biosensing technique in which biomolecules capable of binding to specific analytes or ligands are first immobilized on one side of a metallic film. Light is then focused on the opposite side of the film to excite the surface plasmons, that is, the oscillations of free electrons propagating along the film's surface. The refractive index of light reflecting off this surface is measured. When the immobilized biomolecules are bound by their ligands, an alteration in surface plasmons on the opposite side of the film is created which is directly proportional to the change in bound, or adsorbed, mass. Binding is measured by changes in the refractive index. The technique is used to study biomolecular interactions, such as antigen-antibody binding.Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II: A pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide receptor subtype found in LYMPHOCYTES. It binds both PACAP and VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE and regulates immune responses.Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared: A spectroscopic technique in which a range of wavelengths is presented simultaneously with an interferometer and the spectrum is mathematically derived from the pattern thus obtained.PhosphopeptidesAlamethicin: A cyclic nonadecapeptide antibiotic that can act as an ionophore and is produced by strains of Trichoderma viride. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)Phosphatidylglycerols: A nitrogen-free class of lipids present in animal and particularly plant tissues and composed of one mole of glycerol and 1 or 2 moles of phosphatidic acid. Members of this group differ from one another in the nature of the fatty acids released on hydrolysis.Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.DNA Primers: Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes: A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in MHC Class I-restricted interactions. They include both cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and CD8+ suppressor T-lymphocytes.Glycoproteins: Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.Enzyme Activation: Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.FMRFamide: A molluscan neuroactive peptide which induces a fast excitatory depolarizing response due to direct activation of amiloride-sensitive SODIUM CHANNELS. (From Nature 1995; 378(6558): 730-3)Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques: A technology, in which sets of reactions for solution or solid-phase synthesis, is used to create molecular libraries for analysis of compounds on a large scale.Solutions: The homogeneous mixtures formed by the mixing of a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance (solute) with a liquid (the solvent), from which the dissolved substances can be recovered by physical processes. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Cross-Linking Reagents: Reagents with two reactive groups, usually at opposite ends of the molecule, that are capable of reacting with and thereby forming bridges between side chains of amino acids in proteins; the locations of naturally reactive areas within proteins can thereby be identified; may also be used for other macromolecules, like glycoproteins, nucleic acids, or other.Nerve Tissue ProteinsProtein Transport: The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.Dimerization: The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer.Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.Molecular Conformation: The characteristic three-dimensional shape of a molecule.Micelles: Particles consisting of aggregates of molecules held loosely together by secondary bonds. The surface of micelles are usually comprised of amphiphatic compounds that are oriented in a way that minimizes the energy of interaction between the micelle and its environment. Liquids that contain large numbers of suspended micelles are referred to as EMULSIONS.
How do peptide synthetases generate structural diversity? (1/36104)
Many low-molecular-weight peptides of microbial origin are synthesized nonribosomally on large multifunctional proteins, termed peptide synthetases. These enzymes contain repeated building blocks in which several defined domains catalyze specific reactions of peptide synthesis. The order of these domains within the enzyme determines the sequence and structure of the peptide product. (+info)Conserved domains and lack of evidence for polyglutamine length polymorphism in the chicken homolog of the Machado-Joseph disease gene product ataxin-3. (2/36104)
Ataxin-3 is a protein of unknown function which is mutated in Machado-Joseph disease by expansion of a genetically unstable CAG repeat encoding polyglutamine. By analysis of chicken ataxin-3 we were able to identify four conserved domains of the protein and detected widespread expression in chicken tissues. In the first such analysis in a non-primate species we found that in contrast to primates, the chicken CAG repeat is short and genetically stable. (+info)Thymic selection by a single MHC/peptide ligand: autoreactive T cells are low-affinity cells. (3/36104)
In H2-M- mice, the presence of a single peptide, CLIP, bound to MHC class II molecules generates a diverse repertoire of CD4+ cells. In these mice, typical self-peptides are not bound to class II molecules, with the result that a very high proportion of H2-M- CD4+ cells are responsive to the various peptides displayed on normal MHC-compatible APC. We show here, however, that such "self" reactivity is controlled by low-affinity CD4+ cells. These cells give spectacularly high proliferative responses but are virtually unreactive in certain other assays, e.g., skin graft rejection; responses to MHC alloantigens, by contrast, are intense in all assays. Possible explanations for why thymic selection directed to a single peptide curtails self specificity without affecting alloreactivity are discussed. (+info)Role of nitric oxide-cGMP pathway in adrenomedullin-induced vasodilation in the rat. (4/36104)
We previously reported that adrenomedullin (AM), a potent vasodilator peptide discovered in pheochromocytoma cells, stimulates nitric oxide (NO) release in the rat kidney. To further investigate whether the NO-cGMP pathway is involved in the mechanisms of AM-induced vasodilation, we examined the effects of E-4021, a cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor, on AM-induced vasorelaxation in aortic rings and perfused kidneys isolated from Wistar rats. We also measured NO release from the kidneys using a chemiluminescence assay. AM (10(-10) to 10(-7) mol/L) relaxed the aorta precontracted with phenylephrine in a dose-dependent manner. Denudation of endothelium (E) attenuated the vasodilatory action of AM (10(-7) mol/L AM: intact (E+) -25.7+/-5.2% versus denuded (E-) -7. 8+/-0.6%, P<0.05). On the other hand, pretreatment with 10(-8) mol/L E-4021 augmented AM-induced vasorelaxation in the intact aorta (-49. 0+/-7.9%, P<0.05) but not in the denuded one. E-4021 also enhanced acetylcholine (ACh)-induced vasorelaxation in the rat intact aorta (10(-7) mol/L ACh -36.6+/-8.4% versus 10(-8) mol/L E-4021+10(-7) mol/L ACh -62.7+/-3.1%, P<0.05). In perfused kidneys, AM-induced vasorelaxation was also augmented by preincubation with E-4021 (10(-9) mol/L AM -15.4+/-0.6% versus 10(-8) mol/L E-4021+10(-9) mol/L AM -23.6+/-1.2%, P<0.01). AM significantly increased NO release from rat kidneys (DeltaNO: +11.3+/-0.8 fmol. min-1. g-1 kidney at 10(-9) mol/L AM), which was not affected by E-4021. E-4021 enhanced ACh-induced vasorelaxation (10(-9) mol/L ACh -9.7+/-1.7% versus 10(-8) mol/L E-4021+10(-9) mol/L ACh -18.8+/-2.9%, P<0.01) but did not affect ACh-induced NO release from the kidneys. In the aorta and the kidney, 10(-4) mol/L of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, an NO synthase inhibitor, and 10(-5) mol/L of methylene blue, a guanylate cyclase inhibitor, reduced the vasodilatory effect of AM. These results suggest that the NO-cGMP pathway is involved in the mechanism of AM-induced vasorelaxation, at least in the rat aorta and kidney. (+info)Central peptidergic neurons are hyperactive during collateral sprouting and inhibition of activity suppresses sprouting. (5/36104)
Little is known regarding the effect of chronic changes in neuronal activity on the extent of collateral sprouting by identified CNS neurons. We have investigated the relationship between activity and sprouting in oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP) neurons of the hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory system (MNS). Uninjured MNS neurons undergo a robust collateral-sprouting response that restores the axon population of the neural lobe (NL) after a lesion of the contralateral MNS (). Simultaneously, lesioned rats develop chronic urinary hyperosmolality indicative of heightened neurosecretory activity. We therefore tested the hypothesis that sprouting MNS neurons are hyperactive by measuring changes in cell and nuclear diameters, OT and VP mRNA pools, and axonal cytochrome oxidase activity (COX). Each of these measures was significantly elevated during the period of most rapid axonal growth between 1 and 4 weeks after the lesion, confirming that both OT and VP neurons are hyperactive while undergoing collateral sprouting. In a second study the hypothesis that chronic inhibition of neuronal activity would interfere with the sprouting response was tested. Chronic hyponatremia (CH) was induced 3 d before the hypothalamic lesion and sustained for 4 weeks to suppress neurosecretory activity. CH abolished the lesion-induced increases in OT and VP mRNA pools and virtually eliminated measurable COX activity in MNS terminals. Counts of the total number of axon profiles in the NL revealed that CH also prevented axonal sprouting from occurring. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that increased neuronal activity is required for denervation-induced collateral sprouting to occur in the MNS. (+info)The amyloid precursor protein interacts with Go heterotrimeric protein within a cell compartment specialized in signal transduction. (6/36104)
The function of the beta-amyloid protein precursor (betaAPP), a transmembrane molecule involved in Alzheimer pathologies, is poorly understood. We recently reported the presence of a fraction of betaAPP in cholesterol and sphingoglycolipid-enriched microdomains (CSEM), a caveolae-like compartment specialized in signal transduction. To investigate whether betaAPP actually interferes with cell signaling, we reexamined the interaction between betaAPP and Go GTPase. In strong contrast with results obtained with reconstituted phospholipid vesicles (Okamoto et al., 1995), we find that incubating total neuronal membranes with 22C11, an antibody that recognizes an N-terminal betaAPP epitope, reduces high-affinity Go GTPase activity. This inhibition is specific of Galphao and is reproduced, in the absence of 22C11, by the addition of the betaAPP C-terminal domain but not by two distinct mutated betaAPP C-terminal domains that do not bind Galphao. This inhibition of Galphao GTPase activity by either 22C11 or wild-type betaAPP cytoplasmic domain suggests that intracellular interactions between betaAPP and Galphao could be regulated by extracellular signals. To verify whether this interaction is preserved in CSEM, we first used biochemical, immunocytochemical, and ultrastructural techniques to unambiguously confirm the colocalization of Galphao and betaAPP in CSEM. We show that inhibition of basal Galphao GTPase activity also occurs within CSEM and correlates with the coimmunoprecipitation of Galphao and betaAPP. The regulation of Galphao GTPase activity by betaAPP in a compartment specialized in signaling may have important consequences for our understanding of the physiopathological functions of betaAPP. (+info)Interferon-alpha does not improve outcome at one year in patients with diffuse cutaneous scleroderma: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. (7/36104)
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether interferon-alpha (IFNalpha) reduces the severity of skin involvement in early (<3 years) diffuse scleroderma. METHODS: In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial, 35 patients with early scleroderma received subcutaneous injections of either IFNalpha (13.5 x 10(6) units per week in divided doses) or indistinguishable placebo. Outcomes assessed were the modified Rodnan skin score, as determined by a single observer at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months, as well as data on renal, cardiac, and lung function. Pre- and posttreatment skin biopsy samples were analyzed and blood was obtained for assessment of procollagen peptide levels. RESULTS: There were 11 withdrawals from the IFNalpha group and 3 from the placebo group due to either toxicity, lack of efficacy, or death. In the intent-to-treat analysis, there was a greater improvement in the skin score in the placebo group between 0 and 12 months (mean change IFNalpha -4.7 versus placebo -7.5; P = 0.36). There was also a greater deterioration in lung function in patients receiving active therapy, as assessed by either the forced vital capacity (mean change IFNalpha -8.2 versus placebo +1.3; P = 0.01) or the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (mean change IFNalpha -9.3 versus placebo +4.7; P = 0.002). Skin biopsy showed no significant decrease in collagen synthesis in the IFNalpha group, and no significant differences in the levels of procollagen peptides were seen between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that IFNalpha is of no value in the treatment of scleroderma, and that it may in fact be deleterious. (+info)Basic homopolyamino acids, histones and protamines are potent antagonists of angiogenin binding to ribonuclease inhibitor. (8/36104)
A radio-ribonuclease inhibitor assay based on the interaction of 125I-angiogenin with ribonuclease inhibitor (RI) was used to detect pancreatic-type ribonucleases and potential modulators of their action. We show that highly basic proteins including the homopolypeptides poly-arginine, poly-lysine and poly-ornithine, core histones, spermatid-specific S1 protein and the protamines HP3 and Z3 were strong inhibitors of angiogenin binding to RI. A minimum size of poly-arginine and poly-lysine was required for efficient inhibition. The inhibition likely resulted from direct association of the basic proteins with the acidic inhibitor, as RI bound to poly-lysine and protamines while 125I-angiogenin did not. Antagonists of the angiogenin-RI interaction are potential regulators of either angiogenin-triggered angiogenesis and/or intracellular RI function, depending on their preferential target. (+info)
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CyanotoxinCyclic peptides[edit]. A peptide is a short polymer of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. They have the same chemical ... Cyclic peptides Microcystins Liver Microcystis, Anabaena, Planktothrix (Oscillatoria), Nostoc, Hapalosiphon, Anabaenopsis ... In a cyclic peptide, the ends link to form a stable circular chain. In mammals this stability makes them resistant to the ... Of all the cyanotoxins, the cyclic peptides are of most concern to human health. The microcystins and nodularins poison the ...
Therapeutic peptides and proteins[edit]. A relatively new way of administration of therapeutic peptides and proteins (such as ... Peptides and proteins are not stable in the gastro-intestinal tract, mainly due to degradation by enzymes and pH differences. ... As a consequence, most peptides (such as insulin, exenatide, vasopressin, etc...) or proteins (such as interferon, EPO and ... Increased efforts are underway to deliver macromolecules (peptides, proteins and immunotherapies) by sublingual route, by ...
Peptide lyases[edit]. A seventh catalytic type of proteolytic enzymes, asparagine peptide lyase, was described in 2011. Its ... The structure of a protease (TEV protease) complexed with its peptide substrate in black with catalytic residues in red.(PDB: ... The mechanism used to cleave a peptide bond involves making an amino acid residue that has the cysteine and threonine ( ... Asparagine peptide lyases - using an asparagine to perform an elimination reaction (not requiring water) ...
Signal peptide prediction[edit]. Name Method. Description. Link SignalP artificial neural networks and hidden Markov models. ... On-line server for peptide structure prediction. Server Secondary structure prediction[edit]. Main article: Protein structure ... Homology modeling of proteins in monomeric or multimeric forms alone and in complex with peptides and DNA as well as ... and transmembrane helix and signal peptide prediction. ...
... fungal peptides, invertebrate peptides, amphibian/skin peptides, venom peptides, cancer/anticancer peptides, vaccine peptides ... cardiovascular peptides, renal peptides, respiratory peptides, opiate peptides, neurotrophic peptides, and blood-brain peptides ... immune/inflammatory peptides, brain peptides, endocrine peptides, ingestive peptides, gastrointestinal peptides, ... A peptide hormone is a peptide that acts as a hormone.. *A proteose is a mixture of peptides produced by the hydrolysis of ...
Computational resources for prediction of toxic peptides and proteins[edit]. One of the bottlenecks in peptide/protein-based ... Toxins can be small molecules, peptides, or proteins that are capable of causing disease on contact with or absorption by body ... Myotoxins are small, basic peptides found in snake and lizard venoms, They cause muscle tissue damage by a non enzymatic ... Recently, in silico models for predicting toxicity of peptides and proteins, developed by Gajendra Pal Singh Raghava's group,[ ...
Random Peptide Array[edit]. Early immunosignature tests used glass microscope slides, with spots of 10,000 random peptides.[1] ... This eliminated the peptides in common between various cancers, and this selection of peptides was used to distinguish between ... at the C-terminus side of the peptide) are common to each peptide spot. This 3 amino acid segment is used as the linker by ... the array now has the 10,000 random peptides, and an unknown number of antibodies bound to some of those peptides. ...
Peptide removal[edit]. Peptides that fail to bind MHC class I molecules in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are ... Translocation and peptide loading[edit]. The peptide translocation from the cytosol into the lumen of the ER is accomplished by ... The α1 and α2 domains fold to make up a groove for peptides to bind. MHC class I molecules bind peptides that are predominantly ... The peptide-loading process involves several other molecules that form a large multimeric complex called the Peptide loading ...
Vasoactive intestinal peptide. VIP. Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors. -. PP: Secretins. Growth hormone-releasing hormone ... Peptides: somatostatin, substance P, cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript, opioid peptides[9] ... List of neurotransmitters, peptides, and gasotransmitters[edit]. This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it. ... Snyder SH, Innis RB (1979). "Peptide neurotransmitters". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 48: 755-82. PMID 38738. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi. ...
Peptides. 31 (8): 1441-8. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2010.04.021. PMC 2905501 . PMID 20441784. Schein CH, Volk DE, Oezguen N, Paul ... Peptides. 27 (7): 1676-84. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2006.01.018. PMC 1629084 . PMID 16540201. Schein CH, Oezguen N, van der Heden ... Schein CH, Oezguen N, Volk DE, Garimella R, Paul A, Braun W (July 2006). "NMR structure of the viral peptide linked to the ... "NMR solution structure of poliovirus uridylyated peptide linked to the genome (VPgpU)". ...
See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Signaling peptide/protein receptor modulators • GnRH and gonadotropins ... These drugs can be both peptides and small-molecules. They are modeled after the hypothalamic neurohormone GnRH, which ...
doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2010.03.021. PMID 20338210.. *^ Zhang N, Yuan C, Li Z, Li J, Li X, Li C, Li R, Wang SR (January 2011). " ... doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2007.11.002. PMID 18308154.. *^ Sjölund K, Ekman R, Wierup N (June 2010). "Covariation of plasma ghrelin ... Obestatin is encoded by the same gene that encodes ghrelin, a peptide hormone. The mRNA produced from the GHRL gene has four ... Dong XY, He JM, Tang SQ, Li HY, Jiang QY, Zou XT (February 2009). "Is GPR39 the natural receptor of obestatin?". Peptides. 30 ( ...
Peptides. 27 (10): 2508-14. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2006.03.038. PMID 16904237.. ... "Production of recombinant large proneurotensin/neuromedin N-derived peptides and characterization of their binding and ...
... (Oxt; /ˌɒksɪˈtoʊsɪn/) is a peptide hormone and neuropeptide. Oxytocin is normally produced by the paraventricular ... The oxytocin peptide is synthesized as an inactive precursor protein from the OXT gene.[18][19][20] This precursor protein also ... response to peptide hormone. • maternal behavior. • negative regulation of blood pressure. • memory. • positive regulation of ... Oxytocin is a peptide of nine amino acids (a nonapeptide) in the sequence cysteine-tyrosine-isoleucine-glutamine-asparagine- ...
"Peptides. 72: 4-15. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2015.04.012.. *^ a b Bioanalytical chemistry. Manz, A. (Andreas), Dittrich, Petra S ... "A short history, principles, and types of ELISA, and our laboratory experience with peptide/protein analyses using ELISA". ...
Kleerebezem, M; Quadri, LE (October 2001). "Peptide pheromone-dependent regulation of antimicrobial peptide production in Gram- ... positive bacteria: a case of multicellular behavior". Peptides. 22 (10): 1579-96. doi:10.1016/S0196-9781(01)00493-4. PMID ...
August 2002). "Antiproliferative action of valorphin in cell cultures". Journal of Peptide Science. 8 (8): 438-52. doi:10.1002/ ... International Journal of Peptide and Protein Research. 39 (6): 477-84. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3011.1992.tb00277.x. PMID 1356941.. ...
Natriuretic peptide receptor C/guanylate cyclase C (atrionatriuretic peptide receptor C), also known as NPR3, is an atrial ... G-protein coupled peptide receptor activity. • protein binding. • chloride ion binding. • peptide binding. • protein ... Anand-Srivastava MB (2005). "Natriuretic peptide receptor-C signaling and regulation". Peptides. 26 (6): 1044-59. doi:10.1016/j ... Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor. References[edit]. *^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000113389 - Ensembl, May 2017 ...
Peptides/proteins. *General: Signaling peptide/protein receptor modulators. *Peptides: Angiotensin receptor modulators ...
Arai AC (January 2009). "The role of kisspeptin and GPR54 in the hippocampus". Peptides. 30 (1): 16-25. doi:10.1016/j.peptides. ... These N-terminally truncated peptides are known as the kisspeptins and belong to a larger family of peptides known as RFamides ... The gene for kisspeptin codes for a peptide that can be cleaved into several pieces.[8] In humans, one of these pieces is made ... Kisspeptin is a product of the KISS1 gene which is cleaved from an initial 145 amino acid peptide to a 54 amino acid long ...
"Peptides. 30 (7): 1383-6. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2009.04.008. PMID 19394382.. ...
beta-hCG is mostly similar to beta-LH, with the exception of a Carboxy Terminus Peptide (beta-CTP) containing four glycosylated ... Furuhashi M, Shikone T, Fares FA, Sugahara T, Hsueh AJ, Boime I (January 1995). "Fusing the carboxy-terminal peptide of the ... See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Signaling peptide/protein receptor modulators • GnRH and gonadotropins ... C-terminal peptide total hCG, intact hCG, free β-subunit hCG, β-core fragment hCG, hyperglycosylated hCG, nicked hCG, alpha hCG ...
"Peptides. 31 (2): 257-62. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2009.11.024. PMC 4043136. PMID 19961888.. ... doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2005.04.025. PMID 16137788.. *^ a b Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 10:Neural and ... Ghrelin (pronounced /ˈɡrɛlɪn/), the "hunger hormone", also known as lenomorelin (INN), is a peptide hormone produced by ... "International Journal of Peptides. 2010: 1-40. doi:10.1155/2010/879503. PMC 2925380. PMID 20798846.. ...
See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Signaling peptide/protein receptor modulators • GnRH and gonadotropins ... LH and FSH are heterodimers consisting of two peptide chains, an alpha chain and a beta chain. LH and FSH share nearly ...
Peptides. 8 (5): 797-800. doi:10.1016/0196-9781(87)90061-1. PMID 3432128. Gregory Boyle (12 September 2003). "Effects of male ...
... is a 9-amino acid peptide chain. The amino acid sequence of bradykinin is: Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe-Ser-Pro-Phe-Arg ( ... It is a peptide that causes blood vessels to dilate (enlarge), and therefore causes blood pressure to fall. A class of drugs ... Bradykinin is a physiologically and pharmacologically active peptide of the kinin group of proteins, consisting of nine amino ...
Molluscan Cardioexcitatory Peptide (CAS 152165-14-5) Market Research Report 2017... aims at providing comprehensive data on ... Molluscan cardioexcitatory peptide prices in other regions. 7. MOLLUSCAN CARDIOEXCITATORY PEPTIDE END-USE SECTOR 7.1. Molluscan ... 6. MOLLUSCAN CARDIOEXCITATORY PEPTIDE MARKET PRICES. 6.1. Molluscan cardioexcitatory peptide prices in Europe. 6.2. Molluscan ... 3. MOLLUSCAN CARDIOEXCITATORY PEPTIDE MANUFACTURING METHODS. 4. MOLLUSCAN CARDIOEXCITATORY PEPTIDE PATENTS. Abstract. ...
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PAMP - proadrenomedullin N-terminal 20 peptide | AcronymAtticPAMP stands for proadrenomedullin N-terminal 20 peptide. PAMP is defined as proadrenomedullin N-terminal 20 peptide rarely. ... This film is loaded with the proangiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial peptide, proadrenomedullin N-terminal 20 ... S.v. "PAMP." Retrieved March 31 2020 from https://www.acronymattic.com/proadrenomedullin-N_terminal-20-peptide-(PAMP).html ... a href=https://www.acronymattic.com/proadrenomedullin-N_terminal-20-peptide-(PAMP).html,PAMP,/a,. ...
Treatment Human neutrophil peptide. Symptoms and causes Human neutrophil peptide Prophylaxis Human neutrophil peptide ... Peptide-1. Peptides , Defensins , HNP-1, Defensin Human Neutrophil Peptide-1; Mammalian defensins are abundant in the ... Role of human neutrophil peptides in the initial interaction .... Role of human neutrophil peptides in the initial interaction ... Role of human neutrophil peptides in lung inflammation .... TRANSLATIONAL PHYSIOLOGY. Role of human neutrophil peptides in lung ...
A peptide hormone is a peptide that acts as a hormone.. *A proteose is a mixture of peptides produced by the hydrolysis of ... Peptide classes[edit]. Peptides are divided into several classes, depending on how they are produced:. Milk peptides Two ... The term peptide has been used to mean secretagogue peptides and peptide hormones in sports doping matters: secretagogue ... Well-known peptide families[edit]. The peptide families in this section are ribosomal peptides, usually with hormonal activity ...
Vasoactive intestinal peptide test: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaVasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a test that measures the amount of VIP in the blood. ... Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a test that measures the amount of VIP in the blood. ...
JPT Peptide Technologies... peptide microarrays, peptide pools and libraries for immunology e.g. SARS-CoV-2 immune monitoring & epitope identification, and ... Cosmetic Peptides (DPRA Peptides). Cosmetic Peptides. Cosmetic Peptides such as Lysine and Cysteine Peptide are used for DPRA ( ... Histone Peptide Tools. Our histone peptide library is the largest on the market and available as Peptide ELISA, Peptide ... SARS-CoV-2 Peptide Tools PepMixes™, Peptide Microarrays,. Antigen Peptides & Epitope Mapping. Peptides Sets available now!. ...
Drug hypersensitivity caused by alteration of the MHC-presented self-peptide repertoire | PNASIn the example shown, peptide A, but not peptide B, can bind to the HLA molecule. Self-peptides presented to T cells in this ... Three of these peptides were present at levels (,100 copies/cell) that place them among the top 5% of all peptides in the drug- ... To set up the assay, 5 × 105 PBMCs were then exposed to 10 μg/mL of exogenous peptides, either singly or as peptide pools ... D) Abacavir binding in the F pocket does not alter the peptide conformation compared with other peptide/HLA-B complexes. A ...
Therapeutic Peptides | SpringerLinkMethods and Protocols features biological methods for the preparation of peptide phage display libraries using both filamentous ... Therapeutic Peptides: Methods and Protocols features biological methods for the preparation of peptide phage display libraries ... Heterovalent ligands Library design Peptide library mining Peptide phage display libraries Therapeutic candidates ... peptide libraries for peptides with the desired function and the subsequent characterization of the identified peptides. ...
... fungal peptides, invertebrate peptides, amphibian/skin peptides, venom peptides, cancer/anticancer peptides, vaccine peptides ... cardiovascular peptides, renal peptides, respiratory peptides, opiate peptides, neurotrophic peptides, and blood-brain peptides ... immune/inflammatory peptides, brain peptides, endocrine peptides, ingestive peptides, gastrointestinal peptides, ... A peptide hormone is a peptide that acts as a hormone.. *A proteose is a mixture of peptides produced by the hydrolysis of ...
They can take up and degrade antigens, in the case of pro- teins to peptides. The peptides of protein antigens reappear on the ... Molecular Features of Class II MHC-Restricted T-Cell Recognition of Protein and Peptide Antigens: The Importance of Amphipathic ... Immune Response to Synthetic Herpes Simplex Virus Peptides:The Feasibility of a Synthetic Vaccine ... The Value of Synthetic Peptides as Vaccines for Eliciting T-Cell Immunity ...
The growth of gold nanoparticles has been manipulated using amino acids and peptides to produce twisted structures that alter ... Figure 1 , The transfer of chirality from peptides to nanoparticles. Lee et al.3 grew gold nanoparticles from crystal seeds ... In a paper in Nature, Lee et al.3 report a remarkable method that uses amino acids or peptides (small molecules formed from ... For example, the peptide glutathione can occur as mirror-image l- and d-isomers, which direct the growth of mirror-image ...
Current subject areas covered are Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins. Carbohydrate Chemistry, Catalysis, Electron Spin ... Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins, Volume 28. Amino acids, peptides and proteins. Volume 28 of Specialist Periodical Reports. ... molecular molecules nucleophiles oxidation P-lactam penicillin Pept Pept.Chem Peptide Protein Res peptide synthesis peptides ... inhibitors Int.J.Peptide Protein Res involving isosteres J.Am.Chem.Soc J.Chem.Soc J.MedChem J.Org.Chem J.Pept.Sci J.Peptide ...
Moisturizers With Peptides | SephoraFirming Peptide Ingredient Callouts: Free of sulfates SLS and SLES, parabens, and phthalates.. What Else You Need to Know: When ... Shopping ideas related to Moisturizers With Peptides. face creams for winter. "Its perfect to get me through the Winter." ... The key to Saturday Skin is the Cha-7 es Complex™, an exclusive peptide formula that supports the skins natural regeneration ... A lightweight cream with advanced ceramides to deeply hydrate and a triple peptide blend to visibly smooth the appearance of ...
Natriuretic peptides. - PubMed - NCBINatriuretic peptides.. Levin ER1, Gardner DG, Samson WK.. Author information. 1. Department of Medicine, University of ...
Peptides - iHerbSolumeve, Collagen Peptides Plus Vitamin C & Hyaluronic Acid, Variety Pack, Lemon and Pomegranate, 10 Packets, 0.18 oz (5.15 g ... Solumeve, Collagen Peptides Plus Vitamin C & Hyaluronic Acid, Lemon, 30 Packets, 0.18 oz (5.15 g) Each. ... Solumeve, Collagen Peptides Plus Vitamin C & Hyaluronic Acid, Pomegranate, 30 Packets, 0.18 oz (5.15 g) Each. ... Derma E, Advanced Peptides & Collagen Eye Cream , 1/2 oz (14 g). ... Peptides 36 Results (showing 1 - 24) Fish Peptides and Blood ...
CPP, Cell-Penetrating Peptides | Ülo Langel | SpringerCPP, Cell-Penetrating Peptides. Authors. * Ülo Langel Copyright. 2019. Publisher. Springer Singapore. Copyright Holder. ... Provides a comprehensive update of cell penetrating peptides. *Summarizes the CPP uptake mechanisms and their critical analysis ...
The glucagon-like peptides GLP-1 and GLP-2 are produced in enteroendocrine L cells of the small and large intestine and ... Minireview: the glucagon-like peptides.. Drucker DJ1.. Author information. 1. Department of Medicine, Toronto General Hospital ... The actions of these peptides on nutrient absorption and energy homeostasis and the efficacy of GLP-1 and GLP-2 in animal ... models of diabetes and intestinal diseases, respectively, suggest that analogs of these peptides may be clinically useful for ...
Peptide microsequencing.. The isolated peptides were sequenced by automated Edman degradation, and detection of the ... Among the bioactive peptides/polypeptides that have already been characterized from insects, antimicrobial peptides are ... Antiviral and antitumor peptides from insects. Sergey Chernysh, S. I. Kim, G. Bekker, V. A. Pleskach, N. A. Filatova, V. B. ... Antiviral and antitumor peptides from insects. Sergey Chernysh, S. I. Kim, G. Bekker, V. A. Pleskach, N. A. Filatova, V. B. ...
Collagen Peptides at Sephora. This pure, ingestible drink lets you sip your way to plump skin, shiny hair, and strong nails.* ... What Else You Need to Know: Looking to improve your skincare routine? Vital Proteins Collagen Peptides provides a boost to ... 2 scoops of Collagen Peptides. -1 knob fresh ginger, grated. -1 kiwi, sliced. -1 c coconut water. Add all ingredients to ...
Open Access journal that publishes original research articles as well as review articles in all areas of peptide research. ... International Journal of Peptides is a peer-reviewed, ... "Plant defense and antimicrobial peptides," Protein and Peptide ... L. Otvos Jr., "Antibacterial peptides isolated from insects," Journal of Peptide Science, vol. 6, pp. 497-511, 2000. View at ... Membrane permeabilizing peptides are mostly represented by cationic peptides capable of forming transient pores on the membrane ...
Blood Test: C-PeptideA C-peptide test can help doctors tell the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It also can help find the cause of ... In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas produces little or no insulin and little or no C-peptide. In type 2 diabetes, C-peptide levels ... In general, high C-peptide levels are associated with increased insulin production, while low C-peptide levels indicate ... C-peptide, on the other hand, has no effect on blood sugar. It is, however, useful as a marker of insulin production, since the ...
Peptide Bond | Encyclopedia.com... shorter strings of linked amino acids are known as peptides). ... Peptide Bond A peptide bond is a linkage between the building ... Peptide Bond. A peptide bond is a linkage between the building blocks of proteins called amino acids (shorter strings of linked ... The synthesis of proteins involves the formation of many peptide bonds. Cleavage of peptide bonds, involved in digestion of ... peptide bond A chemical bond that links 2 or more amino acids by a reaction between carboxyl and amino groups. According to the ...
Protein & Peptide Science Group... The Protein and Peptide Science Group (PPSG) is one of the RSCs many Interest Groups. The ... MyRSC Protein and Peptide Science Group You will be required to register for MyRSC, then you can sign up to become a member of ... Peptide chemists and biologists, medics, members of the biotechnology, food and pharmaceutical industries. Community. We also ...
Angiotensin | peptide | Britannica.com... a peptide, one form of which, angiotensin II, causes constriction of blood vessels. There are three forms of angiotensin. ... peptide. Peptide. , any organic substance of which the molecules are structurally like those of proteins, but smaller. The ... protein: Peptides with hormonelike activity. One peptide, angiotensin (angiotonin or hypertensin), is formed in the blood from ... Angiotensin, a peptide, one form of which, angiotensin II, causes constriction of blood vessels. ...
The class of peptides includes many hormones, antibiotics, and other compounds that participate in the metabolic functions of ... Peptide molecules are composed of two or more ... Peptide, any organic substance of which the molecules are ... protein: Peptides with hormonelike activity. Small peptides have been discovered that, like hormones, act on certain target ... protein: Peptides with hormonelike activity. Small peptides have been discovered that, like hormones, act on certain target ...
NatriureticAntibacterialSequenceSynthetic peptidesSignaling moleculesSynthesisBiologically activeCollagenCyclicAntimicrobial peptideBiologicalHormonesNaturally occurring antimicrobiaStructure of peptides and proteinsNonribosomalSpecific peptideProteomicsLong peptidesAmideSequencesActivity of peptidesProteins and peptidesGlucagon-like peptidesIndividual peptidesMethodsPharmaceuticalsSmaller peptidesProduce peptidesRibosomal peptidesRegulatory PeptidesAntibacterial peptidesInsulinMolecularSerumResearchersFluorescent peptidesInhibitorsBondsVasopressinPolypeptideSearchMembranesPolypeptidesReactionMass-spectrometryAmino acid reFungiAnalogsAngiotensinShort amino acidCharacterizationGastrointestinalDigestion
- We isolated the human C-type natriuretic peptide gene and identified the peptide in the brain. (elsevier.com)
- The human C-type natriuretic peptide gene appeared to be composed of at least two exons and one intron. (elsevier.com)
- In the 5′-flanking region, there is an array of cis elements (an inverted CCA AT box, two GC boxes, and a cyclic AMP response element-like sequence) that is not present in upstream sequences of the atrial and brain natriuretic peptide genes. (elsevier.com)
- Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence revealed that human prepro C-type natriuretic peptide comprises 126 amino acids and that the C-terminal 22-residue peptide (G-L-S-K-G-C-F-G-L-K-L-D-R-I-G-S-M-S-G-L-G-C) preceded by Lys-Lys is identical to the porcine counterpart. (elsevier.com)
- Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a radioimmunoassay for C-type natriuretic peptide demonstrated that it occurs in the human brain. (elsevier.com)
- C-type natriuretic peptide-like immunoreactivity was detected in discrete regions of the human brain, and its level was 10-fold higher than the atrial and brain natriuretic peptide levels, raising the possibility that C-type natriuretic peptide is the major natriuretic peptide in the human brain. (elsevier.com)
- This film is loaded with the proangiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial peptide, proadrenomedullin N-terminal 20 peptide . (acronymattic.com)
- However, replacement of two amino acids took place in the C-terminal 53-residue sequence, corresponding to another endogenous form of the peptide. (elsevier.com)
- The DPRA measures the reaction of a chemical with synthetic peptides containing Cysteine (Ac‑RFAACAA‑COOH) or Lysine (Ac‑RFAAKAA‑COOH) to assess its sensitization potency. (jpt.com)
- He recently discovered artificial HGF composed of synthetic peptides. (ingentaconnect.com)
- The IPL reaction applies the chemistry described for "native chemical ligation" which fuses two synthetic peptides when the N-terminal cysteine of one peptide attacks a C-terminal thioester of another peptide (2,3). (neb.com)
- In particular, there are provided cyclic peptides having increased affinity and selectivity for the certain receptors over that of linear, Arg-Gly-Asp-containing synthetic peptides. (google.es)
- When presented to cells as a peptide-covered surface, synthetic peptides containing the Arg-Gly-Asp sequence promote cell attachment in a manner similar to that of natural fibronectin or vitronectin. (google.es)
- The screening of antimicrobial activity was performed using two synthetic peptides identical to those found in menstrual blood. (chemweb.com)
- Peptides function primarily as signaling molecules in animals or as antibiotics in some lower organisms . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Peptides comprise the widest variety of signaling molecules in animals. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- The synthesis of proteins involves the formation of many peptide bonds. (encyclopedia.com)
- Stepwise microwave assisted solid phase synthesis is an efficient technique especially for the preparation of difficult and long peptide sequences. (unimi.it)
- Incorporation of bioactive peptides into liposomes via cell-free protein synthesis is another way to develop proteoliposomal nanodelivery systems. (news-medical.net)
- In 2008, researchers were able to show a much more robust peptide synthesis than the one Miller published in Science in 1953. (redorbit.com)
- A method to obtain selected individual peptides or families thereof which have a target property and optionally to determine the amino acid sequence of a selected peptide or peptides to permit synthesis in practical quantities is disclosed. (google.com)
- In general outline, the method of the invention comprises synthesizing a mixture of randomly or deliberately generated peptides using standard synthesis techniques, but adjusting the individual concentrations of the components of a mixture of sequentially added amino acids according to the coupling constants for each amino acid/amino acid coupling. (google.com)
- A unique combination of grass-fed collagen, hyaluronic acid, vitamin c and amla fruit extract, Neocell® Collagen Protein Peptides works to nourish your core by promoting healthy collagen synthesis and skin hydration. (gnc.com)
- Antimicrobial peptides are diverse group of biologically active molecules with multidimensional properties. (hindawi.com)
- The antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are biologically active molecules produced by wide variety of organisms as an essential component of their innate immune response. (hindawi.com)
- 1. A predetermined mixture of peptides containing 8,000 or more different peptides of distinct, unique and different amino acid sequences, wherein the presence of each peptide in the mixture is predetermined, each peptide is present in an amount such that 100 picomoles or more of each peptide can be retrieved and analyzed and the mixture includes at least one biologically active peptide. (google.com)
- Vital Protein's Collagen Peptides provides a boost to achieve shiny hair, glowing skin, and strong nails. (sephora.com)
- Bovine Hide Collagen Peptides. (sephora.com)
- Single-blind case-control studies have demonstrated that marine collagen peptides improve skin elasticity and sebum production in healthy participants. (news-medical.net)
- Bioactive Collagen Peptides® are expanding more and more into active nutrition, where they can play a unique role in helping athletes and active people. (nutraingredients.com)
- Previous skin health studies with VERISOL® Bioactive Collagen Peptides® have shown that when ingested orally, they stimulate fibroblast cells in the dermal. (nutraingredients-usa.com)
- Vital Proteins® Collagen Peptides - Unflavored is for skin, hair + joint support. (gnc.com)
- Made from one simple ingredient, our Collagen Peptides are neutral in flavor and are great for adding to water, coffee, smoothies, recipes and more. (gnc.com)
- Peptides, which are made of amino acids, help to produce collagen. (popsugar.com)
- Then whisk in 2 scoops of Primal Kitchen® Collagen Peptides . (marksdailyapple.com)
- The collagen peptides add the rich collagen that store bought broth is missing. (marksdailyapple.com)
- NeoCell® Collagen Peptides - Pomegranate Acai feeds your health and beauty with collagen clinically shown to visibly reduce the appearance of wrinkles. (gnc.com)
- All peptides except cyclic peptides have an N-terminal and C-terminal residue at the end of the peptide (as shown for the tetrapeptide in the image). (wikipedia.org)
- These peptides are often cyclic and can have highly complex cyclic structures, although linear nonribosomal peptides are also common. (wikipedia.org)
- The antibiotic s cyclosporin , valinomycin , and gramicidin are all cyclic peptides. (everything2.com)
- Cystine-rich plant AMP families include thionins, defensins, hevein-like peptides, knottin-type peptides (linear and cyclic), lipid transfer proteins, α-hairpinin and snakins family. (mdpi.com)
- Nonribosomal peptides often have highly complex cyclic structures, although linear nonribosomal peptides are also common. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Currently, more than 2,000 AMPs have been reported in antimicrobial peptide database ( http://aps.unmc.edu/AP/main.php/ ). (hindawi.com)
- A novel antimicrobial peptide from bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) skin, structurally related to the bacterial antibiotic, polymyxin. (freepatentsonline.com)
- Pseudin-2: an antimicrobial peptide with low hemolytic activity from the skin of the paradoxical frog. (ebi.ac.uk)
- Hence, peptides fall under the broad chemical classes of biological oligomers and polymers , alongside nucleic acids , oligosaccharides and polysaccharides , etc. (wikipedia.org)
- In addition to containing small peptides, the resulting material includes fats, metals, salts, vitamins and many other biological compounds. (wikipedia.org)
- Therapeutic Peptides: Methods and Protocols features biological methods for the preparation of peptide phage display libraries using both filamentous and lytic phage. (springer.com)
- In this report, we present the isolation, structural characterization, and biological properties of two variants of a group of bioactive, slightly cationic peptides, referred to as alloferons. (pnas.org)
- Here, we describe the structure, biological activity, and therapeutic potential of a group of bioactive peptides originating from insects. (pnas.org)
- Besides these properties, certain crucial factors such as size, charge, hydrophobicity, amphipathic stereo geometry, and peptide self-association to the biological membrane also attributes for their broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. (hindawi.com)
- The type of N- and C-terminal amino acid, the peptide chain length, charge character, and composition of the amino acids determines the biological activity of bioactive peptides. (news-medical.net)
- This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of the biological activity of the glucagon-like peptides. (diabetesjournals.org)
- Peptides, as a class of treatment, have a huge span of biological activity from hormones to antimicrobials to potential targets in every organ system. (theepochtimes.com)
- Many food proteins are sources for peptides that show biological activity. (wikiversity.org)
- Food-derived peptides with biological activity: from research to food applications. (wikiversity.org)
- Peptides is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the biochemistry, neurochemistry, pharmacology, and biological functions of peptides. (wikipedia.org)
- The class of peptides includes many hormones, antibiotics, and other compounds that participate in the metabolic functions of living organisms. (britannica.com)
- Small peptides have been discovered that, like hormones, act on certain target organs. (britannica.com)
- natriuretic peptide Any of several peptide hormones that promote the excretion of sodium ions in the urine (i.e. natriuresis). (encyclopedia.com)
- Peptide hormones , which function as chemical messengers between cells . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Growth hormone, for example, is involved in the general stimulation of growth, and insulin and glucagon are well known peptide hormones. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- The blood-brain barrier prevents peptide hormones traveling in the blood from entering the brain , so that they do not interfere with the functioning of the central nervous system . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Peptide hormones are a class of peptides that function in living animals as chemical messengers from one cell (or group of cells) to another. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Well-known peptide hormones include insulin , glucagon , and the hormones secreted from the pituitary gland , an endocrine gland about the size of a pea that sits in a small, bony cavity at the base of the brain . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- In this case, the researchers, led by Jensen and Isidore Rigoutsos of IBM Research (Rigoutsos is also a visiting lecturer in the Department of Chemical Engineering), used a pattern discovery tool to find about 700 grammatical patterns in the sequences of 526 naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides. (medgadget.com)
- A new study suggests vitamin D may protect against UTIs among children by upregulating their own naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides. (vitamindcouncil.org)
- This reaction, producing smaller peptides and finally the individual amino acids, is commonly used in studies of the composition and structure of peptides and proteins. (britannica.com)
- Nonribosomal peptides are assembled by enzymes that are specific to each peptide, rather than by the ribosome. (wikipedia.org)
- Other nonribosomal peptides are most common in unicellular organisms , plants , and fungi and are synthesized by modular enzyme complexes called nonribosomal peptide synthetases . (wikipedia.org)
- Nonribosomal peptides are assembled by enzymes , not the ribosome. (wikipedia.org)
- Nonribosomal peptides, found primarily in fungi , plants , and, unicellular organisms are synthesized using a modular enzyme complex (which functions much like a conveyor belt in a factory). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- The pharmacologic interaction with immune receptors (p-i) model states that drugs can induce the formation of HLA-drug complexes that can activate T-cell immune responses directly without requiring a specific peptide ligand ( 8 ). (pnas.org)
- Angiotensin -converting enzyme (ACE) is an enzyme that targets a specific peptide bond, forming a chemical signal that increases blood pressure . (encyclopedia.com)
- Cellular tests by collaboration partners in Israel showed that only specific peptide variants are absorbed very quickly. (eurekalert.org)
- Peptide sets and pools, as well as assay standardization kits are available with stable isotope labeled or unlabeled proteotypic peptides for mass-spectrometry based proteomics such as MRM assays. (jpt.com)
- This sub-field of proteomics involves developing novel bioactive peptides and generation of peptide databases for industries that produce dairy products. (news-medical.net)
- Este secundário-campo do proteomics envolve desenvolver peptides e a geração bioactive novos de bases de dados do peptide para as indústrias que produzem produtos lácteos. (news-medical.net)
- Finally, while aspects of the lab techniques applied to peptides versus polypeptides and proteins differ (e.g., the specifics of electrophoresis , chromatography , etc.), the size boundaries that distinguish peptides from polypeptides and proteins are not absolute: long peptides such as amyloid beta have been referred to as proteins, and smaller proteins like insulin have been considered peptides. (wikipedia.org)
- derived from πέσσειν, péssein "to digest") are short chains of amino acid monomers linked by peptide ( amide ) bonds. (wikipedia.org)
- Amino acids that have been incorporated into peptides are termed "residues" due to the release of either a hydrogen ion from the amine end or a hydroxyl ion from the carboxyl end, or both, as a water molecule is released during formation of each amide bond. (wikipedia.org)
- Peptide molecules are composed of two or more amino acids joined through amide formation involving the carboxyl group of each amino acid and the amino group of the next. (britannica.com)
- The chemical bond between the carbon and nitrogen atoms of each amide group is called a peptide bond . (britannica.com)
- These molecule s link to each other by forming a bond (an amide linkage) between the amino group of one peptide to the carboxyl group of another. (everything2.com)
- Two peptides were isolated from the blood of an experimentally infected insect, the blow fly Calliphora vicina (Diptera), with the following amino acid sequences: HGVSGHGQHGVHG (alloferon 1) and GVSGHGQHGVHG (alloferon 2). (pnas.org)
- For example, opioid peptides are short amino acid sequences with similar pharmacological activity as opium. (news-medical.net)
- Typical opioid peptides have the same N-terminal sequence of Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe, while atypical opioid peptides have varying amino acid sequences at their N-terminal region with conserved tyrosine residue. (news-medical.net)
- 2. A mixture as claimed in claim 1, wherein the mixture contains 160,000 or more different peptides of distinct, unique and different amino acid sequences, each in retrievable and analyzable amounts. (google.com)
- 8. A synthesized peptide mixture containing 8,000 or more different peptides of distinct, unique and different amino acid sequences, wherein each of the individual member peptides in the mixture are present in an amount such that each peptide is analyzable. (google.com)
- 9. The peptide mixture of claim 8, wherein the mixture contains 160,000 or more different peptides of distinct, unique and different amino acid sequences, each present in an amount such that each peptide is analyzable. (google.com)
- Because there are 20 naturally occurring amino acids, there are about 1026 possible peptide sequences of length 20. (medgadget.com)
- With such a mind-boggling number of possible combinations, it is extremely difficult to find effective antimicrobial peptides by using traditional methods such as testing random sequences or slightly tweaking naturally existing peptides. (medgadget.com)
- Instead, the researchers decided to take a more strategic approach, based on grammatical patterns in the peptide sequences. (medgadget.com)
- To design their new peptides, the researchers first came up with all possible 20-amino acid sequences in which each overlapping string of 10 amino acids conformed to one of the grammars. (medgadget.com)
- Then, they threw out sequences that were very similar to each other and chose 42 peptides to test. (medgadget.com)
- That is a much higher success rate than one would expect from testing randomly generated sequences, and much higher than the success rate for peptides with the same amino acids as the designed sequences, but in a shuffled order. (medgadget.com)
- IMAP 2018 will cover both the antimicrobial activity of peptides as well as their role in regulation and modulation of the immune system. (rsc.org)
- Antioxidant activity of peptides obtained from porcine myofibrillar proteins by protease treatment. (wikiversity.org)
- Oral nanoparticle formulations increase bioavailability of bioactive proteins and peptides, and improve treatment compliance in the long run. (news-medical.net)
- The importance of these problems cannot be overestimated, as proteins and peptides, being the major components of the living cell, play the most crucial role in the maintenance of life. (wiley.com)
- a , b , Comparison of DDA and DIA data for individual peptides under each experimental condition. (nature.com)
- Practical and dependable, Therapeutic Peptides: Methods and Protocols is an ideal guide for researchers from all backgrounds seeking methods for the identification of therapeutic peptide candidates. (springer.com)
- This review discusses our current knowledge on the health effects of food-derived bioactive peptides, their processing methods and challenges in their development. (mdpi.com)
- Peptide therapy brings us one step closer to the prospective marriage of personalized medicine and pharmaceuticals in the near future. (theepochtimes.com)
- The importance of this shift in pharmaceuticals from a broad range of chemicals with a variety of effects to engineered and targeted peptide therapies opens the door to the higher potency of the intended effect and decreased probability of adverse reactions. (theepochtimes.com)
- The genes that produce tachykinins encode precursor proteins called preprotachykinins, which are chopped apart into smaller peptides by posttranslational proteolytic processing. (wikipedia.org)
- Some organisms produce peptides as antibiotics , such as microcins . (wikipedia.org)
- 10 kDa) are effective anti-hypertensive, anti-oxidative agents that find commercial application to produce peptides in bulk than high molecular weight peptides. (news-medical.net)
- Ribosomal peptides are synthesized by translation of mRNA . (wikipedia.org)
- Some ribosomal peptides are subject to proteolysis . (wikipedia.org)
- Non-ribosomal peptides (NRPs) are secondary metabolites produced by microorganisms, e.g. bacteria and fungi. (innovations-report.com)
- The precursors of ribosomal peptides are processed in several stages in the endoplasmic reticulum , resulting in "propeptides. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Regulatory Peptides merged with Peptides in January 2015. (elsevier.com)
- Apidaecins: antibacterial peptides from honeybees. (freepatentsonline.com)
- The specially developed nanocarriers consist of so-called structure-forming lipids, which can accommodate the antibacterial peptides and hold or release them based on the nature of the structure. (empa.ch)
- C-peptide, like the hormone insulin, is produced in the pancreas. (kidshealth.org)
- When insulin is released, so is C-peptide. (kidshealth.org)
- It is, however, useful as a marker of insulin production, since the pancreas typically releases C-peptide and insulin in about equal amounts. (kidshealth.org)
- In general, high C-peptide levels are associated with increased insulin production, while low C-peptide levels indicate decreased insulin production. (kidshealth.org)
- The C-peptide test may be ordered to determine how much insulin is being made by the pancreas. (kidshealth.org)
- In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas produces little or no insulin and little or no C-peptide. (kidshealth.org)
- In type 2 diabetes, C-peptide levels will typically be normal or high, as the pancreas works harder to overcome insulin resistance (when the tissues become less sensitive to the effects of insulin) by producing more insulin. (kidshealth.org)
- C-peptide is a substance that is created when the hormone insulin is produced and released into the body. (medlineplus.gov)
- The insulin C-peptide test measures the amount of this product in the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
- C-peptide is measured to tell the difference between insulin the body produces and insulin that is injected into the body. (medlineplus.gov)
- Someone with type 1 or type 2 diabetes may have their C-peptide level measured to see if their body is still producing insulin. (medlineplus.gov)
- C-peptide is also measured in case of low blood sugar to see if the person's body is producing too much insulin. (medlineplus.gov)
- The test is also often ordered to check certain medicines that can help the body produce more insulin, such as glucagon-like peptide 1 analogs (GLP-1) or DPP IV inhibitors. (medlineplus.gov)
- C-peptide is a sign that your body is producing insulin. (medlineplus.gov)
- A low level (or no C-peptide) indicates that your pancreas is producing little or no insulin. (medlineplus.gov)
- People with type 2 diabetes, obesity, or insulin resistance may have a high C-peptide level. (medlineplus.gov)
- Well-known examples include insulin, which comprises 51 amino acid building blocks and controls the metabolism of sugar, or cyclosporine, an eleven amino acid-peptide that has been proven to suppress organ rejection after transplants. (eurekalert.org)
- C-Peptide is useful in the evaluation of pancreatic beta cell function (e.g., helping distinguish type 1 from type 2 diabetes mellitus, or monitoring patients who have received islet cell or pancreatic transplants) and for determining the source of insulin in patients with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (e.g., distinguishing insulin-secreting tumors from exogenous insulin administration). (questdiagnostics.com)
- C-peptide is a substance produced by the beta cells in the pancreas when proinsulin splits apart and forms one molecule of C-peptide and one molecule of insulin . (labcorp.com)
- Since C-peptide and insulin are produced at the same rate, C-peptide is a useful marker of insulin production. (labcorp.com)
- A C-peptide test is not ordered to help diagnose diabetes, but when a person has been newly diagnosed with diabetes, it may be ordered by itself or along with an insulin level to help determine how much insulin a person's pancreas is still producing (endogenous insulin). (labcorp.com)
- therefore, the C-peptide test can be used to monitor beta cell activity and capability over time and to help a health practitioner determine when to begin insulin treatment. (labcorp.com)
- In these cases, C-peptide measurement is a useful alternative to testing for insulin. (labcorp.com)
- C-peptide measurements can also be used in conjunction with insulin and glucose levels to help diagnose the cause of documented hypoglycemia and to monitor its treatment. (labcorp.com)
- These are tumors of the islet cells in the pancreas that can produce uncontrolled amounts of insulin and C-peptide and can cause acute episodes of hypoglycemia. (labcorp.com)
- Sometimes a C-peptide test may be used to help evaluate a person diagnosed with metabolic syndrome, a set of risk factors that includes abdominal obesity, increased blood glucose and/or insulin resistance, unhealthy blood lipid levels, and high blood pressure (hypertension). (labcorp.com)
- Rarely, when someone has had his pancreas removed or has had pancreas islet cell transplants, intended to restore the ability to make insulin, C-peptide levels may be used to verify the effectiveness of treatment and continued success of the procedure. (labcorp.com)
- C-peptide levels may be done when there is documented acute or recurring low blood glucose (hypoglycemia) and/or excess insulin is suspected. (labcorp.com)
- The first and probably most well-known peptide therapy, insulin, was discovered in 1921. (theepochtimes.com)
- Keep in mind that insulin is a completely natural peptide that could kill a person rapidly if used inappropriately. (theepochtimes.com)
- some authorities have adopted, as an upper limit on the molecular weight of a polypeptide, 10,000 (that of a peptide composed of about 100 amino acids). (britannica.com)
- The center panel is a molecular dynamics model of graphite binding peptide onto graphene. (livescience.com)
- Analyses of the Sarikaya's observations revealed which amino acids apparently control surface and inter-molecular interactions of peptides that led to their self-assembly. (livescience.com)
- 10) são antihipertensivo eficaz, os agentes antioxidáveis que encontram a aplicação comercial para produzir peptides no volume do que alto - peptides do peso molecular. (news-medical.net)
- Increased conformational rigidity of bicyclic peptides is obtained by tying the peptide up on small central molecular scaffolds, which results in molecules with high target specificity and affinity resembling antibodies or small proteins. (astrazeneca.com)
- Amyloid deposits are insoluble and the core component of these plaques are A peptides that are 39 to 42 amino acid residues in length with a molecular mass of approximately 4 kDa. (anaspec.com)
- Researchers at the University of Washington have demonstrated how peptides, or short chains of amino acids, assemble by themselves into nano-sized structures on solid surfaces such as graphite and other layered minerals. (livescience.com)
- Using modern liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques, the researchers in the new study discovered that the reaction samples from 1958 did indeed contain peptides. (redorbit.com)
- To overcome this obstacle, the researchers developed a systemic, fluorescently labeled peptide and injected it into mice. (photonics.com)
- A method pioneered by MIT researchers might offer hope in finding a new generation of antibiotics, made of antimicrobial peptides. (medgadget.com)
- Sigma-Genosys created the PEPscreen ® Custom Peptide Library service to enable researchers to affordably and quickly perform high throughput peptide assays. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- We appreciate your dedication to the continuing education of fellow researchers by providing your expertise regarding peptides as screening tools. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Empa researchers have now succeeded in encasing peptides in a protective coat, which could prolong their life in the human body. (empa.ch)
- Locating hard-to-see nerves during surgery may now be possible with injectable fluorescent peptides that preferentially bind to peripheral neurons, causing them to glow. (photonics.com)
- Natural product-like macrocyclic N-methyl-peptide inhibitors against a ubiquitin ligase uncovered from a ribosome-expressed de novo library," Chemistry & Biology , vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 1562-1570, 2011. (hindawi.com)
- Natriuretic Peptides and Vasopeptidase Inhibitors / [Peptides nat. (ingentaconnect.com)
- Cleavage of peptide bonds, involved in digestion of proteins and in many regulatory processes, is carried out by enzymes known as proteases. (encyclopedia.com)
- According to the number of amino acids linked by such bonds, the resulting peptide is designated dipeptide (2 amino acids), tripeptide (3 amino acids), oligo-peptide (3-10 amino acids), or polypeptide (10 or more amino acids). (encyclopedia.com)
- Some or all of the peptide bonds, which connect the consecutive triplets of atoms in the chain regarded as the backbone of the molecule, can be broken by partial or complete hydrolysis of the compound . (britannica.com)
- The bonds between peptides can be broken by enzyme s known as peptidases . (everything2.com)
- Since proteins are an important part of the diet, the stomach and intestines harbor countless enzymes that break peptide bonds. (eurekalert.org)
- The scientists used it to investigate what effect replacing hydrogen atoms of the peptide bonds with methyl groups has on oral availability. (eurekalert.org)
- The peptides oxytocin and vasopressin , which are both produced by the pituitary gland , act as hormone s. (everything2.com)
- The lesser-known but commonly used peptides of oxytocin, ACTH, calcitonin, vasopressin, and leuprorelin then followed by the late 1980s. (theepochtimes.com)
- The peptides vasopressin and oxytoxin have been linked to social behaviors such as pair-bonding. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- A polypeptide is a long, continuous, and unbranched peptide chain. (wikipedia.org)
- For this reason, the search for food-derived bioactive peptides has increased exponentially. (mdpi.com)
- In addition, net charge and hydrophobicity of AMPs play a crucial role in cellular association of these peptides to selective target cellular membranes in exerting antimicrobial activity [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
- A three-year PhD position is available at the GEC Department, University "Picardie Jules Verne" (UPJV) in Amiens, France, to study the interaction of antimicrobial peptides with biomimetic membranes. (weizmann.ac.il)
- Antimicrobial peptides act by attaching to bacterial membranes and punching holes in them , an attack that is general to many different types of bacteria and is difficult for them to defend against. (medgadget.com)
- The action aforementioned peptides were studied on artificial membranes as well. (chemweb.com)
- Insects can rapidly clear microbial infections by producing a variety of immune-induced molecules including antibacterial and/or antifungal peptides/polypeptides. (pnas.org)
- Among the bioactive peptides/polypeptides that have already been characterized from insects, antimicrobial peptides are fascinating scientists for their potential use as therapeutic agents ( 1 ). (pnas.org)
- However, huge varieties of peptides/polypeptides from animal origin remain practically untapped in this area. (pnas.org)
- Peptides generally contain fewer than 30 amino acid residues, while polypeptides contain as many as 4000. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- peptide bond A chemical bond that links 2 or more amino acids by a reaction between carboxyl and amino groups . (encyclopedia.com)
- They were able to verify that the reaction did create peptides. (redorbit.com)
- These peptides were purified by reverse-phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and characterized by mass spectrometry. (chemweb.com)
- The peptide fractions were isolated from the plasma of vaginal discharge of three healthy nulliparous women and subjected to identification by automatic sequencing as well as by mass spectrometry. (chemweb.com)
- An amino acid residue is what is left of an amino acid once it has coupled with another amino acid to form a peptide bond. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- In this project, various peptides with activity towards cancer, bacteria and fungi will be studied. (weizmann.ac.il)
- There are peptides which affect the growth of bacteria, yeasts and fungi. (wikiversity.org)
- The actions of these peptides on nutrient absorption and energy homeostasis and the efficacy of GLP-1 and GLP-2 in animal models of diabetes and intestinal diseases, respectively, suggest that analogs of these peptides may be clinically useful for the treatment of human disease. (nih.gov)
- hence GLP-1 analogs or the lizard peptide exendin-4 that are resistant to DPP-IV cleavage may be more potent GLP-1 molecules in vivo. (diabetesjournals.org)
- Angiotensin , a peptide , one form of which, angiotensin II, causes constriction of blood vessels . (britannica.com)
- Some peptides have the property of inhibiting the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) which catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin I to a potent vasoconstrictor angiotensin II that participates in the regulation of blood pressure. (wikiversity.org)
- Peptides, short amino acid chains that control many functions in the human body, represent a billion-dollar market, also in the pharmaceutical industry. (eurekalert.org)
- With contributions from renowned authors in the field, the book also explores selection and screening of the prepared peptide libraries for peptides with the desired function and the subsequent characterization of the identified peptides. (springer.com)
- Isolation and characterization of peptides with antioxidant activity derived from wheat gluten. (wikiversity.org)
- Other important factors such as the possibility of allergenicity, cytotoxicity and the stability of the peptides during gastrointestinal digestion would need to be addressed. (mdpi.com)
- No medication based on unmodified peptides would have a chance to survive the passage through the gastrointestinal tract. (eurekalert.org)
- Peptic digestion of bovine hemoglobin alpha-chain allowed obtaining peptide fractions with antimicrobial activity. (chemweb.com)