Peptide fragments. Medical search

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Analysis of PEPTIDES that are generated from the digestion or fragmentation of a protein or mixture of PROTEINS, by ELECTROPHORESIS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; or MASS SPECTROMETRY. The resulting peptide fingerprints are analyzed for a variety of purposes including the identification of the proteins in a sample, GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS, patterns of gene expression, and patterns diagnostic for diseases.

A collection of cloned peptides, or chemically synthesized peptides, frequently consisting of all possible combinations of amino acids making up an n-amino acid peptide.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.

Small cationic peptides that are an important component, in most species, of early innate and induced defenses against invading microbes. In animals they are found on mucosal surfaces, within phagocytic granules, and on the surface of the body. They are also found in insects and plants. Among others, this group includes the DEFENSINS, protegrins, tachyplesins, and thionins. They displace DIVALENT CATIONS from phosphate groups of MEMBRANE LIPIDS leading to disruption of the membrane.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Peptides whose amino and carboxy ends are linked together with a peptide bond forming a circular chain. Some of them are ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS. Some of them are biosynthesized non-ribosomally (PEPTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS, NON-RIBOSOMAL).

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Hydrolases that specifically cleave the peptide bonds found in PROTEINS and PEPTIDES. Examples of sub-subclasses for this group include EXOPEPTIDASES and ENDOPEPTIDASES.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

A non-aqueous co-solvent that serves as tool to study protein folding. It is also used in various pharmaceutical, chemical and engineering applications.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

Variation occurring within a species in the presence or length of DNA fragment generated by a specific endonuclease at a specific site in the genome. Such variations are generated by mutations that create or abolish recognition sites for these enzymes or change the length of the fragment.

A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

Univalent antigen-binding fragments composed of one entire IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAIN and the amino terminal end of one of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS from the hinge region, linked to each other by disulfide bonds. Fab contains the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGIONS, which are part of the antigen-binding site, and the first IMMUNOGLOBULIN CONSTANT REGIONS. This fragment can be obtained by digestion of immunoglobulins with the proteolytic enzyme PAPAIN.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

A mass spectrometric technique that is used for the analysis of large biomolecules. Analyte molecules are embedded in an excess matrix of small organic molecules that show a high resonant absorption at the laser wavelength used. The matrix absorbs the laser energy, thus inducing a soft disintegration of the sample-matrix mixture into free (gas phase) matrix and analyte molecules and molecular ions. In general, only molecular ions of the analyte molecules are produced, and almost no fragmentation occurs. This makes the method well suited for molecular weight determinations and mixture analysis.

A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Any member of the group of ENDOPEPTIDASES containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Processes involved in the formation of TERTIARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE.

Partial immunoglobulin molecules resulting from selective cleavage by proteolytic enzymes or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

A thermostable extracellular metalloendopeptidase containing four calcium ions. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) 3.4.24.27.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Methods used for studying the interactions of antibodies with specific regions of protein antigens. Important applications of epitope mapping are found within the area of immunochemistry.

Chemical groups containing the covalent disulfide bonds -S-S-. The sulfur atoms can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties.

A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.

Insects of the order Dictyoptera comprising several families including Blaberidae, BLATTELLIDAE, Blattidae (containing the American cockroach PERIPLANETA americana), Cryptocercidae, and Polyphagidae.

A thin-walled distention of the alimentary tract protruding just outside the body cavity in the distal end of the neck (esophagus), used for the temporary storage of food and water.

A mass spectrometry technique using two (MS/MS) or more mass analyzers. With two in tandem, the precursor ions are mass-selected by a first mass analyzer, and focused into a collision region where they are then fragmented into product ions which are then characterized by a second mass analyzer. A variety of techniques are used to separate the compounds, ionize them, and introduce them to the first mass analyzer. For example, for in GC-MS/MS, GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY is involved in separating relatively small compounds by GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY prior to injecting them into an ionization chamber for the mass selection.

Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.

A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Calcitonin gene-related peptide. A 37-amino acid peptide derived from the calcitonin gene. It occurs as a result of alternative processing of mRNA from the calcitonin gene. The neuropeptide is widely distributed in neural tissue of the brain, gut, perivascular nerves, and other tissue. The peptide produces multiple biological effects and has both circulatory and neurotransmitter modes of action. In particular, it is a potent endogenous vasodilator.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

Peptides that have the ability to enter cells by crossing the plasma membrane directly, or through uptake by the endocytotic pathway.

The production of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS by the constituents of a living organism. The biosynthesis of proteins on RIBOSOMES following an RNA template is termed translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC). There are other, non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis (PEPTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS, NUCLEIC ACID-INDEPENDENT) mechanisms carried out by PEPTIDE SYNTHASES and PEPTIDYLTRANSFERASES. Further modifications of peptide chains yield functional peptide and protein molecules.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A fibrous protein complex that consists of proteins folded into a specific cross beta-pleated sheet structure. This fibrillar structure has been found as an alternative folding pattern for a variety of functional proteins. Deposits of amyloid in the form of AMYLOID PLAQUES are associated with a variety of degenerative diseases. The amyloid structure has also been found in a number of functional proteins that are unrelated to disease.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. It is used in protein biochemistry. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.

Peptides generated from AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES PRECURSOR. An amyloid fibrillar form of these peptides is the major component of amyloid plaques found in individuals with Alzheimer's disease and in aged individuals with trisomy 21 (DOWN SYNDROME). The peptide is found predominantly in the nervous system, but there have been reports of its presence in non-neural tissue.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

DNA analogs containing neutral amide backbone linkages composed of aminoethyl glycine units instead of the usual phosphodiester linkage of deoxyribose groups. Peptide nucleic acids have high biological stability and higher affinity for complementary DNA or RNA sequences than analogous DNA oligomers.

Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.

Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

A mass spectrometry technique used for analysis of nonvolatile compounds such as proteins and macromolecules. The technique involves preparing electrically charged droplets from analyte molecules dissolved in solvent. The electrically charged droplets enter a vacuum chamber where the solvent is evaporated. Evaporation of solvent reduces the droplet size, thereby increasing the coulombic repulsion within the droplet. As the charged droplets get smaller, the excess charge within them causes them to disintegrate and release analyte molecules. The volatilized analyte molecules are then analyzed by mass spectrometry.

Chromatographic techniques in which the mobile phase is a liquid.

Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.

A PEPTIDE of 22 amino acids, derived mainly from cells of VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM. It is also found in the BRAIN, major endocrine glands, and other tissues. It shares structural homology with ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR. It has vasorelaxant activity thus is important in the regulation of vascular tone and blood flow. Several high molecular weight forms containing the 22 amino acids have been identified.

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

Peptides that regulate the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in the body, also known as natriuretic peptide hormones. Several have been sequenced (ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR; BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE; C-TYPE NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE).

A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information.

Substances found in PLANTS that have antigenic activity.

The process by which antigen is presented to lymphocytes in a form they can recognize. This is performed by antigen presenting cells (APCs). Some antigens require processing before they can be recognized. Antigen processing consists of ingestion and partial digestion of the antigen by the APC, followed by presentation of fragments on the cell surface. (From Rosen et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 1989)

A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

The homogeneous mixtures formed by the mixing of a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance (solute) with a liquid (the solvent), from which the dissolved substances can be recovered by physical processes. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

Ligases that catalyze the joining of adjacent AMINO ACIDS by the formation of carbon-nitrogen bonds between their carboxylic acid groups and amine groups.

Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).

Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the STOMACH, the neuropeptide stimulates release of GASTRIN from the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

A process that includes the determination of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE of a protein (or peptide, oligopeptide or peptide fragment) and the information analysis of the sequence.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

The systematic study of the complete complement of proteins (PROTEOME) of organisms.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Analogs of those substrates or compounds which bind naturally at the active sites of proteins, enzymes, antibodies, steroids, or physiological receptors. These analogs form a stable covalent bond at the binding site, thereby acting as inhibitors of the proteins or steroids.

A family of G-protein-coupled receptors that was originally identified by its ability to bind N-formyl peptides such as N-FORMYLMETHIONINE LEUCYL-PHENYLALANINE. Since N-formyl peptides are found in MITOCHONDRIA and BACTERIA, this class of receptors is believed to play a role in mediating cellular responses to cellular damage and bacterial invasion. However, non-formylated peptide ligands have also been found for this receptor class.

The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.

A 27-amino acid peptide with histidine at the N-terminal and isoleucine amide at the C-terminal. The exact amino acid composition of the peptide is species dependent. The peptide is secreted in the intestine, but is found in the nervous system, many organs, and in the majority of peripheral tissues. It has a wide range of biological actions, affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and central nervous systems.

Cell surface receptors that bind peptide messengers with high affinity and regulate intracellular signals which influence the behavior of cells.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as CATIONS; those with a negative charge are ANIONS.

The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Procedures by which protein structure and function are changed or created in vitro by altering existing or synthesizing new structural genes that direct the synthesis of proteins with sought-after properties. Such procedures may include the design of MOLECULAR MODELS of proteins using COMPUTER GRAPHICS or other molecular modeling techniques; site-specific mutagenesis (MUTAGENESIS, SITE-SPECIFIC) of existing genes; and DIRECTED MOLECULAR EVOLUTION techniques to create new genes.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

Measurement of the intensity and quality of fluorescence.

ENDOPEPTIDASES which use a metal such as ZINC in the catalytic mechanism.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

NMR spectroscopy on small- to medium-size biological macromolecules. This is often used for structural investigation of proteins and nucleic acids, and often involves more than one isotope.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (ENDOPEPTIDASES).

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

Biologically active molecules which are covalently bound to the enzymes or binding proteins normally acting on them. Binding occurs due to activation of the label by ultraviolet light. These labels are used primarily to identify binding sites on proteins.

Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.

Enzymes that act at a free C-terminus of a polypeptide to liberate a single amino acid residue.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Substances used for the detection, identification, analysis, etc. of chemical, biological, or pathologic processes or conditions. Indicators are substances that change in physical appearance, e.g., color, at or approaching the endpoint of a chemical titration, e.g., on the passage between acidity and alkalinity. Reagents are substances used for the detection or determination of another substance by chemical or microscopical means, especially analysis. Types of reagents are precipitants, solvents, oxidizers, reducers, fluxes, and colorimetric reagents. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p301, p499)

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Electrophoresis in which a second perpendicular electrophoretic transport is performed on the separate components resulting from the first electrophoresis. This technique is usually performed on polyacrylamide gels.

An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.

Disruption of the non-covalent bonds and/or disulfide bonds responsible for maintaining the three-dimensional shape and activity of the native protein.

A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)

A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen.

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

Electrophoresis in which a pH gradient is established in a gel medium and proteins migrate until they reach the site (or focus) at which the pH is equal to their isoelectric point.

Proteins and peptides that are involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION within the cell. Included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and cellular processes in response to signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. Intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors.

Reagents with two reactive groups, usually at opposite ends of the molecule, that are capable of reacting with and thereby forming bridges between side chains of amino acids in proteins; the locations of naturally reactive areas within proteins can thereby be identified; may also be used for other macromolecules, like glycoproteins, nucleic acids, or other.

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.

A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels.

Immunologic techniques involved in diagnosis.

ENDOPEPTIDASES which have a cysteine involved in the catalytic process. This group of enzymes is inactivated by CYSTEINE PROTEINASE INHIBITORS such as CYSTATINS and SULFHYDRYL REAGENTS.

A group of cytochromes with covalent thioether linkages between either or both of the vinyl side chains of protoheme and the protein. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539)

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

The endogenous peptides with opiate-like activity. The three major classes currently recognized are the ENKEPHALINS, the DYNORPHINS, and the ENDORPHINS. Each of these families derives from different precursors, proenkephalin, prodynorphin, and PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN, respectively. There are also at least three classes of OPIOID RECEPTORS, but the peptide families do not map to the receptors in a simple way.

A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.

Hormones synthesized from amino acids. They are distinguished from INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS in that their actions are systemic.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.

The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.

Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.

Determination of the spectra of ultraviolet absorption by specific molecules in gases or liquids, for example Cl2, SO2, NO2, CS2, ozone, mercury vapor, and various unsaturated compounds. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction.

The structure of one molecule that imitates or simulates the structure of a different molecule.

Serologic tests in which a positive reaction manifested by visible CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION occurs when a soluble ANTIGEN reacts with its precipitins, i.e., ANTIBODIES that can form a precipitate.

Crystallizable fragments composed of the carboxy-terminal halves of both IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS linked to each other by disulfide bonds. Fc fragments contain the carboxy-terminal parts of the heavy chain constant regions that are responsible for the effector functions of an immunoglobulin (COMPLEMENT fixation, binding to the cell membrane via FC RECEPTORS, and placental transport). This fragment can be obtained by digestion of immunoglobulins with the proteolytic enzyme PAPAIN.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Carica papaya. It is also the name used for a purified mixture of papain and CHYMOPAPAIN that is used as a topical enzymatic debriding agent. EC 3.4.22.2.

A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of SKIN; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; and the organic substance of bones (BONE AND BONES) and teeth (TOOTH).

Agents that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags.

Systems of enzymes which function sequentially by catalyzing consecutive reactions linked by common metabolic intermediates. They may involve simply a transfer of water molecules or hydrogen atoms and may be associated with large supramolecular structures such as MITOCHONDRIA or RIBOSOMES.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

Compounds containing the -SH radical.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.

A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

Peptide sequences, generated by iterative rounds of SELEX APTAMER TECHNIQUE, that bind to a target molecule specifically and with high affinity.

Databases containing information about PROTEINS such as AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; PROTEIN CONFORMATION; and other properties.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

The amino acid sequence of Neurospora NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase. The tryptic peptides. (1/33178)

The NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase of Neurospora crassa was digested with trypsin, and peptides accounting for 441 out of the 452 residues of the polypeptide chain were isolated and substantially sequenced. Additional experimental detail has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50052 (11 pages) with the British Library (Lending Division), Boston Spa, Wetherby, W. Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies may be obtained under the terms given in Biochem J. (1975) 145, 5. (+info)

Studies of the binding of different iron donors to human serum transferrin and isolation of iron-binding fragments from the N- and C-terminal regions of the protein. (2/33178)

1. Trypsin digestion of human serum transferrin partially saturated with iron(III)-nitrilotriacetate at pH 5.5 or pH 8.5 produces a carbohydrate-containing iron-binding fragment of mol.wt. 43000. 2. When iron(III) citrate, FeCl3, iron (III) ascorabate and (NH4)2SO4,FeSO4 are used as iron donors to saturate the protein partially, at pH8.5, proteolytic digestion yields a fragment of mol.wt. 36000 that lacks carbohydrate. 3. The two fragments differ in their antigenic structures, amino acid compositions and peptide 'maps'. 4. The fragment with mol.wt. 36000 was assigned to the N-terminal region of the protein and the other to the C-terminal region. 5. The distribution of iron in human serum transferrin partially saturated with various iron donors was examined by electrophoresis in urea/polyacrylamide gels and the two possible monoferric forms were unequivocally identified. 6. The site designated A on human serum transferrin [Harris (1977) Biochemistry 16, 560--564] was assigned to the C-terminal region of the protein and the B site to the N-terminal region. 7. The distribution of iron on transferrin in human plasma was determined. (+info)

The amino acid sequence of Neurospora NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase. Peptides from digestion with a staphylococcal proteinase. (3/33178)

The extracellular proteinase of Staphylococcus aureus strain V8 was used to digest the NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase of Neurospora crassa. Of 35 non-overlapping peptides expected from the glutamate content of the polypeptide chain, 29 were isolated and substantially sequenced. The sequences obtained were valuable in providing overlaps for the alignment of about two-thirds of the sequences found in tryptic peptides [Wootton, J. C., Taylor, J, G., Jackson, A. A., Chambers, G. K. & Fincham, J. R. S. (1975) Biochem. J. 149, 739-748]. The blocked N-terminal peptide of the protein was isolated. This peptide was sequenced by mass spectrometry, and found to have N-terminal N-acetylserine by Howard R. Morris and Anne Dell, whose results are presented as an Appendix to the main paper. The staphylococcal proteinase showed very high specificity for glutamyl bonds in the NH4HCO3 buffer used. Partial splits of two aspartyl bonds, both Asp-Ile, were probably attributable to the proteinase. No cleavage of glutaminyl or S-carboxymethylcysteinyl bonds was found. Additional experimental detail has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50053 (5 pages) with the British Library (Lending Division), Boston Spa, Wetherby, W. Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K, from whom copies may be obtained under the terms given in Biochem. J. (1975) 1458 5. (+info)

Inhibition of in vitro enteric neuronal development by endothelin-3: mediation by endothelin B receptors. (4/33178)

The terminal colon is aganglionic in mice lacking endothelin-3 or its receptor, endothelin B. To analyze the effects of endothelin-3/endothelin B on the differentiation of enteric neurons, E11-13 mouse gut was dissociated, and positive and negative immunoselection with antibodies to p75(NTR )were used to isolate neural crest- and non-crest-derived cells. mRNA encoding endothelin B was present in both the crest-and non-crest-derived cells, but that encoding preproendothelin-3 was detected only in the non-crest-derived population. The crest- and non-crest-derived cells were exposed in vitro to endothelin-3, IRL 1620 (an endothelin B agonist), and/or BQ 788 (an endothelin B antagonist). Neurons and glia developed only in cultures of crest-derived cells, and did so even when endothelin-3 was absent and BQ 788 was present. Endothelin-3 inhibited neuronal development, an effect that was mimicked by IRL 1620 and blocked by BQ 788. Endothelin-3 failed to stimulate the incorporation of [3H]thymidine or bromodeoxyuridine. Smooth muscle development in non-crest-derived cell cultures was promoted by endothelin-3 and inhibited by BQ 788. In contrast, transcription of laminin alpha1, a smooth muscle-derived promoter of neuronal development, was inhibited by endothelin-3, but promoted by BQ 788. Neurons did not develop in explants of the terminal bowel of E12 ls/ls (endothelin-3-deficient) mice, but could be induced to do so by endothelin-3 if a source of neural precursors was present. We suggest that endothelin-3/endothelin B normally prevents the premature differentiation of crest-derived precursors migrating to and within the fetal bowel, enabling the precursor population to persist long enough to finish colonizing the bowel. (+info)

Bone resorption induced by parathyroid hormone is strikingly diminished in collagenase-resistant mutant mice. (5/33178)

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates bone resorption by acting directly on osteoblasts/stromal cells and then indirectly to increase differentiation and function of osteoclasts. PTH acting on osteoblasts/stromal cells increases collagenase gene transcription and synthesis. To assess the role of collagenase in the bone resorptive actions of PTH, we used mice homozygous (r/r) for a targeted mutation (r) in Col1a1 that are resistant to collagenase cleavage of type I collagen. Human PTH(1-34) was injected subcutaneously over the hemicalvariae in wild-type (+/+) or r/r mice four times daily for three days. Osteoclast numbers, the size of the bone marrow spaces and periosteal proliferation were increased in calvariae from PTH-treated +/+ mice, whereas in r/r mice, PTH-induced bone resorption responses were minimal. The r/r mice were not resistant to other skeletal effects of PTH because abundant interstitial collagenase mRNA was detected in the calvarial periosteum of PTH-treated, but not vehicle-treated, r/r and +/+ mice. Calcemic responses, 0.5-10 hours after intraperitoneal injection of PTH, were blunted in r/r mice versus +/+ mice. Thus, collagenase cleavage of type I collagen is necessary for PTH induction of osteoclastic bone resorption. (+info)

Caspase-mediated cleavage of p21Waf1/Cip1 converts cancer cells from growth arrest to undergoing apoptosis. (6/33178)

The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21waf1/Cip1 is a downstream effector of the p53-dependent cell growth arrest. We report herein that p21 was cleaved by caspase-3/CPP32 at the site of DHVD112L during the DNA damage-induced apoptosis of cancer cells. The cleaved p21 fragment could no more arrest the cells in G1 phase nor suppress the cells undergoing apoptosis because it failed to bind to the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and lost its capability to localize in the nucleus. Thus, caspase-3-mediated cleavage and inactivation of p21 protein may convert cancer cells from growth arrest to undergoing apoptosis, leading to the acceleration of chemotherapy-induced apoptotic process in cancer cells. (+info)

Activation of Src in human breast tumor cell lines: elevated levels of phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity that preferentially recognizes the Src carboxy terminal negative regulatory tyrosine 530. (7/33178)

Elevated levels of Src kinase activity have been reported in a number of human cancers, including colon and breast cancer. We have analysed four human breast tumor cell lines that exhibit high levels of Src kinase activity, and have determined that these cell lines also exhibit a high level of a phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity that recognizes the Src carboxy-terminal P-Tyr530 negative regulatory site. Total Src kinase activity in these cell lines is elevated as much as 30-fold over activity in normal control cells and specific activity is elevated as much as 5.6-fold. When the breast tumor cells were grown in the presence of the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor vanadate, Src kinase activity was reduced in all four breast tumor cell lines, suggesting that Src was being activated by a phosphatase which could recognize the Tyr530 negative regulatory site. In fractionated cell extracts from the breast tumor cells, we found elevated levels of a membrane associated tyrosine phosphatase activity that preferentially dephosphorylated a Src family carboxy-terminal phosphopeptide containing the regulatory tyrosine 530 site. Src was hypophosphorylated in vivo at tyrosine 530 in at least two of the tumor cell lines, further suggesting that Src was being activated by a phosphatase in these cells. In preliminary immunoprecipitation and antibody depletion experiments, we were unable to correlate the major portion of this phosphatase activity with several known phosphatases. (+info)

Caspase 3 inactivation to suppress Fas-mediated apoptosis: identification of binding domain with p21 and ILP and inactivation machinery by p21. (8/33178)

The death mediator caspase acts as the dominant regulator during cell death induction. The CPP32 subfamily, including caspase 3 (CPP32/Yama/Apopain), is essential for the cell death signaling. We recently reported that activation of caspase 3 is regulated by complex formation with p21 or ILP. In the present study, we investigated the binding domain with p21 and ILP to further characterize the caspase 3 inactivation machinery. Our results show that caspase 3 contains p21 binding domain in the N-terminus and ILP binding domain in the active site. Further, the caspase 3 binding domain in p21 was independent of the Cdk- or PCNA-binding domain. We also found caspase 3 protection by p21 from the p3-site cleavage serineproteinase contributes to the suppression machinery. Here, we propose the caspase 3 inactivation system by p21 and ILP as new essential system in the regulation of cell death. (+info)

Peptides [58231] (121): peptides and fragments. Not a true class.. *Designed proteins [58788] (44): Experimental structures of ... Low resolution protein structures [58117] (26): Peptides and fragments. Not a true class ... membrane and cell surface proteins and peptides [56835] (58): Does not include proteins in the immune system ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_Classification_of_Proteins

Erlanson DA (June 2011). "Introduction to fragment-based drug discovery". Fragment-Based Drug Discovery and X-Ray ... "Protein-peptide docking: opportunities and challenges". Drug Discovery Today. 23 (8): 1530-1537. doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2018.05. ... Folkers G, Jahnke W, Erlanson DA, Mannhold R, Kubinyi H (2006). Fragment-based Approaches in Drug Discovery (Methods and ... Such modifications are often guided by protein X-ray crystallography of the protein-fragment complex.[41][42][43] The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_discovery

... peptide fragments". Peptides. 28 (10): 1945-53. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2007.07.022. PMID 17766010. S2CID 40284900. cocaine-+and ... "The activity of CART peptide fragments". Peptides. 27 (8): 1926-33. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2005.10.025. PMID 16730858. S2CID ... Peptides. 27 (6): 1328-34. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2005.10.016. PMID 16309793. S2CID 27440114. Wierup N, Kuhar M, Nilsson BO, ... The peptide is found in several areas, among them the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the brain. When CART was injected into ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine_and_amphetamine_regulated_transcript

The Fc fragment is digested into small peptides. Fab fragments are generated by cleavage of IgG with papain instead of pepsin. ... Fab fragments and an intact Fc fragment. The fragments can be purified by gel filtration, ion exchange, or affinity ... Use of F(ab')2 or Fab fragments ensures that the antibodies are binding to the antigen and not Fc receptors. These fragments ... peptides and amino acids, which can be readily absorbed by the small intestine. Pepsin is most efficient in cleaving peptide ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepsin

A second mass analyzer then stabilizes the peptide ions while they collide with a gas, causing them to fragment by collision- ... Since the precise structure or peptide sequence of a molecule is deciphered through the set of fragment masses, the ... When the characteristic pattern of peptides is used for the identification of the protein the method is called peptide mass ... The ions can then further fragment, yielding predictable patterns. Intact ions and fragments pass into the mass spectrometer's ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_spectrometry

These range from small oxyanions to large peptide fragments. Other MFS transporters are notable for a lack of selectivity, ... "Structural basis for dynamic mechanism of proton-coupled symport by the peptide transporter POT". Proceedings of the National ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_facilitator_superfamily

Dyson HJ, Sayre JR, Merutka G, Shin HC, Lerner RA, Wright PE (August 1992). "Folding of peptide fragments comprising the ... Since the peptide bonds themselves are polar they are neutralised by hydrogen bonding with each other when in the hydrophobic ... Zehfus MH (June 1997). "Identification of compact, hydrophobically stabilized domains and modules containing multiple peptide ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_domain

Some HLAs bind pathogenic peptide fragments with very high affinity. This in essence "supercharges" their immune system in ... Thus any alteration to the HLA that induces decreased binding to a certain peptide or increased binding to a certain peptide, ... If HLAs bind none of the peptides produced by a pathogen, then there is no way for the immune system to tell that a cell is ... This is a significant decrease and is almost certainly a result of the abnormally efficient binding of HLA-A*02 to peptides ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-A*02

Cholecystokinin tetrapeptide (CCK-4, Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2) is a peptide fragment derived from the larger peptide hormone ... García-López MT, González-Muñiz R, Martín-Martínez M, Herranz R (2007). "Strategies for design of non peptide CCK1R agonist/ ... Kalindjian SB, McDonald IM (2007). "Strategies for the design of non-peptide CCK2 receptor agonist and antagonist ligand". ... Koulischer D, Moroder L, Deschodt-Lanckman M (August 1982). "Degradation of cholecystokinin octapeptide, related fragments and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCK-4

"Peptide fragments derived from the beta-chain of hemoglobin (hemorphins) are centrally active in vivo". Peptides. 10 (4): 747- ... Hemorphins are a class of naturally occurring, endogenous opioid peptides which are found in the bloodstream, and are derived ... Brantl V, Gramsch C, Lottspeich F, Mertz R, Jaeger KH, Herz A (June 1986). "Novel opioid peptides derived from hemoglobin: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemorphin

September 1999). "Biological activity of fragments and analogues of the potent dimeric opioid peptide, biphalin". Bioorganic & ... a multireceptor opioid peptide". The Journal of Peptide Research. 59 (3): 123-33. doi:10.1034/j.1399-3011.2002.01967.x. PMID ... Biphalin is a dimeric enkephalin endogenous peptide (Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-NH)2 composed of two tetrapeptides derived from ... March 1998). "Modifications of the 4,4'-residues and SAR studies of Biphalin, a highly potent opioid receptor active peptide". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biphalin

Mercurio FA, Di Natale C, Pirone L, Scognamiglio PL, Marasco D, Pedone EM, Saviano M, Leone M (July 2015). "Peptide Fragments ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANKS1A

Peptides and fragments. Not a true class Peptides [58231] (121): peptides and fragments. Not a true class. Designed proteins [ ... Folds consisting of two or more domains belonging to different classes membrane and cell surface proteins and peptides [56835 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_Classification_of_Proteins_database

Peptides. 32 (7): 1530-5. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2011.05.028. PMID 21672568. S2CID 19982289.. ... "Antinociceptive effects of spinally administered nociceptin/orphanin FQ and its N-terminal fragments on capsaicin-induced ... Nociceptin is a peptide related to the opioid class of compounds (ex. morphine and codeine), but it does not act at the classic ... It is derived from the prepronociceptin protein, as are a further 2 peptides, nocistatin & NocII, which inhibit the N/OFQ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nociceptin

... fragments refer to fragments of proteins that are used to identify or quantify the source protein.[13] Often these are ... fungal peptides, invertebrate peptides, amphibian/skin peptides, venom peptides, cancer/anticancer peptides, vaccine peptides ... cardiovascular peptides, renal peptides, respiratory peptides, opiate peptides, neurotrophic peptides, and blood-brain peptides ... immune/inflammatory peptides, brain peptides, endocrine peptides, ingestive peptides, gastrointestinal peptides, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptone

Their function is to display peptide fragments of proteins from within the cell to cytotoxic T cells; this will trigger an ... Peptide removal[edit]. Peptides that fail to bind MHC class I molecules in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are ... Translocation and peptide loading[edit]. The peptide translocation from the cytosol into the lumen of the ER is accomplished by ... The α1 and α2 domains fold to make up a groove for peptides to bind. MHC class I molecules bind peptides that are predominantly ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHC_class_I

A peptide fragment of ChgA located in the Vasostatin-1, namely ChgA29-42 has been identified as the antigenic epitope ... Chromogranin A is cleaved by an endogenous prohormone convertase to produce several peptide fragments. See chromogranin A ... These peptides negatively modulate the neuroendocrine function of the releasing cell (autocrine) or nearby cells (paracrine). ... April 2011). "Cutting edge: vasostatin-1-derived peptide ChgA29-42 is an antigenic epitope of diabetogenic BDC2.5 T cells in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromogranin_A

For T Cell Receptor (TCR) recognition, the peptide must be processed into small fragments inside the cell and presented by a ... The nature of the central TCR-exposed residues of MHC-bound peptides is associated with peptide immunogenicity.[15] ... and processed into fragments. APCs then present the fragments to T helper cells (CD4+) by the use of class II ... The fragments are then presented on the cell surface in the complex with MHC class I molecules. If activated cytotoxic CD8+ T ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen

Dwulet FE, Putnam FW (Feb 1981). "Complete amino acid sequence of a 50,000-dalton fragment of human ceruloplasmin". Proceedings ... I. Amino acid sequence of the cyanogen bromide peptides". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 255 (7): 2878-85. PMID 6987229. ... Kingston IB, Kingston BL, Putnam FW (Apr 1980). "Primary structure of a histidine-rich proteolytic fragment of human ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceruloplasmin

Renin is a circulating enzyme that acts on a circulating peptide, angiotensinogen. Renin cleaves the peptide at the Leu10-Val11 ... Ferrario, C. M.; Iyer, S. N. (1998). "angiotensin-(1-7): A bioactive fragment of the renin-angiotensin system". Regulatory ... This generation consists of two groups of compounds, either peptide analogues of the prosegment of renin or peptide analogues ... Non-peptide substances were known to be able to solve the problems of poor pharmacokinetic properties and low specificity. This ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renin_inhibitor

β-Lipotropin can be cleaved into smaller peptides. In humans, γ-lipotropin, β-MSH, and β-endorphin, are all possible fragments ... γ-lipotropin is the amino-terminal peptide fragment of β-lipotropin. In humans, it has 56 amino acids. Gamma lipotropin is ... Peptides Direct information page, accessed 26 August 2013 Le Grand, Chip (2016). The straight dope : the inside story of ... Spiess J, Mount CD, Nicholson WE, Orth DN (August 1982). "NH2-terminal amino acid sequence and peptide mapping of purified ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipotropin

fragment_db = FragmentDB("") system.apply(fragment_db.normalize_names) system.apply(fragment_db.add_hydrogens) system.apply( ... Molecules can also be created using BALL's peptide builder, or based on SMILES expressions. General structure analysis Further ... fragment_db.normalize_names); S.apply(fragment_db.add_hydrogens); S.apply(fragment_db.build_bonds); // check for charges, bond ... fragment_db.build_bonds) # Check for charges, bond lengths, # and missing atoms. checker = ResidueChecker(fragment_db) system. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BALL

"Tumor cell cytolysis mediated by valorphin, an opioid-like fragment of hemoglobin beta-chain". Peptides. 18 (1): 79-85. doi ... August 2002). "Antiproliferative action of valorphin in cell cultures". Journal of Peptide Science. 8 (8): 438-52. doi:10.1002/ ... International Journal of Peptide and Protein Research. 39 (6): 477-84. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3011.1992.tb00277.x. PMID 1356941.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valorphin

It is the process of assigning amino acids from peptide fragment masses of a protein. De novo sequencing has proven successful ... Collision-induced dissociation is used in mainstream applications to generate a set of fragments from a specific peptide ion. ... An intermediate "middle-down" approach in which larger peptide fragments are analyzed may also sometimes be used. The ... Peptide mass fingerprinting uses the masses of proteolytic peptides as input to a search of a database of predicted masses that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_mass_spectrometry

"Peptide fragments derived from the beta-chain of hemoglobin (hemorphins) are centrally active in vivo". Peptides. 10 (4): 747- ... Casomorphin Brantl V, Gramsch C, Lottspeich F, Mertz R, Jaeger KH, Herz A (June 1986). "Novel opioid peptides derived from ... Hemorphin-4 is an endogenous opioid peptide of the hemorphin family which possesses antinociceptive properties and is derived ... Peptides. 13 (4): 623-31. doi:10.1016/0196-9781(92)90165-Y. PMID 1359507. S2CID 32330624. Lantz I, Glämsta EL, Talbäck L, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemorphin-4

Individual peptides are then analyzed for overall deuteration of each peptide fragment. Using this technique the resolution of ... Bache N, Rand KD, Roepstorff P, Jørgensen TJ (August 2008). "Gas-phase fragmentation of peptides by MALDI in-source decay with ... In this regard, the conclusions have been mixed, while it is possible to obtain UVPD fragments which has not undergone ... For example, the location and relative amount of deuterium exchange along the peptide backbone can be determined roughly by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen–deuterium_exchange

2h7e: Solution structure of the talin F3 domain in complex with a chimeric beta3 integrin-PIP kinase peptide- minimized average ... 2h7d: Solution structure of the talin F3 domain in complex with a chimeric beta3 integrin-PIP kinase peptide ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLN1

In some brain areas, amidorphin is extensively further reduced into smaller fragments, such as the non-opioid peptide ... Opioid peptide Seizinger BR; Liebisch DC; Gramsch C; et al. (1985). "Isolation and structure of a novel C-terminally amidated ... The 26-residue peptide named amidorphin is found in several species including bovine (Bos taurus), sheep (Ovis aries), and pig ... Amidorphin is an endogenous, C-terminally amidated, opioid peptide generated as a cleavage product of proenkephalin A in some ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amidorphin

... suggesting that transit peptides are actually collections of domains with different functions.[42] Transit peptides tend to be ... leaving an 86 kilodalton fragment called Toc86.[48] In the middle is its GTP binding domain, which is very similar to the ... Chloroplast transit peptides exhibit huge variation in length and amino acid sequence.[42] They can be from 20-150 amino acids ... Not all chloroplast proteins include a N-terminal cleavable transit peptide though.[38] Some include the transit sequence ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast_DNA

Third-generation anti-CD20s such as obinutuzumab have a glycoengineered Fc fragment (Fc)[54] with enhanced binding to Fc gamma ... proapoptotic peptide against ANXA2 and prohibitin (Adipotide). *exotoxin against IL-2 (Denileukin diftitox) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rituximab

A 5-fold drop of amyloid peptide was observed, suggesting that deficiency of presenilin-1 can down regulate amyloid and ... Pitsi D, Octave JN (June 2004). "Presenilin 1 stabilizes the C-terminal fragment of the amyloid precursor protein independently ... Phiel CJ, Wilson CA, Lee VM, Klein PS (May 2003). "GSK-3alpha regulates production of Alzheimer's disease amyloid-beta peptides ... presenilin exists in the cell mainly as a heterodimer of the C-terminal and N-terminus fragments.[9] When presenilin 1 is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSEN1

Radiolabeled studies have verified that both small and large fragments of β-glucans are found in the serum, which indicates ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-glucans

Peptide biosynthesis and processing. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-8493-8852-1. Consultado o 25 November 2011.. ... and an NH2-terminal fragment of the adrenocorticotropic hormone/beta-lipotropin precursor from rat pars intermedia". The ... Chastrette N, Cespuglio R, Lin YL, Jouvet M (1990). "Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptides and sleep in the rat. Part 2-- ... Chastrette N, Cespuglio R, Jouvet M (1990). "Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptides and sleep in the rat. Part 1-- ...

https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Péptido_intermedio_similar_á_corticotropina

doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2007.05.013.. *^ Redrobe JP, Calo' G, Regoli D, Quirion R (2002). „Nociceptin receptor antagonists ... Yung LY, Tsim KW, Pei G, Wong YH (2000). „Immunoglobulin G1 Fc fragment-tagged human opioid receptor-like receptor retains the ... Mørk H, Hommel K, Uddman R, Edvinsson L, Jensen R (2002). „Does nociceptin play a role in pain disorders in man?". Peptides. 23 ... N, Zaveri (2003). „Peptide and nonpeptide ligands for the nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor ORL1: research tools and potential ...

https://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/Nociceptinski_receptor

Neurochemistry is the study of neurochemicals; including transmitters, peptides, proteins, lipids, sugars, and nucleic acids; ... the corpus of the Greek alchemists is a cluster of incoherent fragments, going back to all the times since the third century ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry?utm_source=Copy of December 2012&utm_campaign=October Newsletter&utm_medium=archive

Peptide bond formation. The ability to catalyse the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids to produce short peptides or ... For instance, an arbitrarily chosen 50-nucleotide DNA fragment encoding for the Bos taurus (cattle) albumin mRNA was subjected ... A candidate nucleic acid is peptide nucleic acid (PNA), which uses simple peptide bonds to link nucleobases.[89] PNA is more ... from peptides) and a RNA (from nucleotides). In this Peptide-RNA World scenario, RNA would have contained the instructions for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_world

Although the proteasome normally produces very short peptide fragments, in some cases these products are themselves ... Peptide antigens are displayed by the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC) proteins on the surface of antigen- ... The strength of MHC class I ligand binding is dependent on the composition of the ligand C-terminus, as peptides bind by ... These peptides are products of proteasomal degradation of proteins originated by the invading pathogen. Although constitutively ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteasome

Mycotoxins can be found on the mold spore and mold fragments, and therefore they can also be found on the substrate upon which ... The common house mold, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, produces small toxic peptides containing amino acids not found in common ... form of hypersensitivity is caused by the direct exposure to inhaled mold spores that can be dead or alive or hyphal fragments ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_mold

An anabolic peptide hormone produced in the pancreas which helps to regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and protein ... In biotechnology, cloning refers to the artificial creation of copies of cells, DNA fragments, or other biomolecules by various ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_biology

... that is responsible for recognizing fragments of antigen as peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules ... When the TCR engages with antigenic peptide and MHC (peptide/MHC), the T lymphocyte is activated through signal transduction, ... many TCRs recognize the same antigen peptide and many antigen peptides are recognized by the same TCR.[2] ... Crystal structure of human CD8 molecule Only a fragment of extracellular portion of human CD8α is shown. Co-receptor CD8 bind ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_cell_receptor

sRNAs are small (50-250 nucleotides), highly structured, non-coding RNA fragments found in bacteria. They control gene ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetic

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypeptide

Soy proteins and grain proteins are hydrolyzed into short peptide chain and free amino acids, which adds umami taste to the ... Over time, the Aspergillus mold on the soy and wheat break down the grain proteins into free amino acid and protein fragments ... water soluble peptides and Maillard reaction products in soy sauce are considered as essential chemical composition and to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecap

would be treated as a collection of three 8-bit fragments: 0x12. (MS), 0x34. , and 0x56. (LS). Since the size of a fragment ... The algorithm then advances to the next fragment of each operand's collection and invokes an ALU operation on these fragments ... The algorithm uses the ALU to directly operate on particular operand fragments and thus generate a corresponding fragment (a " ... This process is repeated for all operand fragments so as to generate a complete collection of partials, which is the result of ...

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic-logic_unit

Glucocorticoids may also inhibit the rates of POMC gene transcription and peptide synthesis. The latter is an example of a slow ... phosphorylation and glycosylation before it is proteolytically cleaved by endopeptidases to yield various polypeptide fragments ... The removal of the signal peptide during translation produces the 241-amino acid polypeptide POMC, which undergoes a series of ... a peptide with unknown activity in humans. ... polypeptide fragment. alias. abbreviation. amino acid residues ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone

Even in the same biopsy fragments, different degrees of pathology may exist. Duodenal biopsies in NCGS patients are always ... Serological CD markers (IgA tissue transglutaminase [tTGA], IgA endomysial [EmA] and IgG deamidated gliadin peptide [DGP] ... Barone, Maria; Troncone, Riccardo; Auricchio, Salvatore (2014). "Gliadin Peptides as Triggers of the Proliferative and Stress/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-celiac_gluten_sensitivity

This technology uses a single chain variable fragment (scFv) designed to recognize the cell surface marker CD19 as a method of ... sequence encoding the variable heavy and variable light chains of these antibodies are cloned together using a small peptide ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_lymphoblastic_leukemia

Playford, R. J.; Macdonald, C. E.; Johnson, W. S. (1 July 2000). "Colostrum and milk-derived peptide growth factors for the ... from ovine colostrum and its active nonapeptide fragment analogs". Eur. Cytokine Netw. 12 (3): 462-7. PMID 11566627.. ... These small immune signaling peptides (PRPs) were independently discovered in colostrum and other sources, such as blood plasma ... small messenger peptides that control the functioning of the immune system) are found in colostrum as well,[21] including ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colostrum

... conformations on the surface of a molecule for B cells and pre-processed peptide fragments of proteins for T cells. However, ... since the effects of smoking correlate with the presence of antibodies to citrullinated peptides. ... these mice 36 hours post-anti-MHC administration showed decreased responsiveness to the antigen pigeon cytochrome C peptide, as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune

Drugs that interfere with the action of these peptides would aid in lowering cholesterol levels by complementing the action of ... with expulsion of the benzotriazole fragment. The ring nitrogen is then protected as its ethyl carbamate by acylation with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torcetrapib

... where proteases degrade the target into short peptide fragments for recycling by the cell. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitin-conjugating_enzyme

Cyanogen bromide cleavage and N-terminal sequences of the fragments". The Biochemical Journal. 215 (3): 565-71. doi:10.1042/ ... Partial sequence determination of the heavy chain and identification of the peptide bond cleaved during activation". European ... Thielens NM, Van Dorsselaer A, Gagnon J, Arlaud GJ (April 1990). "Chemical and functional characterization of a fragment of C1- ... for peptide p-nitroanilide substrates". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 996 (1-2): 89-94. doi:10.1016/0167-4838(89)90099-x. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_component_1s

One protease-resistant peptide from α-gliadin contains a region that stimulates lymphocytes and results in the release of ... α2-gliadin fragment of 33 amino acids in length.[28] ... Membrane leaking permits peptides of gliadin that stimulate two ... This increases the likelihood that the DQ2 isoform will bind and stay bound to peptide when recognised by T-cells.[75] Gliadin ... DQ α5-β2 -binding cleft with a deamidated gliadin peptide (yellow), modified from PDB: 1S9V[63] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeliac_disease

"Focal adhesion kinase and paxillin bind to peptides mimicking beta integrin cytoplasmic domains". The Journal of Cell Biology ... "A fragment of paxillin binds the alpha 4 integrin cytoplasmic domain (tail) and selectively inhibits alpha 4-mediated cell ...

https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAK

An arbitrarily chosen DNA fragment derived from the mRNA transcript of bovine serum albumin was evolved through random point ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyribozyme

S. lacrymans' genome encodes six annotated polyketide synthases (PKS1-PKS6), 15 nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NPS1-NPS4, ... amplified fragment length polymorphisms, DNA sequences and microsatellites) on a worldwide sample of specimens suggested the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpula_lacrymans

This invention concerns peptide fragments of IFPS which are highly active against P. aeruginosa and other Pseudomonas species. ...

http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/technology-offerings/ifapsoriasin-fragments-antimicrobial-peptides-151593.html

... and the 38 amino acid form of the peptide cannot be replaced by another fragment or another member of the peptide family that ... Investigation of PACAP Fragments and Related Peptides in Chronic Retinal Hypoperfusion. Dora Werling,1 Dora Reglodi,1 Peter ... However, little is known about the effects of related peptides and PACAP fragments in ischemic retinopathy. The aim of the ... After performing BCCAO, the right eyes of the animals were treated with PACAP fragments or related peptides intravitreal (100 ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/joph/2014/563812/

Polymer-Encapsulated Aβ Peptide Fragments as an Oligomeric-Specific Vaccine for Alzheimers Disease ... β vaccination trials may be successfully addressed by using micelle-encapsulated peptides. These shorter Aβ fragments are also ... β1-42 peptide. We studied different encapsulated forms of shortened Aβ peptides with and without the entire T cell epitope in ... β-specific AD vaccination using polymer micelle-encapsulated peptide fragments, which overcome many problems of vaccination ...

http://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/asp/jbn/2016/00000012/00000007/art00006

Open Access journal that publishes original research articles as well as review articles in all areas of peptide research. ... International Journal of Peptides is a peer-reviewed, ... Synthesis of Hemopressin Peptides by Classical Solution Phase ... "Synthesis of Hemopressin Peptides by Classical Solution Phase Fragment Condensation," International Journal of Peptides, vol. ... Fragment Condensation. P. Anantha Reddy, Sean T. Jones, Anita H. Lewin, and F. Ivy Carroll ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijpep/2012/186034/cta/

Buy Lyophilized Peptide HGH fragment Frag 176 and find similar products on Alibaba.com ...

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Amastin Peptide-Binding Antibodies as Biomarkers of Active Human Visceral Leishmaniasis Sima Rafati, Nafiseh Hassani, Yasaman ... Dominant Epitopes of the C6 Diagnostic Peptide of Borrelia burgdorferi Are Largely Inaccessible to Antibody on the Parent VlsE ... The Gamma Interferon (IFN-γ) Mimetic Peptide IFN-γ(95-133) Prevents Encephalomyocarditis Virus Infection both in Tissue Culture ...

https://cvi.asm.org/keyword/peptide-fragments

Genomes and Genes about Experts and Doctors on peptide fragments in United States ... Datta B, Ghosh A, Majumdar A, Datta R. Autoproteolysis of rat p67 generates several peptide fragments: the N-terminal fragment ... Experts and Doctors on peptide fragments in United States. Summary. Locale: United States ... You are here: Locale , Experts and Doctors on peptide fragments in United States ...

http://www.labome.org/locale/experts-and-doctors-on-peptide-fragments-in-united-states-5342.html

A fragment condensation solution phase assembly of the naturally occurring CB1 inverse agonist nonapeptides, Pro-Val-Asn-Phe- ... Synthesis of hemopressin peptides by classical solution phase fragment condensation. International Journal of Peptides, 2012, ... A fragment condensation solution phase assembly of the naturally occurring CB1 inverse agonist nonapeptides, Pro-Val-Asn-Phe- ...

https://www.rti.org/publication/synthesis-hemopressin-peptides-classical-solution-phase-fragment-condensation

Researchers at National Jewish Health have identified the precise protein fragment that can trigger diabetes in mice. The ... these T cells are stimulated when they encounter high concentrations of the peptide or peptides that have been processed ... If the peptide does stimulate T cells associated with diabetes in humans, the discovery would suggest potential diagnostic and ... The MHCII molecule, which has a binding pocket only 9 amino acids long, can bind to and present that insulin fragment in at ...

https://www.nationaljewish.org/about/news/press-releases/2010/diabetes-tcells

Crystal structures of the binding domain of TeNT complexed with disialyllactose (DiSia) and a tri-peptide Tyr-Glu-Trp (YEW) ... Common binding site for disialyllactose and tri-peptide in C-fragment of tetanus neurotoxin Proteins. 2005 Nov 1;61(2):288-95. ... Crystal structures of the binding domain of TeNT complexed with disialyllactose (DiSia) and a tri-peptide Tyr-Glu-Trp (YEW) ... at the same site in tetanus toxin provides a putative site that could be occupied either by a ganglioside moiety or a peptide. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16104015/

Bio-Synthesis offers high quality Eglin c and Fragments for such as Eglin c is an 8.1 kDa protein proteinase inhibitor first ... Eglin C fragments:. In a study, various peptide fragments related to eglin c, which consists of 70 amino acid residues, were ... Synthesis of peptide fragments related to eglin c and studies on the relationship between their structure and effects on human ... The reactive site peptide bond of eglin is intact, and Ser221 OG of the enzyme is 2.81 A apart from the carbonyl carbon 2.. ...

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Synthesis of protected peptides corresponding to fragment A13-16 of human insulin. ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00565074

Mechanisms of RALF peptide perception by a heterotypic receptor complex. Xiao Y, Stegmann M, Han Z, DeFalco TA, Parys K, Xu L, ... Prosit: proteome-wide prediction of peptide tandem mass spectra by deep learning. Gessulat S, Schmidt T, Zolg DP, Samaras P, ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Peptide+Fragments%22%5Bnm%5D

... an epitope-homologous peptide GATPEDLNQKLAGN, as well as two unrelated peptides GLYEWGGARITNTD and efslkGpllqwrsG (D-peptide), ... The latter three peptides were identified from screening synthetic combinatorial peptide libraries. Although all peptides bind ... ANTI-P24 (HIV-1) FAB FRAGMENT CB41 COMPLEXED WITH AN EPITOPE-RELATED PEPTIDE. *DOI: 10.2210/pdb1CFN/pdb ... monoclonal antibody Fab fragment alone and in complexes with the epitope peptide GATPQDLNTnL (n = norleucine), an epitope- ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1CFN

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Fragment 1-12 human, porcine, rat ≥97% (HPLC); CAS Number: 120928-03-2; Synonyms: VIP 1-12; find ... Regulatory peptides, 54(2-3), 457-466 (1994-12-15). The effect of VIP on phagocytosis in peritoneal macrophages was examined by ... Vasoactive intestinal peptide 1-12: a ligand for the CD4 (T4)/human immunodeficiency virus receptor. ... Inhibitory effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on phagocytosis in mouse peritoneal macrophages. ...

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/V0131

Peptide Fragments - chemistry - genetics - metabolism Peptide Hydrolases - metabolism Plaque, Amyloid - chemistry - metabolism ... We have examined the structures of fragment 11-28 of the native peptide and its E22G variant. This fragment was chosen because ... Peptide Fragments - chemistry Rats Rats, Inbred BN Research Support, Non-U.S. Govt Triticum - immunology Abstract. Increase in ... Peptide Fragments - chemistry - metabolism Precipitin Tests Protein Processing, Post-Translational Sequence Analysis Sweden ...

https://arctichealth.org/en/list?q=topic%3A%22Peptide+Fragments+-+chemistry%22&p=1&ps=&sort=title_sort+asc

STRUCTURE OF A DYSTROPHIN WW DOMAIN FRAGMENT IN COMPLEX WITH A BETA-DYSTROGLYCAN PEPTIDE. *DOI: 10.2210/pdb1EG4/pdb ... The beta-dystroglycan peptide binds a composite surface formed by the WW domain and one of these EF-hands. Additionally, the ... Structure of a WW domain containing fragment of dystrophin in complex with beta-dystroglycan.. Huang, X., Poy, F., Zhang, R., ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1EG4

A kind of peptide hormone with species specificity, it is secreted by Anterior pituitary and to be the main hormone of people. ...

https://www.ecplaza.net/products/bio-peptide-hgh-fragment_4099183

N-terminal fragment of probrain natriuretic peptide is associated with diabetes microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes ... N-terminal fragment of probrain natriuretic peptide is associated with diabetes microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes ...

https://www.dovepress.com/corrigendum-n-terminal-fragment-of-probrain-natriuretic-peptide-i-peer-reviewed-article-VHRM

Circulating levels of N-terminal fragment of probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) are established as a risk factor for ... N-terminal fragment of probrain natriuretic peptide is associated with diabetes microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes ... N-terminal fragment of probrain natriuretic peptide is associated with diabetes microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes ... Aim/introduction: Circulating levels of N-terminal fragment of probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) are established as a ...

https://www.dovepress.com/n-terminal-fragment-of-probrain-natriuretic-peptide-is-associated-with-peer-reviewed-article-VHRM

... Uppalapati, Kanthi Rekha (2017) ... Both the intact eotaxins and fragments killed different kinds of bacteria. We also found that the eotaxins and fragments ... Modulation of Osteopontin Production and Chemokine-derived Fragments as Host Defense Peptides}, year = {2017}, } ... In this system, small peptide molecules characterized by positive charge serve as antibiotics. During allergic reactions, as ...

https://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/search/publication/8925115

... peptide fragments fibrillate faster and lead to different fibrils compared to the free hIAPP(20-29) peptide fragment.. [Heidi F ... Attachment of the peptide to the templates resulted in multimers containing six peptide fragments at different positions. ThT ... However, the conjugate fibrils formed more rapidly than the free peptide and were long and thin, as opposed to the thick and ... Applying fibril-forming peptides in nanomaterial design is still challenged by the difficulties in understanding and ...

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/papers/26284878

We synthesized 21 prion fragment peptides. Each purified peptide was individually incubated with recombinant MT1-MMP or MT3-MMP ... The C-terminal peptides had higher resistance than the central region. The data obtained from this study suggest that MT-MMPs ... Keywords: prion protein; fragment peptide; MT1-MMP; MT3-MMP; MMP-7; Cu2+; degradation prion protein; fragment peptide; MT1-MMP ... We synthesized 21 prion fragment peptides. Each purified peptide was individually incubated with recombinant MT1-MMP or MT3-MMP ...

http://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/4/2/510

Here, we address this question by conducting a large-scale molecular dynamics simulation study of protein fragments in water. ... and that molecular dynamics simulation of fragments can be useful for protein structure prediction and design. ...

https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000281

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binding studies of a peptide fragment of clathrin assembly. protein. AP180 bearing an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminyl-6- ... binding studies of a peptide fragment of clathrin assembly. protein. AP180 bearing an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminyl-6- ... in rat brain lysate using pull down experiments with peptide fragments of AP180. ...

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2012/OB/c2ob07139h

The antiviral activity of the peptides synthesized was studied in MDCK cell cultures against the pandemic influenza strain A/ ... This study is devoted to the antiviral activity of peptide fragments from the PB1 protein - a component of the influenza A RNA ... We found that peptide fragments 6-13, 6-14, 26-30, 395-400, and 531-540 of the PB1 protein were capable of suppressing viral ... Thus, short peptide fragments of the PB1 protein could serve as leads for future development of influenza prevention and/or ...

http://scipeople.ru/publication/119240/

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Endothelial cell cultures on the peptide-functionalized materials highlight their tunable pro- or anti-angiogenic potential. ... The adsorption on hydrophobic and hydrophilic silica-based surfaces of the integrin-binding PHSRN peptide and the single- ... title={Surface adsorption of fibronectin-derived peptide fragments: the influence of electrostatics and hydrophobicity for ... T1 Surface adsorption of fibronectin-derived peptide fragments: the influence of electrostatics and hydrophobicity for ...

http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/publication/151529-surface-adsorption-of-fibronectin-derived-peptide-fragments-the-influence-of-electrostatics-and-hydr

Two peptide fragments from tuna cytochrome c, (1-44)H [H means that the fragment contains heme] and (45-103), combine to from a ... In addition, smaller peptide fragments were prepared to investigate the effect of the losing some peptide segment from the ... Prepared peptide fragments were (1-21)H, (22-44), (45-66) and (67-103). Calorimetric and spectroscopic experiments showed that ... Cytochrome c / Peptide fragment-complex / Thermodynamics / Protein folding / Calorimetry / チトクロムC / ペプチド断片複合体. ...

https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/en/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-09680660/

Denver, CO - Researchers at National Jewish Health and the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus have identified the precise protein fragment, or peptide, that can trigger diabetes in mice. (nationaljewish.org)
During development in the thymus, immature T cells are exposed to 'self' protein fragments, which are part of the organism. (nationaljewish.org)
Processing and metabolism of beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) and generation of a variety of beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptides in the human brain is essentially associated with pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). (arctichealth.org)
Type-specific immunogenicity of a chemically synthesized peptide fragment of type 5 streptococcal M protein. (rupress.org)
We determined the antigenic specificity and protective immunogenicity of two chemically synthesized peptides of type 5 streptococcal M protein. (rupress.org)
Аннотация This study is devoted to the antiviral activity of peptide fragments from the PB1 protein - a component of the influenza A RNA polymerase. (scipeople.ru)
We found that peptide fragments 6-13, 6-14, 26-30, 395-400, and 531-540 of the PB1 protein were capable of suppressing viral replication in cell culture. (scipeople.ru)
Thus, short peptide fragments of the PB1 protein could serve as leads for future development of influenza prevention and/or treatment agents. (scipeople.ru)
Thermodynamic of the reconstitution of protein structure from peptide fragments. (nii.ac.jp)
In addition, smaller peptide fragments were prepared to investigate the effect of the losing some peptide segment from the whole amino acid sequence of protein. (nii.ac.jp)
Publications] H.Kusunoki: 'NMR Studies of G Protein-Bound Receptor Peptide Fragments' J.Cellular.Biochem.21B. (nii.ac.jp)
By labeling each fragment in the cluster with the level-specific Gene Ontology 'molecular function' term of its protein, we are able to compute statistics for molecular function-propensity and p -value of individual fragments in the cluster. (biomedcentral.com)
Clustering-cum-statistical analysis for peptide fragments 8 residues in length and with only trans peptide bonds shows that molecular function propensities ≥20 and p -values ≤0.05 can dissect fragments within a protein linked to the molecular function. (biomedcentral.com)
Analysis of the protein fold reveals only a part of the information contained in the protein structure, whereas analysis of protein structure as an assembly of peptide fragments in a defined order provides additional information with respect to certain desired features [ 1 - 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Fragments derived from structure-based sequence signatures offer an attractive way to annotate protein function because of their applicability to both sequences and structures with unknown function. (biomedcentral.com)
The clusters show that protein fragments extremely divergent in sequence can adopt similar conformations. (biomedcentral.com)
Yet within the clusters, GO MF terms associated with the fragments (as derived from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) annotation) can be over-represented, and identified by a statistically significant distribution of propensity values, highlighting the primary importance of the fragment to biochemical function. (biomedcentral.com)
The scFv and Fab fragment interact with the membrane protein of interest via the EYMPME (EE) tag, which is selectively mutated into a hydrophilic loop of the protein. (gatech.edu)
The membrane protein-antibody fragment complex may enter crystallization trials with the antibody fragment driving the complex nucleation through the formation of numerous, strong crystal contacts. (gatech.edu)
Such a co-crystallization method with anti-EE scFv and Fab fragments provides the protein crystallographer with a "crystallization toolbox" that can be used for any crystallographic study of a protein of interest. (gatech.edu)
While this works well for systems like DNA, where the charge transfer pathway is naturally divided into distinct molecular fragments, this is less obvious for charge transfer along peptide and protein backbones. (uni-regensburg.de)
Creative Biostructure can provide customized Mempro™ protein production services for peptide fragments of transmembrane proteins using cell-free expression system. (creative-biostructure.com)
Among Mempro™ cell-free protein production systems, E. coli S30 extract is commonly used for peptide fragments of transmembrane protein production. (creative-biostructure.com)
Baculovirus expression system from Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcNPV) is also a major system for peptide fragments of transmembrane protein expression. (creative-biostructure.com)
With the Mempro™ cell-free protein production platform, Creative Biostructure is capable of expressing, purifying and solubilizing peptide fragments of transmembrane proteins to study interactions within membrane domains as well as protein structure. (creative-biostructure.com)
2012). Structural analysis of a peptide fragment of transmembrane transporter protein bilitranslocase. (creative-biostructure.com)
2002). Structural analysis of synthetic peptide fragments from emre, a multidrug resistance protein, in a membrane-mimetic environment. (creative-biostructure.com)
Investigations into similar HGH fragments with the same active terminal amino acid sequence (178-191) suggest it may stimulate the protein kinase C pathway, and modulate hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase. (thesteroids.to)
Interphotoreceptor Retinoid Binding Protein Fragment (IRBP), a 20-residue peptide and a major pathogenic epitope, is present in the first homologous repeat of the interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein peptide (IRBP 161-180), which can induce posterior uveitis (EAU). (medchemexpress.com)
All PhD students, postdocs and early stage researchers working in the fields of peptide and protein chemistry are invited to present their work as oral or poster presentations.There will be 8-9 oral presentations, each 20 minutes with 5 minutes for questions, given by both PhD students and postdoctoral research workers, and a poster session. (rsc.org)
Based on the comprehensive membrane protein production platform established through years of experience, scientists from Creative Biostructure can offer tailored Mempro™ peptide fragments of water-soluble proteins production services using detergent-free expression system. (creative-biostructure.com)
Peptide fragments of water-soluble proteins is a superfamily which consists of 10 protein families as shown in the following table. (creative-biostructure.com)

Optimizing synthesis and expression of transmembrane peptides and proteins. (creative-biostructure.com)
If you have any peptide synthesis requirement in mind, please do not hesitate to contact us at [email protected] . (creative-peptides.com)
Methods for the solid phase synthesis of T-20 peptides and peptide intermediates, in particular methods involving synthesizing T-20 peptide intermediates at low loading factors to produce products having excellent purity and yield. (allindianpatents.com)
In solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), an amino acid or peptide group is bound to a solid support resin. (allindianpatents.com)
Solution phase synthesis can be particularly useful in cases where the synthesis of a useful mature peptide by solid phase is either impossible or not practical. (allindianpatents.com)
For example, in solid phase synthesis, longer peptides eventually may adopt an irregular conformation while still attached to the solid support, accordingly resulting in partial or entire loss of activity in the final product. (allindianpatents.com)
In addition, side chain protecting groups, which are present during solid phase synthesis, are commonly retained on the fragments during solution phase coupling to ensure the specific reactivity of the terminal ends of the fragments. (allindianpatents.com)
For the synthesis of very large peptides, it is not uncommon for multiple solution phase coupling steps to be performed using three or four or more peptide intermediate fragments. (allindianpatents.com)
Therefore, peptide synthesis using hybrid schemes are often challenging, and in many cases it is difficult to predict what problems are be inherent in a synthesis scheme until the actual synthesis is performed. (allindianpatents.com)
In some cases, solution phase synthesis can be affected by a lack of purity of the peptide intermediate fragments following solid phase synthesis. (allindianpatents.com)

Among the potential candidates, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have garnered much attention as an antimicrobial. (diva-portal.org)
INTRODUCTION: Human antimicrobial peptides are of interest for the development of positron emission tomography (PET) tracers as they exhibit desirable characteristics that make them good candidates for targeting vectors. (up.ac.za)
Mechanisms of bacterial membrane permeabilization by crotalicidin (Ctn) and its fragment Ctn(15-34), antimicrobial peptides from rattlesnake venom. (sebbm.es)
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) display a high therapeutic potential in solving this problem. (up.ac.za)

Herein, we report studies aimed at probing the effect of this modification on binding to proteins in rat brain lysate using pull down experiments with peptide fragments of AP180. (rsc.org)
In this paper we have used a clustering algorithm based on backbone φ,ψ torsion angles to find conformationally similar peptide fragments of different lengths from the FSSP library [ 23 ], which contains a large number of proteins with distinct folds. (biomedcentral.com)
Charge transfer in peptides and proteins can occur on different pathways, depending on the energetic landscape as well as the coupling between the involved orbitals. (uni-regensburg.de)
Creative Biosture can optimeze synthisis and expression of peptide fragments of transmembrane proteins to facilitate the study of transmembrane segments. (creative-biostructure.com)
Wheat germ extract can provide eukaryotic translation system for peptide fragments of transmembrane proteins. (creative-biostructure.com)
Botelho NK, Tschumi BO, Hubbell JA, Swartz MA, Donda A, Romero P. Combination of Synthetic Long Peptides and XCL1 Fusion Proteins Results in Superior Tumor Control. (uchicago.edu)
However, if cleaved peptides or precursor proteins are also present in human plasma, conventional assays employing such antibodies may not determine the exact peptide concentrations. (nature.com)
Families in the peptide fragments of water-soluble proteins superfamily. (creative-biostructure.com)
These novel detergent-free approaches for peptide fragments of water-soluble proteins production can be obtained easily, and enabling more comprehensively structural and functional studies. (creative-biostructure.com)

The synthetic peptides, designated S-M5(1-20) and S-M5(20-40), represent the amino-terminal amino acid sequence of the native pepsin-extracted M5 molecule, which is known to contain at least one heart cross-reactive epitope. (rupress.org)
Initial studies showed that neither of the synthetic peptides was able to bind purified heart-reactive M5 antibodies. (rupress.org)
With use of synthetic peptides, a domain involved in ristocetin-induced binding has been localized to the residues 474 to 488 and 694 to 708. (ahajournals.org)
An article published by a Korean group in 2015 revealed that synthetic peptides can bring about cartilage regeneration like hyaluronic acid treatment. (biotechpeptides.com)

Abstract VCL, fragment Leu 504 to Lys 728 of von Willebrand factor (vWF) expressed in Escherichia coli , contains the glycoprotein (GP) Ib-binding domain of vWF. (ahajournals.org)
abstract = "Aβ (31-35) peptide and control peptides as well as full length Aβ (1-40) and Aβ (1-42) peptides were labelled with luminescent CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) to observe the morphology of amyloid fibers. (elsevier.com)

Thank you for visiting USA Made Research Peptides where you will find affordable, high quality liquid research chemicals such as peptides, SARMS, liquid chemicals for medical research and development. (usmaderesearchpeptides.com)

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In a study, various peptide fragments related to eglin c, which consists of 70 amino acid residues, were synthesized by a conventional solution method and their inhibitory effects on leukocyte elastase, cathepsin G and alpha-chymotrypsin were examined. (biosyn.com)
Although all peptides bind to the same antigen combining site, the nonhomologous peptides adopt different binding conformations and also form their critical contacts with different antibody residues. (rcsb.org)
Residues 18-29 in LL-37 have previously been identified as a minimal peptide (KR-12) that retains antibacterial activity with decreased cytotoxicity. (diva-portal.org)
A small 12-residues peptide, referred as KR-12, derived from LL-37, has been reported to have selective toxic effect on bacteria. (diva-portal.org)
X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and peptide array measurements imply that KW1 recognizes oligomers through a hydrophobic and significantly aromatic surface motif that includes Aβ residues 18-20. (pnas.org)
Short peptides (12-25 residues) derived from the HM of several kinases (PIFtides) can activate PDK1 by about four- to sevenfold, although their mode of interaction with PDK1 has not yet been established ( 8 , 9 ). (pnas.org)

This fusion peptide framework may thus provide a straightforward design for immobilizing bioactive sequences on hydroxyapatite for biomaterials, tissue engineering, and vaccine applications. (labome.org)

The purpose of this study was to begin to determine the mechanisms underlying vasodilation elicited by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in sterically stabilized liposomes (SSL) in the in situ peripheral microcirculation. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Inhibitory effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on phagocytosis in mouse peritoneal macrophages. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Vasoactive intestinal peptide 1-12: a ligand for the CD4 (T4)/human immunodeficiency virus receptor. (sigmaaldrich.com)

Previous research had identified a specific fragment of insulin, consisting of 12 linked amino acids, as the target of the autoimmune attack in type I diabetes. (nationaljewish.org)
The MHCII molecule, which has a binding pocket only 9 amino acids long, can bind to and present that insulin fragment in at least four different ways, known as registers. (nationaljewish.org)
Peptides bound in register present different subsets of amino acids to the T cells that cause diabetes. (nationaljewish.org)
Hgh Fragment ( 176 - 191 ) Growth Hormone peptide fragment 176 - 191 , also known as HGH Frag 176 - 191 , is a modified form of amino acids 176 - 191 of the GH polypeptide. (lightneasy.org)
The HGH (human growth hormone) fragment was modified at the C-terminal part of the human growth hormone or HGH in the form of amino acids. (peptidesforresearch.com)
5. The method of claim 1, wherein said peptide contains one or more D amino acids. (freepatentsonline.com)
Then, successive amino acids or peptide groups are attached to the support-bound peptide until the peptide material of interest is formed. (allindianpatents.com)
These problems can increase as the length of the peptide increases, and therefore, it is relatively uncommon to find mature peptides of greater than 30 amino acids in length synthesized using only a solid phase procedure. (allindianpatents.com)
Peptide is also able to cross the blood-brain-barrier action of Growth Hormone-Releasing for (D)-amino acids is generally ineffective as side-chain orientations with respect to the target are completely altered (15). (ic2030.org)

Among other beneficial effects of Fragment 176-191 is the ability of cartilage regeneration. (biotechpeptides.com)
The Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism has published a study in 2013 which evaluated six research works conducted on the rate and relevance of detrimental effects of Fragment 176-191. (biotechpeptides.com)
one of the most effects of fragment 176 191 2mg is to help weight loss. (peptideforsale.com)

HGH Fragment 176 191 Product Name: Frag 176 191 HGH Fragment 176 191 Synonyms: GH Fragment 176 - 191 , AOD-9604 HGH Fragment 176 191 CAS : 221231-10-3 HGH Fragment 176 191 Purity. (lightneasy.org)
Bodybuilding Human Growth Hormone Peptide Anti - Aging Hgh Frag 176 - 191 For Musle Gaining 1. (lightneasy.org)
3 High Purity 2 mg/vial Peptides HGH Fragment 176 - 191 /AOD-9604 for Muscle Building Description Fragment ( HGH Frag 176 - 191 ) is a peptide hormone of the (GH) class. (lightneasy.org)
HGH fragment 176-191 is also known as Growth Hormone Peptide frag 176-191. (direct-peptides.com)
On the basis of fat loss, peptide HGH frag 176-191 is an excellent product. (peptideforsale.com)
Buy HGH Frag 176-191 Peptide for research purposes Today from Pharma Grade. (pharmagrade.store)
HGH Frag 176-191 peptide vial is a Human Growth Hormone (HGH) fragment. (direct-sarms.com)

The human growth hormone fragment 176-191 has shown to be much stronger in reducing fat than standard HGH. (peptidesforresearch.com)
Research has found that the best results are achieved in growth hormone release when combining these specific peptides together. (usapeptides.info)
HGH Fragment 176-191 is a spliced variant of native human growth hormone. (thesteroids.to)
This fragment seems to retain some (not all) of the biological activity of growth hormone. (thesteroids.to)
HGH fragment 176-191 studies have discovered it to be effective in copying the body's growth hormone in controlling fat metabolism. (hi-peptide.com)
This peptide, as the name implies, is a piece of the 191 amino chain that makes up growth hormone, from positions 176 through 191 to be exact. (genx.bio)
This short amino-acid chain that makes up Fragment 176 is only about 10% of the length of the entire strand of growth hormone and seems to have no other typical positive or side effects that growth hormone does such as actual growth of tissues or insulin resistance. (genx.bio)
This is a hormone known as peptide hormone of a growth hormone class. (roidsmarket.net)
Actually this hormone is a fragment of growth hormone. (roidsmarket.net)
The HGH fragment 176-191 makes up less than 10% of the overall size of the Growth Hormone molecule. (direct-peptides.com)
HGH Fragment 176-191 is a part or fragment of the actual growth hormone that is produced inside the body. (usmaderesearchpeptides.com)
Clinical studies show that HGH Fragment 176-191 can work even better than the actual Human Growth Hormone. (usmaderesearchpeptides.com)
HGH Fragment 176-191 stimulates lipolysis in a way that is better than the actual Human Growth Hormone. (usmaderesearchpeptides.com)
This peptide works very similarly to the Human Growth Hormone but in a more concentrated manner. (usmaderesearchpeptides.com)
Fragment 176-191 peptide is a short segment of human growth hormone (hGH) and is sometimes referred to as the "lipolytic fragment. (biotechpeptides.com)
It's a fragment of human growth hormone and helps burn fat mass. (giantlab.net)
hgH fragment 176-191 is an analog of the growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) which signals the effects of growth hormone. (powder-steroid.com)
All studies have pointed to the fact that the fragment is an effective treatment for obesity and fat loss, and much safer than its Human Growth Hormone counterpart. (powder-steroid.com)
Since it's only a fragment of the Human Growth Hormone, you don't need to worry about blood sugar issues. (direct-sarms.com)
Buy HGH FRAGMENT 176-191 Peptide online, buy Growth Hormone Peptides, buy Peptides for weight loss. (ic2030.org)
The ( HGH fragment 176-191 ) does not compete for the hGH receptor and nor does it induce cell proliferation, unlike Human Growth Hormone. (home.blog)
The ( HGH fragment 176-191 ) is a stabilized analogue of the growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) that induces growth hormone (GH) in a specific and physiological manner. (home.blog)

After two inoculations with encapsulated A β fragments, antibodies were produced in all mice with antibody titer greater than 1:12,800. (ingentaconnect.com)
Nur Faezee Ismail, Soo Khim Chan, Gee Jun Tye, Yee Siew Choong and Theam Soon Lim, "Improved Expression of Single-Chain Fragment Variable Antibodies Devoid of Leader Peptides in the Cytoplasm", Current Proteomics (2015) 12: 117. (eurekaselect.com)
Such antibodies and antibody fragments have been reported to occur with different specificities, and considerable applications have been suggested in basic research, diagnosis, or therapy ( 7 , 23 - 25 ). (pnas.org)
Measurements of plasma or serum peptide hormone levels almost always utilize antibodies recognizing partial sequences with high antigenicity. (nature.com)
When naturally occurring CART peptides were blocked by means of injecting antibodies for CART, feeding was increased. (wikipedia.org)

Specifically, HGH fragment 176-191 is as its name implies a fragment of the GH hormone, a piece or part of the GH hormone. (peptideforsale.com)

Once they begin circulating in the body, these T cells are stimulated when they encounter high concentrations of the peptide or peptides that have been processed differently outside the thymus. (nationaljewish.org)
The plasma concentrations of all vasoactive peptide fragments correlated with time on dialysis and plasma β2-microglobulin concentration and were negatively correlated to residual diuresis. (uzh.ch)
Increased plasma concentrations of both natriuretic peptides were associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events, after adjustment for age, sex, and other cardiovascular risk factors. (acc.org)

NT-proBNP was slightly better in regard to cardiovascular mortality, but overall, the similar results in this study as well as previous studies suggest that NT-proANP can be considered prognostically similar to other natriuretic peptides. (acc.org)
Little is known about the responses of natriuretic peptides to developing congestive heart failure in 'anephric' end-stage kidney disease. (biomedcentral.com)

We offer the highest grade and purity of fragment 176-191 for sale at a competitive price in the USA. (genx.bio)

Experiments investigating proteolysis revealed that all monomeric peptides are degraded similarly by IDE and plasmin, but that the Flemish peptide was degraded significantly more slowly by NEP than wild type Abeta or any of the other mutant peptides. (arctichealth.org)
Calorimetric and spectroscopic experiments showed that the peptide segment (45-66) is important for the formation of energetically stable structure between N- and C-terminal helices. (nii.ac.jp)
Flow cytometry experiments confirmed that both peptides permeabilize the bacterial cell membrane but suggested slightly different mechanisms of action. (sebbm.es)
We focused on biotin adducts attached to peptides generated by BioID and APEX experiments, including biotin, isotopically heavy biotin, and biotin-XX-phenol, a nonpermeable variant of biotin-phenol. (elsevier.com)

Analysis of fish IL-1beta and derived peptide sequences indicates conserved structures with species-specific IL-1 receptor binding: implications for pharmacological design. (semanticscholar.org)
In the strictest sense, the discovery of bioactive peptides is not complete until their exact native sequences have been confirmed in the peripheral circulation. (nature.com)
Ultra-high-yield enrichment and preseparation of non-tryptic human plasma was followed by LC-MS/MS, and full-length salusin-β and seven different endogenous fragment sequences were identified. (nature.com)
Thousands of peptide sequences available. (cpcscientific.com)

As shown in Table 2, the increase of unique peptide identification is negligible (23133 to 23095) for Mascot with the use of DeMix (possibly due to the high cutoff), indicating that the increase for other database search engine is possibly mostly low-score ones. (sharedproteomics.com)

We studied different encapsulated forms of shortened A β peptides with and without the entire T cell epitope in an APP/PS1 mouse model. (ingentaconnect.com)
The X-ray crystal structures of an anti-p24 (HIV-1) monoclonal antibody Fab fragment alone and in complexes with the epitope peptide GATPQDLNTnL (n = norleucine), an epitope-homologous peptide GATPEDLNQKLAGN, as well as two unrelated peptides GLYEWGGARITNTD and efslkGpllqwrsG (D-peptide), are presented to a maximum resolution of 2.6 A. The latter three peptides were identified from screening synthetic combinatorial peptide libraries. (rcsb.org)
Inhibitory peptide analogs derived from a major uveitogenic epitope protect from antiretinalautoimmunity by inducing type 2 and regulatory T cells. (medchemexpress.com)

We synthesized 21 prion fragment peptides. (mdpi.com)

Fragment, MOD GRF, and Ipamorelin are all research chemicals and still being studied. (usapeptides.info)

Both human GH (hGH) and a lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) synthesized from its C-terminus are capable of inducing weight loss and increasing lipolytic sensitivity following long-term treatment in mice. (genx.bio)

We doesn't provide hgh peptide fragment 176 191 results products or service, please contact them directly and verify their companies info carefully. (lightneasy.org)
See our latest peptide and substrate products! (cpcscientific.com)
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Several fragments of CART have been tested to try and uncover the pharmacophore, but the natural splicing products CART(55-102) and CART(62-102) are still of highest activity, with the reduced activity of smaller fragments thought to indicate that a compact structure retaining all three of CART's disulphide bonds is preferred. (wikipedia.org)

Radiochemical sequence analysis defined a cleavage site between Lys321 and Ser322, which would predict a transmembrane fragment consistent in size with the observed 6-kD fragment. (rupress.org)
We have previously revealed that RAGE fragment sequence (60-76) and its shortened analogs sequence (60-70) and (60-65) under intranasal insertion were able to restore memory and improve morphological and biochemical state of neurons in the brain of bulbectomized mice developing major AD features. (frontiersin.org)
In the current study, we have investigated the ability of RAGE peptide (60-76) and five shortened analogs to bind beta-amyloid (Aβ) 1-40 in an fluorescent titration test and show that all the RAGE fragments apart from one [sequence (65-76)] were able to bind Aβ in vitro . (frontiersin.org)
3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the foreign substance is a mature polypeptide originating in any biological species, or a precursor polypeptide thereof, and the construct for transferring a foreign substance is a synthetic polypeptide containing an amino acid sequence corresponding to the mature polypeptide or precursor polypeptide thereof as the foreign substance, and the amino acid sequence of the carrier peptide fragment. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
The method comprises administering to said animal a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide comprising amino acid sequence: Ser-Val-Asp-Val-Glu-Tyr. (freepatentsonline.com)
1. A method of reducing cell death in a warm-blooded animal, said cell death associated with a neurodegenerative disorder, an immune disease, a neoplastic disorder, an inflammatory disorder, or a viral disease, said method comprising administering to said animal a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide comprising the amino acid sequence Val-Asp-Val such that cell death is reduced. (freepatentsonline.com)
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said peptide consists of a peptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. (freepatentsonline.com)

This fragment has been shown to induce lipolysis or fat breakdown and even inhibits lipogenesis, which is the transformation of food materials into fat stored in the body. (genx.bio)
This fragment also inhibits lipogenesis, a process by which materials with no fat properties are transformed into body fat. (direct-peptides.com)

The efficacy of HGH Fragment 176-191 as a fat loss agent in humans has not yet been substantiated with clinical study. (thesteroids.to)
The studies speak in favor of regulated use of the synthetic peptide in clinical settings apart from providing insight into the moderation of human growth and development, fat metabolism and energy homeostasis by the peptide. (biotechpeptides.com)
Study selection Eligible studies evaluated point-of-care natriuretic peptide testing (B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) or N terminal fragment pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP)) against any relevant reference standard, including echocardiography, clinical examination, or combinations of these, in humans. (bmj.com)
3 4 Therefore, recent guidelines from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, and the European Society for Cardiology (ESC) on the initial diagnosis of CHF and referral for echocardiography recommend the use of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) tests in combination with clinical assessment. (bmj.com)

Here we report the biotechnological generation and biochemical characterization of an oligomer-specific antibody fragment, KW1. (pnas.org)

In addition to the conventional detergent method, a new method using engineered single chain antibody fragments (scFv) and a Fab antibody fragment have been developed for use as crystallization chaperones. (gatech.edu)
The methodology of antibody generation we used was based on the selection of these binders via phage display from fully synthetic libraries of camelid heavy-chain antibody fragments ( 7 ). (pnas.org)

These results suggest that the process of APP degradation and Abeta-peptides generation, including beta-secretase activity, is associated with tissue specificity of both APP substrate and proteases. (arctichealth.org)
Cross-linked fibrin degradation product levels were measured with two variant enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), both using a fibrin fragment D-dimer specific capture antibody. (timi.org)
Intestine, while simultaneously protecting the peptide payload from degradation provides an overview of the before you can take the tb-500 out, you need to release the vacuum. (ic2030.org)

Contrary to conventional wisdom, the research team found that the peptide presented in the register that binds most weakly to the MHCII molecule stimulated four different T cells associated with diabetes. (nationaljewish.org)
We have compared the data obtained in the present research with the previously published data in the animal model of AD, and offer a probable mechanism of neuroprotection of the RAGE peptide. (frontiersin.org)
In order to reveal the protective activity of the chosen RAGE fragments in vitro , in the current research we have also investigated whether the RAGE peptides were able to reduce the amyloid-induced toxicity in Aβ 1-42-treated primary cultures of neurons and astrocytes derived from hippocampal and cortical areas of rats' brains. (frontiersin.org)
But, we would like to stress that fragment 176-191 5mg is a research peptide and not for human consumption. (peptidesforresearch.com)
A full service peptide CDMO and CRO that serves the pharmaceutical and research communities. (cpcscientific.com)
Fragment 176-191 10mg is a research chemical and still being tested. (hi-peptide.com)
Research has shown that a fragment of growth hormones has fat reduction properties. (direct-peptides.com)
However, HGH Fragment 176-191 peptide is not intended for human consumption but it can be obtained for purposes related to research and testing. (usmaderesearchpeptides.com)
The name was coined due to research on animal systems which has proven that Fragment 176-191 enhances fat metabolism in genetically engineered obese mice. (biotechpeptides.com)
Research in rabbits have highlighted those weekly injections of Fragment 176-191 improve cartilage growth (within laboratory measures) and its co-administration with hyaluronic acid (HA) happens to be more effective. (biotechpeptides.com)
HGH FRAGMENT 176-191 10mg for sale online at Imperial Peptides where you can buy Peptides safely and securely from a trusted USA Peptide and Research Chemical Manufacturer. (imperialpeptides.com)
Research dosages of 500mcg of the hgH fragment 176-191 daily for 30 days did show a reduction of body fat in the mid abdominal area in both obese, over-weight, and average built people. (powder-steroid.com)
If you are looking at purchasing a high quantity of research peptides then contact us for the best deal. (direct-sarms.com)

Scaffolded multimers of hIAPP(20-29) peptide fragments fibrillate faster and lead to different fibrils compared to the free hIAPP(20-29) peptide fragment. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Applying fibril-forming peptides in nanomaterial design is still challenged by the difficulties in understanding and controlling how fibrils form. (sigmaaldrich.com)
ThT fluorescence, CD and FTIR spectroscopy, and AFM and TEM imaging reveal that in both conjugates the peptide retained its fibrillating properties and formed fibrils. (sigmaaldrich.com)
However, the conjugate fibrils formed more rapidly than the free peptide and were long and thin, as opposed to the thick and twisted morphology of the intact peptide. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The peptide AAKLVFF assembles into fibrils in water and nanotubes in methanol. (lancs.ac.uk)
The self-assembly of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide into mature, β-sheet-rich, amyloid fibrils represents a fundamental event of Alzheimer's disease (AD) ( 1 , 2 ). (pnas.org)

The adsorption on hydrophobic and hydrophilic silica-based surfaces of the integrin-binding PHSRN peptide and the single-residual-mutated analogues, PHSEN and PHSFN, is investigated by comparative QCM-D, XPS, SFG measurements and molecular dynamics calculations. (chalmers.se)
En el trabajo se detalla a nivel molecular el mecanismo por el cual ambos péptidos ejercen su acción bactericida interaccionando con la membrana bacteriana. (sebbm.es)
DJ: Phylogeny and molecular taxonomy of the Bacillus cell is stimulated by a peptide your overall body fat without sacrificing lean muscle mass in the process. (ic2030.org)

Chimeric peptides of statherin and osteopontin that bind hydroxyapatite and mediate cell adhesion. (labome.org)
Kappler and Eisenbarth plan to see if T cells associated with diabetes in humans also bind the same insulin peptide in the same register as the mouse version. (nationaljewish.org)
To identify the conditions under which the RAGE fragment develops its protective activity, we have investigated whether peptide (60-76) and its shortened analogs bind Aβ in vitro . (frontiersin.org)

Membrane proximal cleavage of L-selectin: identification of the cleavage site and a 6-kD transmembrane peptide fragment of L-selectin. (rupress.org)
A third polyclonal serum generated against the membrane proximal region of the ectodomain also reacted with the 6-kD species, indicating that this is a transmembrane peptide of L-selectin. (rupress.org)

The reactive site peptide bond of eglin is intact, and Ser221 OG of the enzyme is 2.81 A apart from the carbonyl carbon 2 . (biosyn.com)

Here, we apply a site-directed technology, disulfide trapping, to interrogate structurally and functionally how an allosteric site on the Ser/Thr kinase, 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1)-the PDK1-interacting-fragment (PIF) pocket-is engaged by an activating peptide motif on downstream substrate kinases (PIFtides) and by small molecule fragments. (pnas.org)
Here, we use disulfide trapping to target an allosteric site on the surface of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1)-the so-called PDK1-interacting fragment (PIF) pocket. (pnas.org)
We used disulfide trapping to ( i ) better elucidate how a PIFtide binds to and activates PDK1, ( ii ) identify new small molecule fragments targeting the PIF pocket, and ( iii ) begin to characterize their allosteric mechanism. (pnas.org)

To identify mechanisms by which CD8+ autoreactive T cells cause inflammation, we generated a double transgenic (DTg) murine model of autoimmunity by crossing K14-sOVA mice, which express soluble chicken ovalbumin (OVA), with OT-1 mice, whose CD8 T cells express V2/V5 regions of the T cell receptor that are specific for SIINFEKL peptide (OVA 257-264) in association with class I MHC molecules. (oatd.org)

We are in the process of successfully identifying plasma native peptides using LC-MS/MS 24 , 25 , and unveiling a variety of fragments and precursors of many classical bioactive/biomarker peptides in the human peripheral circulation. (nature.com)
Hi everybody, We recently published our findings of identifying co-fragmented precursors, by simply searching the identical MS/MS spectra with alternative precursor information. (sharedproteomics.com)
As a result, with 'cloning' MS/MS spectra for co-selected precursors, at 1% FDR we matched on average more than one peptides out of each MS/MS event, broke the conventional paradigm of 'one MS/MS ~ one peptide ID' for data-dependent acquisition (DDA). (sharedproteomics.com)

The development of type I diabetes in mice is associated with one form of MHCII, the molecule that holds and presents peptides to the immune system. (nationaljewish.org)
All three have been peptides that are weakly bound to the MHCII molecule. (nationaljewish.org)
Short peptide fragments of human and murine interleukin 1 (IL 1) were synthesized on the basis of their predicted exposure on the surface of the molecule in an attempt to identify the minimal structure responsible for the immunostimulatory activity of IL 1. (semanticscholar.org)

A noninflammatory interleukin-1beta fragment stimulates fetal lung fluid absorption in guinea pigs. (semanticscholar.org)

This peptide has shown good results in treating obesity and insulin resistance. (hi-peptide.com)
This fragment does not have any effect on insulin resistance or growth. (direct-peptides.com)

DiSia and YEW binding at the same site in tetanus toxin provides a putative site that could be occupied either by a ganglioside moiety or a peptide. (nih.gov)
7. The method of claim 1, wherein said peptide is conjugated to a non-peptide moiety. (freepatentsonline.com)
8. The method of claim 7, wherein said non-peptide moiety is a sugar. (freepatentsonline.com)

LL-37 is such a multitask human defense peptide that mediates various host immune responses and also exerts antimicrobial activity. (diva-portal.org)
Interestingly, the peptide mediates weight reduction only in obese mice but not in lean mice during the same span of treatment. (biotechpeptides.com)

Niland B, Banki K, Biddison W, Perl A. CD8+ T cell-mediated HLA-A*0201-restricted cytotoxicity to transaldolase peptide 168-176 in patients with multiple sclerosis. (labome.org)

Atomic force microscopy visualized the effect of these peptides on bacterial cells, and confocal microscopy confirmed their localization on the bacterial surface. (sebbm.es)
SYTOX green was applied to evaluate the effects of the peptides on the membrane integrity of the bacterial cells. (up.ac.za)

Native lymphocyte APP (LAPP) prepared from normal or AD-derived lymphoblastoid cells was degraded by the protease, generating a 16 kDa Abeta-bearing C-terminal fragment of APP. (arctichealth.org)
N-terminal amino acid sequencing of the fragment indicated that the protease cleaves LAPP at the Abeta-N-terminus. (arctichealth.org)
Circulating levels of N-terminal fragment of probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) are established as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality in patients with diabetes, as well as in the general population. (dovepress.com)
The C-terminal peptides had higher resistance than the central region. (mdpi.com)
What is the comparative prognostic value for a midregional fragment of pro-A-type natriuretic peptide (MR-proANP) and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) for predicting mortality and cardiovascular events? (acc.org)
RePub, Erasmus University Repository: Reply: Amino terminal fragment of pro-B-type natriuretic peptide for complex congenital heart diseases: One for all, all for one? (eur.nl)
Previously, we have shown that its C-terminal fragment, Ctn(15-34), retains the antimicrobial and antitumor activities but is less toxic to healthy cells and has improved serum stability. (sebbm.es)
The effect of C-terminal amidation on the structural, antibacterial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of Os(3-12)NH2 was investigated and compared to Os(3-12) as well as the parent peptide Os. (up.ac.za)
Our limited study data indicate that cut-off values advocated for B-type natriuretic peptide and its N-terminal fragment to 'rule out' congestive heart failure in two of our end-stage kidney disease patients (without congestive heart failure) are largely appropriate for anephric patients. (biomedcentral.com)
Congestive heart failure (CHF) and renal failure (RF) act synergistically to increase the levels of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and its co-secreted biologically inactive N-terminal fragment (NT-proBNP). (biomedcentral.com)
2. NPY (1-36) and C-terminal fragments of NPY (from 11-36 to 22-36) suppressed the electrically-evoked twitches in a concentration-dependent manner. (lu.se)
The peptide intermediate fragments are reactively arranged so the N-terminal of one fragment becomes coupled to the C-terminal of the other fragment, or vice versa. (allindianpatents.com)
Screening of at least six different fragments obtained from the C terminal section of hGH has shown that fragment 176-191 is the most effective synthetic derivative of hGH for decreasing blood sugar levels. (biotechpeptides.com)
Scientists found that if they truncated the peptide at the C terminal region they could isolate the fat loss attributes associated with HGH. (peptideforsale.com)
It is a 15-mer peptide residue of the C-terminus of HGH to which tyrosine is added at the N-terminal end. (powder-steroid.com)

This year the Early Stage Researcher Meeting on 14th September will be run back-to-back with the annual Chemistry and Biology of Peptides Meeting, which will take place at Durham University Chemistry Department on Friday 15th September. (rsc.org)

In most cases the studies are limited to describing the known relevance of fragments in inferring biochemical function. (biomedcentral.com)
Studies of ζ potential at the bacterial cell membrane suggested that both peptides accumulate at and neutralize negative charges on the bacterial surface. (sebbm.es)
Previous studies implicated both peptide conformation and particle size in mediating Aβ toxicity ( 6 , 22 ), but further investigations are limited by insufficient possibilities to target specific intermediate populations experimentally and to discriminate them from other oligomeric polymorphs. (pnas.org)
We also highlight how the detection of biotinylated peptides in high-throughput studies poses certain computational challenges for accurate quantitation which need to be addressed. (elsevier.com)
HGH Fragment 176-191 studies have shown that it can help maintain weight by regulating fat metabolism like natural HGH in the human body. (peptidesforresearch.com)
Extensive animal studies have shown that the synthetic fragment enhances the lipolytic effects of hGH without inducing the same side effects. (biotechpeptides.com)
Studies have shown treatment of fragment 176-191 causes up to 50% weight reduction in obese mice over of three weeks. (biotechpeptides.com)
Some studies say this peptide utilized for general health and recovery. (pharmagrade.store)
Conclusions Given the lack of studies in primary care, the paucity of NTproBNP data, and potential methodological limitations in these studies, large scale trials in primary care are needed to assess the role of point-of-care natriuretic peptide testing and clarify appropriate thresholds to improve care of patients with suspected or chronic heart failure. (bmj.com)
Studies also show that this fragment can boost IGF-1 levels, allowing you to benefit from its anti-ageing effects. (direct-sarms.com)
To date studies suggest that ( HGH fragment 176-191 ) has several beneficial features: it reduces abdominal fat (in particular visceral fat), without compromising glycemic control (blood glucose), it increases muscle mass and improves the lipid profile and can buy lgd 4033 . (home.blog)

Zhang Y, McCormick L, Gilliam A. Latency-associated peptide prevents skin fibrosis in murine sclerodermatous graft-versus-host disease, a model for human scleroderma. (labome.org)
The human host defence peptide LL-37 is a broad-spectrum antibiotic with immunomodulatory functions. (diva-portal.org)
The amidated peptide was found to be non-toxic towards human erythrocytes and Caco-2 cells. (up.ac.za)
A short synthetic peptide fragment of human interleukin 1 with immunostimulatory but not inflammatory activity. (semanticscholar.org)
Salusin-β is a potent bioactive peptide that we originally predicted using in silico analysis of a human cDNA library 1 . (nature.com)
And will remain stable for they occur in every cell in the human body, peptides popular method of addressing cognitive needs. (ic2030.org)

In solution phase coupling, two peptide intermediate fragments, or a peptide intermediate fragment and a reactive amino acid, are coupled in an appropriate solvent, and usually in the presence of additional reagents that promote the efficiency and quality of the coupling reaction. (allindianpatents.com)

Bioactive peptides based on diversity libraries, supramolecular chemistry and rational design: A new class of peptide drugs. (semanticscholar.org)

We found that scFv expression without leader peptides in the cytoplasm using SHuffle ® T7 Escherichia coli K-12 strain resulted in highest expression yields with preserved functionality. (eurekaselect.com)
Both peptides were bactericidal, killing ∼90% of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells within 90-120 and 5-30 min, respectively. (sebbm.es)
Although still less potent than Os, the determined minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for each peptide indicated that amidation increases the bactericidal activity of Os(3-12) by 16-fold against Escherichia coli and by 8-fold against both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis. (up.ac.za)

Peptide PB1 (6 - 14) with both termini modified showed maximum antiviral activity, its inhibitory activity manifesting itself during the early stages of viral replication. (scipeople.ru)

Fragment 176-191 for sale is available in lyophilized powder form, in 5mg vials. (genx.bio)

Anatomy13

Organisms11

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs120

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment51

Phenomena and Processes59

Disciplines and Occupations3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science7

Health Care1

The amino acid sequence of Neurospora NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase. The tryptic peptides. (1/33178)

Studies of the binding of different iron donors to human serum transferrin and isolation of iron-binding fragments from the N- and C-terminal regions of the protein. (2/33178)

The amino acid sequence of Neurospora NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase. Peptides from digestion with a staphylococcal proteinase. (3/33178)

Inhibition of in vitro enteric neuronal development by endothelin-3: mediation by endothelin B receptors. (4/33178)

Bone resorption induced by parathyroid hormone is strikingly diminished in collagenase-resistant mutant mice. (5/33178)

Caspase-mediated cleavage of p21Waf1/Cip1 converts cancer cells from growth arrest to undergoing apoptosis. (6/33178)

Activation of Src in human breast tumor cell lines: elevated levels of phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity that preferentially recognizes the Src carboxy terminal negative regulatory tyrosine 530. (7/33178)

Caspase 3 inactivation to suppress Fas-mediated apoptosis: identification of binding domain with p21 and ILP and inactivation machinery by p21. (8/33178)

Peptide Fragments

Peptides

Amino Acid Sequence

Molecular Sequence Data

Peptide Mapping

Peptide Library

Base Sequence

Trypsin

Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides

Binding Sites

Protein Conformation

Cyanogen Bromide

Cloning, Molecular

Oligopeptides

Protein Binding

Molecular Weight

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid

Models, Molecular

Protein Structure, Secondary

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Peptides, Cyclic

Kinetics

Peptide Hydrolases

Escherichia coli

Epitopes

Mass Spectrometry

Amino Acids

Trifluoroethanol

Recombinant Proteins

Structure-Activity Relationship

Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length

Endopeptidases

Cattle

Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization

Circular Dichroism

Cell Line

Serine Endopeptidases

Substrate Specificity

Hydrolysis

Proteins

Chromatography, Gel

Rabbits

Protein Precursors

Natriuretic Peptide, Brain

Sequence Alignment

Binding, Competitive

Bacterial Proteins

Protein Folding

Immunoglobulin Fragments

Thermolysin

Antibodies, Monoclonal

DNA

Epitope Mapping

Disulfides

Chymotrypsin

Cockroaches

Crop, Avian

Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Protein Processing, Post-Translational

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

Restriction Mapping

DNA, Complementary

Plasmids

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Cells, Cultured

Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide

Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid

Cell-Penetrating Peptides

Peptide Biosynthesis

Mutation

Amyloid

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Carrier Proteins

Cell Membrane

Chromatography, Affinity

Membrane Proteins