Peptide Library: A collection of cloned peptides, or chemically synthesized peptides, frequently consisting of all possible combinations of amino acids making up an n-amino acid peptide.Peptides: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.Gene Library: A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques: A technology, in which sets of reactions for solution or solid-phase synthesis, is used to create molecular libraries for analysis of compounds on a large scale.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Molecular Mimicry: The structure of one molecule that imitates or simulates the structure of a different molecule.Bacteriophage M13: Temperate bacteriophage of the genus INOVIRUS which infects enterobacteria, especially E. coli. It is a filamentous phage consisting of single-stranded DNA and is circularly permuted.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Peptide Fragments: Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.Oligopeptides: Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.Libraries, MedicalLibraries: Collections of systematically acquired and organized information resources, and usually providing assistance to users. (ERIC Thesaurus, http://www.eric.ed.gov/ accessed 2/1/2008)Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.Bacteriophages: Viruses whose hosts are bacterial cells.Epitope Mapping: Methods used for studying the interactions of antibodies with specific regions of protein antigens. Important applications of epitope mapping are found within the area of immunochemistry.Inovirus: A genus of filamentous bacteriophages of the family INOVIRIDAE. Organisms of this genus infect enterobacteria, PSEUDOMONAS; VIBRIO; and XANTHOMONAS.Epitopes: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.Peptides, Cyclic: Peptides whose amino and carboxy ends are linked together with a peptide bond forming a circular chain. Some of them are ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS. Some of them are biosynthesized non-ribosomally (PEPTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS, NON-RIBOSOMAL).Substrate Specificity: A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Binding Sites: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.Streptavidin: A 60-kDa extracellular protein of Streptomyces avidinii with four high-affinity biotin binding sites. Unlike AVIDIN, streptavidin has a near neutral isoelectric point and is free of carbohydrate side chains.Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte: Antigenic determinants recognized and bound by the B-cell receptor. Epitopes recognized by the B-cell receptor are located on the surface of the antigen.Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation.Models, Molecular: Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.Amino Acid Motifs: Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides: Small cationic peptides that are an important component, in most species, of early innate and induced defenses against invading microbes. In animals they are found on mucosal surfaces, within phagocytic granules, and on the surface of the body. They are also found in insects and plants. Among others, this group includes the DEFENSINS, protegrins, tachyplesins, and thionins. They displace DIVALENT CATIONS from phosphate groups of MEMBRANE LIPIDS leading to disruption of the membrane.Libraries, Hospital: Information centers primarily serving the needs of hospital medical staff and sometimes also providing patient education and other services.Ligands: A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)Antibodies, Monoclonal: Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.Binding, Competitive: The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.Sequence Homology, Amino Acid: The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.Genomic Library: A form of GENE LIBRARY containing the complete DNA sequences present in the genome of a given organism. It contrasts with a cDNA library which contains only sequences utilized in protein coding (lacking introns).National Library of Medicine (U.S.): An agency of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH concerned with overall planning, promoting, and administering programs pertaining to advancement of medical and related sciences. Major activities of this institute include the collection, dissemination, and exchange of information important to the progress of medicine and health, research in medical informatics and support for medical library development.Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).Protein Structure, Tertiary: The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Library Surveys: Collection and analysis of data pertaining to operations of a particular library, library system, or group of independent libraries, with recommendations for improvement and/or ordered plans for further development.Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.Peptide Mapping: Analysis of PEPTIDES that are generated from the digestion or fragmentation of a protein or mixture of PROTEINS, by ELECTROPHORESIS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; or MASS SPECTROMETRY. The resulting peptide fingerprints are analyzed for a variety of purposes including the identification of the proteins in a sample, GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS, patterns of gene expression, and patterns diagnostic for diseases.Cell Surface Display Techniques: Techniques utilizing cells that express RECOMBINANT FUSION PROTEINS engineered to translocate through the CELL MEMBRANE and remain attached to the outside of the cell.Sequence Analysis, Protein: A process that includes the determination of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE of a protein (or peptide, oligopeptide or peptide fragment) and the information analysis of the sequence.Library Administration: Planning, organizing, staffing, direction, and control of libraries.Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Sequence Alignment: The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.Recombinant Fusion Proteins: Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.Mass Spectrometry: An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Small Molecule Libraries: Large collections of small molecules (molecular weight about 600 or less), of similar or diverse nature which are used for high-throughput screening analysis of the gene function, protein interaction, cellular processing, biochemical pathways, or other chemical interactions.Protein Structure, Secondary: The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.High-Throughput Screening Assays: Rapid methods of measuring the effects of an agent in a biological or chemical assay. The assay usually involves some form of automation or a way to conduct multiple assays at the same time using sample arrays.Directed Molecular Evolution: The techniques used to produce molecules exhibiting properties that conform to the demands of the experimenter. These techniques combine methods of generating structural changes with methods of selection. They are also used to examine proposed mechanisms of evolution under in vitro selection conditions.Drug Design: The molecular designing of drugs for specific purposes (such as DNA-binding, enzyme inhibition, anti-cancer efficacy, etc.) based on knowledge of molecular properties such as activity of functional groups, molecular geometry, and electronic structure, and also on information cataloged on analogous molecules. Drug design is generally computer-assisted molecular modeling and does not include pharmacokinetics, dosage analysis, or drug administration analysis.Protein Engineering: Procedures by which protein structure and function are changed or created in vitro by altering existing or synthesizing new structural genes that direct the synthesis of proteins with sought-after properties. Such procedures may include the design of MOLECULAR MODELS of proteins using COMPUTER GRAPHICS or other molecular modeling techniques; site-specific mutagenesis (MUTAGENESIS, SITE-SPECIFIC) of existing genes; and DIRECTED MOLECULAR EVOLUTION techniques to create new genes.Library Science: Study of the principles and practices of library administration and services.Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.Binding Sites, Antibody: Local surface sites on antibodies which react with antigen determinant sites on antigens (EPITOPES.) They are formed from parts of the variable regions of FAB FRAGMENTS.Libraries, Digital: Libraries in which a major proportion of the resources are available in machine-readable format, rather than on paper or MICROFORM.Sequence Analysis, DNA: A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.Libraries, NursingEpitopes, T-Lymphocyte: Antigenic determinants recognized and bound by the T-cell receptor. Epitopes recognized by the T-cell receptor are often located in the inner, unexposed side of the antigen, and become accessible to the T-cell receptors after proteolytic processing of the antigen.Proteins: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.Surface Plasmon Resonance: A biosensing technique in which biomolecules capable of binding to specific analytes or ligands are first immobilized on one side of a metallic film. Light is then focused on the opposite side of the film to excite the surface plasmons, that is, the oscillations of free electrons propagating along the film's surface. The refractive index of light reflecting off this surface is measured. When the immobilized biomolecules are bound by their ligands, an alteration in surface plasmons on the opposite side of the film is created which is directly proportional to the change in bound, or adsorbed, mass. Binding is measured by changes in the refractive index. The technique is used to study biomolecular interactions, such as antigen-antibody binding.Mice, Inbred BALB CSpectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization: A mass spectrometric technique that is used for the analysis of large biomolecules. Analyte molecules are embedded in an excess matrix of small organic molecules that show a high resonant absorption at the laser wavelength used. The matrix absorbs the laser energy, thus inducing a soft disintegration of the sample-matrix mixture into free (gas phase) matrix and analyte molecules and molecular ions. In general, only molecular ions of the analyte molecules are produced, and almost no fragmentation occurs. This makes the method well suited for molecular weight determinations and mixture analysis.Cross Reactions: Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.Consensus Sequence: A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known CONSERVED SEQUENCE set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (AMINO ACID MOTIFS) are often formed by conserved sequences.PhosphopeptidesChromatography, High Pressure Liquid: Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.Library AssociationsImmunodominant Epitopes: Subunits of the antigenic determinant that are most easily recognized by the immune system and thus most influence the specificity of the induced antibody.DNA, Complementary: Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).Antibody Affinity: A measure of the binding strength between antibody and a simple hapten or antigen determinant. It depends on the closeness of stereochemical fit between antibody combining sites and antigen determinants, on the size of the area of contact between them, and on the distribution of charged and hydrophobic groups. It includes the concept of "avidity," which refers to the strength of the antigen-antibody bond after formation of reversible complexes.Catalogs, LibraryDNA: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide: Calcitonin gene-related peptide. A 37-amino acid peptide derived from the calcitonin gene. It occurs as a result of alternative processing of mRNA from the calcitonin gene. The neuropeptide is widely distributed in neural tissue of the brain, gut, perivascular nerves, and other tissue. The peptide produces multiple biological effects and has both circulatory and neurotransmitter modes of action. In particular, it is a potent endogenous vasodilator.Antibody Specificity: The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.Cell-Penetrating Peptides: Peptides that have the ability to enter cells by crossing the plasma membrane directly, or through uptake by the endocytotic pathway.Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.Library Collection Development: Development of a library collection, including the determination and coordination of selection policy, assessment of needs of users and potential users, collection use studies, collection evaluation, identification of collection needs, selection of materials, planning for resource sharing, collection maintenance and weeding, and budgeting.Genetic Vectors: DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.Biochemistry: The study of the composition, chemical structures, and chemical reactions of living things.Peptide Biosynthesis: The production of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS by the constituents of a living organism. The biosynthesis of proteins on RIBOSOMES following an RNA template is termed translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC). There are other, non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis (PEPTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS, NUCLEIC ACID-INDEPENDENT) mechanisms carried out by PEPTIDE SYNTHASES and PEPTIDYLTRANSFERASES. Further modifications of peptide chains yield functional peptide and protein molecules.Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with AUTOANTIBODIES and cause an immune response.Clone Cells: A group of genetically identical cells all descended from a single common ancestral cell by mitosis in eukaryotes or by binary fission in prokaryotes. Clone cells also include populations of recombinant DNA molecules all carrying the same inserted sequence. (From King & Stansfield, Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)Sequence Analysis: A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information.Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.Peptide YY: A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.Peptide Nucleic Acids: DNA analogs containing neutral amide backbone linkages composed of aminoethyl glycine units instead of the usual phosphodiester linkage of deoxyribose groups. Peptide nucleic acids have high biological stability and higher affinity for complementary DNA or RNA sequences than analogous DNA oligomers.Cell Line, Tumor: A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.Amino Acid Substitution: The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.Drug Evaluation, Preclinical: Preclinical testing of drugs in experimental animals or in vitro for their biological and toxic effects and potential clinical applications.DNA Primers: Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type: A PEPTIDE of 22 amino acids, derived mainly from cells of VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM. It is also found in the BRAIN, major endocrine glands, and other tissues. It shares structural homology with ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR. It has vasorelaxant activity thus is important in the regulation of vascular tone and blood flow. Several high molecular weight forms containing the 22 amino acids have been identified.Capsid Proteins: Proteins that form the CAPSID of VIRUSES.Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Antigens, Neoplasm: Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.Library Technical Services: Acquisition, organization, and preparation of library materials for use, including selection, weeding, cataloging, classification, and preservation.Natriuretic Peptides: Peptides that regulate the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in the body, also known as natriuretic peptide hormones. Several have been sequenced (ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR; BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE; C-TYPE NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE).Antigen Presentation: The process by which antigen is presented to lymphocytes in a form they can recognize. This is performed by antigen presenting cells (APCs). Some antigens require processing before they can be recognized. Antigen processing consists of ingestion and partial digestion of the antigen by the APC, followed by presentation of fragments on the cell surface. (From Rosen et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 1989)Bacteriophage T7: Virulent bacteriophage and type species of the genus T7-like phages, in the family PODOVIRIDAE, that infects E. coli. It consists of linear double-stranded DNA, terminally redundant, and non-permuted.Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.Library Automation: The use of automatic machines or processing devices in libraries. The automation may be applied to library administrative activities, office procedures, and delivery of library services to users.T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic: Immunized T-lymphocytes which can directly destroy appropriate target cells. These cytotoxic lymphocytes may be generated in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC), in vivo during a graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction, or after immunization with an allograft, tumor cell or virally transformed or chemically modified target cell. The lytic phenomenon is sometimes referred to as cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). These CD8-positive cells are distinct from NATURAL KILLER CELLS and NATURAL KILLER T-CELLS. There are two effector phenotypes: TC1 and TC2.Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).src Homology Domains: Regions of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE similarity in the SRC-FAMILY TYROSINE KINASES that fold into specific functional tertiary structures. The SH1 domain is a CATALYTIC DOMAIN. SH2 and SH3 domains are protein interaction domains. SH2 usually binds PHOSPHOTYROSINE-containing proteins and SH3 interacts with CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS.Biotinylation: Incorporation of biotinyl groups into molecules.Serine Endopeptidases: Any member of the group of ENDOPEPTIDASES containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis.Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.Gastrin-Releasing Peptide: Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the STOMACH, the neuropeptide stimulates release of GASTRIN from the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS.Peptide Hydrolases: Hydrolases that specifically cleave the peptide bonds found in PROTEINS and PEPTIDES. Examples of sub-subclasses for this group include EXOPEPTIDASES and ENDOPEPTIDASES.Peptide Synthases: Ligases that catalyze the joining of adjacent AMINO ACIDS by the formation of carbon-nitrogen bonds between their carboxylic acid groups and amine groups.Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.Receptors, Formyl Peptide: A family of G-protein-coupled receptors that was originally identified by its ability to bind N-formyl peptides such as N-FORMYLMETHIONINE LEUCYL-PHENYLALANINE. Since N-formyl peptides are found in MITOCHONDRIA and BACTERIA, this class of receptors is believed to play a role in mediating cellular responses to cellular damage and bacterial invasion. However, non-formylated peptide ligands have also been found for this receptor class.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Library Materials: Print and non-print materials collected, processed, and stored by libraries. They comprise books, periodicals, pamphlets, reports, microforms, maps, manuscripts, motion pictures, and all other forms of audiovisual records. (Harrod, The Librarians' Glossary, 4th ed, p497)Peptide PHI: A 27-amino acid peptide with histidine at the N-terminal and isoleucine amide at the C-terminal. The exact amino acid composition of the peptide is species dependent. The peptide is secreted in the intestine, but is found in the nervous system, many organs, and in the majority of peripheral tissues. It has a wide range of biological actions, affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and central nervous systems.Drug Delivery Systems: Systems for the delivery of drugs to target sites of pharmacological actions. Technologies employed include those concerning drug preparation, route of administration, site targeting, metabolism, and toxicity.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Databases, Factual: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of facts and data garnered from material of a specialized subject area and made available for analysis and application. The collection can be automated by various contemporary methods for retrieval. The concept should be differentiated from DATABASES, BIBLIOGRAPHIC which is restricted to collections of bibliographic references.Protein PrecursorsReceptors, Peptide: Cell surface receptors that bind peptide messengers with high affinity and regulate intracellular signals which influence the behavior of cells.Mutagenesis, Site-Directed: Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.Antigens, Viral: Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.Rabbits: The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.CHO Cells: CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.Tumor Cells, Cultured: Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.Cricetinae: A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.Cell Membrane: The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.Antigen-Antibody Reactions: The processes triggered by interactions of ANTIBODIES with their ANTIGENS.Chromatography, Affinity: A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. It is used in protein biochemistry. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Inhibitory Concentration 50: The concentration of a compound needed to reduce population growth of organisms, including eukaryotic cells, by 50% in vitro. Though often expressed to denote in vitro antibacterial activity, it is also used as a benchmark for cytotoxicity to eukaryotic cells in culture.Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.Antibodies, Viral: Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.Receptors, Cell Surface: Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.Protein Interaction Mapping: Methods for determining interaction between PROTEINS.Conserved Sequence: A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.Mice, Inbred C57BLSpecies Specificity: The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.T-Lymphocytes: Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor II-derived peptides inhibit VEGF. (1/2643)
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) directly stimulates endothelial cell proliferation and migration via tyrosine kinase receptors of the split kinase domain family. It mediates vascular growth and angiogenesis in the embryo but also in the adult in a variety of physiological and pathological conditions. The potential binding site of VEGF with its receptor was identified using cellulose-bound overlapping peptides of the extracytosolic part of the human vascular endothelial growth factor receptor II (VEGFR II). Thus, a peptide originating from the third globular domain of the VEGFR II comprising residues 247RTELNVGIDFNWEYP261 was revealed as contiguous sequence stretch, which bound 125I-VEGF165. A systematic replacement with L-amino acids within the peptide representing the putative VEGF-binding site on VEGFR II indicates Asp255 as the hydrophilic key residue for binding. The dimerized peptide (RTELNVGIDFNWEYPAS)2K inhibits VEGF165 binding with an IC50 of 0.5 microM on extracellular VEGFR II fragments and 30 microM on human umbilical vein cells. VEGF165-stimulated autophosphorylation of VEGFR II as well as proliferation and migration of microvascular endothelial cells was inhibited by the monomeric peptide RTELNVGIDFNWEYPASK at a half-maximal concentration of 3-10, 0.1, and 0.1 microM, respectively. We conclude that transduction of the VEGF165 signal can be interrupted with a peptide derived from the third Ig-like domain of VEGFR II by blockade of VEGF165 binding to its receptor. (+info)Cell-specific peptide binding by human neutrophils. (2/2643)
Analysis of peptide binding to human neutrophils (PMN) using phage display techniques has revealed cell-specific motifs reactive with the PMN surface. Phage libraries displaying either linear 9-mer or cyclic 10-mer and 6-mer peptides were incubated with normal human neutrophils followed by elution of bound phage with low pH (pH 2.2) and non-ionic detergent. Three rounds of selection generated several related peptide sequences that bound with high avidity to PMN. Using the linear 9-mer library, PMN-binding phage expressed peptides with the motif (G/A)PNLTGRW. The binding of phage bearing this motif was highly specific since no binding was observed on lymphocytes, fibroblasts, epithelial, or endothelial cells. Functional assays revealed that phage bearing the sequence FGPNLTGRW induced a pertussis toxin-sensitive increase in PMN cytosolic calcium analogous to that observed with Galphai coupled receptors. Other prominent motifs identified included phage bearing the consensus DLXTSK(M/L)X(V/I/L), where X represents a non-conserved position. Phage with this motif bound exclusively to a sub population of human PMN that comprised approximately 50% of the total and did not elicit a calcium response. The binding of such phage to PMN was prevented by co-incubation with competing peptides displaying identical or similar sequences (IC50 range from 0.6 micromol/L to 50 micromol/L for DLXTSK and GPNLTG, respectively). We speculate that these techniques will be useful in identifying functional cell-specific binding motifs and contribute to the development of new therapeutic and diagnostic strategies in human disease. (+info)Identification of a domain in guanylyl cyclase-activating protein 1 that interacts with a complex of guanylyl cyclase and tubulin in photoreceptors. (3/2643)
The membrane-bound guanylyl cyclase in rod photoreceptors is activated by guanylyl cyclase-activating protein 1 (GCAP-1) at low free [Ca2+]. GCAP-1 is a Ca2+-binding protein and belongs to the superfamily of EF-hand proteins. We created an oligopeptide library of overlapping peptides that encompass the entire amino acid sequence of GCAP-1. Peptides were used in competitive screening assays to identify interaction regions in GCAP-1 that directly bind the guanylyl cyclase in bovine photoreceptor cells. We found four regions in GCAP-1 that participate in regulating guanylyl cyclase. A 15-amino acid peptide located adjacent to the second EF-hand motif (Phe73-Lys87) was identified as the main interaction domain. Inhibition of GCAP-1-stimulated guanylyl cyclase activity by the peptide Phe73-Lys87 was completely relieved when an excess amount of GCAP-1 was added. An affinity column made from this peptide was able to bind a complex of photoreceptor guanylyl cyclase and tubulin. Using an anti-GCAP-1 antibody, we coimmunoprecipitated GCAP-1 with guanylyl cyclase and tubulin. Complex formation between GCAP-1 and guanylyl cyclase was observed independent of [Ca2+]. Our experiments suggest that there exists a tight association of guanylyl cyclase and tubulin in rod outer segments. (+info)Cell-free immunology: construction and in vitro expression of a PCR-based library encoding a single-chain antibody repertoire. (4/2643)
A novel cloning-independent strategy has been developed to generate a combinatorial library of PCR fragments encoding a murine single-chain antibody repertoire and express it directly in a cell-free system. The new approach provides an effective alternative to the techniques involving in vivo procedures of preparation and handling large libraries of antibodies. The possible use of the described strategy in the ribosome display is discussed. (+info)A fast, stochastic threading algorithm for proteins. (5/2643)
MOTIVATION: Sequences for new proteins are being determined at a rapid rate, as a result of the Human Genome Project, and related genome research. The ability to predict the three-dimensional structure of proteins from sequence alone would be useful in discovering and understanding their function. Threading, or fold recognition, aims to predict the tertiary structure of a protein by aligning its amino acid sequence with a large number of structures, and finding the best fit. This approach depends on obtaining good performance from both the scoring function, which simulates the free energy for given trial alignments, and the threading algorithm, which searches for the lowest-score alignment. It appears that current scoring functions and threading algorithms need improvement. RESULTS: This paper presents a new threading algorithm. Numerical tests demonstrate that it is more powerful than two popular approximate algorithms, and much faster than exact methods. (+info)Molecular cloning, cell localization and binding affinity to DNA replication proteins of the p36/LACK protective antigen from Leishmania infantum. (6/2643)
The p36/LACK antigen from Leishmania, an analogue of the receptor for activated protein kinase C (PKC), induces high levels of protection against parasite infection in the BALB/c mouse model. This protection is more than twice as high as that elicited by major parasite antigens such as soluble Leishmania antigen or the main surface protease gp63. We have cloned and purified p36/LACK from Leishmania infantum, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis in Europe. This protein belongs to the large family of WD 40 repeat proteins confined to eukaryotes and involved in numerous regulatory functions. Differential solubilization and immunofluorescence experiments indicate that p36/LACK is present close to the kinetoplast disc in the cell cytoplasm, probably bound to multiprotein complexes but not to membrane structures. These complexes probably also include cytoplasm PKC isoforms. The use of a genetically-encoded peptide library indicates that p36/LACK binds sequences present in several proteins involved in DNA replication and RNA synthesis. The recognition and binding sequences present in vacuolar proteins and at the beta-chain of major histocompatability complex (MHC) class II suggest the involvement of this regulatory protein in the early mechanisms triggering the protective immune response of the host against the parasite infection. (+info)Combinatorial protein engineering by incremental truncation. (7/2643)
We have developed a combinatorial approach, using incremental truncation libraries of overlapping N- and C-terminal gene fragments, that examines all possible bisection points within a given region of an enzyme that will allow the conversion of a monomeric enzyme into its functional heterodimer. This general method for enzyme bisection will have broad applications in the engineering of new catalytic functions through domain swapping and chemical synthesis of modified peptide fragments and in the study of enzyme evolution and protein folding. We have tested this methodology on Escherichia coli glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (PurN) and, by genetic selection, identified PurN heterodimers capable of glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylation. Two were chosen for physical characterization and were found to be comparable to the wild-type PurN monomer in terms of stability to denaturation, activity, and binding of substrate and cofactor. Sequence analysis of 18 randomly chosen, active PurN heterodimers revealed that the breakpoints primarily clustered in loops near the surface of the enzyme, that the breaks could result in the deletion of highly conserved residues and, most surprisingly, that the active site could be bisected. (+info)Divergence time estimates for the early history of animal phyla and the origin of plants, animals and fungi. (8/2643)
In the past, molecular clocks have been used to estimate divergence times among animal phyla, but those time estimates have varied widely (1200-670 million years ago, Ma). In order to obtain time estimates that are more robust, we have analysed a larger number of genes for divergences among three well-represented animal phyla, and among plants, animals and fungi. The time estimate for the chordate-arthropod divergence, using 50 genes, is 993 +/- 46 Ma. Nematodes were found to have diverged from the lineage leading to arthropods and chordates at 1177 +/- 79 Ma. Phylogenetic analyses also show that a basal position of nematodes has strong support (p > 99%) and is not the result of rate biases. The three-way split (relationships unresolved) of plants, animals and fungi was estimated at 1576 +/- 88 Ma. By inference, the basal animal phyla (Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora) diverged between about 1200-1500 Ma. This suggests that at least six animal phyla originated deep in the Precambrian, more than 400 million years earlier than their first appearance in the fossil record. (+info)
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ProteinsSequencesEpitopesAntibodyAntibodiesResiduesMoleculesDifferent peptidesSequencePhage display technologyIndividual peptidesCustom peptide librariesLigandSubstrate SpecificityAssaysVivoMimicSpectral libraryProtein-protein inteScaffoldReceptorsSynthesisOverlapping Peptide LibrarySmall PeptidesEpitopeAntibodyCustom peptideBioactive peptidesSelection of peptidesSpecificityNovel peptidesVaccineEither 96-well platesCombinatorial Peptide Library ProtocolsLarge combinatorialScreeningSignaling moleculeCatalogAmino acids in lengthPremade peptide librariesProteaseDiscovered by phage displayQuality peptidesAmerican Peptide SocietyPhage LibraryTandem mass spectroLinear peptide libraries
Proteins6
- Mass spectrometers are powerful tools that can fully identify and quantify very small amounts of peptides, which are fragments of the larger proteins. (eurekalert.org)
- What's been missing, however, is a resource tool to check whether detected peptides originate from host cell proteins. (eurekalert.org)
- PEPscreen peptide libraries have been used to study structural properties of proteins such as Human Thrombin. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- The group intends to apply biotechnology methods such as display (phage and ribosome display) of libraries consisting of scaffold proteins. (dkfz.de)
- Phage display is a method to discover peptide ligands while minimizing and optimizing the structure and function of proteins (Hallahan, 2003). (scienceexchange.com)
- The phage-displayed peptide library represents 10 million independent clones of phages expressing random nonamer peptides that were displayed on T7 phages as fusion with N-terminus of 10A capsid proteins. (scienceexchange.com)
Sequences3
- As a general formula, if you made a completely random peptide library with n amino acids for each link in the chain with a length of x, the total number of possible sequences is n^x. (wikipedia.org)
- Peptide libraries are ideal for discovering novel therapeutic strategies because they display hundreds of peptide combinations in parallel, grossly decreasing the time and effort required to identify target sequences. (genscript.com)
- A phage display library was used to identify peptide sequences that target bone. (jove.com)
Epitopes1
- The peptides isolated did not show any sequence homology to protein databases but did show a hierarchy of immunogenic epitopes. (elsevier.com)
Antibody2
- Antibodies generated against peptides selected against the same antibody Ab2 or Ab4 showed affinity variation. (elsevier.com)
- Active immunization using epitope peptides to initiate the ongoing production of the desired antibody type would be an attractive alternative. (biomedcentral.com)
Antibodies2
- Antibodies, Ab2, Ab4 and Ab5 directed towards the extracellular domain of HER-2/neu were reacted to peptides from two synthetic phage display peptide libraries, LX-8 (12-mer peptide library containing disulfide bridge) and X-15 (linear 15-mer). (elsevier.com)
- The isolated peptides were sequenced and characterized for ability to produce high titer antibodies and cross-reactivity. (elsevier.com)
Residues1
- Say you wanted a peptide chain 10 residues in length to use in native chemical ligation with a larger recombinantly expressed protein. (wikipedia.org)
Molecules1
- The phage is used as a scaffold to display recombinant libraries of peptides and provides a means to recover and amplify the peptides that bind to putative receptor molecules in vivo. (scienceexchange.com)
Different peptides1
- having the library of different peptides at residue 2 and 3 would let you see if some change in chemical properties in the N-terminal tail of the ligated protein make the protein more useful or useful in a different way. (wikipedia.org)
Sequence1
- Phage DNA can then be sequenced to determine the amino acid sequence of peptides on the capsid that have been recovered from tumors. (scienceexchange.com)
Phage display technology2
- To overcome these limitations, we generated Tocilizumab specific epitope mimics by using the phage display technology and tested whether the peptide mimics could induce similar humoral responses in mice immunized with the peptides. (biomedcentral.com)
- In current study, to make a substitution of Tocilizumab, we screened and identified four peptides that can mimic the natural epitope of Tocilizumab by using the phage display technology. (biomedcentral.com)
Individual peptides1
- These signatures are called mass spectra, which characterize individual peptides. (eurekalert.org)
Custom peptide libraries1
- The PEPotec Immuno Custom Peptide Libraries are designed for use in a variety of immunological applications, including epitope mapping of B- and T-cells, vaccine development and screening of peptide vaccines. (technologynetworks.com)
Ligand1
- After coupling a ligand to a monolithic cryogel column, the phage library was applied on the column and non-bound phages were washed out. (lu.se)
Substrate Specificity1
- Positional Scanning Peptide Libraries for Kinase Substrate Specificity Determinations: Straightforward and Reproducible Synthesis Using Pentafluorophenyl Esters. (chalmers.se)
Assays1
- In this regard, peptide libraries can serve as biological assays: by adding cells or microbes to an array of peptides, researchers can easily trace a variety of biological outcomes from cell differentiation to cytotoxicity. (genscript.com)
Vivo2
- From phage display library, we successfully isolated four Tocilizumab mimotopes which induced specific humoral and cellular reponses in vitro and in vivo . (biomedcentral.com)
- Biopanning phage-displayed libraries: In vivo biopanning was conducted as described 14 with a T7 phage-based random peptide library (a gift from Dr. Ruoslahti, Burnham Institute, CA). (scienceexchange.com)
Mimic2
- We are evaluating the clinical utility of synthetic peptides that would mimic the antigen immunologically and elicit a tumor specific immune response. (elsevier.com)
- These results validate our hypothesis that synthetic peptides that mimic the antigenic epitope of oncoprotein can be generated and their clinical utility rests on devising a screening mechanism to identify peptides that can elicit an immune response directed to the oncoprotein and if possible its antigenic variants. (elsevier.com)
Spectral library1
- To meet the need, NIST has created a new mass spectral library, which contains 'signatures' of individual biochemical components represented by peptides. (eurekalert.org)
Protein-protein inte1
- The peptide library provides a powerful tool for drug design, protein-protein interactions, and other biochemical as well as pharmaceutical applications. (wikipedia.org)
Scaffold1
- The T7 phage display system exploits the T7 capsid protein as a scaffold to display peptides on the capsid protein unique to the 10B protein on the surface of the phage. (scienceexchange.com)
Synthesis20
- Chapter focus on methods and techniques for synthesis, genetic expression, hybrid synthesis-expression, examples of modern utility of these libraries, de novo discovery of reactions, hybrid organic-inorganic materials and, emerging tools for the analysis of these libraries by method of genetic selection and next-generation sequencing. (springer.com)
- A site was chosen for ligation and syntheses of the appropriate peptide segments were attempted using solid phases peptide synthesis techniques and an Fmoc protection approach. (bl.uk)
- The usefulness of this form of peptide synthesis is limited as you can't go beyond 70 acids in length. (wikipedia.org)
- These powerful methods-often detailed here by their pioneers-include protocols for the chemical synthesis of peptide libraries, for constructing peptide libraries that are displayed on the surface of filamentous phage or bacteria, and for the rapid screening of these libraries for molecules with biospecific properties. (springer.com)
- For peptide synthesis ~2.4% of the peptides submitted, due to difficult sequence were unable to be synthesized. (thermofisher.com)
- This paper reports the synthesis and screening of a combinatorial peptide library for new affinity ligands for glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)), which is an important indicator of diabetes control. (diva-portal.org)
- We offer custom peptide libraries synthesis in 96-wells microplate formats. (genosphere-biotech.com)
- Whether you intend to screen peptides for enzyme substrate profiling, elucidate substrate specificities, protein-protein interaction region mapping, antibody epitope mapping, we provide cost-effective fmoc-based simultaneous multi-peptide synthesis technologies to fit your needs. (genosphere-biotech.com)
- Herein we present a method for the combinatorial synthesis and screening of large one-bead-one-compound (OBOC) libraries of cyclic peptides against biological targets such as proteins. (osu.edu)
- Up to ten million different cyclic peptides are rapidly synthesized on TentaGel microbeads by the split-and-pool synthesis method and subjected to a multistage screening protocol which includes magnetic sorting, on-bead enzyme-linked and fluorescence-based assays, and in-solution binding analysis of cyclic peptides selectively released from single beads by fluorescence anisotropy. (osu.edu)
- Peptide Libraries-Genemed Synthesis Inc. (genemedsyn.com)
- Researchers led by the Technical University of Munich (TUM) report on the synthesis of a library of more than 330,000 reference peptides representing essentially all canonical proteins of the human proteome. (technologynetworks.com)
- In a manuscript published online in Nature Methods, ProteomeTools scientists report on the synthesis of a library of more than 330,000 reference peptides (termed PROPEL for ProteomeTools Peptide Library) representing essentially all canonical proteins of the human proteome. (technologynetworks.com)
- During peptide library synthesis, by means of the single-resin method in which coupling on variable positions is carried out using an equimolar mixture of amino acids, biotin was used to cap the unreacted amino groups remaining after coupling of the equimolar amino acid mixture. (cnrs-orleans.fr)
- In a final study, we report on the design and synthesis of a regiospecific, kinetically controlled, bis-electrophile for cyclizing phage-displayed peptides. (tamu.edu)
- Maximized, uniform & extensive randomization of peptides ranging between 8 to 30 amino acids achieved by NNK, Split-mix-split synthesis or Tri-mer codon strategies. (rxbiosciences.com)
- At NeoScientific we use a unique solid phase synthesis approach to produce highly targeted and complex libraries of the highest quality. (neobiolab.com)
- Peptide libraries are manufactured on Pepscan's state-of-the-art synthesis platform, usually at 4 μmol scale. (pepscan.com)
- Typically, synthesis starts within days of order placement, with standard delivery times of around 3-4 weeks, depending on library size and peptide length. (pepscan.com)
- This is straightforward for library technologies in which the stepwise tracking of synthesis leads. (elsevier.com)
Overlapping Peptide Library2
- Overlapping peptide library is generated by breaking the original protein or peptide into many equal-length overlapping fragment and it is used for linear, continuous epitope mapping and T-cell epitope determination. (biosyn.com)
- Overlapping peptide library can be used in epitope mapping. (genscript.com)
Small Peptides2
- To identify small peptides that would specifically recognize the altered surface of iRBCs, we screened a phage display peptide library (PDL) on the surface of iRBCs. (ajtmh.org)
- Dedicated libraries of small peptides are ideal for T-cell epitope mapping & searching. (pepscan.com)
Epitope12
- Epitope mapping using randomly generated peptide libraries. (nih.gov)
- As a general guideline, shorter peptides are easier to synthesize but they have less chances for multiple epitope hits. (genscript.com)
- Note: for most T cell epitope mapping applications, choose 11-mers as starting points for your peptide pools. (genscript.com)
- These libraries are fully customizable and contain an acetate counter ion to avoid potential toxicity in epitope discovery and mapping. (thermofisher.com)
- PEPotec immuno peptide libraries are fully customizable and supplied with acetate as the counterion to avoid potential toxicity issues in epitope discovery and mapping. (thermofisher.com)
- Epitope prediction based on random peptide library screening has become a focus as a promising method in immunoinformatics research. (mdpi.com)
- Using this benchmark dataset and a representative dataset, five examples of the most popular epitope prediction software products which are based on random peptide library screening have been evaluated. (mdpi.com)
- Sun P, Chen W, Huang Y, Wang H, Ma Z, Lv Y. Epitope Prediction Based on Random Peptide Library Screening: Benchmark Dataset and Prediction Tools Evaluation. (mdpi.com)
- As a general guideline, shorter peptides have less chances for multiple epitope hits. (genemedsyn.com)
- The PEPotec Immuno Custom Peptide Libraries are designed for use in a variety of immunological applications, including epitope mapping of B- and T-cells, vaccine development and screening of peptide vaccines. (technologynetworks.com)
- The optimal peptide length for epitope mapping is 8 to 20 amino acids with an offset of 2-4 amino acids. (jpt.com)
- Overlapping linear peptide libraries provide a quick route to mapping of the linear or complex epitope of your antibody. (pepscan.com)
Antibody23
- Here, we present a method comprising binding studies of serum antibody pools to synthetic random peptide libraries, and data analysis of the resulting binding patterns. (nih.gov)
- These application-specific peptide libraries can be used in applications such as vaccine development, T- and B-cell research, antibody development, biomarker discovery, and kinase and protease studies. (thermofisher.com)
- These application-specific peptide libraries are ready to use in applications such as vaccine development, T and B cell research, antibody development, and biomarker discovery. (thermofisher.com)
- With over a decade of experience in phage display technology, Creative Biolabs can provide a series of antibody or peptide libraries that are available for licensing or direct screening. (creative-biolabs.com)
- Of note, we also provide immunized human antibody libraries generated from diseased patients. (creative-biolabs.com)
- In addition to phage display, high-quality antibody libraries (scFv/Fab/sdAb/full-length IgG/Fn3) for yeast display are available as well. (creative-biolabs.com)
- a fluorogenic biosensor was developed by conjugating a fluorophore with a designated Cys at the antigen-binding site of antibody library on the phage [ 4 ]. (mdpi.com)
- The detector antibody can either be an affinity purified biotinylated rabbit anti peptide antibody or as illustrated, an anti-peptide antibody generated in a different species. (mimotopes.com)
- In this report, we present a new technology for measuring antibody-peptide interactions in vitro that leverages spectrally encoded beads for biological multiplexing. (spie.org)
- While the implementation of the technology provided here is a high-affinity antibody/protein interaction with a small code space, we believe this platform can be broadly applicable to any range of peptide screening applications, with the capability to multiplex into libraries of hundreds to thousands of peptides in a single assay. (spie.org)
- This dissertation describes several strategies used to create diversity in non-immune antibody libraries. (utexas.edu)
- Both of these strategies used to create these antigen-class focused libraries used a single scaffold antibody gene that contained diversity only in the variable heavy region. (utexas.edu)
- The scaffold antibody gene one of the libraries, the M:anti-pep library, was chosen based on hypervariable loop canonical structures that are characteristic of other anti-peptide antibodies. (utexas.edu)
- Additionally, all of the contact residues of this antibody are commonly used contact residues in other anti-peptide antibodies. (utexas.edu)
- The second library, the Hu:anti-pep, is based on a widely used, unique combination of human germline antibody segments that express well in bacterial expression. (utexas.edu)
- Extremely high rates of mutagenesis (2.2% of the gene to 2.7%) were used to create two libraries of the anti-digoxin antibody 26-10. (utexas.edu)
- The libraries had been screened by others in an attempt to examine the effects of highrates of mutagenesis on the directed evolution of an antibody. (utexas.edu)
- This study confirmed that high-error rate antibody libraries contain more active clones than expected. (utexas.edu)
- Combinations of the selected consensus mutations from these libraries provide moderate enhancements to the kinetics and expression of the wild-type antibody in a non-synergistic manner. (utexas.edu)
- This peptide is immunogenic in mice, giving rise to strong antibody production, and most monoclonal antibodies made to breast cancer, which react with the protein core, react with the peptide APDTR. (begellhouse.com)
- It is now also clear that humans with breast cancer have, in their draining lymph nodes, precursors of cytotoxic T cells that can be stimulated in vitro to react against breast cancer and indeed against the APDTR or a closely related peptide − shown from antibody-blocking studies. (begellhouse.com)
- Peptide microarrays that display overlapping peptide scans through antigens from infectious organisms or tumor associated antigens for antibody or serum profiling. (jpt.com)
- In the early reports in this field, synthetic peptide libraries were generated and screened against antibody molecules or streptavidin (1-4). (schoolbag.info)
Custom peptide8
- Wir bieten die kostengünstige Synthese von "custom peptide libraries" im 96-wells Mikroplattenformat an. (genosphere-biotech.com)
- GSI has been offering custom peptide and other services for the last 20-yrs. (genemedsyn.com)
- Thermo Fisher Scientific has introduced the Thermo Scientific PEPotec Immuno Custom Peptide Library Service. (technologynetworks.com)
- The standard PEPotec Immuno Custom Peptide Library provides lyophilized mass spectrometry-tested peptides in a 96-well tube array format. (technologynetworks.com)
- To learn more about the standard PEPotec Immuno Custom Peptide Library Service and optional services, please visit www.thermoscientific.com/pepotec-immuno . (technologynetworks.com)
- Pepscan is the founder of peptide library technology and has over 25 years of experience in designing, synthesizing, and using custom peptide libraries. (pepscan.com)
- Pepscan offers custom peptide arrays in all sizes and formats, ranging from a small set of peptides to libraries of 1,000's of different species. (pepscan.com)
- Custom peptide libraries are delivered as freeze-dried peptides in either 96-well plates for high-throughput screening or in individual microtubes. (pepscan.com)
Bioactive peptides4
- In the course of this research, genomic and proteomic techniques have been used to investigate the bioactive peptides from the skin secretions of four American amphibian species: the Central American red-eyed leaf frog, Agalychnis callidryas~ the South American orange-legged leaf frog, Phyllomedusa hypochondrialis, Rohde's leaf frog, Phyllomedusa rohdei and the Giant Mexican leaf frog Pachymedusa dacnicolor. (bl.uk)
- These discoveries of novel peptides from amphibian skin secretions have enriched our knowledge of bioactive peptides from this source and may provide the basis for several drug development programmes. (bl.uk)
- Bioactive peptides, which can be used as cell-targeting or gene delivery agents, have been identified either by panning against purified receptors (19-24) or against intact cells or tissue samples, both in vitro and in vivo (25-33). (neb.com)
- They provide a rapid and cost-effective solution for a broad range of bioactivity-screening purposes, identifying critical bioactive peptides. (pepscan.com)
Selection of peptides3
- Its state-of-the-art techniques, combined with clear step-by-step instructions, make this book an essential tool in the selection of peptides suitable for drug development. (springer.com)
- Our results demonstrate that phage display technique is useful for selection of peptides that may represent valuable synthetic antigens for an improved serodiagnosis of CVL. (hindawi.com)
- Selection of peptides targeting helix 31 of bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA by screening M13 phage-display libraries. (genefrontier.com)
Specificity4
- Protease specificity profiling using proteome-derived, database-searchable peptide libraries is a novel approach to define the active site specificity of proteolytic enzymes we call PICS (Proteomic Identification of protease Cleavage Sites). (springer.com)
- Proteome-derived peptide libraries are generated by trypsin, GluC, or chymotrypsin digestion of biologically relevant proteomes, such as cytosolic lysates, to generate three separate libraries that each differ from the others in their C-terminal amino acid residues according to the protease specificity. (springer.com)
- Overall, the multi-stage activation approach produced more glycated peptide identifications, while the neutral-loss triggered MS3 approach resulted in much higher specificity. (unt.edu)
- Jiang Z, Vasil AI, Gera L, Vasil ML, Hodges RS (2011) Rational design of alpha-helical antimicrobial peptides to target Gram-negative pathogens, Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: utilization of charge, 'specificity determinants,' total hydrophobicity, hydrophobe type and location as design parameters to improve the therapeutic ratio. (oalib.com)
Novel peptides1
- The xdiscover™ library is a proprietary collection of more than 2000 primarily venom-derived peptides and is the result of a unique genomics capability that allows for the highly efficient discovery of novel peptides from cone snail venom tissue. (biospace.com)
Vaccine1
- Random peptide libraries provide an alternative approach to the identification of peptides which might be useful in a vaccine. (edu.au)
Either 96-well plates1
- We can deliver peptide libraries in either 96-well plates or tubes. (neobiolab.com)
Combinatorial Peptide Library Protocols5
- Shmuel Cabilly presents in Combinatorial Peptide Library Protocols a collection of new and unique techniques for the construction and use of peptide libraries. (springer.com)
- Combinatorial Peptide Library Protocols offers novice and experienced investigators alike the ability to select molecules from a randomized pool having specific biological activities. (springer.com)
- Can be and uphold combinatorial peptide library protocols 1998 points of this murder to illuminate samples with them. (mrwhitsettinc.com)
- combinatorial peptide library protocols hit half the Forty-five, u, or name into Robin Longstride that he ended into Maximus. (mrwhitsettinc.com)
- geographically, but the combinatorial peptide library protocols you need blocking for makes temporarily located shown. (mrwhitsettinc.com)
Large combinatorial1
- NeoPeptide utilizes proprietary technologies for the design and manufacture of large combinatorial arrays of peptides , peptidometics and peptide derivatives. (neobiolab.com)
Screening15
- The library is provided in a convenient 96-well plate format adapted for screening purposes. (anaspec.com)
- Not only does this discovery raise hope for better treatments for many parasitic and bacterial diseases, it highlights the value of screening peptides in the search for ways to treat conditions that do not respond well-or have stopped responding-to more traditional chemical drug compounds. (georgetown.edu)
- Screening p47-phox with the peptide libraries identified five potential sites of interaction with flavocytochrome b, including three previously reported regions of interaction and two additional regions of interaction of p47-phox with gp91-phox and p22-phox. (pnas.org)
- This work shows that combined computational and experimental screening can be used complementarily and in combination providing a powerful means to discover new supramolecular peptide nanostructures. (rsc.org)
- The acquisition also enables Arrowhead to further expand the library by working with Drs. Pasqualini and Arap to generate additional data with more patient screening at MDACC. (nanowerk.com)
- Peptides can be made in required amounts from minimal to mg scale for initial screening. (genemedsyn.com)
- SOUTH SAN FRANCISCO, Calif.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Circle Pharma, Inc., today announced that it will apply its computational design and synthetic chemistry platform to design and create a physical screening library of novel macrocyclic peptides. (qb3.org)
- Results: Using a combination of peptide library selection, phosphorylation of opitmal peptide variants, and screening of a phosphosite array, we found that Dbf2-Mob1 preferentially phosphorylated serine over threonine and required an arginine three residues upstream of the phosphorylated serine in its substrate. (caltech.edu)
- these fusions can be evaluated for repressor activity using direct selection with λ phage, or a variety of reporter genes suitable for library screening. (springer.com)
- This study illustrates how a peptide library can be designed and presents a screening guideline for construction of G-quadruplex binders. (acs.org)
- Michael D. Scholle, John W. Kehoe and Brian K. Kay, " Efficient Construction of a Large Collection of Phage-Displayed Combinatorial Peptide Libraries", Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening (2005) 8: 545. (eurekaselect.com)
- 2. A tool for finding new leads by creating a random screening library. (neobiolab.com)
- This typically yields 1 to 4 mgs of crude peptide, ideal for fast and efficient screening work. (pepscan.com)
- This chapter describes the construction and screening of libraries of peptide and nonpeptide structures. (elsevier.com)
- In this mini-review, we shall focus our discussion on the preparation, screening, structure elucidation, and application of various peptide library methods. (schoolbag.info)
Signaling molecule1
- Scientists now report that a signaling molecule called vasointestinal peptide, or VIP, can restore order to the immune system in arthritic mice and even reverse arthritis. (thefreelibrary.com)
Catalog1
- 1 edition of Neurotensin, a brain and gastrointestinal peptide found in the catalog. (openlibrary.org)
Amino acids in length3
- Each tube contains 1-4 milligrams of an L-isoform peptide (6-20 amino acids in length), with acetate as a counter ion to avoid potential toxicity issues in downstream applications. (technologynetworks.com)
- To date, we have constructed 22 different libraries ranging from 8-20 amino acids in length, utilizing complete or reduced codon sets. (eurekaselect.com)
- However, as the inventor of the peptide library concept, Pepscan also supplies peptide libraries of up to 50 amino acids in length, if required with conformational constraints or post-translational modifications. (pepscan.com)
Premade peptide libraries1
- Empowered by extensive experience and well-established phage display technique platform, Creative Biolabs now brings out a comprehensive list of premade peptide libraries for various research programs. (labtube.tv)
Protease3
- Bicyclic peptide inhibitor reveals large contact interface with a protease target," ACS Chemical Biology , vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 817-821, 2012. (hindawi.com)
- Primary amines of all peptides are then chemically protected so that after incubation with a test protease, the neo-N-termini of the prime-side cleavage products with exposed α-amines can be specifically biotinylated, enriched, and identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. (springer.com)
- Vaccination with recombinant serine protease and with the peptides selected from the Ph.D.™ library increased the rate of resolution of the lesions caused by one strain of D. congolensis. (edu.au)
Discovered by phage display1
- Blocking protein-protein interaction with peptides discovered by phage display will have broad clinical applications for treatment of metastasizing tumors. (neb.com)
Quality peptides2
- Most of our competitors use the spot technology providing poor quality peptides above 15 amino acids. (thermofisher.com)
- Purified, fully analyzed, high quality peptides, synthesized from the peptide experts for Alzheimers and prion research. (jpt.com)
American Peptide Society1
- He served as President of the American Peptide Society from 2011-2013 and was President of the International Proteolysis Society. (benthamscience.com)
Phage Library2
- The Ph.D.™-C7C Phage Display Peptide Library Kit contains a tube of the Ph.D.-C7C Phage Library, protein reagents for a control reaction and sequencing primer stocks. (neb.com)
- Construction of such a peptide-fused phage library possessing non-natural core structures will be useful for future drug discovery. (mdpi.com)
Tandem mass spectro4
- The detailed structure of the modified peptide on phage is identified with tandem mass spectrometry. (mdpi.com)
- While electron transfer dissociation (ETD) has been shown to outperform collision-induced dissociation (CID) in sequencing glycated peptides by tandem mass spectrometry, ETD instrumentation is not yet available in all laboratories. (unt.edu)
- All peptides were analysed by multi-modal liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), creating a compendium of millions of very high quality reference spectra (termed PROSPECT for ProteomeTools Spectrum Compendium). (technologynetworks.com)
- The study illustrates the utility of these reagents and data to verify protein identifications from sparse observations and to predict the behaviour of peptides during liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. (technologynetworks.com)
Linear peptide libraries1
- Of note, we carry 3 good linear peptide libraries (9-mer, 16-mer, and 20-mer), which are based on the same true phage system as NEB Ph.D. peptide libraries. (labtube.tv)