Peptides
Peptide Fragments
Peptide Library
Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides
Peptides, Cyclic
Peptide Mapping
Amino Acid Sequence
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide
Cell-Penetrating Peptides
Protein Binding
Peptide Biosynthesis
Molecular Sequence Data
Peptide YY
Peptide Nucleic Acids
Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type
Natriuretic Peptides
Protein Conformation
Models, Molecular
Binding Sites
Gastrin-Releasing Peptide
Protein Structure, Secondary
Receptors, Formyl Peptide
Peptide PHI
Peptide Synthases
Peptide Hydrolases
Receptors, Peptide
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Atrial Natriuretic Factor
Base Sequence
Mass Spectrometry
Structure-Activity Relationship
Trypsin
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Amino Acids
Opioid Peptides
Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
Peptide Hormones
Protein Structure, Tertiary
Cloning, Molecular
Substrate Specificity
Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
Molecular Mimicry
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
Escherichia coli
Aptamers, Peptide
Proteins
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Cells, Cultured
Cattle
Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Binding, Competitive
Receptors, Atrial Natriuretic Factor
Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte
Salivary Proteins and Peptides
Amyloid beta-Peptides
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
Antigen Presentation
Melitten
Sequence Alignment
Protein Processing, Post-Translational
Cell Membrane
Epitope Mapping
Glucagon-Like Peptides
Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions
Defensins
Cyanogen Bromide
Magainins
T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic
Amino Acid Motifs
HLA-A2 Antigen
RNA, Messenger
Lipid Bilayers
Receptors, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide
Rabbits
Cathelicidins
Membrane Proteins
Endopeptidases
Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Sequence Analysis, Protein
Mutation
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Carrier Proteins
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Drug Design
Anti-Infective Agents
HLA-A Antigens
Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
Immunodominant Epitopes
T-Lymphocytes
Endorphins
Phosphorylation
DNA, Complementary
Serine Endopeptidases
Bombesin
Molecular Structure
Vaccines, Subunit
Glucagon-Like Peptide 2
Receptors, Bombesin
Chromatography, Gel
Cross Reactions
Gastrointestinal Hormones
Models, Chemical
Signal Transduction
Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
Amino Acid Substitution
Antibodies
Liposomes
Transfection
Lymphocyte Activation
Cricetinae
Proline
Disulfides
Blotting, Western
DNA
Thermodynamics
Crystallography, X-Ray
Peptide Biosynthesis, Nucleic Acid-Independent
Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid
Peptide T
Antibody Specificity
Invertebrate Hormones
Tumor Cells, Cultured
alpha-Defensins
Radioimmunoassay
Mice, Transgenic
Hemolysis
Bacteriocins
Temperature
Gene Expression
Chromatography, Affinity
Protein Engineering
Solubility
Antigens, Neoplasm
Amyloid
Swine
CHO Cells
Enkephalins
Adrenomedullin
Calcium
Glycopeptides
Substance P
Isotope Labeling
Protease Inhibitors
Trifluoroethanol
Hydrogen Bonding
Autoantigens
Receptors, Cell Surface
Chromatography, Ion Exchange
Surface Plasmon Resonance
Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II
Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
Alamethicin
Phosphatidylglycerols
DNA Primers
Neuropeptide Y
CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes
Glycoproteins
Enzyme Activation
FMRFamide
Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques
Solutions
Cross-Linking Reagents
Protein Transport
Dimerization
Biological Transport
Micelles
How do peptide synthetases generate structural diversity? (1/36104)
Many low-molecular-weight peptides of microbial origin are synthesized nonribosomally on large multifunctional proteins, termed peptide synthetases. These enzymes contain repeated building blocks in which several defined domains catalyze specific reactions of peptide synthesis. The order of these domains within the enzyme determines the sequence and structure of the peptide product. (+info)Conserved domains and lack of evidence for polyglutamine length polymorphism in the chicken homolog of the Machado-Joseph disease gene product ataxin-3. (2/36104)
Ataxin-3 is a protein of unknown function which is mutated in Machado-Joseph disease by expansion of a genetically unstable CAG repeat encoding polyglutamine. By analysis of chicken ataxin-3 we were able to identify four conserved domains of the protein and detected widespread expression in chicken tissues. In the first such analysis in a non-primate species we found that in contrast to primates, the chicken CAG repeat is short and genetically stable. (+info)Thymic selection by a single MHC/peptide ligand: autoreactive T cells are low-affinity cells. (3/36104)
In H2-M- mice, the presence of a single peptide, CLIP, bound to MHC class II molecules generates a diverse repertoire of CD4+ cells. In these mice, typical self-peptides are not bound to class II molecules, with the result that a very high proportion of H2-M- CD4+ cells are responsive to the various peptides displayed on normal MHC-compatible APC. We show here, however, that such "self" reactivity is controlled by low-affinity CD4+ cells. These cells give spectacularly high proliferative responses but are virtually unreactive in certain other assays, e.g., skin graft rejection; responses to MHC alloantigens, by contrast, are intense in all assays. Possible explanations for why thymic selection directed to a single peptide curtails self specificity without affecting alloreactivity are discussed. (+info)Role of nitric oxide-cGMP pathway in adrenomedullin-induced vasodilation in the rat. (4/36104)
We previously reported that adrenomedullin (AM), a potent vasodilator peptide discovered in pheochromocytoma cells, stimulates nitric oxide (NO) release in the rat kidney. To further investigate whether the NO-cGMP pathway is involved in the mechanisms of AM-induced vasodilation, we examined the effects of E-4021, a cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor, on AM-induced vasorelaxation in aortic rings and perfused kidneys isolated from Wistar rats. We also measured NO release from the kidneys using a chemiluminescence assay. AM (10(-10) to 10(-7) mol/L) relaxed the aorta precontracted with phenylephrine in a dose-dependent manner. Denudation of endothelium (E) attenuated the vasodilatory action of AM (10(-7) mol/L AM: intact (E+) -25.7+/-5.2% versus denuded (E-) -7. 8+/-0.6%, P<0.05). On the other hand, pretreatment with 10(-8) mol/L E-4021 augmented AM-induced vasorelaxation in the intact aorta (-49. 0+/-7.9%, P<0.05) but not in the denuded one. E-4021 also enhanced acetylcholine (ACh)-induced vasorelaxation in the rat intact aorta (10(-7) mol/L ACh -36.6+/-8.4% versus 10(-8) mol/L E-4021+10(-7) mol/L ACh -62.7+/-3.1%, P<0.05). In perfused kidneys, AM-induced vasorelaxation was also augmented by preincubation with E-4021 (10(-9) mol/L AM -15.4+/-0.6% versus 10(-8) mol/L E-4021+10(-9) mol/L AM -23.6+/-1.2%, P<0.01). AM significantly increased NO release from rat kidneys (DeltaNO: +11.3+/-0.8 fmol. min-1. g-1 kidney at 10(-9) mol/L AM), which was not affected by E-4021. E-4021 enhanced ACh-induced vasorelaxation (10(-9) mol/L ACh -9.7+/-1.7% versus 10(-8) mol/L E-4021+10(-9) mol/L ACh -18.8+/-2.9%, P<0.01) but did not affect ACh-induced NO release from the kidneys. In the aorta and the kidney, 10(-4) mol/L of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, an NO synthase inhibitor, and 10(-5) mol/L of methylene blue, a guanylate cyclase inhibitor, reduced the vasodilatory effect of AM. These results suggest that the NO-cGMP pathway is involved in the mechanism of AM-induced vasorelaxation, at least in the rat aorta and kidney. (+info)Central peptidergic neurons are hyperactive during collateral sprouting and inhibition of activity suppresses sprouting. (5/36104)
Little is known regarding the effect of chronic changes in neuronal activity on the extent of collateral sprouting by identified CNS neurons. We have investigated the relationship between activity and sprouting in oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP) neurons of the hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory system (MNS). Uninjured MNS neurons undergo a robust collateral-sprouting response that restores the axon population of the neural lobe (NL) after a lesion of the contralateral MNS (). Simultaneously, lesioned rats develop chronic urinary hyperosmolality indicative of heightened neurosecretory activity. We therefore tested the hypothesis that sprouting MNS neurons are hyperactive by measuring changes in cell and nuclear diameters, OT and VP mRNA pools, and axonal cytochrome oxidase activity (COX). Each of these measures was significantly elevated during the period of most rapid axonal growth between 1 and 4 weeks after the lesion, confirming that both OT and VP neurons are hyperactive while undergoing collateral sprouting. In a second study the hypothesis that chronic inhibition of neuronal activity would interfere with the sprouting response was tested. Chronic hyponatremia (CH) was induced 3 d before the hypothalamic lesion and sustained for 4 weeks to suppress neurosecretory activity. CH abolished the lesion-induced increases in OT and VP mRNA pools and virtually eliminated measurable COX activity in MNS terminals. Counts of the total number of axon profiles in the NL revealed that CH also prevented axonal sprouting from occurring. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that increased neuronal activity is required for denervation-induced collateral sprouting to occur in the MNS. (+info)The amyloid precursor protein interacts with Go heterotrimeric protein within a cell compartment specialized in signal transduction. (6/36104)
The function of the beta-amyloid protein precursor (betaAPP), a transmembrane molecule involved in Alzheimer pathologies, is poorly understood. We recently reported the presence of a fraction of betaAPP in cholesterol and sphingoglycolipid-enriched microdomains (CSEM), a caveolae-like compartment specialized in signal transduction. To investigate whether betaAPP actually interferes with cell signaling, we reexamined the interaction between betaAPP and Go GTPase. In strong contrast with results obtained with reconstituted phospholipid vesicles (Okamoto et al., 1995), we find that incubating total neuronal membranes with 22C11, an antibody that recognizes an N-terminal betaAPP epitope, reduces high-affinity Go GTPase activity. This inhibition is specific of Galphao and is reproduced, in the absence of 22C11, by the addition of the betaAPP C-terminal domain but not by two distinct mutated betaAPP C-terminal domains that do not bind Galphao. This inhibition of Galphao GTPase activity by either 22C11 or wild-type betaAPP cytoplasmic domain suggests that intracellular interactions between betaAPP and Galphao could be regulated by extracellular signals. To verify whether this interaction is preserved in CSEM, we first used biochemical, immunocytochemical, and ultrastructural techniques to unambiguously confirm the colocalization of Galphao and betaAPP in CSEM. We show that inhibition of basal Galphao GTPase activity also occurs within CSEM and correlates with the coimmunoprecipitation of Galphao and betaAPP. The regulation of Galphao GTPase activity by betaAPP in a compartment specialized in signaling may have important consequences for our understanding of the physiopathological functions of betaAPP. (+info)Interferon-alpha does not improve outcome at one year in patients with diffuse cutaneous scleroderma: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. (7/36104)
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether interferon-alpha (IFNalpha) reduces the severity of skin involvement in early (<3 years) diffuse scleroderma. METHODS: In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial, 35 patients with early scleroderma received subcutaneous injections of either IFNalpha (13.5 x 10(6) units per week in divided doses) or indistinguishable placebo. Outcomes assessed were the modified Rodnan skin score, as determined by a single observer at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months, as well as data on renal, cardiac, and lung function. Pre- and posttreatment skin biopsy samples were analyzed and blood was obtained for assessment of procollagen peptide levels. RESULTS: There were 11 withdrawals from the IFNalpha group and 3 from the placebo group due to either toxicity, lack of efficacy, or death. In the intent-to-treat analysis, there was a greater improvement in the skin score in the placebo group between 0 and 12 months (mean change IFNalpha -4.7 versus placebo -7.5; P = 0.36). There was also a greater deterioration in lung function in patients receiving active therapy, as assessed by either the forced vital capacity (mean change IFNalpha -8.2 versus placebo +1.3; P = 0.01) or the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (mean change IFNalpha -9.3 versus placebo +4.7; P = 0.002). Skin biopsy showed no significant decrease in collagen synthesis in the IFNalpha group, and no significant differences in the levels of procollagen peptides were seen between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that IFNalpha is of no value in the treatment of scleroderma, and that it may in fact be deleterious. (+info)Basic homopolyamino acids, histones and protamines are potent antagonists of angiogenin binding to ribonuclease inhibitor. (8/36104)
A radio-ribonuclease inhibitor assay based on the interaction of 125I-angiogenin with ribonuclease inhibitor (RI) was used to detect pancreatic-type ribonucleases and potential modulators of their action. We show that highly basic proteins including the homopolypeptides poly-arginine, poly-lysine and poly-ornithine, core histones, spermatid-specific S1 protein and the protamines HP3 and Z3 were strong inhibitors of angiogenin binding to RI. A minimum size of poly-arginine and poly-lysine was required for efficient inhibition. The inhibition likely resulted from direct association of the basic proteins with the acidic inhibitor, as RI bound to poly-lysine and protamines while 125I-angiogenin did not. Antagonists of the angiogenin-RI interaction are potential regulators of either angiogenin-triggered angiogenesis and/or intracellular RI function, depending on their preferential target. (+info)There are two main types of hemolysis:
1. Intravascular hemolysis: This type occurs within the blood vessels and is caused by factors such as mechanical injury, oxidative stress, and certain infections.
2. Extravascular hemolysis: This type occurs outside the blood vessels and is caused by factors such as bone marrow disorders, splenic rupture, and certain medications.
Hemolytic anemia is a condition that occurs when there is excessive hemolysis of RBCs, leading to a decrease in the number of healthy red blood cells in the body. This can cause symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, pale skin, and shortness of breath.
Some common causes of hemolysis include:
1. Genetic disorders such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia.
2. Autoimmune disorders such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA).
3. Infections such as malaria, babesiosis, and toxoplasmosis.
4. Medications such as antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and blood thinners.
5. Bone marrow disorders such as aplastic anemia and myelofibrosis.
6. Splenic rupture or surgical removal of the spleen.
7. Mechanical injury to the blood vessels.
Diagnosis of hemolysis is based on a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as complete blood count (CBC), blood smear examination, and direct Coombs test. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include supportive care, blood transfusions, and medications to suppress the immune system or prevent infection.
The symptoms of Alzheimer's disease can vary from person to person and may progress slowly over time. Early symptoms may include memory loss, confusion, and difficulty with problem-solving. As the disease progresses, individuals may experience language difficulties, visual hallucinations, and changes in mood and behavior.
There is currently no cure for Alzheimer's disease, but there are several medications and therapies that can help manage its symptoms and slow its progression. These include cholinesterase inhibitors, memantine, and non-pharmacological interventions such as cognitive training and behavioral therapy.
Alzheimer's disease is a significant public health concern, affecting an estimated 5.8 million Americans in 2020. It is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States, and its prevalence is expected to continue to increase as the population ages.
There is ongoing research into the causes and potential treatments for Alzheimer's disease, including studies into the role of inflammation, oxidative stress, and the immune system. Other areas of research include the development of biomarkers for early detection and the use of advanced imaging techniques to monitor progression of the disease.
Overall, Alzheimer's disease is a complex and multifactorial disorder that poses significant challenges for individuals, families, and healthcare systems. However, with ongoing research and advances in medical technology, there is hope for improving diagnosis and treatment options in the future.
1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.
2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.
3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.
4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.
5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.
6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.
7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.
8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.
9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.
10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.
There are several types of melanoma, including:
1. Superficial spreading melanoma: This is the most common type of melanoma, accounting for about 70% of cases. It usually appears as a flat or slightly raised discolored patch on the skin.
2. Nodular melanoma: This type of melanoma is more aggressive and accounts for about 15% of cases. It typically appears as a raised bump on the skin, often with a darker color.
3. Acral lentiginous melanoma: This type of melanoma affects the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, or nail beds and accounts for about 5% of cases.
4. Lentigo maligna melanoma: This type of melanoma usually affects the face and is more common in older adults.
The risk factors for developing melanoma include:
1. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure from the sun or tanning beds
2. Fair skin, light hair, and light eyes
3. A history of sunburns
4. Weakened immune system
5. Family history of melanoma
The symptoms of melanoma can vary depending on the type and location of the cancer. Common symptoms include:
1. Changes in the size, shape, or color of a mole
2. A new mole or growth on the skin
3. A spot or sore that bleeds or crusts over
4. Itching or pain on the skin
5. Redness or swelling around a mole
If melanoma is suspected, a biopsy will be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment options for melanoma depend on the stage and location of the cancer and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these. Early detection and treatment are key to successful outcomes in melanoma cases.
In conclusion, melanoma is a type of skin cancer that can be deadly if not detected early. It is important to practice sun safety, perform regular self-exams, and seek medical attention if any suspicious changes are noticed on the skin. By being aware of the risk factors, symptoms, and treatment options for melanoma, individuals can take steps to protect themselves from this potentially deadly disease.
There are two main types of heart failure:
1. Left-sided heart failure: This occurs when the left ventricle, which is the main pumping chamber of the heart, becomes weakened and is unable to pump blood effectively. This can lead to congestion in the lungs and other organs.
2. Right-sided heart failure: This occurs when the right ventricle, which pumps blood to the lungs, becomes weakened and is unable to pump blood effectively. This can lead to congestion in the body's tissues and organs.
Symptoms of heart failure may include:
* Shortness of breath
* Fatigue
* Swelling in the legs, ankles, and feet
* Swelling in the abdomen
* Weight gain
* Coughing up pink, frothy fluid
* Rapid or irregular heartbeat
* Dizziness or lightheadedness
Treatment for heart failure typically involves a combination of medications and lifestyle changes. Medications may include diuretics to remove excess fluid from the body, ACE inhibitors or beta blockers to reduce blood pressure and improve blood flow, and aldosterone antagonists to reduce the amount of fluid in the body. Lifestyle changes may include a healthy diet, regular exercise, and stress reduction techniques. In severe cases, heart failure may require hospitalization or implantation of a device such as an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) or a left ventricular assist device (LVAD).
It is important to note that heart failure is a chronic condition, and it requires ongoing management and monitoring to prevent complications and improve quality of life. With proper treatment and lifestyle changes, many people with heart failure are able to manage their symptoms and lead active lives.
Neoplasm refers to an abnormal growth of cells that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Neoplasms can occur in any part of the body and can affect various organs and tissues. The term "neoplasm" is often used interchangeably with "tumor," but while all tumors are neoplasms, not all neoplasms are tumors.
Types of Neoplasms
There are many different types of neoplasms, including:
1. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the epithelial cells lining organs and glands. Examples include breast cancer, lung cancer, and colon cancer.
2. Sarcomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in connective tissue, such as bone, cartilage, and fat. Examples include osteosarcoma (bone cancer) and soft tissue sarcoma.
3. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system, specifically affecting the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues. Examples include Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
4. Leukemias: These are cancers of the blood and bone marrow that affect the white blood cells. Examples include acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
5. Melanomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. Examples include skin melanoma and eye melanoma.
Causes and Risk Factors of Neoplasms
The exact causes of neoplasms are not fully understood, but there are several known risk factors that can increase the likelihood of developing a neoplasm. These include:
1. Genetic predisposition: Some people may be born with genetic mutations that increase their risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
2. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as radiation and certain chemicals, can increase the risk of developing a neoplasm.
3. Infection: Some neoplasms are caused by viruses or bacteria. For example, human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common cause of cervical cancer.
4. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a poor diet can increase the risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
5. Family history: A person's risk of developing a neoplasm may be higher if they have a family history of the condition.
Signs and Symptoms of Neoplasms
The signs and symptoms of neoplasms can vary depending on the type of cancer and where it is located in the body. Some common signs and symptoms include:
1. Unusual lumps or swelling
2. Pain
3. Fatigue
4. Weight loss
5. Change in bowel or bladder habits
6. Unexplained bleeding
7. Coughing up blood
8. Hoarseness or a persistent cough
9. Changes in appetite or digestion
10. Skin changes, such as a new mole or a change in the size or color of an existing mole.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Neoplasms
The diagnosis of a neoplasm usually involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans), and biopsy. A biopsy involves removing a small sample of tissue from the suspected tumor and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.
The treatment of neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Some common treatments include:
1. Surgery: Removing the tumor and surrounding tissue can be an effective way to treat many types of cancer.
2. Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
3. Radiation therapy: Using high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer is located in a specific area of the body.
4. Immunotherapy: Boosting the body's immune system to fight cancer can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.
5. Targeted therapy: Using drugs or other substances to target specific molecules on cancer cells can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.
Prevention of Neoplasms
While it is not always possible to prevent neoplasms, there are several steps that can reduce the risk of developing cancer. These include:
1. Avoiding exposure to known carcinogens (such as tobacco smoke and radiation)
2. Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
3. Getting regular exercise
4. Not smoking or using tobacco products
5. Limiting alcohol consumption
6. Getting vaccinated against certain viruses that are associated with cancer (such as human papillomavirus, or HPV)
7. Participating in screening programs for early detection of cancer (such as mammograms for breast cancer and colonoscopies for colon cancer)
8. Avoiding excessive exposure to sunlight and using protective measures such as sunscreen and hats to prevent skin cancer.
It's important to note that not all cancers can be prevented, and some may be caused by factors that are not yet understood or cannot be controlled. However, by taking these steps, individuals can reduce their risk of developing cancer and improve their overall health and well-being.
Peptides (journal)
Tachykinin peptides
Paralytic peptides
Antimicrobial peptides
Opioid food peptides
Amphibian antimicrobial peptides
Bombesin-like peptides
2A self-cleaving peptides
Peptide
Peptide bond
Opioid peptide
MCD peptide
Stapled peptide
Peptide library
Peptide hormone
Peptide T
Peptide microarray
Photoactivated peptide
Cyclic peptide
P3 peptide
Peptide vaccine
Peptide PHI
Nonribosomal peptide
WALP peptide
Natriuretic peptide
Target peptide
Chemerin peptide
Peptide YY
Peptide computing
Peptide amphiphile
Projects Z: Bioactive Peptides - Universität Ulm
EPO - W 0001/96 (Peptides) of 22.5.1996
Collagen Peptides: MedlinePlus Supplements
Catalog Peptides Market is Set to Generate $332.1 Million
Peptides For Muscle Growth : The Tribune India
Growth Hormone Resistance Medication: Peptide growth factors
Antibiotics | Special Issue : Design, Synthesis, and Application of Antimicrobial Peptides
Long Noncoding RNA Encodes Short Regulatory Peptide
Peptides
Using Drosophila behavioral assays to characterize terebrid venom-peptide bioactivity | Scientific Reports
The utility of nanopore technology for protein and peptide sensing | NIST
Evolution Peptides Tadalafil Review - ScribeMedia
Frontiers | Mitochondrial-Derived Peptides Are Down Regulated in Diabetes Subjects
NutraCast: Nuritas Peptide Finder accelerates discovery process
Beta-amyloid X-40 peptides | AnaSpec
Hyaluronic + Peptide 24 Eye Gel | OLAY
State of the art of immunoassay methods for B-type natriuretic peptides: An update
Organisation Structurale et spectroscopie de peptides susceptibles de complexer les actindes by Samir DAHOU
Copper peptides: Can you 'repair' a wrinkle?
Longevity Collagen Peptides (690 grams) by ProHealth Longevity - ProHealth.com
Browsing SEARO Publications by Subject "Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides"
Protein & Peptide Letters
| Bentham Science
Practical Synthesis of Fully-Substituted Peptide Thiazoles | Greenberg Traurig LLP
NHANES 2001-2002:
Plasma Fasting Glucose, Serum C-peptide & Insulin Data Documentation, Codebook, and Frequencies
Now Collagen Peptides Powder on sale at AllStarHealth.com
Brain natriuretic peptide - wikidoc
GitHub - harigali/PepSy: An open-source automated peptide synthesizer based on Arduino and Python
Peptides in the Epigenetic Control of Ageing book | Antiaging Systems
Fish Collagen Peptides Market: Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Potential of Fish Collagen Peptides Foster Innovation
Magic Paris - SARMs, CBD, Peptides, Prohormones, Anabolics, Drugs
Proteins6
- Collagen peptides are made by breaking down whole collagen proteins into smaller pieces. (medlineplus.gov)
- Generally speaking, peptides are small fragments of proteins. (smartskincare.com)
- In gene, recombinant and peptide vaccines, the immunogen is a single protein or a small assembly of epitopes from antigenic proteins. (who.int)
- In intracellular eukaryotic parasites like Trypanosoma cruzi , proteins that are secreted may be a major source of peptides for the MHC class I presentation pathway (3). (who.int)
- Cleavage site-specific proteases and transporter proteins involved in the processing of protein antigens into peptides also seem to play a role in the selection of antigenic peptides. (who.int)
- Proteasomes, which generate peptides from cytoplasmic proteins for the class I pathway, seem to have preferred cleavage sites flanking dominant CD8+ T cell epitopes in protein sequences (4). (who.int)
Vasoactive intesti3
- Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), a member of the vasoactive intestinal peptide/secretin/glucagon family , has an amino acid sequence identity of 68% with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). (anaspec.com)
- Acute alcohol and chronic drinking bidirectionally regulate the excitability of prefrontal cortex vasoactive intestinal peptide interneurons. (bvsalud.org)
- By contrast, the plurality of all remaining INs express vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), reside within superficial layers, and preferentially target other types of INs. (bvsalud.org)
Synthesis1
- John Buchanan co-authored an article in Tetrahedron Letters titled "Practical Synthesis of Fully-Substituted Peptide Thiazoles. (gtlaw.com)
Antigens5
- these peptides being selected from three Plasmodium falciparum antigens, circumsporozoite protein (cp), thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (tr) and liver- stage antigen-1 (ls). (epo.org)
- and conservative variants thereof and longer peptides containing the sequences which are sub-units of the stated antigens, and of oligonucleotides which code for said peptides, as a cytotoxic T lymphocyte-inducer for immunization against malaria of individuals possessing a HLA-B7 allele. (epo.org)
- were linked by the common utility of providing protection against malaria via peptides from antigens of Plasmodium falciparum. (epo.org)
- Since most immune responses against protein and peptide antigens are T-cell dependent, the molecular target of such vaccines is to generate at least 50-100 complexes between MHC molecule and the antigenic peptide per antigen-presenting cell, sensitizing a T cell population of appropriate clonal size and effector characteristics. (who.int)
- Details for: Synthetic peptides as antigens. (who.int)
Collagen14
- Collagen peptides are very small pieces of protein from animal collagen. (medlineplus.gov)
- When taken by mouth, collagen peptides seem to build up in the skin and cartilage. (medlineplus.gov)
- Collagen peptides are used for aging skin and osteoarthritis. (medlineplus.gov)
- Don't confuse collagen peptides with collagen type I (native), collagen type II (native), or gelatin. (medlineplus.gov)
- Taking collagen peptides by mouth seems to improve skin hydration and skin elasticity in older people. (medlineplus.gov)
- Taking collagen peptides by mouth might slightly relieve pain and improve joint function in people with knee osteoarthritis. (medlineplus.gov)
- There is interest in using collagen peptides for a number of other purposes, but there isn't enough reliable information to say whether it might be helpful. (medlineplus.gov)
- Collagen peptides are possibly safe. (medlineplus.gov)
- Collagen peptides have been safely used in doses up to 10 grams daily for up to 5 months. (medlineplus.gov)
- There isn't enough reliable information to know if collagen peptides are safe to use when pregnant or breast-feeding. (medlineplus.gov)
- Collagen peptides have most often been used by adults in doses of 2.5-10 grams daily for up to 6 months. (medlineplus.gov)
- Miyanaga M, Uchiyama T, Motoyama A, Ochiai N, Ueda O, Ogo M. Oral Supplementation of Collagen Peptides Improves Skin Hydration by Increasing the Natural Moisturizing Factor Content in the Stratum Corneum: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. (medlineplus.gov)
- Oral Intake of Enzymatically Decomposed AP Collagen Peptides Improves Skin Moisture and Ceramide and Natural Moisturizing Factor Contents in the Stratum Corneum. (medlineplus.gov)
- Collagen can't be used in its whole form, so it must be broken down into smaller pieces, known as peptides. (prohealth.com)
Natriuretic Peptide3
- The aim of this review article is to give an update on the state of the art of the immunoassay methods for the measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and its related peptides. (nih.gov)
- Brain natriuretic peptide ( BNP ), also known as B-type natriuretic peptide , is a hormone secreted by cardiomyocytes in the heart ventricles in response to stretching caused by increased ventricular blood volume. (wikidoc.org)
- Once released, BNP binds to and activates the atrial natriuretic factor receptor NPRA , and to a lesser extent NPRB , in a fashion similar to atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) but with 10-fold lower affinity. (wikidoc.org)
Molecules5
- The above groups 1 to 5 of inventions related to a plurality of solutions of different nature (based on the different primary structures, antigenic origin of the peptides and the different HLA class I molecules they bind to) which were not linked to each other by a special technical feature so as to form a single inventive concept. (epo.org)
- Our team set about trying to understand to what extent lncRNA molecules might actually encode functional polypeptides and how important such peptides might be," asserted Dr. Pandolfi. (genengnews.com)
- Peptides are large protein molecules, meaning that "evolution peptides" uses unique technology to bind tadalafil with peptides. (scribemedia.org)
- A protocol of SAAP-MC simulation followed by structural clustering and examination of the obtained structures by ab initio calculation or simply by the number of the hydrogen bonds (or the hardness) was demonstrated to be an effective strategy toward structure prediction for short peptide molecules. (hindawi.com)
- The central event in the cellular immune response to invading microorganisms is the specific recognition of foreign peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules by the a ß T cell receptor (TCR). (who.int)
Immunization1
- Immunization with overlapping peptides induces suboptimal responses to additional peptides, the so-called 'cryptic' epitopes. (who.int)
Molecular2
- We use solid-state NMR to determine the molecular and supramolecular structure of MAX1, a de novo designed gel-forming peptide, in its fibrillar state. (rcsb.org)
- The platform analyzes billions of untapped peptides in plants and natural food sources to predict and identify how they impact specific health areas, molecular pathways or receptors. (nutraingredients.com)
Synthetic2
- Paradigm Peptides are synthetic medications that mimic the effects of testosterone in the body. (tribuneindia.com)
- Therefore, it is necessary to implement rational design strategies to synthetic AMPs to overcome these disadvantages and further modify the chemical and physical properties of existing peptides. (mdpi.com)
Libraries1
- To address this discovery-to-function gap, we developed a sequence driven:activity-based hybrid approach for screening venom peptides that is amenable to large-venom peptide libraries with minimal amounts of peptide. (nature.com)
Genes1
- For now, however, they indicated that they have already expanded the repertoire of peptide-coding genes in the human genome that should be studied and annotated. (genengnews.com)
Bind2
- Certain kinds of peptides have an avid affinity for copper, to which they bind very tightly. (smartskincare.com)
- While peptide vaccines may bind directly to the MHC, recombinant vaccines must undergo proteolytic processing through the MHC class II pathway in endosomal vesicles, and expression products of DNA vaccines enter both the cytoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum MHC class I pathway and can also be uptaken by professional antigen-presenting cells (2). (who.int)
Antibody5
- Among the various commercial applications of catalog peptides, the antibody production category contributed the highest share, of 52.7%, to the market in 2018. (globenewswire.com)
- This is mainly on the account of their large product portfolio of catalog peptides, which are being used for various applications such as antibody production, drug discovery, enzyme profiling, disease research, and biomarker discovery. (globenewswire.com)
- C-peptide radioimmunoassay (RIA) is a competitive assay where 125 I-labelled C-peptide competes with C-peptide in the specimen for antibody sites. (cdc.gov)
- Bound and free C-peptide is separated by adding a second PEG-accelerated double antibody. (cdc.gov)
- Vaccination with DNA- or peptide-based vaccines relies on T cell recognition, either in the afferent (T cell-dependent antibody-mediated responses) or in both the afferent and effector limbs of the immune response (T cell-mediated responses - e.g., delayed hypersensitivity). (who.int)
Molecule1
- This peptide, a 90-amino-acid-long molecule encoded by the lncRNA LINC00961, is called S mall regulatory P olypeptide of A mino acid R esponse (SPAR). (genengnews.com)
Catalog9
- NEW YORK, Aug. 06, 2019 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The global catalog peptides market is expected to generate $332.1 million revenue by 2024, advancing at a CAGR of 5.8% during the forecast period. (globenewswire.com)
- Based on application, the catalog peptides market has been categorized into commercial, academic research, and therapeutics applications. (globenewswire.com)
- It is also expected to be the fastest growing category in the catalog peptides market during the forecast period. (globenewswire.com)
- This can be attributed to the effectiveness of catalog peptides in raising high-quality antibodies. (globenewswire.com)
- Globally, the North American catalog peptides market is expected to account for more than 30% share by 2024. (globenewswire.com)
- The U.S. is expected to lead the North American catalog peptides market throughout the analysis period. (globenewswire.com)
- Among these players, Bachem AG, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Merck KGaA, and AnaSpec Inc. are the key players occupying major share in the catalog peptides market. (globenewswire.com)
- We offer custom and catalog peptides, GMP grade peptides. (eurogentec.com)
- Catalog peptides are 95% purity by HPLC unless otherwise specified. (eurogentec.com)
Hormone1
- Furthermore, other studies have suggested that, using immunoassays that are considered specific for BNP, the precursor of the peptide hormone, proBNP, constitutes a major portion of the peptide measured in plasma of patients with heart failure. (nih.gov)
Affinity1
- The category is expected to progress at a CAGR of 6.8% during the forecast period, mainly on account of the fact that these peptides provide good stability, high binding affinity, and selectivity toward target biomolecules. (globenewswire.com)
Serum1
- Diabetes mellitus was assessed by measures of plasma glucose, serum insulin, and serum C-peptide in participants aged 12 years and over in the morning examination session only. (cdc.gov)
Vaccine1
- 5. A vaccine comprising at least one peptide according to any one of claims 1 to 4, for immunisation against malaria. (epo.org)
Precursor1
- PACAP38 , derived from a 176-amino acid precursor (preproPACAP), is a 38-amino acid peptide discovered as an ovine hypothalamic neuropeptide. (anaspec.com)
Receptors2
- A large number of factors influence dominance and crypticity of peptide epitopes, basically availability for MHC binding, MHC binding itself, and the recognition of the MHC:peptide complex by T cells via their antigen receptors (1). (who.int)
- Based on the analgesic effect of NMDA antagonist receptors, the nociceptive action of the peptide BLMP-101 is evaluated, agonist of NMDA, designed to boost learning/memory. (bvsalud.org)
Sequence1
- Several factors influence the availability of a given peptide sequence for processing and presentation, at both the quantitative and qualitative levels. (who.int)
Compounds3
- Paradigm Peptides are a new generation of performance-enhancing compounds that have been designed to provide superior results with fewer side effects than traditional steroids. (tribuneindia.com)
- Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) found in the innate immune system of different organisms present a promising class of bioactive compounds that offers a potential solution to the antibiotic resistance problem due to their mode of action on microbial membranes. (mdpi.com)
- A good example of a wound-healing agent that appears to also have anti-wrinkle potential is the class of compounds called copper peptides. (smartskincare.com)
Biological activity2
- These peptides may have reduced or even no biological activity. (nih.gov)
- [2] Cleavage at other sites produces shorter BNP peptides with unknown biological activity. (wikidoc.org)
Sequences1
- In this short review, we will discuss the several concepts related to selection of amino acid sequences to be included in DNA and peptide vaccines. (who.int)
Symposium1
- VII International Symposium on Vasoactive Peptides. (bvs.br)
Candidates1
- In most immunological systems, including post-infectious protective immune responses, only some peptides from a large number of potential candidates are actually the target of a vigorous immune response. (who.int)
Boost1
- What exactly are copper peptides and how can they boost skin rejuvenation? (smartskincare.com)
Specific4
- Claims 2 to 4 concern specific embodiments of the peptides of claim 1. (epo.org)
- Khaldi is hoping to flip the script by identifying specific health needs using the Nuritas Peptide finder. (nutraingredients.com)
- Finally, the authors believe that the development of more specific methods for the active peptide, BNP1-32, should reduce the systematic differences between methods and result in better harmonization of results. (nih.gov)
- He found and patented a number of specific copper peptides (in particular, GHK copper peptides or GHK-Cu) that were particularly effective in healing wounds and skin lesions as well as some gastrointestinal conditions. (smartskincare.com)
Complex2
- With over 25 years of peptide manufacturing experience, AnaSpec is your trusted source of highly complex peptides. (anaspec.com)
- The mechanism of copper peptide action is relatively complex. (smartskincare.com)
Systematic1
- There is a pressing need for a systematic, cost effective, and scalable approach to identify physiological effects of venom peptides. (nature.com)
Functional1
- These findings describe the first functional bioactivity of terebrid venom peptides in relation to pain and diet and indicate that Tv1 and Tsu1.1 may, respectively, act as antinociceptive and orexigenic agents. (nature.com)
Effective2
- If you're looking for a safe and effective way to enhance your performance without putting your health at risk, Paradigm Peptides may be the perfect solution for you! (tribuneindia.com)
- What Makes Evolution Peptides Tadalafil So Effective? (scribemedia.org)
Make1
- IMPORTANT: If you are considering using copper peptides after a particular procedure, make sure to discuss it with your physician. (smartskincare.com)
Effects2
- However, while the wound healing effects of copper peptide have been investigated and documented in many studies, much less research has been done so far on their cosmetic and anti-aging use. (smartskincare.com)
- The effects of asphalt fumes on nasal mucosal innervation were examined by measuring SP and calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) levels in rat TG neurons projecting to the nasal epithelium. (cdc.gov)
Blood2
- The biological half-life of BNP, however, is twice as long as that of ANP , and that of NT-proBNP is even longer, making these peptides better targets than ANP for diagnostic blood testing. (wikidoc.org)
- The net effect of these peptides is a decrease in blood pressure due to the decrease in systemic vascular resistance and, thus, afterload. (wikidoc.org)
Levels1
- Results suggest that the BLMP- 101 peptide does not present nociceptive activity at levels and periodicity used in this study. (bvsalud.org)
Research1
- Venom-peptide research and drug discovery has increased exponentially with the advance of genomic-transcriptomic sequencing and proteomic mass-spectrometry 10 . (nature.com)
Short2
- In this study, the SAAP force field (SAAPFF) parameters were improved, and classical canonical Monte Carlo (MC) simulation was carried out for short peptide models, that is, Met-enkephalin and chignolin, at 300 K in an implicit water model. (hindawi.com)
- The results suggested that the SAAP-MC method is useful for conformational sampling for the short peptides. (hindawi.com)
Improve skin1
- Since copper peptides optimize healing and improve skin remodeling, then can augment the effect of treatments based on various forms of controlled skin injury. (smartskincare.com)
Benefits2
- The benefits of copper peptides for tissue regeneration were discovered by Dr. Loren Pickart in the 1970s. (smartskincare.com)
- In many cases, copper peptides can reduce or eliminate the irritation and help maximize treatment benefits. (smartskincare.com)
Skin4
- Topical application and oral supplementation of peptides in the improvement of skin viscoelasticity and density. (medlineplus.gov)
- A distinctive feature of GHK copper peptides is that they reduce scar tissue formation while stimulating normal skin remodeling. (smartskincare.com)
- Can copper peptides be useful for regular skin protection and rejuvenation? (smartskincare.com)
- While it remain to be further researched, it appears that copper peptide can help minimize the damage from daily wear and tear of the skin. (smartskincare.com)
Market1
- There are many alternatives to Paradigm Peptides on the market today. (tribuneindia.com)