Penetrance. Medical search

The percent frequency with which a dominant or homozygous recessive gene or gene combination manifests itself in the phenotype of the carriers. (From Glossary of Genetics, 5th ed)

The record of descent or ancestry, particularly of a particular condition or trait, indicating individual family members, their relationships, and their status with respect to the trait or condition.

Genes that influence the PHENOTYPE both in the homozygous and the heterozygous state.

An individual having different alleles at one or more loci regarding a specific character.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

The co-inheritance of two or more non-allelic GENES due to their being located more or less closely on the same CHROMOSOME.

A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.

A maternally linked genetic disorder that presents in mid-life as acute or subacute central vision loss leading to central scotoma and blindness. The disease has been associated with missense mutations in the mtDNA, in genes for Complex I, III, and IV polypeptides, that can act autonomously or in association with each other to cause the disease. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/, MIM#535000 (April 17, 2001))

The total relative probability, expressed on a logarithmic scale, that a linkage relationship exists among selected loci. Lod is an acronym for "logarithmic odds."

Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.

Any detectable and heritable alteration in the lineage of germ cells. Mutations in these cells (i.e., "generative" cells ancestral to the gametes) are transmitted to progeny while those in somatic cells are not.

The health status of the family as a unit including the impact of the health of one member of the family on the family as a unit and on individual family members; also, the impact of family organization or disorganization on the health status of its members.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.

Detection of a MUTATION; GENOTYPE; KARYOTYPE; or specific ALLELES associated with genetic traits, heritable diseases, or predisposition to a disease, or that may lead to the disease in descendants. It includes prenatal genetic testing.

A tumor suppressor gene (GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR) located on human CHROMOSOME 17 at locus 17q21. Mutations of this gene are associated with the formation of HEREDITARY BREAST AND OVARIAN CANCER SYNDROME. It encodes a large nuclear protein that is a component of DNA repair pathways.

GENES with ALLELES that affect the PHENOTYPE associated with a nonallelic gene.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The age, developmental stage, or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual.

A phenomenon that is observed when a small subgroup of a larger POPULATION establishes itself as a separate and isolated entity. The subgroup's GENE POOL carries only a fraction of the genetic diversity of the parental population resulting in an increased frequency of certain diseases in the subgroup, especially those diseases known to be autosomal recessive.

Congenital MEGACOLON resulting from the absence of ganglion cells (aganglionosis) in a distal segment of the LARGE INTESTINE. The aganglionic segment is permanently contracted thus causing dilatation proximal to it. In most cases, the aganglionic segment is within the RECTUM and SIGMOID COLON.

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX.

An individual in which both alleles at a given locus are identical.

Genes that influence the PHENOTYPE only in the homozygous state.

An ethnic group with historical ties to the land of ISRAEL and the religion of JUDAISM.

The presence of apparently similar characters for which the genetic evidence indicates that different genes or different genetic mechanisms are involved in different pedigrees. In clinical settings genetic heterogeneity refers to the presence of a variety of genetic defects which cause the same disease, often due to mutations at different loci on the same gene, a finding common to many human diseases including ALZHEIMER DISEASE; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE DEFICIENCY, FAMILIAL; and POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASES. (Rieger, et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

The proportion of one particular in the total of all ALLELES for one genetic locus in a breeding POPULATION.

Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero.

A tumor suppressor gene (GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR) located on human chromosome 13 at locus 13q12.3. Mutations in this gene predispose humans to breast and ovarian cancer. It encodes a large, nuclear protein that is an essential component of DNA repair pathways, suppressing the formation of gross chromosomal rearrangements. (from Genes Dev 2000;14(11):1400-6)

A condition characterized by focal DYSTONIA that progresses to involuntary spasmodic contractions of the muscles of the legs, trunk, arms, and face. The hands are often spared, however, sustained axial and limb contractions may lead to a state where the body is grossly contorted. Onset is usually in the first or second decade. Familial patterns of inheritance, primarily autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance, have been identified. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1078)

A mutation in which a codon is mutated to one directing the incorporation of a different amino acid. This substitution may result in an inactive or unstable product. (From A Dictionary of Genetics, King & Stansfield, 5th ed)

A social group consisting of parents or parent substitutes and children.

A characteristic symptom complex.

A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event.

Identification of genetic carriers for a given trait.

Deliberate breeding of two different individuals that results in offspring that carry part of the genetic material of each parent. The parent organisms must be genetically compatible and may be from different varieties or closely related species.

An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)

A large, nuclear protein, encoded by the BRCA2 gene (GENE, BRCA2). Mutations in this gene predispose humans to breast and ovarian cancer. The BRCA2 protein is an essential component of DNA repair pathways, suppressing the formation of gross chromosomal rearrangements. (from Genes Dev. 2000;14(11):1400-6)

Inherited disorders of the peripheral nervous system associated with the deposition of AMYLOID in nerve tissue. The different clinical types based on symptoms correspond to the presence of a variety of mutations in several different proteins including transthyretin (PREALBUMIN); APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I; and GELSOLIN.

An educational process that provides information and advice to individuals or families about a genetic condition that may affect them. The purpose is to help individuals make informed decisions about marriage, reproduction, and other health management issues based on information about the genetic disease, the available diagnostic tests, and management programs. Psychosocial support is usually offered.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

A condition with multiple tumor-like lesions caused either by congenital or developmental malformations of BLOOD VESSELS, or reactive vascular proliferations, such as in bacillary angiomatosis. Angiomatosis is considered non-neoplastic.

A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by a triad of HEMOSIDEROSIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is caused by massive iron deposits in parenchymal cells that may develop after a prolonged increase of iron absorption. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)

A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.

A congenital anomaly of the hand or foot, marked by the webbing between adjacent fingers or toes. Syndactylies are classified as complete or incomplete by the degree of joining. Syndactylies can also be simple or complex. Simple syndactyly indicates joining of only skin or soft tissue; complex syndactyly marks joining of bony elements.

Functions constructed from a statistical model and a set of observed data which give the probability of that data for various values of the unknown model parameters. Those parameter values that maximize the probability are the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters.

Receptor protein-tyrosine kinases involved in the signaling of GLIAL CELL-LINE DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR ligands. They contain an extracellular cadherin domain and form a receptor complexes with GDNF RECEPTORS. Mutations in ret protein are responsible for HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE and MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 2.

Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones.

Double-stranded DNA of MITOCHONDRIA. In eukaryotes, the mitochondrial GENOME is circular and codes for ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, and about 10 proteins.

A form of gene interaction whereby the expression of one gene interferes with or masks the expression of a different gene or genes. Genes whose expression interferes with or masks the effects of other genes are said to be epistatic to the effected genes. Genes whose expression is affected (blocked or masked) are hypostatic to the interfering genes.

A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)

A subdiscipline of human genetics which entails the reliable prediction of certain human disorders as a function of the lineage and/or genetic makeup of an individual or of any two parents or potential parents.

A specific pair of GROUP F CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying isoleucine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

An autosomal dominant inherited form of HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY. It results from any of more than 50 mutations involving genes encoding contractile proteins such as VENTRICULAR MYOSINS; cardiac TROPONIN T; ALPHA-TROPOMYOSIN.

A subtype of bone morphogenetic protein receptors with low affinity for BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS. They are constitutively active PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that can interact with and phosphorylate TYPE I BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS.

A tetrameric protein, molecular weight between 50,000 and 70,000, consisting of 4 equal chains, and migrating on electrophoresis in 3 fractions more mobile than serum albumin. Its concentration ranges from 7 to 33 per cent in the serum, but levels decrease in liver disease.

Involuntary shock-like contractions, irregular in rhythm and amplitude, followed by relaxation, of a muscle or a group of muscles. This condition may be a feature of some CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; (e.g., EPILEPSY, MYOCLONIC). Nocturnal myoclonus is the principal feature of the NOCTURNAL MYOCLONUS SYNDROME. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp102-3).

The condition of a pattern of malignancies within a family, but not every individual's necessarily having the same neoplasm. Characteristically the tumor tends to occur at an earlier than average age, individuals may have more than one primary tumor, the tumors may be multicentric, usually more than 25 percent of the individuals in direct lineal descent from the proband are affected, and the cancer predisposition in these families behaves as an autosomal dominant trait with about 60 percent penetrance.

The different ways GENES and their ALLELES interact during the transmission of genetic traits that effect the outcome of GENE EXPRESSION.

Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

Hereditary conditions that feature progressive visual loss in association with optic atrophy. Relatively common forms include autosomal dominant optic atrophy (OPTIC ATROPHY, AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT) and Leber hereditary optic atrophy (OPTIC ATROPHY, HEREDITARY, LEBER).

The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.

Acquired and inherited conditions that feature DYSTONIA as a primary manifestation of disease. These disorders are generally divided into generalized dystonias (e.g., dystonia musculorum deformans) and focal dystonias (e.g., writer's cramp). They are also classified by patterns of inheritance and by age of onset.

Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the neuroepithelium of the retina characterized by night blindness and progressive contraction of the visual field.

A relatively rare, usually benign neoplasm originating in the chemoreceptor tissue of the CAROTID BODY; GLOMUS JUGULARE; GLOMUS TYMPANICUM; AORTIC BODIES; and the female genital tract. It consists histologically of rounded or ovoid hyperchromatic cells that tend to be grouped in an alveolus-like pattern within a scant to moderate amount of fibrous stroma and a few large thin-walled vascular channels. (From Stedman, 27th ed)

A variety of simple repeat sequences that are distributed throughout the GENOME. They are characterized by a short repeat unit of 2-8 basepairs that is repeated up to 100 times. They are also known as short tandem repeats (STRs).

A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.

The analysis of a sequence such as a region of a chromosome, a haplotype, a gene, or an allele for its involvement in controlling the phenotype of a specific trait, metabolic pathway, or disease.

Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.

Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.

Evidence that mutations in the X-linked DDP gene cause incompletely penetrant and variable skewed X inactivation. (1/637)

X chromosome inactivation results in the random transcriptional silencing of one of the two X chromosomes early in female development. After random inactivation, certain deleterious X-linked mutations can create a selective disadvantage for cells in which the mutation is on the active X chromosome, leading to X inactivation patterns with the mutation on the inactive X chromosome in nearly 100% of the individual's cells. In contrast to the homogeneous patterns of complete skewed inactivation noted for many X-linked disorders, here we describe a family segregating a mutation in the dystonia-deafness peptide (DDP) gene, in which female carriers show incompletely penetrant and variable X inactivation patterns in peripheral blood leukocytes, ranging between 50:50 and >95:5. To address the genetic basis for the unusual pattern of skewing in this family, we first mapped the locus responsible for the variable skewing to the proximal long arm (Xq12-q22) of the X chromosome (Z=5. 7, P=.002, LOD score 3.57), a region that includes both the DDP and the XIST genes. Examination of multiple cell types from women carrying a DDP mutation and of peripheral blood leukocytes from women from two unrelated families who carry different mutations in the DDP gene suggests that the skewed X inactivation is the result of selection against cells containing the mutant DDP gene on the active X chromosome, although skewing is apparently not as severe as that seen for many other deleterious X-linked mutations. Thus, DDP is an example of an X-linked gene for which mutations cause partial cell selection and thus incompletely skewed X inactivation in peripheral blood leukocytes. (+info)

Evidence for a rare prostate cancer-susceptibility locus at chromosome 1p36. (2/637)

Combining data from a genomic screen in 70 families with a high risk for prostate cancer (PC) with data from candidate-region mapping in these families and an additional 71 families, we have localized a potential hereditary PC-susceptibility locus to chromosome 1p36. Because an excess of cases of primary brain cancer (BC) have been observed in some studies of families with a high risk for PC, and because loss of heterozygosity at 1p36 is frequently observed in BC, we further evaluated 12 families with both a history of PC and a blood relative with primary BC. The overall LOD score in these 12 families was 3.22 at a recombination fraction (theta) of .06, with marker D1S507. On the basis of an a priori hypothesis, this group was stratified by age at diagnosis of PC. In the younger age group (mean age at diagnosis <66 years), a maximum two-point LOD score of 3.65 at straight theta = .0 was observed, with D1S407. This linkage was rejected in both early- and late-onset families without a history of BC (LOD scores -7.12 and -6.03, respectively, at straight theta = .0). After exclusion of 3 of the 12 families that had better evidence of linkage to previously described PC-susceptibility loci, linkage to the 1p36 region was suggested by a two-point LOD score of 4.74 at straight theta = .0, with marker D1S407. We conclude that a significant proportion of these families with both a high risk for PC and a family member with BC show linkage to the 1p36 region. (+info)

Analysis of affected sib pairs, with covariates--with and without constraints. (3/637)

Covariate models have previously been developed as an extension to affected-sib-pair methods in which the covariate effects are jointly estimated with the degree of excess allele sharing. These models can estimate the differences in sib-pair allele sharing that are associated with measurable environment or genes. When there are no covariates, the pattern of identical-by-descent allele sharing in affected sib pairs is expected to fall within a small triangular region of the potential parameter space, under most genetic models. By restriction of the estimated allele sharing to this triangle, improved power is obtained in tests for genetic linkage. When the affected-sib-pair model is generalized to allow for covariates that affect allele sharing, however, new constraints and new methods for the application of constraints are required. Three generalized constraint methods are proposed and evaluated by use of simulated data. The results compare the power of the different methods, with and without covariates, for a single-gene model with age-dependent onset and for quantitative and qualitative gene-environment and gene-gene interaction models. Covariates can improve the power to detect linkage and can be particularly valuable when there are qualitative gene-environment interactions. In most situations, the best strategy is to assume that there is no dominance variance and to obtain constrained estimates for covariate models under this assumption. (+info)

Targeted disruption of Smad3 reveals an essential role in transforming growth factor beta-mediated signal transduction. (4/637)

The Smads are a family of nine related proteins which function as signaling intermediates for the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) superfamily of ligands. To discern the in vivo functions of one of these Smads, Smad3, we generated mice harboring a targeted disruption of this gene. Smad3 null mice, although smaller than wild-type littermates, are viable, survive to adulthood, and exhibit an early phenotype of forelimb malformation. To study the cellular functions of Smad3, we generated Smad3 null mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and dermal fibroblasts. We demonstrate that null MEFs have lost the ability to form Smad-containing DNA binding complexes and are unable to induce transcription from the TGF-beta-responsive promoter construct, p3TP-lux. Using the primary dermal fibroblasts, we also demonstrate that Smad3 is integral for induction of endogenous plasminogen activator inhibitor 1. We subsequently demonstrate that Smad3 null MEFs are partially resistant to TGF-beta's antiproliferative effect, thus firmly establishing a role for Smad3 in TGF-beta-mediated growth inhibition. We next examined cells in which Smad3 is most highly expressed, specifically cells of immune origin. Although no specific developmental defect was detected in the immune system of the Smad3 null mice, a functional defect was observed in the ability of TGF-beta to inhibit the proliferation of splenocytes activated by specific stimuli. In addition, primary splenocytes display defects in TGF-beta-mediated repression of cytokine production. These data, taken together, establish a role for Smad3 in mediating the antiproliferative effects of TGF-beta and implicate Smad3 as a potential effector for TGF-beta in modulating immune system function. (+info)

Mutation and haplotype studies of familial Mediterranean fever reveal new ancestral relationships and evidence for a high carrier frequency with reduced penetrance in the Ashkenazi Jewish population. (5/637)

Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is a recessive disorder characterized by episodes of fever with serositis or synovitis. The FMF gene (MEFV) was cloned recently, and four missense mutations were identified. Here we present data from non-Ashkenazi Jewish and Arab patients in whom we had not originally found mutations and from a new, more ethnically diverse panel. Among 90 symptomatic mutation-positive individuals, 11 mutations accounted for 79% of carrier chromosomes. Of the two mutations that are novel, one alters the same residue (680) as a previously known mutation, and the other (P369S) is located in exon 3. Consistent with another recent report, the E148Q mutation was observed in patients of several ethnicities and on multiple microsatellite haplotypes, but haplotype data indicate an ancestral relationships between non-Jewish Italian and Ashkenazi Jewish patients with FMF and other affected populations. Among approximately 200 anonymous Ashkenazi Jewish DNA samples, the MEFV carrier frequency was 21%, with E148Q the most common mutation. Several lines of evidence indicate reduced penetrance among Ashkenazi Jews, especially for E148Q, P369S, and K695R. Nevertheless, E148Q helps account for recessive inheritance in an Ashkenazi family previously reported as an unusual case of dominantly inherited FMF. The presence of three frequent MEFV mutations in multiple Mediterranean populations strongly suggests a heterozygote advantage in this geographic region. (+info)

Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome with defective Fas: genotype influences penetrance. (6/637)

Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is a disorder of lymphocyte homeostasis and immunological tolerance. Most patients have a heterozygous mutation in the APT1 gene, which encodes Fas (CD95, APO-1), mediator of an apoptotic pathway crucial to lymphocyte homeostasis. Of 17 unique APT1 mutations in unrelated ALPS probands, 12 (71%) occurred in exons 7-9, which encode the intracellular portion of Fas. In vitro, activated lymphocytes from all 17 patients showed apoptotic defects when exposed to an anti-Fas agonist monoclonal antibody. Similar defects were found in a Fas-negative cell line transfected with cDNAs bearing each of the mutations. In cotransfection experiments, Fas constructs with either intra- or extracellular mutations caused dominant inhibition of apoptosis mediated by wild-type Fas. Two missense Fas variants, not restricted to patients with ALPS, were identified. Variant A(-1)T at the Fas signal-sequence cleavage site, which mediates apoptosis less well than wild-type Fas and is partially inhibitory, was present in 13% of African American alleles. Among the ALPS-associated Fas mutants, dominant inhibition of apoptosis was much more pronounced in mutants affecting the intracellular, versus extracellular, portion of the Fas receptor. Mutations causing disruption of the intracellular Fas death domain also showed a higher penetrance of ALPS phenotype features in mutation-bearing relatives. Significant ALPS-related morbidity occurred in 44% of relatives with intracellular mutations, versus 0% of relatives with extracellular mutations. Thus, the location of mutations within APT1 strongly influences the development and the severity of ALPS. (+info)

Genetic linkage of IgA deficiency to the major histocompatibility complex: evidence for allele segregation distortion, parent-of-origin penetrance differences, and the role of anti-IgA antibodies in disease predisposition. (7/637)

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) deficiency (IgAD) is characterized by a defect of terminal lymphocyte differentiation, leading to a lack of IgA in serum and mucosal secretions. Familial clustering, variable population prevalence in different ethnic groups, and a predominant inheritance pattern suggest a strong genetic predisposition to IgAD. The genetic susceptibility to IgAD is shared with a less prevalent, but more profound, defect called "common variable immunodeficiency" (CVID). Here we show an increased allele sharing at 6p21 in affected members of 83 multiplex IgAD/CVID pedigrees and demonstrate, using transmission/diseqilibrium tests, family-based associations indicating the presence of a predisposing locus, designated "IGAD1," in the proximal part of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The recurrence risk of IgAD was found to depend on the sex of parents transmitting the defect: affected mothers were more likely to produce offspring with IgAD than were affected fathers. Carrier mothers but not carrier fathers transmitted IGAD1 alleles more frequently to the affected offspring than would be expected under random segregation. The differential parent-of-origin penetrance is proposed to reflect a maternal effect mediated by the production of anti-IgA antibodies tentatively linked to IGAD1. This is supported by higher frequency of anti-IgA-positive females transmitting the disorder to children, in comparison with female IgAD nontransmitters, and by linkage data in the former group. Such pathogenic mechanisms may be shared by other MHC-linked complex traits associated with the production of specific autoantibodies, parental effects, and a particular MHC haplotype. (+info)

Linkage of type 2 diabetes mellitus and of age at onset to a genetic location on chromosome 10q in Mexican Americans. (8/637)

Since little is known about chromosomal locations harboring type 2 diabetes-susceptibility genes, we conducted a genomewide scan for such genes in a Mexican American population. We used data from 27 low-income extended Mexican American pedigrees consisting of 440 individuals for whom genotypic data are available for 379 markers. We used a variance-components technique to conduct multipoint linkage analyses for two phenotypes: type 2 diabetes (a discrete trait) and age at onset of diabetes (a truncated quantitative trait). For the multipoint analyses, a subset of 295 markers was selected on the basis of optimal spacing and informativeness. We found significant evidence that a susceptibility locus near the marker D10S587 on chromosome 10q influences age at onset of diabetes (LOD score 3.75) and is also linked with type 2 diabetes itself (LOD score 2.88). This susceptibility locus explains 63.8%+/-9.9% (P=. 000016) of the total phenotypic variation in age at onset of diabetes and 65.7%+/-10.9% (P=.000135) of the total variation in liability to type 2 diabetes. Weaker evidence was found for linkage of diabetes and of age at onset to regions on chromosomes 3p, 4q, and 9p. In conclusion, our strongest evidence for linkage to both age at onset of diabetes and type 2 diabetes itself in the Mexican American population was for a region on chromosome 10q. (+info)

... both the genotype and phenotype may be said to show incomplete penetrance. Penetrance quantifies the probability that an allele ... Compare penetrance. extrachromosomal DNA Any DNA that is not found in chromosomes or in the nucleus of a cell and hence is not ... paralog particulate inheritance patroclinous pedigree chart penetrance The proportion of individuals with a given genotype who ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_genetics

2000). "Penetrance and expressivity". An Introduction to Genetic Analysi (7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167- ... it differs from penetrance, which refers to the proportion of individuals with a particular genotype that actually express the ... penetrance and expressivity". Nature Education. 1 (1): 137. Marian AJ, Roberts R (April 2001). "The molecular genetic basis for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressivity_(genetics)

Penetrance differs between populations. Disease-causing genetic variants of the HFE gene account for 90% of the cases of non- ... Considerable debate exists regarding the penetrance-the probability of clinical expression of the trait given the genotype- for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_haemochromatosis

BHD has very high penetrance. A correlation between different FLCN genotypes and phenotypes has not been discovered. FLCN ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birt–Hogg–Dubé_syndrome

Genetic counseling should be offered to affected and at-risk individuals; for most subtypes, penetrance is incomplete. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia_and_parkinsonism_linked_to_chromosome_17

August 2009). "Cerebellothalamocortical connectivity regulates penetrance in dystonia". J. Neurosci. 29 (31): 9740-7. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebellothalamic_tract

Penetrance is incomplete, meaning that a deletion of one copy of this gene is not in and of itself sufficient to cause ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_chromosome_18

In humans, eye color is an example of an inherited characteristic: an individual might inherit the "brown-eye trait" from one of the parents.[1] Inherited traits are controlled by genes and the complete set of genes within an organism's genome is called its genotype.[2] The complete set of observable traits of the structure and behavior of an organism is called its phenotype. These traits arise from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.[3] As a result, many aspects of an organism's phenotype are not inherited. For example, suntanned skin comes from the interaction between a person's phenotype and sunlight;[4] thus, suntans are not passed on to people's children. However, some people tan more easily than others, due to differences in their genotype:[5] a striking example is people with the inherited trait of albinism, who do not tan at all and are very sensitive to sunburn.[6] Heritable traits are known to be passed from one generation to the next via DNA, a molecule that encodes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_inheritance

ISBN 978-1-59102-776-8. Chen, S.; Parmigiani, G. (April 2007). "Meta-analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 penetrance". J Clin Oncol. 25 ... These may be reported as "no mutation". Deleterious mutations have high, but not complete, genetic penetrance, which means that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRCA_mutation

It is associated with variable expressivity; incomplete penetrance has not been definitively documented. Marfan syndrome is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marfan_syndrome

However, 36 or more residues produce an erroneous mutant form of Htt, (mHtt). Reduced penetrance is found in counts 36-39. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingtin

This condition is described to have incomplete penetrance of disease. Penetrance is said to be incomplete when some individuals ... The penetrance is estimated to be about 60%. The clinical symptoms are caused by abnormalities of the immune system. Most ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTLA-4

Gershoni-Baruch R, Shinawi M, Leah K, Badarnah K, Brik R (August 2001). "Familial Mediterranean fever: prevalence, penetrance ... Gershoni-Baruch R, Shinawi M, Leah K, Badarnah K, Brik R (August 2001). "Familial Mediterranean fever: prevalence, penetrance ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_Mediterranean_fever

The allele has variable expressivity, but complete penetrance. Most cases are caused by spontaneous mutation in the gametes; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrodysplasia_ossificans_progressiva

The Pd gene (dominant with incomplete penetrance) causes the benign, pre-axial form of polydactyly where one or more extra toes ... M = Manx tailless gene (dominant with high penetrance). Cats with the homozygous genotype (MM) die before birth, and stillborn ... Fd = Scottish Fold gene (dominant with incomplete penetrance). Cats with this gene have ears that curl forward. There are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_body-type_mutation

This disease is shown to have reduced penetrance. Thus, some people with pathogenic variants of the TFR2 gene may never present ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemochromatosis_type_3

... penetrance differs between the types (from 40% to 90%). By definition, the forms of MODY are autosomal dominant, requiring only ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maturity_onset_diabetes_of_the_young

Partial penetrance can be shown and calculated from pedigrees. Penetrance is the percentage expressed frequency with which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genetics

Penetrance for this disorder is estimated at approximately 60%. Individuals with GEFS+ present with a range of epilepsy ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_epilepsy_with_febrile_seizures_plus

... 's inheritance is autosomal dominant with variable penetrance. The defect is typically located on the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignant_hyperthermia

The 96% penetrance figure comes from only one study. Other studies have observed both incomplete and variable penetrance but ... HME has a 96% penetrance, which means that if the affected gene is indeed transmitted to a child, the child will have a 96% of ... Legeai-Mallet L, Munnich A, Maroteaux P, Le Merrer M (July 1997). "Incomplete penetrance and expressivity skewing in hereditary ... leading to speculation that incomplete penetrance is more likely to be exhibited in females. Indeed, other work has shown that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_multiple_exostoses

Inheritance appears to be autosomal dominant with variable penetrance.[citation needed] It appears that two copies of this gene ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haploinsufficiency_of_A20

August 2017). "SDHB-related pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma penetrance and genotype-phenotype correlations". Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheochromocytoma

These loci are all autosomal dominantly inherited with reduced penetrance. Although these loci have been found, it is still not ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spasmodic_torticollis

The penetrance figure represents the likelihood a person would have the feature given the critical region is deleted. ... The table below shows the established critical regions for four features of distal 18q-, as well as the penetrance for each of ... July 2009). "Narrowing critical regions and determining penetrance for selected 18q- phenotypes". Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 149A (7 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distal_18q-

"Limited Penetrance, Variable Expression," The Human Genre Project, July 2009. "The Ascendant," Subterranean Online, Spring 2009 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Kosmatka

This can be due to variation in penetrance and expressivity. For most human diseases, variable expressivity of the disease ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidate_gene

"Geographical variation in the penetrance of CDKN2A mutations for melanoma". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 94 (12): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDKN2A

This is because the penetrance of the condition is incomplete; therefore, it is possible for an individual to have a copy of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitelliform_macular_dystrophy

There is over 90% penetrance by the age of 65. Age at diagnosis varies from infancy to age 60-70 years, with an average patient ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Hippel–Lindau_disease

Penetrance versus Expressivity. Egg colour of the endangered Hawaiian OoAa bird is controlled by a single locus, BLU, where ... If penetrance varies [left], the Bb genotype sometimes does not penetrate through to the phenotype: some Bb eggs are blue just ... Note that lack of penetrance can be considered as an extreme from of expressivity, in which the range of expression includes ... However, if penetrance and / or expressivity vary, three patterns of variation that differ from expectation are possible. ...

https://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Penetrance_vs_Expressivity.html

... Paul G Johnson-1 john0130 at gold.tc.umn.edu Mon Jan 31 08:39:51 EST 1994 *Previous message: Embryonic Induction ... What is the general view of the term and phenomena of penetrance? This refers to differential expression of a phenotype under ... My question arises because I may be seeing differing penetrance of flowering genes in Poa annua due to environment and ...

http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/plantbio/1994-January/002564.html

Search penetrance at Google. Search penetrance at Yahoo. Search penetrance at Bing. ... Were sorry, that page (http://www.bio-medicine.org/tag/Penetrance/) was not found.. ...

http://www.bio-medicine.org/tag/Penetrance/

The penetrance of the condition is therefore 80%. High and low penetrance: If an allele is highly penetrant, then the trait it ... The penetrance is 100%. Common examples used to show degrees of penetrance are often highly penetrant. There are several ... An allele with low penetrance will only occasionally produce the trait with which it is associated. In cases of low penetrance ... In one study the age-related penetrance of MEN1 was 7% by age 10 but nearly 100% by age 60. Environmental modifiers: Penetrance ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penetrance

Reduced penetrance and variable expressivity are factors that impact the effects of particular genetic changes. Learn more ... Reduced penetrance. Penetrance refers to the proportion of people with a particular genetic variant (or gene mutation) who ... For more information about reduced penetrance and variable expressivity:. Additional information about penetrance and ... penetrance. Reduced penetrance often occurs with familial cancer syndromes. For example, many people with a variant in the ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/inheritance/penetranceexpressivity/

penetrance definition: Genetics the degree of regularity with which a gene produces its specific effect in its carriers in a ... penetrance. pen·e·trance. Genetics the degree of regularity with which a gene produces its specific effect in its carriers in a ... penetrance. noun. The frequency, under given environmental conditions, with which a specific phenotype is expressed by those ... Decreased penetrance means that not all people who inherit the abnormal gene develop symptoms. ...

https://www.yourdictionary.com/penetrance

Penetrance And Expressivity. Penetrance. Penetrance is a qualitative concept. Pentrance are used in genetic analysis. It refers ... Lack of penetrance is sometimes used to explain individual whose phenotypes do not reflect their inferred genotypes. Not all ... Need more help understanding penetrance and expressivity?. Weve got you covered with our online study tools ... Q&A related to Penetrance And Expressivity. Experts answer in as little as 30 minutes ...

https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/definitions/penetrance-and-expressivity-14

Hemochromatosis--Genetic Prevalence and Penetrance. The safety and scientific validity of this study is the responsibility of ... Prevalence and penetrance of HFE mutations in 4865 unselected primary care patients. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2002 Jul-Aug;29(1):41 ... Third, the comparison of genotype and phenotype will allow them to draw useful inferences about disease penetrance. The results ... However, several important questions about genetic prevalence and penetrance remain to be addressed before such a ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00006312

The penetrance of CNVs correlates strongly with their selection coefficients. The improved estimates of penetrance will provide ... However, comparisons between their penetrance for SCZ or DD/ASD/CM, or estimates of the total penetrance for any of these ... The penetrance of copy number variations for schizophrenia and developmental delay.. Kirov G1, Rees E2, Walters JT2, Escott- ... The penetrance of CNVs is at least several times higher for the development of a disorder from the group of DD/ASD/CM. The ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23992924?dopt=Abstract

The Mammalian Phenotype (MP) Ontology is a community effort to provide standard terms for annotating phenotypic data. You can use this browser to view terms, definitions, and term relationships in a hierarchical display. Links to summary annotated phenotype data at MGI are provided in Term Detail reports.

http://www.informatics.jax.org/vocab/mp_ontology/MP:0011085

Penetrance is a term used in genetics that describes the extent to which the properties controlled by a gene, its phenotype, ... The penetrance of some diseases is age-related. An example is multiple endocrine neoplasia 1 (MEN 1), a disorder characterized ... A gene with low penetrance will only sometimes produce the symptom or trait with which it has been associated at a detectable ... Penetrance is the percentage of individuals with a specific genotype which possess an associated phenotype. For example, if 50 ...

https://wikidoc.org/index.php/Penetrance

"This will be the first comprehensive work on characterizing how important this phenomenon is and how it can affect penetrance ... dr-tuuli-lappalainen-awarded-major-nih-grant-study-genomic-phenomenon-variable-penetrance/. ... Tuuli Lappalainen awarded major NIH grant to study variable penetrance New York Genome Center and Columbia University ... The Lappalainen Lab will examine the important implications of variable penetrance in human evolution and disease. A clearer ...

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-06/nygc-dtl061217.php

Evaluation of LRRK2 G2019S penetrance: relevance for genetic counseling in Parkinson disease.. Goldwurm S1, Zini M, Mariani L, ... We report the results of a family-based study of LRRK2 G2019S penetrance in Parkinson disease. We studied 19 families ... This study provides accurate estimates of G2019S penetrance by minimizing the selection bias. ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17215492?dopt=Abstract

The Geisinger researchers, on the other hand, plan to study cases of apparent non-penetrance in more detail. "We can bring them ... Geisinger MyCode Results, Reengagement of Patients May Clarify Variant Pathogenicity, Penetrance May 02, 2016 , Julia Karow ... the project may help shed light on their penetrance, based on individuals who carry such variants but do not show signs of the ... may help clarify the pathogenicity and penetrance of variants in disease-associated genes, according to researchers ...

https://www.genomeweb.com/molecular-diagnostics/geisinger-mycode-results-reengagement-patients-may-clarify-variant

340delAG variant does not represent a high-penetrance breast cancer risk allele. ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10549-012-2088-3

We studied the penetrance of HCM and the short- and long-term outcomes of clinical screening and predictive genetic testing of ... Conclusions-The penetrance of HCM in phenotype-negative child relatives at risk of developing HCM was 6% after 12 years of ... Penetrance of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Children and AdolescentsClinical Perspective. Morten K. Jensen, Ole Havndrup, ... Penetrance of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Children and AdolescentsClinical Perspective. Morten K. Jensen, Ole Havndrup, ...

http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/127/1/48.short?rss=1

Female rats carrying the Eker mutation (Tsc-2 Ek/+) spontaneously develop uterine leiomyomas with a penetrance of 65% by 16 mo ... Tsc-2 Tumor-Suppressor-Gene Penetrance Is Increased in Animals in Response to Hormonal Imprinting. To determine the impact of ... Interaction between genetic susceptibility and early-life environmental exposure determines tumor-suppressor-gene penetrance. ... Traditionally, gene-environment interactions are thought to contribute to tumor-suppressor-gene penetrance by facilitating or ...

http://www.pnas.org/content/102/24/8644?ijkey=63c223ed5f34e7860d356ae62066476de902cb61&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Penetrance is the probability that a person carrying a disease-associated genotype will develop the disease within a given time ... If you were to think about it as an equation, penetrance is the number of individuals displaying clinical features of a ... A disease is said to show incomplete or reduced penetrance when it has clearly been demonstrated that individuals who possess a ... A disease is said to show complete penetrance if a person carrying a disease associated genotype always develops the condition ...

http://www.phgfoundation.org/tutorials/penetrance/

Objective/Rationale: We will investigate the role of environmental factors on likelihood of developing Parkinsons disease (PD) and the severity of the disease in parkinsonism associated with the LRRK2 gene (LRRK2 PD). The effects of environmental factors have not been systematically investigated in LRRK2 PD. We believe that there is a high probably this project will provide important new knowledge regarding gene-environment interaction in LRRK2 PD.Project Description: Using clinical and environmental data already collected on members of two large cohorts of LRRK2 mutation or risk variant carriers (

https://www.michaeljfox.org/grant/environmental-determinants-expressivity-and-penetrance-lrrk2-parkinsonism

What is genetic penetrance? Meaning of genetic penetrance medical term. What does genetic penetrance mean? ... Looking for online definition of genetic penetrance in the Medical Dictionary? genetic penetrance explanation free. ... Related to genetic penetrance: Incomplete penetrance, Variable penetrance. ge·net·ic pen·e·trance. the extent to which a ... genetic penetrance. Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Encyclopedia. ...

http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/genetic+penetrance

... Jason Charng,1 ... To examine whether retinal electrophysiology is a useful surrogate marker of drug penetrance into the central nervous system ( ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/joph/2016/5801826/abs/

Phenotype, genotype, and worldwide genetic penetrance of LRRK2-associated Parkinsons disease: a case-control study Lancet ... and the penetrance of the mutation was defined in 1045 people with mutations in LRRK2 from 133 families. The LRRK2 phenotype ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18539534/?dopt=Abstract

... particles displayed similar toxicity indicating that functionalization affects the toxicity profile by influencing penetrance ... 7). The unexpected toxicity of the NH2-MSN upon microinjection suggests that it is the penetrance and exposure of inner organs ... However, despite the obvious power of the model, the zebrafish has to date not been used to evaluate tissue penetrance and ... To circumvent toxicity arising from differential tissue penetrance we microinjected particles into the embryos, a fairly ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-09312-z?WT.feed_name=subjects_drug-discovery&error=cookies_not_supported&code=3f45abc7-32c1-4538-9fe3-1e82c3467786

Our results indicate that it is unlikely that other common variants have a strong modifying effect on BRCA2 penetrance. ... To determine whether common genetic variants modify the penetrance of BRCA2 mutations, we conducted the first genome-wide ... Correction: Common Genetic Variants and Modification of Penetrance of BRCA2-Associated Breast Cancer ... Correction: Common Genetic Variants and Modification of Penetrance of BRCA2-Associated Breast Cancer ...

http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article/authors?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1001183

Prevalence and Penetrance of Major Genes and Polygenes for Colorectal Cancer. Aung Ko Win, Mark A. Jenkins, James G. Dowty, ... Prevalence and Penetrance of Major Genes and Polygenes for Colorectal Cancer. Aung Ko Win, Mark A. Jenkins, James G. Dowty, ... Prevalence and Penetrance of Major Genes and Polygenes for Colorectal Cancer. Aung Ko Win, Mark A. Jenkins, James G. Dowty, ... Prevalence and Penetrance of Major Genes and Polygenes for Colorectal Cancer Message Subject (Your Name) has forwarded a page ...

http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/26/3/404

A Novel Low-Penetrance Locus for Familial Glioma at 15q23-q26.3. Niina Paunu, Päivi Lahermo, Päivi Onkamo, Vesa Ollikainen, ... A Novel Low-Penetrance Locus for Familial Glioma at 15q23-q26.3. Niina Paunu, Päivi Lahermo, Päivi Onkamo, Vesa Ollikainen, ... A Novel Low-Penetrance Locus for Familial Glioma at 15q23-q26.3. Niina Paunu, Päivi Lahermo, Päivi Onkamo, Vesa Ollikainen, ... A Novel Low-Penetrance Locus for Familial Glioma at 15q23-q26.3 Message Subject (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from ...

https://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/62/13/3798?ijkey=855f9ac61260f44c4bd378c5c8bc34d12060491c&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Mitochondrial DNA variants that are linked to disease can exhibit variable expression and penetrance. This has an... ... Hypophthalmichthys molitrix showed variation within the codon which may be sufficient to repress the penetrance of the m.10191T ... 2017), would suggest that sequence context is important in the expression and penetrance of mtDNA disease. However, it also ... If it is demonstrated that haplogroup context is of greater importance in the expression and penetrance of mtDNA mutations than ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00239-018-9855-7

Thus, the penetrance of females with the PCDH19 variants was estimated as 90% (54/60) in our study. Twelve hemizygous fathers ... Somatic mosaicism of PCDH19 mutation in a family with low-penetrance EFMR. Neurogenetics 2012;13:341-5.doi:10.1007/s10048-012- ... Incomplete penetrance in heterozygous females is unrelated to mosaicism. We further investigated whether mosaicism plays a role ... Variable penetrance of COL6A1 null mutations: implications for prenatal diagnosis and genetic counselling in Ullrich congenital ...

https://jmg.bmj.com/content/early/2018/10/03/jmedgenet-2017-105235

The survival gene MED4 explains low penetrance retinoblastoma in patients with large RB1 deletion.. [Catherine Dehainault, ... In this study, we define a minimal genomic region associated with this low penetrance. This region encompasses few genes ... We propose that the contiguous loss of the adjacent retinoblastoma gene, MED4, explains the low penetrance in patients with ...

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/papers/24858910

... the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome by using the selective NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 in patients with NLRP3 low penetrance variants ... MCC950 blocks enhanced interleukin-1β production in patients with NLRP3 low penetrance variants.. 08:00 EDT 8th April 2019 , ... Summary of "MCC950 blocks enhanced interleukin-1β production in patients with NLRP3 low penetrance variants.". To determine the ... MCC950 blocks enhanced interleukin-1β production in patients with NLRP3 low penetrance variants. ...

https://www.bioportfolio.com/resources/pmarticle/2342003/MCC950-blocks-enhanced-interleukin-1-production-in-patients-with-NLRP3-low-penetrance.html

Penetrance in genetics is the proportion of individuals carrying a particular variant (or allele) of a gene (the genotype) that also express an associated trait (the phenotype). (wikipedia.org)
A consensus definition of what constitutes the presence of a phenotype is essential for determining the penetrance of an allele. (wikipedia.org)
Third, the comparison of genotype and phenotype will allow them to draw useful inferences about disease penetrance. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Penetrance is a term used in genetics that describes the extent to which the properties controlled by a gene , its phenotype , will be expressed. (wikidoc.org)
Penetrance is the percentage of individuals with a specific genotype which possess an associated phenotype. (wikidoc.org)
Conclusions- The penetrance of HCM in phenotype-negative child relatives at risk of developing HCM was 6% after 12 years of follow-up. (ahajournals.org)
To test whether genetic variation may explain the reduced penetrance of the disease phenotype, we analyzed genome-wide genotype data in ALK mutation-positive families using a model-based linkage approach with different liability classes for carriers and non-carriers of ALK mutations. (nih.gov)
Asymptomatic LMNA genotype-positive family members (age 31 ± 15 years) had a 9% annual incidence of a newly documented cardiac phenotype and 61% (19/31) of cardiac penetrance during 4.4 ± 2.9 years of follow-up. (uio.no)
The unique feature associated with this locus has been the consistent finding of partial penetrance phenotype in most RP11 families worldwide. (ucl.ac.uk)
We feel this might explain the partial penetrance phenotype observed in most RP11 families. (ucl.ac.uk)
The aim of the thesis is to explore the molecular mechanism that underlies the partial penetrance phenotype associated with the PRPF31 gene, causing adRP. (ucl.ac.uk)
Oncogenic point mutations in exon 20 of the RB1 gene in families showing incomplete penetrance and mild expression of the retinoblastoma phenotype. (semanticscholar.org)
Certain families, however, show an unusual low-penetrance phenotype with many individuals being unaffected, unilaterally affected, or with evidence of spontaneously regressed tumors. (semanticscholar.org)
We evaluate the phenotype and penetrance of a germline SDHB mutation in a large and clinically well-characterized paraganglioma family. (biomedcentral.com)
Common, low-penetrance genetic variants, instead, are mostly identified by genome association study (GWAS), which assesses genotype-phenotype associations through testing of variants across genomes of many individuals, based on data obtained using numerous technologies, mostly WGS or genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays. (frontiersin.org)

However, if penetrance and / or expressivity vary, three patterns of variation that differ from expectation are possible. (mun.ca)
If expressivity and penetrance both vary [right], there may be a continuous gradient of phenotypes between white and blue eggs. (mun.ca)
Note that lack of penetrance can be considered as an extreme from of expressivity , in which the range of expression includes non-expression. (mun.ca)
What are reduced penetrance and variable expressivity? (medlineplus.gov)
Reduced penetrance and variable expressivity are factors that influence the effects of particular genetic changes. (medlineplus.gov)
As with reduced penetrance, variable expressivity is probably caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, most of which have not been identified. (medlineplus.gov)
Additional information about penetrance and expressivity is available from the Merck Manual Consumer Version. (medlineplus.gov)
Need more help understanding penetrance and expressivity? (chegg.com)
We explored the prevalence, cardiac penetrance, and expressivity of LMNA mutations among familial DCM in Norway. (uio.no)
We show that quantitative genetic variation affects penetrance of Lgn-R . To examine the genetic architecture underlying Lgn-R expressivity, crosses between Lgn-R /+ mutants in a B73 background and intermated B73 x Mo17 recombinant inbred lines were evaluated in multiple years and locations. (g3journal.org)
Variable expressivity and high penetrance of CYP1B1 mutations associated with primary congenital glaucoma. (semanticscholar.org)
OBJECTIVE To investigate penetrance and expressivity of CYP1B1 genotypes associated with primary congenital glaucoma (PCG). (semanticscholar.org)
Two terms explain these differences: penetrance and expressivity. (msdmanuals.com)
Conclusions PKP2 mutations in a group of North American families with ARVD/C have both reduced penetrance and variable expressivity. (onlinejacc.org)
Sox10 Dom mice on a mixed genetic background show variation in penetrance and expressivity of enteric aganglionosis that are analogous to the variable aganglionosis seen in human HSCR families. (oup.com)
Methods and Results- The role of genotyping in familial assessment for arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy was investigated, including the prevalence of mutations in known causal genes, the penetrance and expressivity in genotyped families, and the utility of the 2010 Task Force criteria in clinical diagnosis. (ahajournals.org)
Erickson, CC 2008, ' Establishing risk in siblings of long QT syndrome: Expressivity over penetrance ', Heart Rhythm , vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 837-838. (nebraska.edu)

However, relatively few of the genes in the genome show high penetrance. (wikidoc.org)
Our data suggest that pathogenic mutations in KLLN are rare in breast cancer families and the c.339_340delAG variant does not represent a high-penetrance breast cancer risk allele. (springer.com)
High-penetrance mouse model of acute promyelocytic leukemia with very low levels of PML-RARalpha expression. (harvard.edu)
Germline mutations in these genes are associated with high-penetrance CRC syndromes such as Lynch syndrome. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)

My question arises because I may be seeing differing 'penetrance' of flowering genes in Poa annua due to environment and genetic background. (bio.net)
Epigenetic regulation: Epigenetics can affect the penetrance of genes through genomic imprinting by the paternal or maternal allele or epigenetic regulation resulting from environmental or other personal factors. (wikipedia.org)
NEW YORK (GenomeWeb) - Results from Geisinger Health System's MyCode Community Health Initiative, combined with the project's ability to recontact patients, may help clarify the pathogenicity and penetrance of variants in disease-associated genes, according to researchers coordinating the initiative. (genomeweb.com)
However, defects in these genes are rarely 100% penetrant, and, even in families harboring the same genetic mutation, the penetrance of the tumor-suppressor-gene defect can vary significantly ( 1 - 4 ). (pnas.org)
The importance of gene-environment interactions in contributing to individual differences in tumor-suppressor-gene penetrance was recently highlighted in the New York Breast Cancer Study, which evaluated the breast and ovarian cancer risk in female relatives harboring mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 tumor-suppressor genes. (pnas.org)
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified a host of new low penetrance genes for a range of cancers. (qmul.ac.uk)
The remainder may be due to lower penetrance polymorphisms particularly of DNA repair genes. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
However, the association of low-penetrance polymorphisms of DNA repair genes with CRC risk remains unclear. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Low-penetrance polymorphisms in DNA repair genes alter susceptibility to CRC. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Dr. Lappalainen and colleagues developed the modified penetrance hypothesis from their interest in the idea that gene variants that regulate the activation of genes could also play a role in modifying the penetrance of coding variants for the same gene. (technologynetworks.com)
ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Recent advances in whole-genome association studies (WGASs) for human cancer risk are beginning to provide the part lists of low-penetrance susceptibility genes. (cipf.es)
In this scenario, biological attributes beyond the adjusted statistics generally receive little attention and, more importantly, the fundamental biological characteristics of low-penetrance susceptibility genes have yet to be determined. (cipf.es)
METHODS: We applied an integrative approach for identifying candidate low-penetrance breast cancer susceptibility genes, their characteristics and molecular networks through the analysis of diverse sources of biological evidence. (cipf.es)
CONCLUSION: This study proposes that cell communication and cell death are major biological processes perturbed in risk of breast cancer conferred by low-penetrance variants, and defines the common omic properties, molecular interactions and possible functional effects of candidate genes and proteins. (cipf.es)
Detecting low penetrance genes in cancer: the way ahead. (ox.ac.uk)
Here, we review the strategies available for identifying cancer predisposition genes of low and moderate penetrance. (ox.ac.uk)
This study evaluated a large cohort of families with ARVC to investigate the prevalence of mutations in known causal genes, the penetrance and disease expression in both probands and relatives, and the utility of 2010 diagnostic criteria in familial diagnosis. (ahajournals.org)
It is revealed that the variations of low-penetrance susceptibility genes are important for carcinogenesis as they interact with the environmental and hereditary factors. (who.int)
Recently, the list of BC-associated common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and chromosomal loci in low-penetrance susceptibility genes have been expanded in genomewide association studies. (who.int)

For example, if a mutation in the gene responsible for a particular autosomal dominant disorder has 95% penetrance, then 95% of those with the mutation will develop the disease, while 5% will not. (wikipedia.org)
A condition which shows complete penetrance is neurofibromatosis type 1 - every person who has a mutation in the gene will show symptoms of the condition. (wikipedia.org)
An example of an autosomal dominant condition showing incomplete penetrance is familial breast cancer due to mutations in the BRCA1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
Genetic modifiers: Penetrance at a given allele may be polygenic, modified by the presence or absence of polymorphic alleles at other gene loci. (wikipedia.org)
Penetrance refers to the proportion of people with a particular genetic variant (or gene mutation) who exhibit signs and symptoms of a genetic disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
Decreased penetrance means that not all people who inherit the abnormal gene develop symptoms. (yourdictionary.com)
For example, if 50% of the individuals carrying the "blue" gene are blue, the "blue" gene has 50% penetrance. (wikidoc.org)
A gene with low penetrance will only sometimes produce the symptom or trait with which it has been associated at a detectable level. (wikidoc.org)
Dr. Lappalainen, the study's principal investigator, will explore a specific type of modified penetrance, where a genetic variant that affects the regulation of a given gene also affects how severe an affect another variant inside that gene will have. (eurekalert.org)
A clearer understanding of penetrance of disease-causing gene variants could enable clinicians to better predict an individual's risk of having a given disease, as well as its severity. (eurekalert.org)
Dr. Lappalainen and her research team will focus on how haplotype epistasis--a phenomenon in which gene variants in close proximity to one another on the same chromosome interact--affects penetrance. (eurekalert.org)
Traditionally, gene-environment interactions are thought to contribute to tumor-suppressor-gene penetrance by facilitating or inhibiting the acquisition of additional somatic mutations required for tumorigenesis. (pnas.org)
Here, we demonstrate that a distinctive type of gene-environment interaction can occur during development to enhance the penetrance of a tumor-suppressor-gene defect in the adult. (pnas.org)
These data suggest that exposure to environmental factors during development can permanently reprogram normal physiological tissue responses and thus lead to increased tumor-suppressor-gene penetrance in genetically susceptible individuals. (pnas.org)
The survival gene MED4 explains low penetrance retinoblastoma in patients with large RB1 deletion. (sigmaaldrich.com)
We propose that the contiguous loss of the adjacent retinoblastoma gene, MED4, explains the low penetrance in patients with large deletions that include both RB1 and MED4. (sigmaaldrich.com)
These data provide no support to the hypothesis whereby such parkin gene mutations may be commonly implicated in possible effect on penetrance in LRRK2 mutation carriers. (hindawi.com)
This finding suggests that variants in the non-mutated ALK gene or another gene linked to it may affect penetrance of the ALK mutations and risk of developing NB in familial cases. (nih.gov)
Penetrance of Novel Mutations of Endothelin-B receptor Gene in Pakistani Families with Waardenburg Syndrome. (thefreelibrary.com)
In this study, we have identified the penetrance of the novel mutations of EDNRB gene in two Pakistani families suffering with WS4. (thefreelibrary.com)
The present study describes novel mutations of EDNRB gene and their penetrance in two Pakistani families suffering with WS. (thefreelibrary.com)
Disease penetrance in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis associated with mutations in the SOD1 gene. (docme.ru)
If p is the penetrance probability of a candidate gene causing MacTel and under the assumption that this disease is very rare, the probability that a sibling or parent is affected was calculated to be p/2 . (arvojournals.org)
We speculated that the reason for partial penetrance is due to the different levels of expression of the normal copy of the gene that is able to compensate for that mutant allele is asymptomatic individuals (or unable to in the symptomatic individuals). (ucl.ac.uk)
Reporting in the August 20 issue of Nature Genetics, the researchers provide evidence for modified penetrance, in which genetic variants that regulate gene activity modify the disease risk caused by protein-coding gene variants. (technologynetworks.com)
As a first test of the modified penetrance hypothesis, the researchers conducted an analysis of data from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project, a large catalog of genetic variants that affect gene expression in humans, to evaluate the interactions of regulatory and coding variants in a human population without severe genetic diseases. (technologynetworks.com)
The retinoblastoma-predisposition gene, RB1, segregates as an autosomal dominant trait with high (90%) penetrance. (semanticscholar.org)
Germline mutations of the succinate dehydrogenase subunit B gene ( SDHB ) predispose carriers for paragangliomas, and current estimates of the chance of mutation carriers actually developing tumors (penetrance) are high. (biomedcentral.com)
Burdon KP, Wirth MG, Mackey DA, Russell-Eggitt IM, Craig JE, Elder JE, Dickinson JL, Sale MM. A novel mutation in the Connexin 46 gene causes autosomal dominant congenital cataract with incomplete penetrance . (arizona.edu)
Objective The aim of this study was to determine whether a novel polymorphism ( Tru9I) in the low penetrance vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene is associated with risk of premenopausal breast cancer (BC). (cdc.gov)
3 Estimates of penetrance have been confined to single-gene studies. (ahajournals.org)
Penetrance is incomplete, meaning that a deletion of one copy of this gene is not in and of itself sufficient to cause holoprosencephaly. (wikipedia.org)

3 The common disease-common variant hypothesis suggests that many common low-penetrance alleles confer very slight increased risk and work synergistically to increase overall risk. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
The presence of C57BL/6J alleles at EdnrB is associated with increased penetrance and more severe aganglionosis in Sox10 Dom mutants. (oup.com)
L78P is present in a consanguineous family and appears to be pathogenic only when present on both alleles, and L221F shows variable penetrance in one of the two families that were identified harboring this mutation. (ox.ac.uk)
Large scale association studies have identified low penetrance susceptibility alleles that predispose to breast cancer. (ox.ac.uk)
Incomplete penetrance was detected in patients carrying hypomorphic alleles. (molvis.org)
Hypomorphic alleles may contribute to some cases of incomplete penetrance. (molvis.org)

and to estimate the penetrance of this genotype with respect to hepatocellular carcinoma in East Anglia. (springer.com)
From our sibling data, we estimate the penetrance to be 0.41 (standard error: 0.12, 95% CI: 0.17, 0.65). (arvojournals.org)
Objective: The aim of the study was to estimate the penetrance of NF-PETs, insulinomas, and gastrinomas in young MEN1 carriers. (fapesp.br)
The aim of this study was to estimate the penetrance of FAP in Brazilian families. (docphin.com)

Objective: We sought to characterize the penetrance, clinical features, and best treatment options in 133 CTLA4 mutation carriers. (uni-muenchen.de)
Ninety mutation carriers were considered affected, suggesting a clinical penetrance of at least 67%;median age of onset was 11 years, and the mortality rate within affected mutation carriers was 16%(n = 15). (uni-muenchen.de)
Recently, our studies of BMPR2 mutation carriers implicated altered oestrogen metabolism as a key factor in the penetrance of FPAH in females. (ersjournals.com)
To test this, we studied the relationship between the CYP1B1 Asn453Ser ( N453S ) genetic polymorphism and FPAH penetrance in BMPR2 mutation carriers 19 . (ersjournals.com)
Objectives The purpose of our study was to characterize the penetrance of PKP2 mutations among family members of people with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) and to examine clinical features and predictors of disease among PKP2 mutation carriers. (onlinejacc.org)
Gender may have an influence on penetrance of PKP2 mutations, with male mutation carriers more likely to develop specific phenotypic manifestations of this disease. (onlinejacc.org)
Only three of the fifteen mutation carriers in this family have developed paraganglioma, which results in a calculated penetrance of 26% at 48 years of age. (biomedcentral.com)
While it is recognized that the penetrance of SDHB mutations is incomplete and age dependent [ 1 , 3 , 4 ], particularly in comparison with SDHD , the current estimates are likely to be inflated because many mutation carriers remain asymptomatic. (biomedcentral.com)
The penetrance of breast and ovarian cancer in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers has been well characterized in Caucasian but not in Asian. (cdc.gov)

Penetrance is the probability that a person carrying a disease-associated genotype will develop the disease within a given time period. (phgfoundation.org)
A disease is said to show incomplete or reduced penetrance when it has clearly been demonstrated that individuals who possess a disease-associated genotype show absolutely no manifestations of the condition. (phgfoundation.org)
A disease is said to show complete penetrance if a person carrying a disease associated genotype always develops the condition. (phgfoundation.org)
Cardiac penetrance was high in young asymptomatic LMNA genotype-positive family members with frequent AV block and VT, highlighting the importance of early family screening and cardiological follow-up. (uio.no)
Among females, there was four-fold higher penetrance among subjects homozygous for the wild-type genotype (N/N) than those with N/S or S/S genotypes (p = 0.005). (ersjournals.com)
For this population, we estimate that the penetrance of the HFE C282Y homozygous genotype, with respect to hepatocellular carcinoma, was between 1.31 % and 2.1% for males and was zero for females. (springer.com)
Maternal high-fat diet interacts with embryonic Cited2 genotype to reduce Pitx2c expression and enhance penetrance of left-right patterning defects. (ox.ac.uk)
More than 100,000 genetic variants are reported to cause Mendelian disease in humans, but the penetrance-the probability that a carrier of the purported disease-causing genotype will indeed develop the disease-is generally unknown. (ox.ac.uk)

Complete and incomplete or reduced penetrance: An allele is said to have complete penetrance if all individuals who have the disease-causing mutation have clinical symptoms of the disease. (wikipedia.org)
In incomplete or reduced penetrance, some individuals will not express the trait even though they carry the allele. (wikipedia.org)

Reduced penetrance often occurs with familial cancer syndromes. (medlineplus.gov)
In the present study, 15 familial glioma pedigrees from a limited geographical area were hypothesized to carry the same low-penetrance susceptibility allele. (aacrjournals.org)
Mutations in bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 ( BMPR2 ) cause familial pulmonary arterial hypertension (FPAH), but the penetrance is reduced and females are significantly overrepresented. (ersjournals.com)
Penetrance estimation of TTR familial amyloid polyneuropathy (type I) in Brazilian families. (docphin.com)
Saporta MA, Zaros C, Cruz MW, André C, Misrahi M, Bonaïti-Pellié C, Planté-Bordeneuve V. Penetrance estimation of TTR familial amyloid polyneuropathy (type I) in Brazilian families. (docphin.com)
Although some of the familial risk may be due to shared environment, there may be other common, low-penetrance genetic variants which alter predisposition to breast cancer. (aacrjournals.org)

The genetic architecture of colorectal cancer (CRC) susceptibility encompasses a broad spectrum of risk, from rare, highly penetrant germline mutations to common low-penetrance polymorphisms, each individually conferring small risks. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
p53-germline mutations located in the core DNA-binding domain have been associated with a more dominant tumor penetrance especially for breast cancer and brain tumors. (uzh.ch)
The low, but not negligible, risk to sibs of an index case with a negative family history presumably reflects the presence of either a germline RB1 mutation with reduced penetrance in one parent or somatic mosaicism (that includes the germline) for an RB1 mutation in one parent. (wikibooks.org)
Data from the Exome Aggregate Consortium (ExAC) allows a Bayesian approach to calculate penetrance, in that population frequencies of pathogenic germline variants should be inversely proportional to their penetrance for disease. (edu.au)

High and low penetrance: If an allele is highly penetrant, then the trait it produces will almost always be apparent in an individual carrying the allele. (wikipedia.org)
An allele with low penetrance will only occasionally produce the trait with which it is associated. (wikipedia.org)
Penetrance can be difficult to determine reliably, even for genetic diseases that are caused by a single polymorphic allele. (wikipedia.org)
Genome association studies may assess the influence of such variants on the penetrance of an allele. (wikipedia.org)
Determining the penetrance of the C282Y allele can be influenced when the medical community evaluates homozygotes. (wikipedia.org)
For example Huntingtons disease has 95% penetrance whereby 5% of those with the dominant allele for Huntingtons don't acquire the disease and 95% do. (wikidoc.org)
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The penetrance of the variant rs74315329 was estimated from the percentage of the carriers of the risk allele of the variant who had high IOP (ocular hypertension) or glaucoma. (ru.nl)

However, several important questions about genetic prevalence and penetrance remain to be addressed before such a recommendation can be made. (clinicaltrials.gov)

Most studies suggest that Tourette syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder with decreased penetrance . (yourdictionary.com)

Low penetrance breast cancer predisposition SNPs are site specific. (ox.ac.uk)

In medical genetics, the penetrance of a disease-causing mutation is the proportion of individuals with the mutation who exhibit clinical symptoms among all individuals with such mutation. (wikipedia.org)

Thus, our study suggests a much lower penetrance for rs74315329 for ocular hypertension (and thus glaucoma), in comparison with that reported previously. (ru.nl)

Nearly 1 in 4 individuals with the p.Gln368Ter mutation had evidence of glaucoma, a substantially higher penetrance than previously estimated, with 70% of cases undetected. (arvojournals.org)

This will be the first comprehensive work on characterizing how important this phenomenon is and how it can affect penetrance of disease-causing variants. (eurekalert.org)

We also estimate the strength of the selection pressure against CNVs and correlate this against their overall penetrance. (nih.gov)
Correlation between the overall penetrance and selection coefficients of CNVs. (nih.gov)
Results: The overall penetrance of PETs during the second decade of life was42%(8 of 19). (fapesp.br)

A condition, most commonly inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, is said to show complete penetrance if clinical symptoms are present in all individuals who have the disease-causing mutation. (wikipedia.org)

This finding provides an important framework for scientists moving forward to experimentally test specific disease SNPs to determine if they could be affected by modified penetrance. (technologynetworks.com)
It also suggests that low penetrance susceptibility SNPs for breast, prostate and colorectal cancer are distinct. (ox.ac.uk)

The Lappalainen Lab will focus its research efforts on advancing scientific knowledge of a widely acknowledged but not well understood phenomenon called variable penetrance, where the severity of the effect of disease-causing variants differs among individuals who carry them. (eurekalert.org)
The Lappalainen Lab will examine the important implications of variable penetrance in human evolution and disease. (eurekalert.org)
Mitochondrial DNA variants that are linked to disease can exhibit variable expression and penetrance. (springer.com)
Diseases resulting from mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations are a clinically heterogeneous group of disorders frequently exhibiting variable penetrance. (springer.com)
In this widely acknowledged but not well understood phenomenon, called variable penetrance, the severity of the effect of disease-causing variants differs among individuals who carry them. (technologynetworks.com)
Variable penetrance has long posed a challenge for predicting the severity of a disease, even for diseases with a strong genetic association. (technologynetworks.com)
Recessive inheritance and variable penetrance of slow-channel congenital myasthenic syndromes. (ox.ac.uk)
CONCLUSION: SCCMS mutations may show a recessive inheritance pattern and variable penetrance. (ox.ac.uk)
Family history consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance, although this may be difficult with some mutations that have variable penetrance, or in the rare case of a de novo mutation. (nature.com)
Symptom onset and progression in such patients remains challenging to predict, penetrance is variable and incomplete. (reducedpenetranceconference.com)
Neither the highly variable penetrance of the optic neuropathy ─ which is always much greater in males ─ or the presence of extraocular signs can be exclusively explained by the presence of primary mutations that are necessary but not sufficient to cause the disease. (biomedcentral.com)

The study links modified penetrance to specific diseases at the genome-wide level, which has exciting implications for future prediction of the severity of serious diseases such as cancer and autism spectrum disorder. (technologynetworks.com)
PRS increases disease penetrance and severity of disease, supporting the utility of PRS in optimizing risk stratification among MYOC p.Gln368Ter variant carriers. (arvojournals.org)

If some people with the variant do not develop features of the disorder, the condition is said to have reduced (or incomplete) penetrance. (medlineplus.gov)
Finally, they designed an experiment using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology to test the modified penetrance hypothesis with a coding variant that is known to be associated with a disease. (technologynetworks.com)
We aimed to understand the true population-wide penetrance and characteristics of glaucoma among individuals with the most common MYOC variant (p.Gln368Ter) and the impact of a POAG polygenic risk score (PRS) in this population. (arvojournals.org)
PARTICIPANTS: For this study, the penetrance of the variant rs74315329 was estimated in 2 population-based cohorts, the TwinsUK (N = 6092) and the Rotterdam Study (RS) (N =11 189). (ru.nl)
The penetrance of this variant was evaluated using IOP measurements and data on visual field testing/a diagnosis of glaucoma (if available). (ru.nl)
RESULTS: In our study, the observed penetrance of the variant rs74315329 in relation to increased IOP was 12.5% and 19.4% in the TwinsUK and the RS, respectively. (ru.nl)

Common examples used to show degrees of penetrance are often highly penetrant. (wikipedia.org)

Genome-wide association studies have identified a number of common low-penetrance genetic variants, but their contribution to disease risk differs between populations. (biomedcentral.com)

low penetrance susceptibility polymorphism breast cancer. (who.int)

In addition to providing participants with genetic risk information, Murray and his colleagues also believe the results may help clarify the clinical significance of variants that are currently disputed, as well as the penetrance of known pathogenic variants. (genomeweb.com)

For persons with a ganglion growth beyond the sigmoid segment of the colon, the inheritance pattern is autosomal dominant with reduced penetrance (risk closer to 50 percent). (yourdictionary.com)

For hereditary hemochromatosis, a disease caused by excess intestinal iron absorption, the degree of penetrance has been a subject of controversy for many years and illustrates the challenges facing investigators seeking a quantitative measure of penetrance. (wikipedia.org)
This week, the New England Journal of Medicine publishes a study on the penetrance of HFE hereditary hemochromatosis. (ommbidblog.com)

Context: Data are scarce on the penetrance of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1)-related nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NF-PETs) and insulinomas in young MEN1 patients. (fapesp.br)

We analyzed the presence of parkin sequence variants (mutations or polymorphisms) and exon rearrangements in LRRK2 mutations carriers (both PD patients and unaffected relatives) in order to detect a possible modifier effect on penetrance. (hindawi.com)
Additional documented symptoms include short-term memory loss, executive functional deficits, cognitive decline, parkinsonism, peripheral neuropathy, lower-limb proximal muscle weakness, and autonomic dysfunction.To study the penetrance of the fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) among premutation carriers.Family-based study of 192 individuals (premutation carriers and controls) whose families belong to the Northern or Southern California Fragile X Associations. (edu.au)

We studied the penetrance of HCM and the short- and long-term outcomes of clinical screening and predictive genetic testing of child relatives of patients with HCM. (ahajournals.org)
If you were to think about it as an equation, penetrance is the number of individuals displaying clinical features of a condition, divided by the number of individuals with a disease-causing mutation, multiplied by 100. (phgfoundation.org)
Penetrance in this case can be defined as the frequency with which individuals of particular genotypes develop either iron overload or clinical manifestations. (springer.com)
My seminar will illustrate how clinical presentations and penetrance were just as challenging to the research that nominated those genetic targets, and will re-consider missed (future) opportunities. (reducedpenetranceconference.com)

Multiple CYP1B1 mutations and incomplete penetrance in an inbred population segregating primary congenital glaucoma suggest frequent de novo events and a dominant modifier locus. (semanticscholar.org)

Genetic testing in Tunisian families with heritable retinoblastoma using a low cost approach permits accurate risk prediction in relatives and reveals incomplete penetrance in adults. (semanticscholar.org)
Given the approximately 99% penetrance of most RB1 cancer-predisposing mutations, the actual risk for retinoblastoma in these individuals is about 50% (or lower if the carrier parent is a mutational mosaic). (wikibooks.org)

To better understand the reduced penetrance and maternal penetrance bias associated with SCA8 we analyzed the sequence configurations and instability patterns of the CTG repeat in affected and unaffected family members. (biomedsearch.com)
Here we show that a maternal high-fat diet more than doubles the penetrance of laterality defects and, surprisingly, induces palatal clefting in Cited2-deficient embryos. (ox.ac.uk)

In the cancer patients and individuals with autism, they found an enrichment of haplotypes predicted to increase the penetrance of coding variants associated with cancer and autism spectrum disorder, respectively. (technologynetworks.com)

In one study the age-related penetrance of MEN1 was 7% by age 10 but nearly 100% by age 60. (wikipedia.org)

Lack of penetrance is sometimes used to explain individual whose phenotypes do not reflect their inferred genotypes. (chegg.com)
The mutant phenotypes exhibit dominant inheritance, but incomplete penetrance. (elsevier.com)

However, comparisons between their penetrance for SCZ or DD/ASD/CM, or estimates of the total penetrance for any of these disorders have not yet been made. (nih.gov)
The improved estimates of penetrance will provide crucial information for genetic counselling. (nih.gov)
This study provides accurate estimates of G2019S penetrance by minimizing the selection bias. (nih.gov)

The penetrance of CNVs correlates strongly with their selection coefficients. (nih.gov)
Temporal discrimination, a cervical dystonia endophenotype: Penetrance and functional correlates. (knowledgetransferireland.com)

They found an enrichment of combinations of regulatory and coding variants, called haplotypes, that act as protective against disease by decreasing the penetrance of coding variants associated with disease development. (technologynetworks.com)

The value of screening depends on the penetrance of the HFE genotypes. (springer.com)

For many hereditary diseases, the onset of symptoms is age related, and is affected by environmental factors such as nutrition and smoking, as well as genetic cofactors and epigenetic regulation of expression: Age-related cumulative frequency: Penetrance is often expressed as a frequency of disease at different ages. (wikipedia.org)

Our data indicate that Df1 /+ embryos are able to overcome a localized arterial growth impairment and thereby reduce the penetrance of birth defects. (oup.com)

In this study, we define a minimal genomic region associated with this low penetrance. (sigmaaldrich.com)

Mutations in LRRK2 represent the most common causes of Parkinson's disease (PD) identified to date, but their penetrance is incomplete and probably due to the presence of other genetic or environmental factors required for development of the disease. (hindawi.com)

2 The remaining inherited variation is thought to be due to low-penetrance variants. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)

Environmental modifiers: Penetrance may be affected by environmental factors. (wikipedia.org)

Significant phenotypic variability is seen amongst families with distinct geographic origin, especially regarding penetrance and age of onset. (docphin.com)

This supports the theory that haplogroup background is important in the expression and penetrance of disease in humans. (springer.com)

Macular telangiectasia (MacTel) is an adult-onset autosomal dominant disease with reduced penetrance. (arvojournals.org)

We report the results of a family-based study of LRRK2 G2019S penetrance in Parkinson disease. (nih.gov)
Our study demonstrates that heterozygous RFX6 protein truncating variants are associated with MODY with reduced penetrance. (uef.fi)

BACKGROUND: Until recently, determining penetrance required large observational cohort studies. (edu.au)

Anatomy1

Organisms2

Diseases24

Chemicals and Drugs7

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment9

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes30

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Named Groups1

Health Care5

Evidence that mutations in the X-linked DDP gene cause incompletely penetrant and variable skewed X inactivation. (1/637)

Evidence for a rare prostate cancer-susceptibility locus at chromosome 1p36. (2/637)

Analysis of affected sib pairs, with covariates--with and without constraints. (3/637)

Targeted disruption of Smad3 reveals an essential role in transforming growth factor beta-mediated signal transduction. (4/637)

Mutation and haplotype studies of familial Mediterranean fever reveal new ancestral relationships and evidence for a high carrier frequency with reduced penetrance in the Ashkenazi Jewish population. (5/637)

Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome with defective Fas: genotype influences penetrance. (6/637)

Genetic linkage of IgA deficiency to the major histocompatibility complex: evidence for allele segregation distortion, parent-of-origin penetrance differences, and the role of anti-IgA antibodies in disease predisposition. (7/637)

Linkage of type 2 diabetes mellitus and of age at onset to a genetic location on chromosome 10q in Mexican Americans. (8/637)

Penetrance

Pedigree

Genes, Dominant

Heterozygote

Mutation

Phenotype

Genetic Linkage

Genetic Predisposition to Disease

Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber

Lod Score

Alleles

Germ-Line Mutation

Family Health

Genotype

DNA Mutational Analysis

Genetic Testing

Genes, BRCA1

Genes, Modifier

Models, Genetic

Age of Onset

Founder Effect

Hirschsprung Disease

Chromosome Mapping

Haplotypes

Homozygote

Genes, Recessive

Jews

Genetic Heterogeneity

Gene Frequency

Genetic Diseases, Inborn

Genes, BRCA2

Dystonia Musculorum Deformans

Mutation, Missense

Family

Syndrome

Genetic Markers

Heterozygote Detection

Crosses, Genetic

Dystonia

BRCA2 Protein

Amyloid Neuropathies, Familial

Genetic Counseling

Genetic Variation

Angiomatosis

Hemochromatosis

Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide

Syndactyly

Abnormalities, Multiple

Likelihood Functions

Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret

Craniofacial Abnormalities

DNA, Mitochondrial

Epistasis, Genetic

Retinoblastoma

Genetics, Medical

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19

RNA, Transfer, Ile

Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic, Familial

Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II

Prealbumin

Myoclonus

Neoplastic Syndromes, Hereditary

Inheritance Patterns

Breast Neoplasms

Mice, Transgenic

Optic Atrophies, Hereditary

Exons

Dystonic Disorders

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Retinitis Pigmentosa

Paraganglioma, Extra-Adrenal

Microsatellite Repeats

Point Mutation

Genetic Association Studies

Ovarian Neoplasms

Eye Abnormalities

Evidence that mutations in the X-linked DDP gene cause incompletely penetrant and variable skewed X inactivation. (1/637)

Evidence for a rare prostate cancer-susceptibility locus at chromosome 1p36. (2/637)

Analysis of affected sib pairs, with covariates--with and without constraints. (3/637)

Targeted disruption of Smad3 reveals an essential role in transforming growth factor beta-mediated signal transduction. (4/637)