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Peptide FragmentsPeptidesAmino Acid SequenceMolecular Sequence DataPeptide MappingPeptide LibraryBase SequenceTrypsinAntimicrobial Cationic PeptidesBinding SitesProtein ConformationCyanogen BromideCloning, MolecularOligopeptidesProtein BindingMolecular WeightElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelChromatography, High Pressure LiquidModels, MolecularProtein Structure, SecondarySequence Homology, Amino AcidPeptides, CyclicKineticsPeptide HydrolasesEscherichia coliEpitopesMass SpectrometryAmino AcidsTrifluoroethanolRecombinant ProteinsStructure-Activity RelationshipPolymorphism, Restriction Fragment LengthEndopeptidasesCattleImmunoglobulin Fab FragmentsProtein Structure, TertiaryMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopySpectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-IonizationCircular DichroismCell LineSerine EndopeptidasesSubstrate SpecificityHydrolysisProteinsChromatography, GelRabbitsProtein PrecursorsNatriuretic Peptide, BrainSequence AlignmentBinding, CompetitiveBacterial ProteinsProtein FoldingImmunoglobulin FragmentsThermolysinAntibodies, MonoclonalDNAEpitope MappingDisulfidesChymotrypsinCockroachesCrop, AvianTandem Mass SpectrometryProtein Processing, Post-TranslationalVasoactive Intestinal PeptideRestriction MappingDNA, ComplementaryPlasmidsRecombinant Fusion ProteinsCells, CulturedCalcitonin Gene-Related PeptideSequence Homology, Nucleic AcidCell-Penetrating PeptidesPeptide BiosynthesisMutationAmyloidHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationCarrier ProteinsCell MembraneChromatography, AffinityMembrane ProteinsPolymerase Chain ReactionPeptide YYAmyloid beta-PeptidesRNA, MessengerPeptide Nucleic AcidsPepsin AGenes, BacterialCysteineChromatography, Ion ExchangeDNA PrimersSpectrometry, Mass, Electrospray IonizationChromatography, LiquidCross ReactionsNatriuretic Peptide, C-TypeMolecular StructureChickensNatriuretic PeptidesSequence AnalysisAntigens, PlantAntigen PresentationMuramidaseTemperatureSolutionsSequence Analysis, DNAModels, ChemicalMacromolecular SubstancesPeptide SynthasesAntibodiesGastrin-Releasing PeptideSwineSequence Analysis, ProteinMicroscopy, ElectronProteomicsSpecies SpecificityAffinity LabelsReceptors, Formyl PeptideAntibody SpecificityPeptide PHIReceptors, PeptideEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssayIonsSolubilityProtein EngineeringPhosphorylationAtrial Natriuretic FactorDNA Restriction EnzymesSpectrometry, FluorescenceMetalloendopeptidasesGlycoproteinsBlotting, WesternGenesNuclear Magnetic Resonance, BiomolecularDNA, BacterialProtease InhibitorsMutagenesis, Site-DirectedTransfectionGlycosylationCricetinaePhotoaffinity LabelsPlant ProteinsMice, Inbred BALB CCarboxypeptidasesDose-Response Relationship, DrugIndicators and ReagentsTime FactorsElectrophoresis, Gel, Two-DimensionalLysineProtein DenaturationThermodynamicsProlineCrystallography, X-RayImmune SeraNerve Tissue ProteinsT-LymphocytesIsoelectric FocusingIntracellular Signaling Peptides and ProteinsCross-Linking ReagentsImmunoblottingTumor Cells, CulturedAzidesCalmodulinImmunologic TestsCysteine EndopeptidasesCytochrome c GroupGene ExpressionOpioid PeptidesCaseinsCalciumNucleic Acid HybridizationProtein BiosynthesisSodium Dodecyl SulfatePeptide HormonesPhotochemistrySignal TransductionReceptors, Cell SurfaceCatalysisAntigensSpectrophotometry, UltravioletImmunodiffusionMolecular MimicryPrecipitin TestsImmunoglobulin Fc FragmentsLiverIsoenzymesEnzyme ActivationPapainCollagenFluorescent DyesMultienzyme ComplexesBrainLymphocyte ActivationSaccharomyces cerevisiaeSulfhydryl CompoundsTranscription, GeneticAlgorithmsGlucagon-Like Peptide 1Membrane GlycoproteinsModels, BiologicalAmino Acid MotifsAptamers, PeptideDatabases, Protein
Peptide Fragments: Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.Peptides: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Peptide Mapping: Analysis of PEPTIDES that are generated from the digestion or fragmentation of a protein or mixture of PROTEINS, by ELECTROPHORESIS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; or MASS SPECTROMETRY. The resulting peptide fingerprints are analyzed for a variety of purposes including the identification of the proteins in a sample, GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS, patterns of gene expression, and patterns diagnostic for diseases.Peptide Library: A collection of cloned peptides, or chemically synthesized peptides, frequently consisting of all possible combinations of amino acids making up an n-amino acid peptide.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides: Small cationic peptides that are an important component, in most species, of early innate and induced defenses against invading microbes. In animals they are found on mucosal surfaces, within phagocytic granules, and on the surface of the body. They are also found in insects and plants. Among others, this group includes the DEFENSINS, protegrins, tachyplesins, and thionins. They displace DIVALENT CATIONS from phosphate groups of MEMBRANE LIPIDS leading to disruption of the membrane.Binding Sites: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Oligopeptides: Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.Molecular Weight: The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel: Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid: Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.Models, Molecular: Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.Protein Structure, Secondary: The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.Sequence Homology, Amino Acid: The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.Peptides, Cyclic: Peptides whose amino and carboxy ends are linked together with a peptide bond forming a circular chain. Some of them are ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS. Some of them are biosynthesized non-ribosomally (PEPTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS, NON-RIBOSOMAL).Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Peptide Hydrolases: Hydrolases that specifically cleave the peptide bonds found in PROTEINS and PEPTIDES. Examples of sub-subclasses for this group include EXOPEPTIDASES and ENDOPEPTIDASES.Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Epitopes: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.Mass Spectrometry: An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.Trifluoroethanol: A non-aqueous co-solvent that serves as tool to study protein folding. It is also used in various pharmaceutical, chemical and engineering applications.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length: Variation occurring within a species in the presence or length of DNA fragment generated by a specific endonuclease at a specific site in the genome. Such variations are generated by mutations that create or abolish recognition sites for these enzymes or change the length of the fragment.Endopeptidases: A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments: Univalent antigen-binding fragments composed of one entire IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAIN and the amino terminal end of one of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS from the hinge region, linked to each other by disulfide bonds. Fab contains the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGIONS, which are part of the antigen-binding site, and the first IMMUNOGLOBULIN CONSTANT REGIONS. This fragment can be obtained by digestion of immunoglobulins with the proteolytic enzyme PAPAIN.Protein Structure, Tertiary: The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization: A mass spectrometric technique that is used for the analysis of large biomolecules. Analyte molecules are embedded in an excess matrix of small organic molecules that show a high resonant absorption at the laser wavelength used. The matrix absorbs the laser energy, thus inducing a soft disintegration of the sample-matrix mixture into free (gas phase) matrix and analyte molecules and molecular ions. In general, only molecular ions of the analyte molecules are produced, and almost no fragmentation occurs. This makes the method well suited for molecular weight determinations and mixture analysis.Circular Dichroism: A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Serine Endopeptidases: Any member of the group of ENDOPEPTIDASES containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis.Substrate Specificity: A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.Proteins: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.Chromatography, Gel: Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.Rabbits: The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.Protein PrecursorsNatriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.Sequence Alignment: The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.Binding, Competitive: The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium.Protein Folding: Processes involved in the formation of TERTIARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE.Immunoglobulin Fragments: Partial immunoglobulin molecules resulting from selective cleavage by proteolytic enzymes or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.Thermolysin: A thermostable extracellular metalloendopeptidase containing four calcium ions. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) 3.4.24.27.Antibodies, Monoclonal: Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.DNA: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).Epitope Mapping: Methods used for studying the interactions of antibodies with specific regions of protein antigens. Important applications of epitope mapping are found within the area of immunochemistry.Disulfides: Chemical groups containing the covalent disulfide bonds -S-S-. The sulfur atoms can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties.Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.Cockroaches: Insects of the order Dictyoptera comprising several families including Blaberidae, BLATTELLIDAE, Blattidae (containing the American cockroach PERIPLANETA americana), Cryptocercidae, and Polyphagidae.Crop, Avian: A thin-walled distention of the alimentary tract protruding just outside the body cavity in the distal end of the neck (esophagus), used for the temporary storage of food and water.Tandem Mass Spectrometry: A mass spectrometry technique using two (MS/MS) or more mass analyzers. With two in tandem, the precursor ions are mass-selected by a first mass analyzer, and focused into a collision region where they are then fragmented into product ions which are then characterized by a second mass analyzer. A variety of techniques are used to separate the compounds, ionize them, and introduce them to the first mass analyzer. For example, for in GC-MS/MS, GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY is involved in separating relatively small compounds by GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY prior to injecting them into an ionization chamber for the mass selection.Protein Processing, Post-Translational: Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).Restriction Mapping: Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.DNA, Complementary: Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.Plasmids: Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.Recombinant Fusion Proteins: Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide: Calcitonin gene-related peptide. A 37-amino acid peptide derived from the calcitonin gene. It occurs as a result of alternative processing of mRNA from the calcitonin gene. The neuropeptide is widely distributed in neural tissue of the brain, gut, perivascular nerves, and other tissue. The peptide produces multiple biological effects and has both circulatory and neurotransmitter modes of action. In particular, it is a potent endogenous vasodilator.Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid: The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.Cell-Penetrating Peptides: Peptides that have the ability to enter cells by crossing the plasma membrane directly, or through uptake by the endocytotic pathway.Peptide Biosynthesis: The production of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS by the constituents of a living organism. The biosynthesis of proteins on RIBOSOMES following an RNA template is termed translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC). There are other, non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis (PEPTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS, NUCLEIC ACID-INDEPENDENT) mechanisms carried out by PEPTIDE SYNTHASES and PEPTIDYLTRANSFERASES. Further modifications of peptide chains yield functional peptide and protein molecules.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Amyloid: A fibrous protein complex that consists of proteins folded into a specific cross beta-pleated sheet structure. This fibrillar structure has been found as an alternative folding pattern for a variety of functional proteins. Deposits of amyloid in the form of AMYLOID PLAQUES are associated with a variety of degenerative diseases. The amyloid structure has also been found in a number of functional proteins that are unrelated to disease.Hydrogen-Ion Concentration: The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.Cell Membrane: The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.Chromatography, Affinity: A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. It is used in protein biochemistry. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.Peptide YY: A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.Amyloid beta-Peptides: Peptides generated from AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES PRECURSOR. An amyloid fibrillar form of these peptides is the major component of amyloid plaques found in individuals with Alzheimer's disease and in aged individuals with trisomy 21 (DOWN SYNDROME). The peptide is found predominantly in the nervous system, but there have been reports of its presence in non-neural tissue.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Peptide Nucleic Acids: DNA analogs containing neutral amide backbone linkages composed of aminoethyl glycine units instead of the usual phosphodiester linkage of deoxyribose groups. Peptide nucleic acids have high biological stability and higher affinity for complementary DNA or RNA sequences than analogous DNA oligomers.Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice.Genes, Bacterial: The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.Chromatography, Ion Exchange: Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.DNA Primers: Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization: A mass spectrometry technique used for analysis of nonvolatile compounds such as proteins and macromolecules. The technique involves preparing electrically charged droplets from analyte molecules dissolved in solvent. The electrically charged droplets enter a vacuum chamber where the solvent is evaporated. Evaporation of solvent reduces the droplet size, thereby increasing the coulombic repulsion within the droplet. As the charged droplets get smaller, the excess charge within them causes them to disintegrate and release analyte molecules. The volatilized analyte molecules are then analyzed by mass spectrometry.Chromatography, Liquid: Chromatographic techniques in which the mobile phase is a liquid.Cross Reactions: Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type: A PEPTIDE of 22 amino acids, derived mainly from cells of VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM. It is also found in the BRAIN, major endocrine glands, and other tissues. It shares structural homology with ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR. It has vasorelaxant activity thus is important in the regulation of vascular tone and blood flow. Several high molecular weight forms containing the 22 amino acids have been identified.Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.Chickens: Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.Natriuretic Peptides: Peptides that regulate the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in the body, also known as natriuretic peptide hormones. Several have been sequenced (ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR; BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE; C-TYPE NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE).Sequence Analysis: A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information.Antigens, Plant: Substances found in PLANTS that have antigenic activity.Antigen Presentation: The process by which antigen is presented to lymphocytes in a form they can recognize. This is performed by antigen presenting cells (APCs). Some antigens require processing before they can be recognized. Antigen processing consists of ingestion and partial digestion of the antigen by the APC, followed by presentation of fragments on the cell surface. (From Rosen et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 1989)Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.Temperature: The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.Solutions: The homogeneous mixtures formed by the mixing of a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance (solute) with a liquid (the solvent), from which the dissolved substances can be recovered by physical processes. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Sequence Analysis, DNA: A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.Models, Chemical: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Macromolecular Substances: Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.Peptide Synthases: Ligases that catalyze the joining of adjacent AMINO ACIDS by the formation of carbon-nitrogen bonds between their carboxylic acid groups and amine groups.Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).Gastrin-Releasing Peptide: Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the STOMACH, the neuropeptide stimulates release of GASTRIN from the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS.Swine: Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).Sequence Analysis, Protein: A process that includes the determination of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE of a protein (or peptide, oligopeptide or peptide fragment) and the information analysis of the sequence.Microscopy, Electron: Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.Proteomics: The systematic study of the complete complement of proteins (PROTEOME) of organisms.Species Specificity: The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.Affinity Labels: Analogs of those substrates or compounds which bind naturally at the active sites of proteins, enzymes, antibodies, steroids, or physiological receptors. These analogs form a stable covalent bond at the binding site, thereby acting as inhibitors of the proteins or steroids.Receptors, Formyl Peptide: A family of G-protein-coupled receptors that was originally identified by its ability to bind N-formyl peptides such as N-FORMYLMETHIONINE LEUCYL-PHENYLALANINE. Since N-formyl peptides are found in MITOCHONDRIA and BACTERIA, this class of receptors is believed to play a role in mediating cellular responses to cellular damage and bacterial invasion. However, non-formylated peptide ligands have also been found for this receptor class.Antibody Specificity: The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.Peptide PHI: A 27-amino acid peptide with histidine at the N-terminal and isoleucine amide at the C-terminal. The exact amino acid composition of the peptide is species dependent. The peptide is secreted in the intestine, but is found in the nervous system, many organs, and in the majority of peripheral tissues. It has a wide range of biological actions, affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and central nervous systems.Receptors, Peptide: Cell surface receptors that bind peptide messengers with high affinity and regulate intracellular signals which influence the behavior of cells.Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as CATIONS; those with a negative charge are ANIONS.Solubility: The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Protein Engineering: Procedures by which protein structure and function are changed or created in vitro by altering existing or synthesizing new structural genes that direct the synthesis of proteins with sought-after properties. Such procedures may include the design of MOLECULAR MODELS of proteins using COMPUTER GRAPHICS or other molecular modeling techniques; site-specific mutagenesis (MUTAGENESIS, SITE-SPECIFIC) of existing genes; and DIRECTED MOLECULAR EVOLUTION techniques to create new genes.Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.DNA Restriction Enzymes: Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.Spectrometry, Fluorescence: Measurement of the intensity and quality of fluorescence.Metalloendopeptidases: ENDOPEPTIDASES which use a metal such as ZINC in the catalytic mechanism.Glycoproteins: Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.Genes: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular: NMR spectroscopy on small- to medium-size biological macromolecules. This is often used for structural investigation of proteins and nucleic acids, and often involves more than one isotope.DNA, Bacterial: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.Protease Inhibitors: Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (ENDOPEPTIDASES).Mutagenesis, Site-Directed: Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.Glycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction.Cricetinae: A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.Photoaffinity Labels: Biologically active molecules which are covalently bound to the enzymes or binding proteins normally acting on them. Binding occurs due to activation of the label by ultraviolet light. These labels are used primarily to identify binding sites on proteins.Plant Proteins: Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.Mice, Inbred BALB CCarboxypeptidases: Enzymes that act at a free C-terminus of a polypeptide to liberate a single amino acid residue.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Indicators and Reagents: Substances used for the detection, identification, analysis, etc. of chemical, biological, or pathologic processes or conditions. Indicators are substances that change in physical appearance, e.g., color, at or approaching the endpoint of a chemical titration, e.g., on the passage between acidity and alkalinity. Reagents are substances used for the detection or determination of another substance by chemical or microscopical means, especially analysis. Types of reagents are precipitants, solvents, oxidizers, reducers, fluxes, and colorimetric reagents. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p301, p499)Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional: Electrophoresis in which a second perpendicular electrophoretic transport is performed on the separate components resulting from the first electrophoresis. This technique is usually performed on polyacrylamide gels.Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.Protein Denaturation: Disruption of the non-covalent bonds and/or disulfide bonds responsible for maintaining the three-dimensional shape and activity of the native protein.Thermodynamics: A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.Crystallography, X-Ray: The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen.Nerve Tissue ProteinsT-Lymphocytes: Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.Isoelectric Focusing: Electrophoresis in which a pH gradient is established in a gel medium and proteins migrate until they reach the site (or focus) at which the pH is equal to their isoelectric point.Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins: Proteins and peptides that are involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION within the cell. Included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and cellular processes in response to signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. Intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors.Cross-Linking Reagents: Reagents with two reactive groups, usually at opposite ends of the molecule, that are capable of reacting with and thereby forming bridges between side chains of amino acids in proteins; the locations of naturally reactive areas within proteins can thereby be identified; may also be used for other macromolecules, like glycoproteins, nucleic acids, or other.Immunoblotting: Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.Tumor Cells, Cultured: Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.Calmodulin: A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels.Immunologic Tests: Immunologic techniques involved in diagnosis.Cysteine Endopeptidases: ENDOPEPTIDASES which have a cysteine involved in the catalytic process. This group of enzymes is inactivated by CYSTEINE PROTEINASE INHIBITORS such as CYSTATINS and SULFHYDRYL REAGENTS.Cytochrome c Group: A group of cytochromes with covalent thioether linkages between either or both of the vinyl side chains of protoheme and the protein. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539)Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Opioid Peptides: The endogenous peptides with opiate-like activity. The three major classes currently recognized are the ENKEPHALINS, the DYNORPHINS, and the ENDORPHINS. Each of these families derives from different precursors, proenkephalin, prodynorphin, and PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN, respectively. There are also at least three classes of OPIOID RECEPTORS, but the peptide families do not map to the receptors in a simple way.Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.Nucleic Acid Hybridization: Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)Protein Biosynthesis: The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.Peptide Hormones: Hormones synthesized from amino acids. They are distinguished from INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS in that their actions are systemic.PhotochemistrySignal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Receptors, Cell Surface: Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.Catalysis: The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.Antigens: Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet: Determination of the spectra of ultraviolet absorption by specific molecules in gases or liquids, for example Cl2, SO2, NO2, CS2, ozone, mercury vapor, and various unsaturated compounds. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction.Molecular Mimicry: The structure of one molecule that imitates or simulates the structure of a different molecule.Precipitin Tests: Serologic tests in which a positive reaction manifested by visible CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION occurs when a soluble ANTIGEN reacts with its precipitins, i.e., ANTIBODIES that can form a precipitate.Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments: Crystallizable fragments composed of the carboxy-terminal halves of both IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS linked to each other by disulfide bonds. Fc fragments contain the carboxy-terminal parts of the heavy chain constant regions that are responsible for the effector functions of an immunoglobulin (COMPLEMENT fixation, binding to the cell membrane via FC RECEPTORS, and placental transport). This fragment can be obtained by digestion of immunoglobulins with the proteolytic enzyme PAPAIN.Liver: A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.Isoenzymes: Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.Enzyme Activation: Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.Papain: A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Carica papaya. It is also the name used for a purified mixture of papain and CHYMOPAPAIN that is used as a topical enzymatic debriding agent. EC 3.4.22.2.Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of SKIN; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; and the organic substance of bones (BONE AND BONES) and teeth (TOOTH).Fluorescent Dyes: Agents that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags.Multienzyme Complexes: Systems of enzymes which function sequentially by catalyzing consecutive reactions linked by common metabolic intermediates. They may involve simply a transfer of water molecules or hydrogen atoms and may be associated with large supramolecular structures such as MITOCHONDRIA or RIBOSOMES.Brain: The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.Lymphocyte Activation: Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.Sulfhydryl Compounds: Compounds containing the -SH radical.Transcription, Genetic: The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.Membrane Glycoproteins: Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Amino Acid Motifs: Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.Aptamers, Peptide: Peptide sequences, generated by iterative rounds of SELEX APTAMER TECHNIQUE, that bind to a target molecule specifically and with high affinity.Databases, Protein: Databases containing information about PROTEINS such as AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; PROTEIN CONFORMATION; and other properties.

The amino acid sequence of Neurospora NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase. The tryptic peptides. (1/33178)

The NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase of Neurospora crassa was digested with trypsin, and peptides accounting for 441 out of the 452 residues of the polypeptide chain were isolated and substantially sequenced. Additional experimental detail has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50052 (11 pages) with the British Library (Lending Division), Boston Spa, Wetherby, W. Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies may be obtained under the terms given in Biochem J. (1975) 145, 5.  (+info)

Studies of the binding of different iron donors to human serum transferrin and isolation of iron-binding fragments from the N- and C-terminal regions of the protein. (2/33178)

1. Trypsin digestion of human serum transferrin partially saturated with iron(III)-nitrilotriacetate at pH 5.5 or pH 8.5 produces a carbohydrate-containing iron-binding fragment of mol.wt. 43000. 2. When iron(III) citrate, FeCl3, iron (III) ascorabate and (NH4)2SO4,FeSO4 are used as iron donors to saturate the protein partially, at pH8.5, proteolytic digestion yields a fragment of mol.wt. 36000 that lacks carbohydrate. 3. The two fragments differ in their antigenic structures, amino acid compositions and peptide 'maps'. 4. The fragment with mol.wt. 36000 was assigned to the N-terminal region of the protein and the other to the C-terminal region. 5. The distribution of iron in human serum transferrin partially saturated with various iron donors was examined by electrophoresis in urea/polyacrylamide gels and the two possible monoferric forms were unequivocally identified. 6. The site designated A on human serum transferrin [Harris (1977) Biochemistry 16, 560--564] was assigned to the C-terminal region of the protein and the B site to the N-terminal region. 7. The distribution of iron on transferrin in human plasma was determined.  (+info)

The amino acid sequence of Neurospora NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase. Peptides from digestion with a staphylococcal proteinase. (3/33178)

The extracellular proteinase of Staphylococcus aureus strain V8 was used to digest the NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase of Neurospora crassa. Of 35 non-overlapping peptides expected from the glutamate content of the polypeptide chain, 29 were isolated and substantially sequenced. The sequences obtained were valuable in providing overlaps for the alignment of about two-thirds of the sequences found in tryptic peptides [Wootton, J. C., Taylor, J, G., Jackson, A. A., Chambers, G. K. & Fincham, J. R. S. (1975) Biochem. J. 149, 739-748]. The blocked N-terminal peptide of the protein was isolated. This peptide was sequenced by mass spectrometry, and found to have N-terminal N-acetylserine by Howard R. Morris and Anne Dell, whose results are presented as an Appendix to the main paper. The staphylococcal proteinase showed very high specificity for glutamyl bonds in the NH4HCO3 buffer used. Partial splits of two aspartyl bonds, both Asp-Ile, were probably attributable to the proteinase. No cleavage of glutaminyl or S-carboxymethylcysteinyl bonds was found. Additional experimental detail has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50053 (5 pages) with the British Library (Lending Division), Boston Spa, Wetherby, W. Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K, from whom copies may be obtained under the terms given in Biochem. J. (1975) 1458 5.  (+info)

Inhibition of in vitro enteric neuronal development by endothelin-3: mediation by endothelin B receptors. (4/33178)

The terminal colon is aganglionic in mice lacking endothelin-3 or its receptor, endothelin B. To analyze the effects of endothelin-3/endothelin B on the differentiation of enteric neurons, E11-13 mouse gut was dissociated, and positive and negative immunoselection with antibodies to p75(NTR )were used to isolate neural crest- and non-crest-derived cells. mRNA encoding endothelin B was present in both the crest-and non-crest-derived cells, but that encoding preproendothelin-3 was detected only in the non-crest-derived population. The crest- and non-crest-derived cells were exposed in vitro to endothelin-3, IRL 1620 (an endothelin B agonist), and/or BQ 788 (an endothelin B antagonist). Neurons and glia developed only in cultures of crest-derived cells, and did so even when endothelin-3 was absent and BQ 788 was present. Endothelin-3 inhibited neuronal development, an effect that was mimicked by IRL 1620 and blocked by BQ 788. Endothelin-3 failed to stimulate the incorporation of [3H]thymidine or bromodeoxyuridine. Smooth muscle development in non-crest-derived cell cultures was promoted by endothelin-3 and inhibited by BQ 788. In contrast, transcription of laminin alpha1, a smooth muscle-derived promoter of neuronal development, was inhibited by endothelin-3, but promoted by BQ 788. Neurons did not develop in explants of the terminal bowel of E12 ls/ls (endothelin-3-deficient) mice, but could be induced to do so by endothelin-3 if a source of neural precursors was present. We suggest that endothelin-3/endothelin B normally prevents the premature differentiation of crest-derived precursors migrating to and within the fetal bowel, enabling the precursor population to persist long enough to finish colonizing the bowel.  (+info)

Bone resorption induced by parathyroid hormone is strikingly diminished in collagenase-resistant mutant mice. (5/33178)

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates bone resorption by acting directly on osteoblasts/stromal cells and then indirectly to increase differentiation and function of osteoclasts. PTH acting on osteoblasts/stromal cells increases collagenase gene transcription and synthesis. To assess the role of collagenase in the bone resorptive actions of PTH, we used mice homozygous (r/r) for a targeted mutation (r) in Col1a1 that are resistant to collagenase cleavage of type I collagen. Human PTH(1-34) was injected subcutaneously over the hemicalvariae in wild-type (+/+) or r/r mice four times daily for three days. Osteoclast numbers, the size of the bone marrow spaces and periosteal proliferation were increased in calvariae from PTH-treated +/+ mice, whereas in r/r mice, PTH-induced bone resorption responses were minimal. The r/r mice were not resistant to other skeletal effects of PTH because abundant interstitial collagenase mRNA was detected in the calvarial periosteum of PTH-treated, but not vehicle-treated, r/r and +/+ mice. Calcemic responses, 0.5-10 hours after intraperitoneal injection of PTH, were blunted in r/r mice versus +/+ mice. Thus, collagenase cleavage of type I collagen is necessary for PTH induction of osteoclastic bone resorption.  (+info)

Caspase-mediated cleavage of p21Waf1/Cip1 converts cancer cells from growth arrest to undergoing apoptosis. (6/33178)

The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21waf1/Cip1 is a downstream effector of the p53-dependent cell growth arrest. We report herein that p21 was cleaved by caspase-3/CPP32 at the site of DHVD112L during the DNA damage-induced apoptosis of cancer cells. The cleaved p21 fragment could no more arrest the cells in G1 phase nor suppress the cells undergoing apoptosis because it failed to bind to the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and lost its capability to localize in the nucleus. Thus, caspase-3-mediated cleavage and inactivation of p21 protein may convert cancer cells from growth arrest to undergoing apoptosis, leading to the acceleration of chemotherapy-induced apoptotic process in cancer cells.  (+info)

Activation of Src in human breast tumor cell lines: elevated levels of phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity that preferentially recognizes the Src carboxy terminal negative regulatory tyrosine 530. (7/33178)

Elevated levels of Src kinase activity have been reported in a number of human cancers, including colon and breast cancer. We have analysed four human breast tumor cell lines that exhibit high levels of Src kinase activity, and have determined that these cell lines also exhibit a high level of a phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity that recognizes the Src carboxy-terminal P-Tyr530 negative regulatory site. Total Src kinase activity in these cell lines is elevated as much as 30-fold over activity in normal control cells and specific activity is elevated as much as 5.6-fold. When the breast tumor cells were grown in the presence of the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor vanadate, Src kinase activity was reduced in all four breast tumor cell lines, suggesting that Src was being activated by a phosphatase which could recognize the Tyr530 negative regulatory site. In fractionated cell extracts from the breast tumor cells, we found elevated levels of a membrane associated tyrosine phosphatase activity that preferentially dephosphorylated a Src family carboxy-terminal phosphopeptide containing the regulatory tyrosine 530 site. Src was hypophosphorylated in vivo at tyrosine 530 in at least two of the tumor cell lines, further suggesting that Src was being activated by a phosphatase in these cells. In preliminary immunoprecipitation and antibody depletion experiments, we were unable to correlate the major portion of this phosphatase activity with several known phosphatases.  (+info)

Caspase 3 inactivation to suppress Fas-mediated apoptosis: identification of binding domain with p21 and ILP and inactivation machinery by p21. (8/33178)

The death mediator caspase acts as the dominant regulator during cell death induction. The CPP32 subfamily, including caspase 3 (CPP32/Yama/Apopain), is essential for the cell death signaling. We recently reported that activation of caspase 3 is regulated by complex formation with p21 or ILP. In the present study, we investigated the binding domain with p21 and ILP to further characterize the caspase 3 inactivation machinery. Our results show that caspase 3 contains p21 binding domain in the N-terminus and ILP binding domain in the active site. Further, the caspase 3 binding domain in p21 was independent of the Cdk- or PCNA-binding domain. We also found caspase 3 protection by p21 from the p3-site cleavage serineproteinase contributes to the suppression machinery. Here, we propose the caspase 3 inactivation system by p21 and ILP as new essential system in the regulation of cell death.  (+info)

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Accumulation of the amyloid-beta peptide (alphabeta) in the cerebral cortex is a critical event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimers disease. The b-amyloid protein precursor (APP) is cleaved by beta-secretase, producing a soluble derivative of the protein and a membrane anchored 99-amino acid carboxy-terminal fragment (C99). The C99 fragment serves as substrate for g-secretase to generate the 4 kDa amyloid-b peptide (alphabeta), which is deposited in the brains of all suffers of Alzheimers disease. ...
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Practical Fragments: Hot spots for fragmentsPractical Fragments: Hot spots for fragments
Interestingly, one of the fragments studied by Krimm (2,3-dihydroxynapthalene) was also tested at Abbott, but found to bind in site 2. The reason? In the Abbott study, this fragment (and a number of others) were tested in the presence of a fragment that binds to site 1. It seems that site 1 is a thermodynamic sink, or hot spot. Unless this site is filled, other fragments will bind there, even if they could also bind elsewhere on the protein. The implication is that, if you want to find fragments that bind to a new site on your protein, it may be worth screening in the presence of a fragment known to bind to an existing site ...
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RNA fragments may yield rapid, cccurate Cancer diagnosis | BioEd OnlineRNA fragments may yield rapid, cccurate Cancer diagnosis | BioEd Online
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Querying fragment varying out variable namesQuerying fragment varying out variable names
Hello, Id like to propose an extension of the current API to allow querying of named fragment shader varying out variables of shader programs. As to my knowledge it is not possible yet to get the user defined names of the fragment shader outputs, this is how it could get used: GLuint shaderProgram; ... GLint fragmentVaryingOutCount; glGetProgramiv( shaderProgram, GL_FRAGMENT_VARYING_OUT_ARB, &fragmentVaryingOutCount ); GLint longestFragmentVaryingOutName;
Tumour necrosis factor α blockade reduces circulating N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels in patients with active...Tumour necrosis factor α blockade reduces circulating N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels in patients with active...
Background Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are at increased risk of heart failure and vascular events. Small increases in circulating N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) are associated with an increased risk of a cardiovascular event, and high levels signal left ventricular dysfunction. Data on the effects of tumour necrosis factor α(TNFα) blocking agents on circulating NT-proBNP levels in patients with active RA are lacking but may be informative.. Methods 171 consecutive patients with RA (28-joint disease activity score ,3.2) without congestive heart failure (NYHA class III or IV) were scheduled to receive adalimumab once every 2 weeks. Serum NT-proBNP concentrations were measured simultaneously on stored baseline and 16-week samples. Paired sample t tests were used to observe differences in biomarkers before and after adalimumab administration. Correlations between the biomarkers and changes in circulating log NT-proBNP levels were evaluated with the Pearson test ...
Abstract MP13: N-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP) and Risk of Hypertension in the Atherosclerosis Risk in...Abstract MP13: N-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP) and Risk of Hypertension in the Atherosclerosis Risk in...
Introduction: Increased plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) concentration reflects cardiac overload and is used to diagnose and stage congestive heart failure. While NT-proBNP exhibits beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system via vasodilatation and diuresis, increased amounts of circulating NT-proBNP also promote release of norepinephrine, which is known to affect blood pressure. Cross-sectional studies report positive associations of NT-pro-BNP with blood pressure, but the prospective association of increased NT-proBNP with risk of hypertension is not well characterized. Thus, the study aim was to evaluate the association of NT-proBNP with incident hypertension in the community-based ARIC Study.. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort analysis of 3,849 participants aged 53-75 years with measured NT-proBNP at ARIC Visit 4 (1996-98) and normal blood pressure; participants with a history of hypertension (medication use or measured BP ≥140/90 mmHg), ...
The use of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic Peptide to evaluate vascular disease in elderly patients with mental illness.The use of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic Peptide to evaluate vascular disease in elderly patients with mental illness.
article{f11d08e8-ad91-4917-ae93-8e3b89b2c1b0, abstract = {BACKGROUND:,br/,,br, Serum N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is regarded as a sensitive marker of cardiovascular disease. Vascular disease plays an important role in cognitive impairment.,br/,,br, ,br/,,br, METHOD:,br/,,br, In 447 elderly patients with mental illness, serum NT-proBNP level and the presence or absence of vascular disease according to the medical record were used to categorize patients in different subgroups of vascular disease.,br/,,br, ,br/,,br, RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:,br/,,br, Patients with vascular disease and elevated serum NT-proBNP level had a lower cognition level, shorter survival time, lower renal function and a higher percentage of pathological brain imaging than patients with vascular disease and normal NT-proBNP level. Thus, elevated serum NT-proBNP level might be helpful to detect patients who have a more severe cardiovascular disease.}, author = {Nilsson, Karin and Gustafson, Lars and ...
Amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide as a predictor of outcome in patients admitted to intensive care. A prospective...Amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide as a predictor of outcome in patients admitted to intensive care. A prospective...
Background: Cardiac dysfunction is a well-known complication of sepsis, but its characteristics and consequences, especially on a longer term, remain unclear. The aim of this thesis was to study the characteristics and the implications of cardiac dysfunction for outcome in intensive care unit (ICU) patients with septic shock.. Purpose: First, to assess the ability of a cardiac biomarker to predict outcome in ICU patients. Second, to characterise cardiac dysfunction in septic shock using speckle tracking echocardiography. Third, to investigate the reliability of echocardiographic methods used to describe cardiac dysfunction in septic shock. Fourth, to study long-term cardiac outcome in severe sepsis and septic shock patients.. Materials and methods: The cardiac biomarker amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP) was collected in 481 patients on ICU admission and its ability to predict death was assessed. In 50 patients with septic shock, echocardiography was performed on ICU ...
Plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide as long-term prognostic marker after major vascular surgery | HeartPlasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide as long-term prognostic marker after major vascular surgery | Heart
Objective: To assess the long-term prognostic value of plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) after major vascular surgery.. Design: A single-centre prospective cohort study.. Patients: 335 patients who underwent abdominal aortic aneurysm repair or lower extremity bypass surgery.. Interventions: Prior to surgery, baseline NT-proBNP level was measured. Patients were also evaluated for cardiac risk factors according to the Revised Cardiac Risk Index. Dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) was performed to detect stress-induced myocardial ischaemia.. Main outcome measures: The prognostic value of NT-proBNP was evaluated for the endpoints all-cause mortality and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) during long-term follow-up.. Results: In this patient cohort (mean age: 62 years, 76% male), median NT-proBNP level was 186 ng/l (interquartile range: 65-444 ng/l). During a mean follow-up of 14 (SD 6) months, 49 patients (15%) died and 50 (15%) experienced a MACE. Using receiver ...
Prognostic Value of Plasma N-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide in Patients With Severe Sepsis | CirculationPrognostic Value of Plasma N-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide in Patients With Severe Sepsis | Circulation
The cardiovascular response to septic shock is peripheral vasodilatation resulting in systemic hypotension, hyporesponsiveness to vasopressors, and reduced systemic vascular resistance. Cytokines and endotoxins from Gram-negative microorganisms may lead to myocardial depression and ventricular dilatation.21 A circulating myocardial depressant substance was first proposed ,50 years ago.22 Later, it was shown that tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1 are cardiodepressant.23 Myocardial depression has been defined by different measures of cardiac performance such as cardiac output, depressed ejection fraction, or ventricular dilation.24 Several studies have shown that laboratory markers such as cyclic guanosine monophosphate, ANP, endothelin, or the cardiac-specific protein TNI may reflect cardiac dysfunction or myocardial cell damage in severe sepsis.14,15,25. The present study demonstrated that NT-proBNP may be a valuable laboratory marker to allow risk stratification of sepsis patients. ...
Additive prognostic value of plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and coronary artery calcification for...Additive prognostic value of plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and coronary artery calcification for...
In this prospective study of asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria, without known CAD, risk stratification with NT-proBNP and CAC, alone and in combination, predicted CVD and all-cause mortality on top of established risk factors. According to our previously defined risk criteria based on NT-proBNP and CAC, 24 of 26 deaths occurred in the high risk group during 6.1 years of follow-up and in these patients the adjusted HR for fatal or nonfatal CVD was 10.6 (95 % CI 2.4-46.3). Both risk markers added independent predictive value in the assessment of risk for future events. Identifying diabetic subjects at risk of CVD and death at an early stage and initiating more aggressive therapy in these individuals could improve outcome.. We demonstrated that patients stratified into a high-risk group (NT-proBNP ≥45.2 ng/L and/or CAC ≥ 400) had a significantly higher risk of CVD events and mortality compared to low-risk patients. Findings were similar when comparing each of the ...
The N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide, and risk of dementia and cognitive decline: a 10-year follow-up study in the...The N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide, and risk of dementia and cognitive decline: a 10-year follow-up study in the...
Methods Between 1997 and 2001, serum NT-proBNP was measured in 6040 participants (mean age 69 years, 57% women) free of heart-failure and dementia from the Rotterdam Study. Participants were continuously followed-up for incident dementia until 2012, for 56 616 person-years. Cognition was assessed at baseline and reassessed between 2002 and 2006 by Letter-Digit-Substitution-task, Stroop test and Word-Fluency test. Associations of NT-proBNP with dementia (555 cases), Alzheimers disease (357 cases) and vascular dementia (32 cases) were assessed linearly, and in quartiles using Cox regression. Associations of NT-proBNP with cognitive-decline were assessed using multiple linear regression. All analyses were repeated after excluding patients with CVD. ...
The N-terminal fragment of pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and proBNP - Role of adrenergic receptors in human...The N-terminal fragment of pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and proBNP - Role of adrenergic receptors in human...
The N-terminal fragment of pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and proBNP are used as gold standard clinical markers of myocardial dysfunction such as cardiac hypertrophy and left ventricle heart failure. diffuse Western-immunostained bands order Chelerythrine Chloride on SDSCPAGE and each band collapsed to an obvious homogeneous band pursuing deglycosylation. Hence, glycosylated-proBNP could be one particular circulating form. Right here we provide comprehensive physiochemical characterization because of this O-linked proteins and evaluate these leads to various other defined circulating species, non-glycosylated-proBNP and NT-proBNP. Itll be proven that glycosylation does not have any impact on the secondary and quaternary framework of proBNP. Actually, at moderate focus in benign physiological neutral pH buffer, all three most likely circulating species are essentially without major secondary framework, i.electronic., are intrinsically unstructured proteins (IUPs). Furthermore, all ...
Comparison of transthoracic echocardiography with N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic Peptide as a tool for risk stratification of...Comparison of transthoracic echocardiography with N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic Peptide as a tool for risk stratification of...
The role of preoperative transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) for the risk stratification has not been well investigated yet. We compared the predictive power of TTE with N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), a representative biomarke
N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide level determined at different times identifies transient ischaemic attack patients...N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide level determined at different times identifies transient ischaemic attack patients...
With the exception of IL-6, all biomarkers were higher in TIA patients than in controls. NT-proBNP was significantly related to the presence or new diagnosis of AF at all time points analyzed. Furthermore, the baseline NT-proBNP level was significantly higher than values at the 7-day and 90-day follow-up. For this reason, different cut-off values were obtained at different times: 313 pg/ml at baseline [odds ratio (OR) = 18.99, P , 0.001], 181 pg/ml at 7 days (OR = 11.4, P = 0.001) and 174 pg/ml (OR = 8.46, P , 0.001) at 90 days. ...
Tetanus toxin fragment C fusion facilitates protein delivery to CNS neurons from cerebrospinal fluid in mice. | Profiles RNSTetanus toxin fragment C fusion facilitates protein delivery to CNS neurons from cerebrospinal fluid in mice. | Profiles RNS
Benn SC, Ay I, Bastia E, Chian RJ, Celia SA, Pepinsky RB, Fishman PS, Brown RH, Francis JW. Tetanus toxin fragment C fusion facilitates protein delivery to CNS neurons from cerebrospinal fluid in mice. J Neurochem. 2005 Nov; 95(4):1118-31 ...
48 N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in patients submitted to heart transplant with perserved left ventricular systolic...48 N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in patients submitted to heart transplant with perserved left ventricular systolic...
714 Relationship between serial measurements of N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide and ambulatory cardiac filling pressures in outpatients with chronic heart failure. Braunschweig, F.; Fahrleitner, A.; Mangiavacchi, M.; Ghio, S.; Fotuhi, P.; Hoppe, U.C.; Harrison, M.; Linde, C. // European Journal of Heart Failure. Supplements;Jun2004, Vol. 2 Issue 1, p149 An abstract of the study "Relationship Between Serial Measurements of N-Terminal Pro Brain Natriuretic Peptide and Ambulatory Cardiac Filling Pressures in Outpatients With Chronic Heart Failure," by F. Braunschweig and colleagues is presented. ...
Special ReportSpecial Report
Although patients can present with non-specific symptoms and minimal clinical signs, generally, in the community, patients with heart failure present with symptoms of dyspnoea or fluid retention. In order to confirm (or refute) the diagnosis, NICE recommends natriuretic peptide testing (ideally N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide; NT-proBNP) in all patients with suspected heart failure. An NT-proBNP level , 2,000 ng/L is highly suggestive of heart failure and NICE recommends echocardiography and specialist review within 2 weeks. Conversely, an NT-proBNP level , 400 ng/L suggests that a diagnosis of heart failure is unlikely. Patients with an NT-proBNP of 400-2,000 ng/L should have echocardiography and specialist assessment within 6 weeks. ...
N-terminal pro-B-type Natriuretic Peptides Prognostic Utility Is Overestimated in Meta-analyses Using Study-specific Optimal...N-terminal pro-B-type Natriuretic Peptides Prognostic Utility Is Overestimated in Meta-analyses Using Study-specific Optimal...
Background:N-terminal fragment B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) prognostic utility is commonly determined post hoc by identifying a single optimal discrimination threshold tailored to the individual study population. The authors aimed to determine how using these study-specific post hoc thresholds impacts meta-analysis results. Methods: The authors conducted a systematic review of studies reporting the ability of preoperative NT-proBNP measurements to predict the composite outcome of all-cause mortality and nonfatal myocardial infarction at 30 days after noncardiac surgery. Individual patient-level data NT-proBNP thresholds were determined using two different methodologies. First, a single combined NT-proBNP threshold was determined for the entire cohort of patients, and a meta-analysis conducted using this single threshold. Second, study-specific thresholds were determined for each individual study, with meta-analysis being conducted using these study-specific thresholds. Results: The ...
N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide as an indicator of disease severity in a heterogeneous group of patients with chronic...N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide as an indicator of disease severity in a heterogeneous group of patients with chronic...
N-terminal-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP) is well established as a predictor of prognosis in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Although a similar prognostic significance has been suggested in 1 study of right ventricular failur
人 Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide (NT-ProBNP) ELISA Kit (ABIN492015)人 Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide (NT-ProBNP) ELISA Kit (ABIN492015)
适用: 人 - 样品类型: Serum, Plasma. - 1张图片 - 1个PubMed引用 | Order Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide (NT-ProBNP) ELISA Kit (ABIN492015).
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Alanine glycine peptide bondsAlanine glycine peptide bonds
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Neuropeptides : Metabolism to Bioactive Fragments and the Pharmacology of Their ReceptorsNeuropeptides : Metabolism to Bioactive Fragments and the Pharmacology of Their Receptors
The proteolytic processing of neuropeptides has an important regulatory function and the peptide fragments resulting from the enzymatic degradation often exert essential physiological roles. The proteolytic processing generates, not only biologically inactive fragments, but also bioactive fragments that modulate or even counteract the response of their parent peptides. Frequently, these peptide fragments interact with receptors that are not recognized by the parent peptides. This review discusses tachykinins, opioid peptides, angiotensins, bradykinins, and neuropeptide Y that are present in the central nervous system and their processing to bioactive degradation products. These well-known neuropeptide systems have been selected since they provide illustrative examples that proteolytic degradation of parent peptides can lead to bioactive metabolites with different biological activities as compared to their parent peptides. For example, substance P, dynorphin A, angiotensin I and II, bradykinin, ...
Functionally important segments in proteins dissected using Gene Ontology and geometric clustering of peptide fragments |...Functionally important segments in proteins dissected using Gene Ontology and geometric clustering of peptide fragments |...
We have developed a geometric clustering algorithm using backbone φ,ψ angles to group conformationally similar peptide fragments of any length. By labeling each fragment in the cluster with the level-specific Gene Ontology molecular function term of its protein, we are able to compute statistics for molecular function-propensity and p-value of individual fragments in the cluster. Clustering-cum-statistical analysis for peptide fragments 8 residues in length and with only trans peptide bonds shows that molecular function propensities ≥20 and p-values ≤0.05 can dissect fragments within a protein linked to the molecular function.
44889 cysteine peptide44889 cysteine peptide
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AID 656250 - Binding affinity to PS1 Carboxy-terminal fragment in human HeLa cell membrane at 20 nM by photo-affinity in-gel...AID 656250 - Binding affinity to PS1 Carboxy-terminal fragment in human HeLa cell membrane at 20 nM by photo-affinity in-gel...
BioAssay record AID 656250 submitted by ChEMBL: Binding affinity to PS1 Carboxy-terminal fragment in human HeLa cell membrane at 20 nM by photo-affinity in-gel fluorescence method in presence of GSI L458.
Evaluation of the effects of 4 oral dosages of S 44121 versus placebo on cardiac function and NT-proBNP in patients with...Evaluation of the effects of 4 oral dosages of S 44121 versus placebo on cardiac function and NT-proBNP in patients with...
This trial will evaluate effect of 4 dosages of aladorian [S 44121] on cardiac function and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in patients
NT-proBNP and cardiac cycle efficiency changes during extubation process in critically ill patients | Springer for Research &...NT-proBNP and cardiac cycle efficiency changes during extubation process in critically ill patients | Springer for Research &...
Sixty-six paired NT-proBNP and CCE values were obtained. Patients in the SB group and in the CPAP group were 10 and 12, respectively. In both groups there was a trend towards an increase in NT-proBNP values after extubation, an opposite trend was observed regarding CCE values (P , 0.05). NT-proBNP levels showed an increase after extubation (T2, T3) compared with T1; conversely, CCE showed an inverse trend. Overall, a negative correlation was found between NT-proBNP and CCE values (R = -0.81, P , 0.001). Significant inverse correlations were found between NT-proBNP and CCE at T1, T2, and T3 (R = -0.91, -0.75 and -0.73 respectively; P , 0.001). The overall correlation between NT-proBNP and CCE was -0.74 in the SB group and -0.86 in the CPAP group. Standard hemodynamic and ventilatory data did not show significant changes during the study. ...
US Patent for Metallothionein-derived peptide fragments Patent (Patent # 8,618,060 issued December 31, 2013) - Justia Patents...US Patent for Metallothionein-derived peptide fragments Patent (Patent # 8,618,060 issued December 31, 2013) - Justia Patents...
The present invention relates to neural cell survival, differentiation and proliferation promoting peptide fragments derived from metallothioneins (MT), pharmaceutical compositions comprising said peptide fragments and uses thereof for treatment of diseases and conditions where the effects of stimulating neural cell proliferation, differentiation and/or survival, and/or stimulating neural plasticity associated with learning and memory are beneficial for treatment.
Homeobox protein ESX1Homeobox protein ESX1
This gene encodes a dual-function 65 kDa protein that undergoes proteolytic cleavage to produce a 45 kDa N-terminal fragment with a paired-like homeodomain and a 20 kDa C-terminal fragment with a proline-rich domain. The C-terminal fragment localizes to the cytoplasm while the N-terminal fragment localizes exclusively to the nucleus. In contrast to human, the mouse homolog has a novel PN/PF motif in the C-terminus and is paternally imprinted in placental tissue. This gene likely plays a role in placental development and spermatogenesis. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2010 ...
Usefulness of NT-proBNP serum level in the diagnosis of dyspnea in COPD patients | Rubinsztajn | Advances in Respiratory...Usefulness of NT-proBNP serum level in the diagnosis of dyspnea in COPD patients | Rubinsztajn | Advances in Respiratory...
Results. There were no statistical differences in serum NT-proBNP between patients stratified according to the GOLD staging system for COPD severity or BODE index and mMRC breathlessness scale. The concentration of NT-proBNP was statistically significantly higher in the patients with coexisting cardiovascular diseases (220.8 ± 258.1 vs. 95.4±56.1 pg/ml). The group of patients with NT-proBNP concentration > 125 pg/ml (n = 36) was statistically significantly older (67.5 ± 6 years old vs. 63.2 ± 7.1 years old; p = 0.009) and had statistically significantly lower PaO2 (67.4 ± 11.8 mm Hg vs. 73.0 ± 11.6 mm Hg; p = 0.04 ...
Anti-BNP/pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide antibodyAnti-BNP/pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide antibody
Rabbit polyclonal BNP antibody validated for WB, ELISA, RIA, IHC and tested in Human and Rat. Referenced in 4 publications and 2 independent reviews.
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The energetics of running stability: costs of transport in grass-cutting ants depend on fragment shape | Journal of...The energetics of running stability: costs of transport in grass-cutting ants depend on fragment shape | Journal of...
Grass-cutting ants (Atta vollenweideri) carry fragments that can be many times heavier and longer than the ants themselves and it is important for them to avoid falling over during load transport. To investigate whether the energetic costs of transport are affected by the need to maintain stability, the rate of CO2 production was measured in both unladen workers and workers carrying standardized paper fragments of different size and shape. We tested: (1) the effect of mass by comparing workers carrying either light or heavy fragments of the same size, and (2) the effect of shape by comparing short and long fragments of the same mass. Consistent with previous studies, metabolic rate increased but running speed remained constant when ants carried heavier fragments. The net cost of transport (normalized to the total mass of ant and fragment) was the same for heavy and light fragments, and did not differ from the costs of carrying a unit body mass. Ants carrying long fragments showed similar ...
Argireline Acetate Human Growth Peptides Fragment M.F C34H60N14O12S 99% AssaysArgireline Acetate Human Growth Peptides Fragment M.F C34H60N14O12S 99% Assays
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RESULTS Mean NT-proBNP levels were significantly higher in case than in control subjects. In logistic regression analyses, NT-proBNP values ,26.46 pg/mL were independently associated with a 2.56-fold increased risk of all complications. Odds ratios of CVD (3.95 [95% CI 1.26-12.35]), nephropathy (4.38 [1.30-14.76]), and distal symmetrical polyneuropathy (4.32 [1.41-13.23]) were significantly increased in patients with NT-proBNP values in the highest quartile (,84.71 pg/mL), independently of renal function and known risk factors. These associations were no longer significant after inclusion of TNF-α into the model. ...
Peter Thomas Roths Deal with Serum: Benefits of Peptides on your Skin - AgosuperPeter Thomas Roth's Deal with Serum: Benefits of Peptides on your Skin - Agosuper
Pores and skin professionals recommend facial products that have peptides (like Peter Thomas Roth Un-wrinkle Turbo Experience Serum) to be a an effective, protected way to realize radiant pores and serum for oily skin. Please read on to master precisely what a peptide is, and why several types of peptides are adept at reviving pores and skin. You may also get some simple info on why Peter Thomas Roth peptide serum is so productive at bettering pores and skin.. Introduction to Peptides:. A peptide is usually a string of amino acids, the basic elements are used to make proteins. As handful of as two amino acids can appear together to sort a peptide (exclusively a dipeptide). Other peptides contain dozens of amino acids. Generally, fifty amino acids is the cut-off line - anymore than this, and youre considering a protein, not a peptide.. The Significant Job Peptides Perform in Pores and skin Health and fitness:. Skin experts became fascinated with peptides after getting the essential component ...
MEK Kinase 1, a Substrate for DEVD-Directed Caspases, Is Involved in Genotoxin-Induced Apoptosis | Molecular and Cellular...MEK Kinase 1, a Substrate for DEVD-Directed Caspases, Is Involved in Genotoxin-Induced Apoptosis | Molecular and Cellular...
The observation that MEKK1 can be proteolyzed to very specific fragments prompted us to determine whether p35 or CrmA could inhibit the generation of fragments A, B, C, and D. Figure 6A shows that p35 almost totally and CrmA partially inhibited the appearance of fragments B and C. Quantitation of the fragments in six independent experiments revealed that CrmA and p35, while leaving the relative proportion of fragment A unchanged, diminished the relative proportion of fragment B by 50 and 90%, respectively. This result indicates that these protease inhibitors prevented the formation of fragments B and C but had no effect on the proteolytic activity that cleaves MEKK1 into fragment A. Since the cleavage of MEKK1 into fragment A was unaffected by CrmA and p35, it was surprising to find that the amount of fragment D, the corresponding moiety of fragment A, was reduced in the presence of the inhibitors (Fig. 6A, right panel). However, since fragment D could be derived from fragment C, blocking the ...
Denileukin diftitox - DrugBankDenileukin diftitox - DrugBank
A recombinant DNA-derived cytotoxic protein composed of the amino acid sequences for diphtheria toxin fragments A and B (Met 1-Thr 387)-His followed by the sequences for interleukin-2 (IL-2; Ala 1-Thr 133). It is produced in an E. coli expression system.
Beta-Amyloid (1-17)-Cys, <i...Beta-Amyloid (1-17)-Cys, <i...
Peptides , Amyloid Peptides , Beta-Amyloid Peptide Fragments , Beta-Amyloid (1-17)-Cys, Human; This peptide amino acids 1 to 17 is a modified fragment of the b-amyloid peptide, with cysteine substituted for valine at position 17.; DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLC; H-Asp-Ala-Glu-Phe-Arg-His-Asp-Ser-Gly-Tyr-Glu-Val-His-His-Gln-Lys-Leu-Cys-OH
Beta-Amyloid (1-17)-Cys, <i...Beta-Amyloid (1-17)-Cys, <i...
Peptides , Amyloid Peptides , Beta-Amyloid Peptide Fragments , Beta-Amyloid (1-17)-Cys, Human; This peptide amino acids 1 to 17 is a modified fragment of the b-amyloid peptide, with cysteine substituted for valine at position 17.; DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLC; H-Asp-Ala-Glu-Phe-Arg-His-Asp-Ser-Gly-Tyr-Glu-Val-His-His-Gln-Lys-Leu-Cys-OH
Small Fragment Safety Lock Plates & Screws Set, Small Fragment Safety Lock Plates & Screws Set Manufacturer, Small Fragment...Small Fragment Safety Lock Plates & Screws Set, Small Fragment Safety Lock Plates & Screws Set Manufacturer, Small Fragment...
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Evaluating BioAccord System Performance in Late Stage Development and QC Environment - Peptide Mapping Analysis : WatersEvaluating BioAccord System Performance in Late Stage Development and QC Environment - Peptide Mapping Analysis : Waters
This application brief establishes that the BioAccord System exhibits sufficient reproducibility for peptide mapping in regulated workflows subject to traditional validation requirements.
Gentaur Molecular :Neuromi \ mGluR2 3, control peptide \ P13102Gentaur Molecular :Neuromi \ mGluR2 3, control peptide \ P13102
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Practical Fragments: October 2013Practical Fragments: October 2013
Glyn Williams -Astex: First off, let me say the best thing Glyn said during his talk was that the Ro3 was meant as a guideline. His talk spoke about the variety of methods in use at Astex: MS, NMR, Thermal shift, ITC, and X-ray. MS is used for protein validation and QC, thermal shift was used for affinity ranking, but they have moved away from it (his comment, "when it doesnt work, you dont know"), ITC is a good way to discriminate good compounds from bad, and NMR is used in competition mode. In terms of their library, they have had 2600 fragments EVER and their current fragment library iteration has 1500 members. Their core library has a avg MW of 176 (~13 HA) and clogP of 0.9 and the X-ray subset of 350 fragments 146 Da (~10 HA) clogP of 0.5. 40% of their fragments are NOT commercially available. These are small fragments and he noted that on average each fragment has hit two targets. Greater than 50% of their hits have never generated a X-ray structure, but have hit in the biophysics ...
Peptide Analyses (Mass, Sequence)-Genemed Synthesis Inc.Peptide Analyses (Mass, Sequence)-Genemed Synthesis Inc.
GSI has prepared modified peptides that can be fluorescently labeled, biotinylated, phophorylated, acetylated, or have one or more disulfides (see available peptide modifications). GSI has prepared ,100,000 peptides for scientists all over the world. GSI products and services have been referenced in several hundreds peer reviewed publications. GSI peptide chemists can help you make peptides tailored to your specific requirements from mg to grams and purities approaching 98-100%. ...
3fragment ligation- troubleshooting - Molecular Biology - BioForum3fragment ligation- troubleshooting - Molecular Biology - BioForum
3fragment ligation- troubleshooting - posted in Molecular Biology: Hello All I have cloned tanc1(approximately 5.6kb in size) into pbuescript vector(3kb approx.) successfully. Tanc1 was big enough and so I looked at the restriction sites and cut it into two fragments- one 2kb A fragment and another 4 kb B fragment. The 2kb fragment had Sal1 and Hind3 ends and the 4kb fragment has Xho, Hind3 ends so that A and B can ligate together through the Hind3 ends. I got the A insert and B insert s...
MIT Researchers Design Experimental Peptide That Targets and Destroys COVID-19 | SBBSMIT Researchers Design Experimental Peptide That Targets and Destroys COVID-19 | SBBS
Scientists are pursuing many different strategies to develop new therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2. One area of interest is developing antibodies that bind to and inactivate viral proteins such as the spike protein, which coronaviruses use to enter human cells. A related approach uses small protein fragments called peptides instead of antibodies.. The MIT team set out to engineer peptides that could strongly bind to the spike protein inside cells, and to use these peptides to trigger the cells to break down the viral proteins. Their idea was to have their peptides recruit naturally occurring proteins called E3 ubiquitin ligases, which can mark proteins for destruction when cells no longer need them.. To generate their spike-protein-binding peptides, the researchers used a computational model of protein interactions that they had previously trained to optimize binding strength between two proteins. Chatterjee and others recently used similar computational methods to design improved versions of ...
Human FEM 1B peptide (ab22783) | AbcamHuman FEM 1B peptide (ab22783) | Abcam
Buy our Human FEM 1B peptide. Ab22783 is a blocking peptide for ab801 and has been validated in BL. Abcam provides free protocols, tips and expert support for…
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BioDrugsBioDrugs
Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcriptCocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript
Major facilitator superfamilyMajor facilitator superfamily
Structural Classification of Proteins databaseStructural Classification of Proteins database
Protein domainProtein domain
HLA-A*02HLA-A*02
PepsinPepsin
BiphalinBiphalin
ANKS1AANKS1A
CALM2CALM2
BALLBALL
Chromogranin AChromogranin A
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AmyloidAmyloid
Renin inhibitorRenin inhibitor
AureolysinAureolysin
LipotropinLipotropin
CCK-4CCK-4
HemorphinHemorphin
Hemorphin-4Hemorphin-4
Protein mass spectrometryProtein mass spectrometry
Hydrogen-deuterium exchangeHydrogen-deuterium exchange
Mass spectrometryMass spectrometry
Proline-rich protein haeiii subfamily 2Proline-rich protein haeiii subfamily 2
Local ElevationLocal Elevation
OligopeptideOligopeptide
LactoferricinLactoferricin
NociceptinNociceptin
PeptidePeptide
Chloroplast DNAChloroplast DNA
RituximabRituximab
PSEN1PSEN1
Beta-glucanBeta-glucan
Péptido intermedio similar á corticotropina, a enciclopedia librePéptido intermedio similar á corticotropina, a enciclopedia libre
Nociceptinski receptor - Vikipedija, slobodna enciklopedijaNociceptinski receptor - Vikipedija, slobodna enciklopedija
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Soy sauceSoy sauce
Arithmetic logic unitArithmetic logic unit
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Serpula lacrymansSerpula lacrymans
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Peptide FragmentsPeptidesAmino Acid SequenceMolecular Sequence DataPeptide MappingPeptide LibraryBase SequenceTrypsinAntimicrobial Cationic PeptidesBinding SitesProtein ConformationCyanogen BromideCloning, MolecularOligopeptidesProtein BindingMolecular WeightElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelChromatography, High Pressure LiquidModels, MolecularProtein Structure, SecondarySequence Homology, Amino AcidPeptides, CyclicKineticsPeptide HydrolasesEscherichia coliEpitopesMass SpectrometryAmino AcidsTrifluoroethanolRecombinant ProteinsStructure-Activity RelationshipPolymorphism, Restriction Fragment LengthEndopeptidasesCattleImmunoglobulin Fab FragmentsProtein Structure, TertiaryMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopySpectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-IonizationCircular DichroismCell LineSerine EndopeptidasesSubstrate SpecificityHydrolysisProteinsChromatography, GelRabbitsProtein PrecursorsNatriuretic Peptide, BrainSequence AlignmentBinding, CompetitiveBacterial ProteinsProtein FoldingImmunoglobulin FragmentsThermolysinAntibodies, MonoclonalDNAEpitope MappingDisulfidesChymotrypsinCockroachesCrop, AvianTandem Mass SpectrometryProtein Processing, Post-TranslationalVasoactive Intestinal PeptideRestriction MappingDNA, ComplementaryPlasmidsRecombinant Fusion ProteinsCells, CulturedCalcitonin Gene-Related PeptideSequence Homology, Nucleic AcidCell-Penetrating PeptidesPeptide BiosynthesisMutationAmyloidHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationCarrier ProteinsCell MembraneChromatography, AffinityMembrane ProteinsPolymerase Chain ReactionPeptide YYAmyloid beta-PeptidesRNA, MessengerPeptide Nucleic AcidsPepsin AGenes, BacterialCysteineChromatography, Ion ExchangeDNA PrimersSpectrometry, Mass, Electrospray IonizationChromatography, LiquidCross ReactionsNatriuretic Peptide, C-TypeMolecular StructureChickensNatriuretic PeptidesSequence AnalysisAntigens, PlantAntigen PresentationMuramidaseTemperatureSolutionsSequence Analysis, DNAModels, ChemicalMacromolecular SubstancesPeptide SynthasesAntibodiesGastrin-Releasing PeptideSwineSequence Analysis, ProteinMicroscopy, ElectronProteomicsSpecies SpecificityAffinity LabelsReceptors, Formyl PeptideAntibody SpecificityPeptide PHIReceptors, PeptideEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssayIonsSolubilityProtein EngineeringPhosphorylationAtrial Natriuretic FactorDNA Restriction EnzymesSpectrometry, FluorescenceMetalloendopeptidasesGlycoproteinsBlotting, WesternGenesNuclear Magnetic Resonance, BiomolecularDNA, BacterialProtease InhibitorsMutagenesis, Site-DirectedTransfectionGlycosylationCricetinaePhotoaffinity LabelsPlant ProteinsMice, Inbred BALB CCarboxypeptidasesDose-Response Relationship, DrugIndicators and ReagentsTime FactorsElectrophoresis, Gel, Two-DimensionalLysineProtein DenaturationThermodynamicsProlineCrystallography, X-RayImmune SeraNerve Tissue ProteinsT-LymphocytesIsoelectric FocusingIntracellular Signaling Peptides and ProteinsCross-Linking ReagentsImmunoblottingTumor Cells, CulturedAzidesCalmodulinImmunologic TestsCysteine EndopeptidasesCytochrome c GroupGene ExpressionOpioid PeptidesCaseinsCalciumNucleic Acid HybridizationProtein BiosynthesisSodium Dodecyl SulfatePeptide HormonesPhotochemistrySignal TransductionReceptors, Cell SurfaceCatalysisAntigensSpectrophotometry, UltravioletImmunodiffusionMolecular MimicryPrecipitin TestsImmunoglobulin Fc FragmentsLiverIsoenzymesEnzyme ActivationPapainCollagenFluorescent DyesMultienzyme ComplexesBrainLymphocyte ActivationSaccharomyces cerevisiaeSulfhydryl CompoundsTranscription, GeneticAlgorithmsGlucagon-Like Peptide 1Membrane GlycoproteinsModels, BiologicalAmino Acid MotifsAptamers, PeptideDatabases, Protein
Peptide Fragments | Profiles RNSPeptide Fragments | Profiles RNS
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Ifapsoriasin Fragments as Antimicrobial PeptidesIfapsoriasin Fragments as Antimicrobial Peptides
Investigation of PACAP Fragments and Related Peptides in Chronic Retinal HypoperfusionInvestigation of PACAP Fragments and Related Peptides in Chronic Retinal Hypoperfusion
Polymer-Encapsulated Aβ Peptide Fragments as an Oligomeric-S...: Ingenta ConnectPolymer-Encapsulated Aβ Peptide Fragments as an Oligomeric-S...: Ingenta Connect
Synthesis of Hemopressin Peptides by Classical Solution Phase Fragment CondensationSynthesis of Hemopressin Peptides by Classical Solution Phase Fragment Condensation
Peptide Fragments | Clinical and Vaccine ImmunologyPeptide Fragments | Clinical and Vaccine Immunology
Experts and Doctors on peptide fragments in United StatesExperts and Doctors on peptide fragments in United States
Synthesis of hemopressin peptides by classical solution phase fragment condensation | RTISynthesis of hemopressin peptides by classical solution phase fragment condensation | RTI
Insulin Peptide Fragment May Point to Solution for Type 1 DiabetesInsulin Peptide Fragment May Point to Solution for Type 1 Diabetes
Common binding site for disialyllactose and tri-peptide in C-fragment of tetanus neurotoxinCommon binding site for disialyllactose and tri-peptide in C-fragment of tetanus neurotoxin
Eglin c and Fragments Peptide | Eglin c and Fragments ProductsEglin c and Fragments Peptide | Eglin c and Fragments Products
Synthesis of protected peptides corresponding to fragment A13-16 of human insulin | SpringerLinkSynthesis of protected peptides corresponding to fragment A13-16 of human insulin | SpringerLink
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RCSB PDB - 1CFN: ANTI-P24 (HIV-1) FAB FRAGMENT CB41 COMPLEXED WITH AN EPITOPE-RELATED PEPTIDERCSB PDB - 1CFN: ANTI-P24 (HIV-1) FAB FRAGMENT CB41 COMPLEXED WITH AN EPITOPE-RELATED PEPTIDE
topic:Peptide Fragments - chemistry found 22 records • Arctic Healthtopic:"Peptide Fragments - chemistry" found 22 records • Arctic Health
RCSB PDB - 1EG4: STRUCTURE OF A DYSTROPHIN WW DOMAIN FRAGMENT IN COMPLEX WITH A BETA-DYSTROGLYCAN PEPTIDERCSB PDB - 1EG4: STRUCTURE OF A DYSTROPHIN WW DOMAIN FRAGMENT IN COMPLEX WITH A BETA-DYSTROGLYCAN PEPTIDE
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N-terminal fragment of probrain natriuretic peptide is associated with | VHRMN-terminal fragment of probrain natriuretic peptide is associated with | VHRM
N-terminal fragment of probrain natriuretic peptide is associated with | VHRMN-terminal fragment of probrain natriuretic peptide is associated with | VHRM
Scaffolded multimers of hIAPP(20-29) peptide fragments fibrillate faster and lead to different fibrils compared to the free...Scaffolded multimers of hIAPP(20-29) peptide fragments fibrillate faster and lead to different fibrils compared to the free...
Biomolecules | Free Full-Text | Prion Fragment Peptides Are Digested with Membrane Type Matrix Metalloproteinases and Acquire...Biomolecules | Free Full-Text | Prion Fragment Peptides Are Digested with Membrane Type Matrix Metalloproteinases and Acquire...
Predicting Peptide Structures in Native Proteins from Physical Simulations of FragmentsPredicting Peptide Structures in Native Proteins from Physical Simulations of Fragments
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Synthesis and protein binding studies of a peptide fragment of clathrin assembly protein AP180 bearing an O-linked β-N...Synthesis and protein binding studies of a peptide fragment of clathrin assembly protein AP180 bearing an O-linked β-N...
Synthesis and antiviral activity of PB1 component of the influenza A RNA polymerase peptide fragments - SciPeopleSynthesis and antiviral activity of PB1 component of the influenza A RNA polymerase peptide fragments - SciPeople
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Surface adsorption of fibronectin-derived peptide fragments: the influence of electrostatics and hydrophobicity for endothelial...Surface adsorption of fibronectin-derived peptide fragments: the influence of electrostatics and hydrophobicity for endothelial...
KAKEN - Research Projects | Thermodynamic of the reconstitution of protein structure from peptide fragments. (KAKENHI-PROJECT...KAKEN - Research Projects | Thermodynamic of the reconstitution of protein structure from peptide fragments. (KAKENHI-PROJECT...
Plasma concentrations of the vasoactive peptide fragments mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin, C-terminal pro-endothelin 1 and...Plasma concentrations of the vasoactive peptide fragments mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin, C-terminal pro-endothelin 1 and...
The structure of lactosomatotropic hormone IV. Peptides of tryptic hydrolysis of the fragments D-1, GD-2, G-1, and E-1 of LSTH ...The structure of lactosomatotropic hormone IV. Peptides of tryptic hydrolysis of the fragments D-1, GD-2, G-1, and E-1 of LSTH ...
Comparison of the Capabilities of a Midregional Fragment of the Pro-A-Type Natriuretic Peptide and the N-Terminal Pro-B-Type...Comparison of the Capabilities of a Midregional Fragment of the Pro-A-Type Natriuretic Peptide and the N-Terminal Pro-B-Type...
AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation ScienceHealth Care
Peptide FragmentsPeptidesAmino Acid SequenceMolecular Sequence DataPeptide MappingPeptide LibraryBase SequenceTrypsinAntimicrobial Cationic PeptidesBinding SitesProtein ConformationCyanogen BromideCloning, MolecularOligopeptidesProtein BindingMolecular WeightElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelChromatography, High Pressure LiquidModels, MolecularProtein Structure, SecondarySequence Homology, Amino AcidPeptides, CyclicKineticsPeptide HydrolasesEscherichia coliEpitopesMass SpectrometryAmino AcidsTrifluoroethanolRecombinant ProteinsStructure-Activity RelationshipPolymorphism, Restriction Fragment LengthEndopeptidasesCattleImmunoglobulin Fab FragmentsProtein Structure, TertiaryMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopySpectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-IonizationCircular DichroismCell LineSerine EndopeptidasesSubstrate SpecificityHydrolysisProteinsChromatography, GelRabbitsProtein PrecursorsNatriuretic Peptide, BrainSequence AlignmentBinding, CompetitiveBacterial ProteinsProtein FoldingImmunoglobulin FragmentsThermolysinAntibodies, MonoclonalDNAEpitope MappingDisulfidesChymotrypsinCockroachesCrop, AvianTandem Mass SpectrometryProtein Processing, Post-TranslationalVasoactive Intestinal PeptideRestriction MappingDNA, ComplementaryPlasmidsRecombinant Fusion ProteinsCells, CulturedCalcitonin Gene-Related PeptideSequence Homology, Nucleic AcidCell-Penetrating PeptidesPeptide BiosynthesisMutationAmyloidHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationCarrier ProteinsCell MembraneChromatography, AffinityMembrane ProteinsPolymerase Chain ReactionPeptide YYAmyloid beta-PeptidesRNA, MessengerPeptide Nucleic AcidsPepsin AGenes, BacterialCysteineChromatography, Ion ExchangeDNA PrimersSpectrometry, Mass, Electrospray IonizationChromatography, LiquidCross ReactionsNatriuretic Peptide, C-TypeMolecular StructureChickensNatriuretic PeptidesSequence AnalysisAntigens, PlantAntigen PresentationMuramidaseTemperatureSolutionsSequence Analysis, DNAModels, ChemicalMacromolecular SubstancesPeptide SynthasesAntibodiesGastrin-Releasing PeptideSwineSequence Analysis, ProteinMicroscopy, ElectronProteomicsSpecies SpecificityAffinity LabelsReceptors, Formyl PeptideAntibody SpecificityPeptide PHIReceptors, PeptideEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssayIonsSolubilityProtein EngineeringPhosphorylationAtrial Natriuretic FactorDNA Restriction EnzymesSpectrometry, FluorescenceMetalloendopeptidasesGlycoproteinsBlotting, WesternGenesNuclear Magnetic Resonance, BiomolecularDNA, BacterialProtease InhibitorsMutagenesis, Site-DirectedTransfectionGlycosylationCricetinaePhotoaffinity LabelsPlant ProteinsMice, Inbred BALB CCarboxypeptidasesDose-Response Relationship, DrugIndicators and ReagentsTime FactorsElectrophoresis, Gel, Two-DimensionalLysineProtein DenaturationThermodynamicsProlineCrystallography, X-RayImmune SeraNerve Tissue ProteinsT-LymphocytesIsoelectric FocusingIntracellular Signaling Peptides and ProteinsCross-Linking ReagentsImmunoblottingTumor Cells, CulturedAzidesCalmodulinImmunologic TestsCysteine EndopeptidasesCytochrome c GroupGene ExpressionOpioid PeptidesCaseinsCalciumNucleic Acid HybridizationProtein BiosynthesisSodium Dodecyl SulfatePeptide HormonesPhotochemistrySignal TransductionReceptors, Cell SurfaceCatalysisAntigensSpectrophotometry, UltravioletImmunodiffusionMolecular MimicryPrecipitin TestsImmunoglobulin Fc FragmentsLiverIsoenzymesEnzyme ActivationPapainCollagenFluorescent DyesMultienzyme ComplexesBrainLymphocyte ActivationSaccharomyces cerevisiaeSulfhydryl CompoundsTranscription, GeneticAlgorithmsGlucagon-Like Peptide 1Membrane GlycoproteinsModels, BiologicalAmino Acid MotifsAptamers, PeptideDatabases, Protein
Amino AcidsProteinsGrowth Hormone2020PurityVialQualitySupplySalePRODUCTSPeopleMultipleRoleProteinProteinsSynthesisAntimicrobial PeptidesSarmsResiduesPurity10mgHormoneAbstractImmobilizing bioactiveDirect-peptides.comVialsFragAntibodiesResidueConcentrationsSynthetic peptidesNatriuretic peptidesExperimentsIpamorelinTransmembraneMoleculeNucleic acidsEpitopePrionRESEARCHConformationObese fat cellsInsulin resistanceSequenceStimulatesAssaysSearchCharacterizationPolypeptideSequencesAntibody fragmentMolecularStudiesAmino acids joinedHilma BiocareDosageFunctionalDisulfideStructuralLipolyticSolublePrecursorsProductsMoietyCytotoxicityPolymeraseBacterial cellsSuggestsAmideResultsChemistry and BiologyClinicalSpectroscopy
Amino Acids1
Proteins4
Growth Hormone2
20201
Purity1
Vial1
Quality5
Supply1
  • Plus, they supply HGH fragment 176-191 cost-free shipping within the United States as well as around the world delivery for a tiny charge, relying on the area obviously. (us.com)
Sale2
  • You can find fragment 176-191 for sale in the United States here. (us.com)
  • You do always require to be mindful not to select the cheapest Fragment 176-191 for sale just because its economical. (us.com)
PRODUCTS1
  • We suggest carrying out complete research before you order hGH Fragment 176-191 U.S.A.. For beginners, you will most definitely intend to ensure the distributor is based in the United States and that their products are made in the UNITED STATES also. (us.com)
People1
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Peptide Fragments" by people in this website by year, and whether "Peptide Fragments" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (wakehealth.edu)
Multiple1
Role1
  • Frag peptide 176-191 plays a chief role in breaking down fat cells in the body. (us.com)
Protein35
  • Denver, CO - Researchers at National Jewish Health and the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus have identified the precise protein fragment, or peptide, that can trigger diabetes in mice. (nationaljewish.org)
  • During development in the thymus, immature T cells are exposed to 'self' protein fragments, which are part of the organism. (nationaljewish.org)
  • Processing and metabolism of beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) and generation of a variety of beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptides in the human brain is essentially associated with pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). (arctichealth.org)
  • Type-specific immunogenicity of a chemically synthesized peptide fragment of type 5 streptococcal M protein. (rupress.org)
  • We determined the antigenic specificity and protective immunogenicity of two chemically synthesized peptides of type 5 streptococcal M protein. (rupress.org)
  • Аннотация This study is devoted to the antiviral activity of peptide fragments from the PB1 protein - a component of the influenza A RNA polymerase. (scipeople.ru)
  • We found that peptide fragments 6-13, 6-14, 26-30, 395-400, and 531-540 of the PB1 protein were capable of suppressing viral replication in cell culture. (scipeople.ru)
  • Thus, short peptide fragments of the PB1 protein could serve as leads for future development of influenza prevention and/or treatment agents. (scipeople.ru)
  • Thermodynamic of the reconstitution of protein structure from peptide fragments. (nii.ac.jp)
  • In addition, smaller peptide fragments were prepared to investigate the effect of the losing some peptide segment from the whole amino acid sequence of protein. (nii.ac.jp)
  • Publications] H.Kusunoki: 'NMR Studies of G Protein-Bound Receptor Peptide Fragments' J.Cellular.Biochem.21B. (nii.ac.jp)
  • By labeling each fragment in the cluster with the level-specific Gene Ontology 'molecular function' term of its protein, we are able to compute statistics for molecular function-propensity and p -value of individual fragments in the cluster. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Clustering-cum-statistical analysis for peptide fragments 8 residues in length and with only trans peptide bonds shows that molecular function propensities ≥20 and p -values ≤0.05 can dissect fragments within a protein linked to the molecular function. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Analysis of the protein fold reveals only a part of the information contained in the protein structure, whereas analysis of protein structure as an assembly of peptide fragments in a defined order provides additional information with respect to certain desired features [ 1 - 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fragments derived from structure-based sequence signatures offer an attractive way to annotate protein function because of their applicability to both sequences and structures with unknown function. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The clusters show that protein fragments extremely divergent in sequence can adopt similar conformations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Yet within the clusters, GO MF terms associated with the fragments (as derived from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) annotation) can be over-represented, and identified by a statistically significant distribution of propensity values, highlighting the primary importance of the fragment to biochemical function. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The scFv and Fab fragment interact with the membrane protein of interest via the EYMPME (EE) tag, which is selectively mutated into a hydrophilic loop of the protein. (gatech.edu)
  • The membrane protein-antibody fragment complex may enter crystallization trials with the antibody fragment driving the complex nucleation through the formation of numerous, strong crystal contacts. (gatech.edu)
  • Such a co-crystallization method with anti-EE scFv and Fab fragments provides the protein crystallographer with a "crystallization toolbox" that can be used for any crystallographic study of a protein of interest. (gatech.edu)
  • While this works well for systems like DNA, where the charge transfer pathway is naturally divided into distinct molecular fragments, this is less obvious for charge transfer along peptide and protein backbones. (uni-regensburg.de)
  • Creative Biostructure can provide customized Mempro™ protein production services for peptide fragments of transmembrane proteins using cell-free expression system. (creative-biostructure.com)
  • Among Mempro™ cell-free protein production systems, E. coli S30 extract is commonly used for peptide fragments of transmembrane protein production. (creative-biostructure.com)
  • Baculovirus expression system from Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcNPV) is also a major system for peptide fragments of transmembrane protein expression. (creative-biostructure.com)
  • With the Mempro™ cell-free protein production platform, Creative Biostructure is capable of expressing, purifying and solubilizing peptide fragments of transmembrane proteins to study interactions within membrane domains as well as protein structure. (creative-biostructure.com)
  • 2012). Structural analysis of a peptide fragment of transmembrane transporter protein bilitranslocase. (creative-biostructure.com)
  • 2002). Structural analysis of synthetic peptide fragments from emre, a multidrug resistance protein, in a membrane-mimetic environment. (creative-biostructure.com)
  • Investigations into similar HGH fragments with the same active terminal amino acid sequence (178-191) suggest it may stimulate the protein kinase C pathway, and modulate hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase. (thesteroids.to)
  • Interphotoreceptor Retinoid Binding Protein Fragment (IRBP), a 20-residue peptide and a major pathogenic epitope, is present in the first homologous repeat of the interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein peptide (IRBP 161-180), which can induce posterior uveitis (EAU). (medchemexpress.com)
  • All PhD students, postdocs and early stage researchers working in the fields of peptide and protein chemistry are invited to present their work as oral or poster presentations.There will be 8-9 oral presentations, each 20 minutes with 5 minutes for questions, given by both PhD students and postdoctoral research workers, and a poster session. (rsc.org)
  • Based on the comprehensive membrane protein production platform established through years of experience, scientists from Creative Biostructure can offer tailored Mempro™ peptide fragments of water-soluble proteins production services using detergent-free expression system. (creative-biostructure.com)
  • Peptide fragments of water-soluble proteins is a superfamily which consists of 10 protein families as shown in the following table. (creative-biostructure.com)
  • Peptide fragments refer to fragments of proteins that are used to identify or quantify the source protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • We have previously reported that galanin message-associated peptide (GMAP), a fragment of galanin precursor protein, is present in dorsal root ganglion cells and upon intrathecal (i.t.) administration influences the spinal nociceptive flexor reflex in a complex manner in the rat. (scripps.edu)
  • Human Growth Hormone Fragment 176-191 is a protein peptide made from amino acids 176-191. (gopeps.com)
Proteins15
Synthesis9
Antimicrobial Peptides4
Sarms1
Residues8
  • In a study, various peptide fragments related to eglin c, which consists of 70 amino acid residues, were synthesized by a conventional solution method and their inhibitory effects on leukocyte elastase, cathepsin G and alpha-chymotrypsin were examined. (biosyn.com)
  • Although all peptides bind to the same antigen combining site, the nonhomologous peptides adopt different binding conformations and also form their critical contacts with different antibody residues. (rcsb.org)
  • Residues 18-29 in LL-37 have previously been identified as a minimal peptide (KR-12) that retains antibacterial activity with decreased cytotoxicity. (diva-portal.org)
  • A small 12-residues peptide, referred as KR-12, derived from LL-37, has been reported to have selective toxic effect on bacteria. (diva-portal.org)
  • X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and peptide array measurements imply that KW1 recognizes oligomers through a hydrophobic and significantly aromatic surface motif that includes Aβ residues 18-20. (pnas.org)
  • Short peptides (12-25 residues) derived from the HM of several kinases (PIFtides) can activate PDK1 by about four- to sevenfold, although their mode of interaction with PDK1 has not yet been established ( 8 , 9 ). (pnas.org)
  • With use of synthetic peptides, a domain involved in ristocetin-induced binding has been localized to the residues 474 to 488 and 694 to 708. (ahajournals.org)
  • Amino acids that have been incorporated into peptides are termed "residues" due to the release of either a hydrogen ion from the amine end or a hydroxyl ion from the carboxyl end, or both, as a water molecule is released during formation of each amide bond. (wikipedia.org)
Purity3
10mg2
Hormone31
Abstract2
Immobilizing bioactive1
  • This fusion peptide framework may thus provide a straightforward design for immobilizing bioactive sequences on hydroxyapatite for biomaterials, tissue engineering, and vaccine applications. (labome.org)
Direct-peptides.com1
Vials1
Frag4
Antibodies5
Residue2
Concentrations3
  • Once they begin circulating in the body, these T cells are stimulated when they encounter high concentrations of the peptide or peptides that have been processed differently outside the thymus. (nationaljewish.org)
  • The plasma concentrations of all vasoactive peptide fragments correlated with time on dialysis and plasma β2-microglobulin concentration and were negatively correlated to residual diuresis. (uzh.ch)
  • Increased plasma concentrations of both natriuretic peptides were associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events, after adjustment for age, sex, and other cardiovascular risk factors. (acc.org)
Synthetic peptides1
  • The synthetic peptides, designated S-M5(1-20) and S-M5(20-40), represent the amino-terminal amino acid sequence of the native pepsin-extracted M5 molecule, which is known to contain at least one heart cross-reactive epitope. (rupress.org)
Natriuretic peptides2
  • NT-proBNP was slightly better in regard to cardiovascular mortality, but overall, the similar results in this study as well as previous studies suggest that NT-proANP can be considered prognostically similar to other natriuretic peptides. (acc.org)
  • Little is known about the responses of natriuretic peptides to developing congestive heart failure in 'anephric' end-stage kidney disease. (biomedcentral.com)
Experiments5
  • Experiments investigating proteolysis revealed that all monomeric peptides are degraded similarly by IDE and plasmin, but that the Flemish peptide was degraded significantly more slowly by NEP than wild type Abeta or any of the other mutant peptides. (arctichealth.org)
  • Calorimetric and spectroscopic experiments showed that the peptide segment (45-66) is important for the formation of energetically stable structure between N- and C-terminal helices. (nii.ac.jp)
  • Flow cytometry experiments confirmed that both peptides permeabilize the bacterial cell membrane but suggested slightly different mechanisms of action. (sebbm.es)
  • We focused on biotin adducts attached to peptides generated by BioID and APEX experiments, including biotin, isotopically heavy biotin, and biotin-XX-phenol, a nonpermeable variant of biotin-phenol. (elsevier.com)
  • SAXS (small-angle X-ray scattering) experiments were used to make a model of a six immunoglobulin-like domain fragment of the FLNa rod 2 (domains 16-21). (portlandpress.com)
Ipamorelin2
Transmembrane3
Molecule7
  • The development of type I diabetes in mice is associated with one form of MHCII, the molecule that holds and presents peptides to the immune system. (nationaljewish.org)
  • The MHCII molecule, which has a binding pocket only 9 amino acids long, can bind to and present that insulin fragment in at least four different ways, known as registers. (nationaljewish.org)
  • Contrary to conventional wisdom, the research team found that the peptide presented in the register that binds most weakly to the MHCII molecule stimulated four different T cells associated with diabetes. (nationaljewish.org)
  • All three have been peptides that are weakly bound to the MHCII molecule. (nationaljewish.org)
  • Short peptide fragments of human and murine interleukin 1 (IL 1) were synthesized on the basis of their predicted exposure on the surface of the molecule in an attempt to identify the minimal structure responsible for the immunostimulatory activity of IL 1. (semanticscholar.org)
  • Here, we apply a site-directed technology, disulfide trapping, to interrogate structurally and functionally how an allosteric site on the Ser/Thr kinase, 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1)-the PDK1-interacting-fragment (PIF) pocket-is engaged by an activating peptide motif on downstream substrate kinases (PIFtides) and by small molecule fragments. (pnas.org)
  • We used disulfide trapping to ( i ) better elucidate how a PIFtide binds to and activates PDK1, ( ii ) identify new small molecule fragments targeting the PIF pocket, and ( iii ) begin to characterize their allosteric mechanism. (pnas.org)
Nucleic acids2
Epitope3
Prion1
RESEARCH13
Conformation2
  • Previous studies implicated both peptide conformation and particle size in mediating Aβ toxicity ( 6 , 22 ), but further investigations are limited by insufficient possibilities to target specific intermediate populations experimentally and to discriminate them from other oligomeric polymorphs. (pnas.org)
  • A single particle cryo-EM map of a nine domain rod 2 fragment (domains 16-24), showed a relatively compact dimeric particle and confirmed the three-branched arrangement as well as the peptide-induced conformation changes. (portlandpress.com)
Obese fat cells2
Insulin resistance2
Sequence6
  • 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the foreign substance is a mature polypeptide originating in any biological species, or a precursor polypeptide thereof, and the construct for transferring a foreign substance is a synthetic polypeptide containing an amino acid sequence corresponding to the mature polypeptide or precursor polypeptide thereof as the foreign substance, and the amino acid sequence of the carrier peptide fragment. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
  • The method comprises administering to said animal a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide comprising amino acid sequence: Ser-Val-Asp-Val-Glu-Tyr. (freepatentsonline.com)
  • 1. A method of reducing cell death in a warm-blooded animal, said cell death associated with a neurodegenerative disorder, an immune disease, a neoplastic disorder, an inflammatory disorder, or a viral disease, said method comprising administering to said animal a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide comprising the amino acid sequence Val-Asp-Val such that cell death is reduced. (freepatentsonline.com)
  • 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said peptide consists of a peptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. (freepatentsonline.com)
  • The present study examined the effects of four fragments of GMAP-(1-60), GMAP-(1-12), GMAP-(10-24), GMAP-(25-44) and GMAP-(37-60), on the flexor reflex and compared them with the effects of the complete peptide sequence. (scripps.edu)
  • The results indicated that two fragments of GMAP are pharmacologically active and produce effects which are similar to the full sequence. (scripps.edu)
Stimulates1
Assays2
  • Recently, laboratory assays have been developed to measure stable fragments of vasopressin, endothelin and adrenomedullin. (uzh.ch)
  • Cross-linked fibrin degradation product levels were measured with two variant enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), both using a fibrin fragment D-dimer specific capture antibody. (timi.org)
Search1
  • As shown in Table 2, the increase of unique peptide identification is negligible (23133 to 23095) for Mascot with the use of DeMix (possibly due to the high cutoff), indicating that the increase for other database search engine is possibly mostly low-score ones. (sharedproteomics.com)
Characterization1
Polypeptide1
Sequences4
  • Analysis of fish IL-1beta and derived peptide sequences indicates conserved structures with species-specific IL-1 receptor binding: implications for pharmacological design. (semanticscholar.org)
  • In the strictest sense, the discovery of bioactive peptides is not complete until their exact native sequences have been confirmed in the peripheral circulation. (nature.com)
  • Ultra-high-yield enrichment and preseparation of non-tryptic human plasma was followed by LC-MS/MS, and full-length salusin-β and seven different endogenous fragment sequences were identified. (nature.com)
  • Thousands of peptide sequences available. (cpcscientific.com)
Antibody fragment1
Molecular2
  • The adsorption on hydrophobic and hydrophilic silica-based surfaces of the integrin-binding PHSRN peptide and the single-residual-mutated analogues, PHSEN and PHSFN, is investigated by comparative QCM-D, XPS, SFG measurements and molecular dynamics calculations. (chalmers.se)
  • En el trabajo se detalla a nivel molecular el mecanismo por el cual ambos péptidos ejercen su acción bactericida interaccionando con la membrana bacteriana. (sebbm.es)
Studies10
  • In most cases the studies are limited to describing the known relevance of fragments in inferring biochemical function. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Studies of ζ potential at the bacterial cell membrane suggested that both peptides accumulate at and neutralize negative charges on the bacterial surface. (sebbm.es)
  • We also highlight how the detection of biotinylated peptides in high-throughput studies poses certain computational challenges for accurate quantitation which need to be addressed. (elsevier.com)
  • HGH Fragment 176-191 studies have shown that it can help maintain weight by regulating fat metabolism like natural HGH in the human body. (peptidesforresearch.com)
  • Study selection Eligible studies evaluated point-of-care natriuretic peptide testing (B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) or N terminal fragment pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP)) against any relevant reference standard, including echocardiography, clinical examination, or combinations of these, in humans. (bmj.com)
  • Conclusions Given the lack of studies in primary care, the paucity of NTproBNP data, and potential methodological limitations in these studies, large scale trials in primary care are needed to assess the role of point-of-care natriuretic peptide testing and clarify appropriate thresholds to improve care of patients with suspected or chronic heart failure. (bmj.com)
  • Studies also show that this fragment can boost IGF-1 levels, allowing you to benefit from its anti-ageing effects. (direct-sarms.com)
  • To date studies suggest that ( HGH fragment 176-191 ) has several beneficial features: it reduces abdominal fat (in particular visceral fat), without compromising glycemic control (blood glucose), it increases muscle mass and improves the lipid profile and can buy lgd 4033 . (home.blog)
  • Some studies say this peptide utilized for general health and recovery. (pharmagrade.store)
  • HGH fragment 176-191 studies have proven it can burn down adipose tissue. (betterpeptides.com)
Amino acids joined1
Hilma Biocare3
Dosage2
Functional2
  • The SHuffle ® T7 host is a suitable alternative for high-yield production of functional scFv devoid of leader peptides. (eurekaselect.com)
  • The role of our devised 'Blood Volume - B-type natriuretic peptide feedback control system' on 'anatomical' and 'functional' anephric patients led to significant mathematically-enriched arguments supporting our proposal that this model provides plausible explanations for the study findings, and the model lends support to the important hypothesis that these two groups of anephric patients inflicted with congestive heart failure should effectively have similar natriuretic response behavior. (biomedcentral.com)
Disulfide2
Structural4
  • Conjugal transfer in Lactococcus lactis of a 68-kilobase-pair chromosomal fragment containing the structural gene for the peptide bacteriocin nisin. (asm.org)
  • The location of the transferred nisin structural gene spaN in the transconjugant HID500 was not stable, and cultures of strain HID500 were a mixture of different genotypes in which spaN was located at different positions in the chromosome on different SmaI fragments. (asm.org)
  • The effect of C-terminal amidation on the structural, antibacterial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of Os(3-12)NH2 was investigated and compared to Os(3-12) as well as the parent peptide Os. (up.ac.za)
  • This fragment had a surprising three-branched structural arrangement, where each branch was made of a tightly packed two-domain pair. (portlandpress.com)
Lipolytic4
  • Fragment 176-191 5mg is a fragment of HGH peptide and is capable of burning fat and increases lipolytic action. (peptidesforresearch.com)
  • Both human GH (hGH) and a lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) synthesized from its C-terminus are capable of inducing weight loss and increasing lipolytic sensitivity following long-term treatment in mice. (genx.bio)
  • In yet another study, the (HGH fragment 176-191) exhibits the ability to burn through adipose tissue by increasing lipolytic activity (the breakdown of fat) , in the most stubborn body fat (adipose tissue) while increasing energy expenditure and glucose and fat oxidation in ob/ob mice treated with (HGH fragment 176-191). (home.blog)
  • In addition, (HGH fragment 176-191) increased in vitro lipolytic activity and decreased lipogenic activity in isolated adipose tissue from obese rodents and humans. (home.blog)
Soluble1
  • To identify mechanisms by which CD8+ autoreactive T cells cause inflammation, we generated a double transgenic (DTg) murine model of autoimmunity by crossing K14-sOVA mice, which express soluble chicken ovalbumin (OVA), with OT-1 mice, whose CD8 T cells express V2/V5 regions of the T cell receptor that are specific for SIINFEKL peptide (OVA 257-264) in association with class I MHC molecules. (oatd.org)
Precursors3
  • We are in the process of successfully identifying plasma native peptides using LC-MS/MS 24 , 25 , and unveiling a variety of fragments and precursors of many classical bioactive/biomarker peptides in the human peripheral circulation. (nature.com)
  • Hi everybody, We recently published our findings of identifying co-fragmented precursors, by simply searching the identical MS/MS spectra with alternative precursor information. (sharedproteomics.com)
  • As a result, with 'cloning' MS/MS spectra for co-selected precursors, at 1% FDR we matched on average more than one peptides out of each MS/MS event, broke the conventional paradigm of 'one MS/MS ~ one peptide ID' for data-dependent acquisition (DDA). (sharedproteomics.com)
Products5
Moiety3
Cytotoxicity1
  • Niland B, Banki K, Biddison W, Perl A. CD8+ T cell-mediated HLA-A*0201-restricted cytotoxicity to transaldolase peptide 168-176 in patients with multiple sclerosis. (labome.org)
Polymerase1
Bacterial cells2
Suggests2
  • Our findings contradict conventional wisdom, which suggests that insulin peptides that are well presented to the immune system trigger diabetes,' said John Kappler , PhD, Professor of Immunology at National Jewish Health. (nationaljewish.org)
  • Our technical advance in plasma native peptide analysis successfully identified a hard-to-detect bioactive peptide, salusin-β, together with its formerly unrecognized fragments, and further suggests that conventional immunological measurements of target peptides may not be fully representative. (nature.com)
Amide1
Results12
Chemistry and Biology1
  • This year the Early Stage Researcher Meeting on 14th September will be run back-to-back with the annual Chemistry and Biology of Peptides Meeting, which will take place at Durham University Chemistry Department on Friday 15th September. (rsc.org)
Clinical2
  • The efficacy of HGH Fragment 176-191 as a fat loss agent in humans has not yet been substantiated with clinical study. (thesteroids.to)
  • 3 4 Therefore, recent guidelines from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, and the European Society for Cardiology (ESC) on the initial diagnosis of CHF and referral for echocardiography recommend the use of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) tests in combination with clinical assessment. (bmj.com)
Spectroscopy1
  • ThT fluorescence, CD and FTIR spectroscopy, and AFM and TEM imaging reveal that in both conjugates the peptide retained its fibrillating properties and formed fibrils. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Peptide Fragments | Profiles RNS
Peptide Fragments | Profiles RNS (profiles.wakehealth.edu)
Chain H, Crystal Structure Of P20.1 Fab Fragment In Complex With Its Antigen Peptide (house mouse) | Protein Target - PubChem
Chain H, Crystal Structure Of P20.1 Fab Fragment In Complex With Its Antigen Peptide (house mouse) | Protein Target - PubChem (pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
Turning a protein kinase on or off from a single allosteric site via disulfide trapping | PNAS
Turning a protein kinase on or off from a single allosteric site via disulfide trapping | PNAS (pnas.org)
Protein and Peptide Subject Group Early Stage Researcher Meeting
Protein and Peptide Subject Group Early Stage Researcher Meeting (rsc.org)
Essendon peptide figure Stephen Dank charged by police | News Mail
Essendon peptide figure Stephen Dank charged by police | News Mail (news-mail.com.au)
RCSB PDB - 4NGH: Crystal structure of the HIV-1 neutralizing antibody 4E10 Fab fragment in complex with a hydrocarbon-stapled...
RCSB PDB - 4NGH: Crystal structure of the HIV-1 neutralizing antibody 4E10 Fab fragment in complex with a hydrocarbon-stapled... (rcsb.org)
The use of synthetic antigens for diagnosis of infectious diseases : report of a WHO scientific group [‎meeting held in Geneva...
The use of synthetic antigens for diagnosis of infectious diseases : report of a WHO scientific group [‎meeting held in Geneva... (apps.who.int)
Computational Methods for Mass Spectrometry Proteomics | Bioinformatics & Computational Biology | Life Sciences | Subjects |...
Computational Methods for Mass Spectrometry Proteomics | Bioinformatics & Computational Biology | Life Sciences | Subjects |... (wiley.com)
Human growth hormone releaser images - human growth hormone releaser
Human growth hormone releaser images - human growth hormone releaser (opencroquet.org)
Pharmaceutics | Free Full-Text | Antibodies for the Treatment of Brain Metastases, a Dream or a Reality?
Pharmaceutics | Free Full-Text | Antibodies for the Treatment of Brain Metastases, a Dream or a Reality? (mdpi.com)
Bio-Peptide HGH Fragment - Qijian Biopharmaceutical Co.,Ltd. - ecplaza.net
Bio-Peptide HGH Fragment - Qijian Biopharmaceutical Co.,Ltd. - ecplaza.net (ecplaza.net)
Plus it
Plus it (mcponline.org)
Telomeres in the mouse have large inter-chromosomal variations in the number of T2AG3 repeats | PNAS
Telomeres in the mouse have large inter-chromosomal variations in the number of T2AG3 repeats | PNAS (pnas.org)
BioDrugs - incl. option to publish open access
BioDrugs - incl. option to publish open access (springer.com)
Fragment-based screening identifies molecules targeting the substrate-binding ankyrin repeat domains of tankyrase | Scientific...
Fragment-based screening identifies molecules targeting the substrate-binding ankyrin repeat domains of tankyrase | Scientific... (nature.com)
EPO - W 0037/07 (Metallothionein-derived peptide/BEREZIN) of 4.3.2008
EPO - W 0037/07 (Metallothionein-derived peptide/BEREZIN) of 4.3.2008 (epo.org)
Proteomics, lipidomics, metabolomics: a mass spectrometry tutorial from a computer scientist's point of view | BMC...
Proteomics, lipidomics, metabolomics: a mass spectrometry tutorial from a computer scientist's point of view | BMC... (bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com)