Plant Diseases: Diseases of plants.Plants, Genetically Modified: PLANTS, or their progeny, whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING.Plant Proteins: Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.Plant Leaves: Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)Genes, Plant: The functional hereditary units of PLANTS.Plant Roots: The usually underground portions of a plant that serve as support, store food, and through which water and mineral nutrients enter the plant. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982; Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)Oomycetes: Eukaryotes in the group STRAMENOPILES, formerly considered FUNGI, whose exact taxonomic level is unsettled. Many consider Oomycetes (Oomycota) a phylum in the kingdom Stramenopila, or alternatively, as Pseudofungi in the phylum Heterokonta of the kingdom Chromista. They are morphologically similar to fungi but have no close phylogenetic relationship to them. Oomycetes are found in both fresh and salt water as well as in terrestrial environments. (Alexopoulos et al., Introductory Mycology, 4th ed, pp683-4). They produce flagellated, actively motile spores (zoospores) that are pathogenic to many crop plants and FISHES.Arabidopsis: A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.Salicylic Acid: A compound obtained from the bark of the white willow and wintergreen leaves. It has bacteriostatic, fungicidal, and keratolytic actions.Pseudomonas syringae: A species of gram-negative, fluorescent, phytopathogenic bacteria in the genus PSEUDOMONAS. It is differentiated into approximately 50 pathovars with different plant pathogenicities and host specificities.Plant Extracts: Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.Plant Shoots: New immature growth of a plant including stem, leaves, tips of branches, and SEEDLINGS.DNA, Plant: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of plants.Biological Control Agents: Organisms, biological agents, or biologically-derived agents used strategically for their positive or adverse effect on the physiology and/or reproductive health of other organisms.Disease Resistance: The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.Ascomycota: A phylum of fungi which have cross-walls or septa in the mycelium. The perfect state is characterized by the formation of a saclike cell (ascus) containing ascospores. Most pathogenic fungi with a known perfect state belong to this phylum.Pest Control, Biological: Use of naturally-occuring or genetically-engineered organisms to reduce or eliminate populations of pests.Plants, Toxic: Plants or plant parts which are harmful to man or other animals.Lycopersicon esculentum: A plant species of the family SOLANACEAE, native of South America, widely cultivated for their edible, fleshy, usually red fruit.Plants, Medicinal: Plants whose roots, leaves, seeds, bark, or other constituent parts possess therapeutic, tonic, purgative, curative or other pharmacologic attributes, when administered to man or animals.Crops, Agricultural: Cultivated plants or agricultural produce such as grain, vegetables, or fruit. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982)Arabidopsis Proteins: Proteins that originate from plants species belonging to the genus ARABIDOPSIS. The most intensely studied species of Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis thaliana, is commonly used in laboratory experiments.Plant Immunity: The inherent or induced capacity of plants to withstand or ward off biological attack by pathogens.Plant Development: Processes orchestrated or driven by a plethora of genes, plant hormones, and inherent biological timing mechanisms facilitated by secondary molecules, which result in the systematic transformation of plants and plant parts, from one stage of maturity to another.Tobacco: A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE. Members contain NICOTINE and other biologically active chemicals; its dried leaves are used for SMOKING.Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.Host-Pathogen Interactions: The interactions between a host and a pathogen, usually resulting in disease.Xylella: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria, in the family XANTHOMONADACEAE. It is found in the xylem of plant tissue.Plant Growth Regulators: Any of the hormones produced naturally in plants and active in controlling growth and other functions. There are three primary classes: auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins.Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.Immunity, Innate: The capacity of a normal organism to remain unaffected by microorganisms and their toxins. It results from the presence of naturally occurring ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS, constitutional factors such as BODY TEMPERATURE and immediate acting immune cells such as NATURAL KILLER CELLS.Plant Cells: Basic functional unit of plants.Rhizoctonia: A mitosporic Ceratobasidiaceae fungal genus that is an important plant pathogen affecting potatoes and other plants. There are numerous teleomorphs.Plant Stems: Parts of plants that usually grow vertically upwards towards the light and support the leaves, buds, and reproductive structures. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)Phytophthora: A genus of destructive parasitic OOMYCETES in the family Peronosporaceae, order Peronosporales, affecting numerous fruit, vegetable, and other crops. Differentiation of zoospores usually takes place in the sporangium and no vesicle is formed. It was previously considered a fungus.Cladosporium: A mitosporic Loculoascomycetes fungal genus including some economically important plant parasites. Teleomorphs include Mycosphaerella and Venturia.Fungicides, Industrial: Chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of fungi in agricultural applications, on wood, plastics, or other materials, in swimming pools, etc.Antibiosis: A natural association between organisms that is detrimental to at least one of them. This often refers to the production of chemicals by one microorganism that is harmful to another.Phylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.Genome, Plant: The genetic complement of a plant (PLANTS) as represented in its DNA.Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Gene Expression Regulation, Plant: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in plants.Pseudomonas: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants.Plants, Edible: An organism of the vegetable kingdom suitable by nature for use as a food, especially by human beings. Not all parts of any given plant are edible but all parts of edible plants have been known to figure as raw or cooked food: leaves, roots, tubers, stems, seeds, buds, fruits, and flowers. The most commonly edible parts of plants are FRUIT, usually sweet, fleshy, and succulent. Most edible plants are commonly cultivated for their nutritional value and are referred to as VEGETABLES.Trichoderma: A mitosporic fungal genus frequently found in soil and on wood. It is sometimes used for controlling pathogenic fungi. Its teleomorph is HYPOCREA.Plant Structures: The parts of plants, including SEEDS.Botrytis: A mitosporic Leotiales fungal genus of plant pathogens. It has teleomorphs in the genus Botryotina.Agriculture: The science, art or practice of cultivating soil, producing crops, and raising livestock.Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.Basidiomycota: A phylum of fungi that produce their sexual spores (basidiospores) on the outside of the basidium. It includes forms commonly known as mushrooms, boletes, puffballs, earthstars, stinkhorns, bird's-nest fungi, jelly fungi, bracket or shelf fungi, and rust and smut fungi.Oxylipins: Eighteen-carbon cyclopentyl polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from ALPHA-LINOLENIC ACID via an oxidative pathway analogous to the EICOSANOIDS in animals. Biosynthesis is inhibited by SALICYLATES. A key member, jasmonic acid of PLANTS, plays a similar role to ARACHIDONIC ACID in animals.Phytoplasma: A genus of minute bacteria in the family ACHOLEPLASMATACEAE that inhabit phloem sieve elements of infected PLANTS and cause symptoms such as yellowing, phyllody, and witches' brooms. Organisms lack a CELL WALL and thus are similar to MYCOPLASMA in animals. They are transmitted by over 100 species of INSECTS especially leafhoppers, planthoppers, and PSYLLIDS.Solanum tuberosum: A plant species of the genus SOLANUM, family SOLANACEAE. The starchy roots are used as food. SOLANINE is found in green parts.Hordeum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE. The EDIBLE GRAIN, barley, is widely used as food.Pantoea: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, straight rods which are motile by peritrichous flagella. Most strains produce a yellow pigment. This organism is isolated from plant surfaces, seeds, soil, and water, as well as from animals and human wounds, blood, and urine. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.Pythium: A genus of destructive root-parasitic OOMYCETES in the family Pythiaceae, order Peronosporales, commonly found in cultivated soils all over the world. Differentiation of zoospores takes place in a vesicle.Phytophthora infestans: A species of parasitic OOMYCETES in the family Peronosporaceae that is the causative agent of late blight of potato.Magnaporthe: A genus of FUNGI, in the family Magnaporthaceae of uncertain position (incertae sedis). It is best known for its species, M. grisea, which is one of the most popular experimental organisms of all fungal plant pathogens. Its anamorph is PYRICULARIA GRISEA.Actinidia: A plant species of the family ACTINIDIACEAE, order Theales.Pseudomonas fluorescens: A species of nonpathogenic fluorescent bacteria found in feces, sewage, soil, and water, and which liquefy gelatin.Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Flax: A plant genus of the family LINACEAE that is cultivated for its fiber (manufactured into linen cloth). It contains a trypsin inhibitor and the seed is the source of LINSEED OIL.Bacteria: One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Pectobacterium carotovorum: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that causes rotting, particularly of storage tissues, of a wide variety of plants and causes a vascular disease in CARROTS; and POTATO plants.Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.Soybeans: An annual legume. The SEEDS of this plant are edible and used to produce a variety of SOY FOODS.Oryza sativa: Annual cereal grass of the family POACEAE and its edible starchy grain, rice, which is the staple food of roughly one-half of the world's population.Sequence Analysis, DNA: A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.Plant Epidermis: A thin layer of cells forming the outer integument of seed plants and ferns. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)Sequence Alignment: The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.Soil Microbiology: The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the soil. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.Multigene Family: A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)DNA, Bacterial: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.Plant Stomata: Closable openings in the epidermis of plants on the underside of leaves. They allow the exchange of gases between the internal tissues of the plant and the outside atmosphere.Species Specificity: The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.Angiosperms: Members of the group of vascular plants which bear flowers. They are differentiated from GYMNOSPERMS by their production of seeds within a closed chamber (OVARY, PLANT). The Angiosperms division is composed of two classes, the monocotyledons (Liliopsida) and dicotyledons (Magnoliopsida). Angiosperms represent approximately 80% of all known living plants.Mycotoxins: Toxic compounds produced by FUNGI.Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Genome, Bacterial: The genetic complement of a BACTERIA as represented in its DNA.Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.Tobacco Mosaic Virus: The type species of TOBAMOVIRUS which causes mosaic disease of tobacco. Transmission occurs by mechanical inoculation.Seeds: The encapsulated embryos of flowering plants. They are used as is or for animal feed because of the high content of concentrated nutrients like starches, proteins, and fats. Rapeseed, cottonseed, and sunflower seed are also produced for the oils (fats) they yield.Sequence Homology, Amino Acid: The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.DNA Primers: Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Fungal Proteins: Proteins found in any species of fungus.Plant Poisoning: Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.Flowers: The reproductive organs of plants.Plant Transpiration: The loss of water vapor by plants to the atmosphere. It occurs mainly from the leaves through pores (stomata) whose primary function is gas exchange. The water is replaced by a continuous column of water moving upwards from the roots within the xylem vessels. (Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)Plant Tumors: A localized proliferation of plant tissue forming a swelling or outgrowth, commonly with a characteristic shape and unlike any organ of the normal plant. Plant tumors or galls usually form in response to the action of a pathogen or a pest. (Holliday, P., A Dictionary of Plant Pathology, 1989, p330)Plant Components, Aerial: The above-ground plant without the roots.Chromosomes, Plant: Complex nucleoprotein structures which contain the genomic DNA and are part of the CELL NUCLEUS of PLANTS.Zea mays: A plant species of the family POACEAE. It is a tall grass grown for its EDIBLE GRAIN, corn, used as food and animal FODDER.Seedling: Very young plant after GERMINATION of SEEDS.Symbiosis: The relationship between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other or a relationship between different species where both of the organisms in question benefit from the presence of the other.Antifungal Agents: Substances that destroy fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. They differ from FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL because they defend against fungi present in human or animal tissues.Herbivory: The act of feeding on plants by animals.Plant Preparations: Material prepared from plants.Fabaceae: The large family of plants characterized by pods. Some are edible and some cause LATHYRISM or FAVISM and other forms of poisoning. Other species yield useful materials like gums from ACACIA and various LECTINS like PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS from PHASEOLUS. Many of them harbor NITROGEN FIXATION bacteria on their roots. Many but not all species of "beans" belong to this family.Biomass: Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop.Virulence Factors: Those components of an organism that determine its capacity to cause disease but are not required for its viability per se. Two classes have been characterized: TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL and surface adhesion molecules that effect the ability of the microorganism to invade and colonize a host. (From Davis et al., Microbiology, 4th ed. p486)Power Plants: Units that convert some other form of energy into electrical energy.Ecosystem: A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Evolution, Molecular: The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.Plant Nectar: Sugar-rich liquid produced in plant glands called nectaries. It is either produced in flowers or other plant structures, providing a source of attraction for pollinating insects and animals, as well as being a nutrient source to animal mutualists which provide protection of plants against herbivores.Host-Parasite Interactions: The relationship between an invertebrate and another organism (the host), one of which lives at the expense of the other. Traditionally excluded from definition of parasites are pathogenic BACTERIA; FUNGI; VIRUSES; and PLANTS; though they may live parasitically.Indoleacetic Acids: Acetic acid derivatives of the heterocyclic compound indole. (Merck Index, 11th ed)Soil: The unconsolidated mineral or organic matter on the surface of the earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants.Plant Bark: The outer layer of the woody parts of plants.Plant Exudates: Substances released by PLANTS such as PLANT GUMS and PLANT RESINS.Photosynthesis: The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds. Photosynthesis comprises two separate processes: the light reactions and the dark reactions. In higher plants; GREEN ALGAE; and CYANOBACTERIA; NADPH and ATP formed by the light reactions drive the dark reactions which result in the fixation of carbon dioxide. (from Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2001)Plant Physiological Processes: Physiological functions characteristic of plants.Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.Mycorrhizae: Symbiotic combination (dual organism) of the MYCELIUM of FUNGI with the roots of plants (PLANT ROOTS). The roots of almost all higher plants exhibit this mutually beneficial relationship, whereby the fungus supplies water and mineral salts to the plant, and the plant supplies CARBOHYDRATES to the fungus. There are two major types of mycorrhizae: ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae.Plant Lectins: Protein or glycoprotein substances of plant origin that bind to sugar moieties in cell walls or membranes. Some carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (ENZYMES) from PLANTS also bind to carbohydrates, however they are not considered lectins. Many plant lectins change the physiology of the membrane of BLOOD CELLS to cause agglutination, mitosis, or other biochemical changes. They may play a role in plant defense mechanisms.Medicine, Traditional: Systems of medicine based on cultural beliefs and practices handed down from generation to generation. The concept includes mystical and magical rituals (SPIRITUAL THERAPIES); PHYTOTHERAPY; and other treatments which may not be explained by modern medicine.Poaceae: A large family of narrow-leaved herbaceous grasses of the order Cyperales, subclass Commelinidae, class Liliopsida (monocotyledons). Food grains (EDIBLE GRAIN) come from members of this family. RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, SEASONAL can be induced by POLLEN of many of the grasses.Root Nodules, Plant: Knobbed structures formed from and attached to plant roots, especially of LEGUMES, which result from symbiotic infection by nitrogen fixing bacteria such as RHIZOBIUM or FRANKIA. Root nodules are structures related to MYCORRHIZAE formed by symbiotic associations with fungi.Brassica: A plant genus of the family Cruciferae. It contains many species and cultivars used as food including cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, Brussel sprouts, kale, collard greens, MUSTARD PLANT; (B. alba, B. junica, and B. nigra), turnips (BRASSICA NAPUS) and rapeseed (BRASSICA RAPA).Germ Cells, Plant: The reproductive cells of plants.Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial: Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.Phytotherapy: Use of plants or herbs to treat diseases or to alleviate pain.Germination: The initial stages of the growth of SEEDS into a SEEDLINGS. The embryonic shoot (plumule) and embryonic PLANT ROOTS (radicle) emerge and grow upwards and downwards respectively. Food reserves for germination come from endosperm tissue within the seed and/or from the seed leaves (COTYLEDON). (Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)Chloroplasts: Plant cell inclusion bodies that contain the photosynthetic pigment CHLOROPHYLL, which is associated with the membrane of THYLAKOIDS. Chloroplasts occur in cells of leaves and young stems of plants. They are also found in some forms of PHYTOPLANKTON such as HAPTOPHYTA; DINOFLAGELLATES; DIATOMS; and CRYPTOPHYTA.Agrobacterium tumefaciens: A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria isolated from soil and the stems, leafs, and roots of plants. Some biotypes are pathogenic and cause the formation of PLANT TUMORS in a wide variety of higher plants. The species is a major research tool in biotechnology.Stress, Physiological: The unfavorable effect of environmental factors (stressors) on the physiological functions of an organism. Prolonged unresolved physiological stress can affect HOMEOSTASIS of the organism, and may lead to damaging or pathological conditions.Gene Expression Profiling: The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.Genetic Variation: Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.Pollen: The fertilizing element of plants that contains the male GAMETOPHYTES.Cell Wall: The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.Peas: A variable annual leguminous vine (Pisum sativum) that is cultivated for its rounded smooth or wrinkled edible protein-rich seeds, the seed of the pea, and the immature pods with their included seeds. (From Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, 1973)Plant Infertility: The failure of PLANTS to complete fertilization and obtain seed (SEEDS) as a result of defective POLLEN or ovules, or other aberrations. (Dict. of Plant Genet. and Mol. Biol., 1998)Droughts: Prolonged dry periods in natural climate cycle. They are slow-onset phenomena caused by rainfall deficit combined with other predisposing factors.Asteraceae: A large plant family of the order Asterales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida. The family is also known as Compositae. Flower petals are joined near the base and stamens alternate with the corolla lobes. The common name of "daisy" refers to several genera of this family including Aster; CHRYSANTHEMUM; RUDBECKIA; TANACETUM.Gram-Negative Bacteria: Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method.Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.Aphids: A family (Aphididae) of small insects, in the suborder Sternorrhyncha, that suck the juices of plants. Important genera include Schizaphis and Myzus. The latter is known to carry more than 100 virus diseases between plants.Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.Plant Oils: Oils derived from plants or plant products.Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Genetic Complementation Test: A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.Adaptation, Physiological: The non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its ENVIRONMENT.Cucumis sativus: A creeping annual plant species of the CUCURBITACEAE family. It has a rough succulent, trailing stem and hairy leaves with three to five pointed lobes.Transformation, Genetic: Change brought about to an organisms genetic composition by unidirectional transfer (TRANSFECTION; TRANSDUCTION, GENETIC; CONJUGATION, GENETIC, etc.) and incorporation of foreign DNA into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells by recombination of part or all of that DNA into the cell's genome.Viruses: Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells.Light: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.Hemiptera: A large order of insects characterized by having the mouth parts adapted to piercing or sucking. It is comprised of four suborders: HETEROPTERA, Auchenorrhyncha, Sternorrhyncha, and Coleorrhyncha.Genes, Bacterial: The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.Biodiversity: The variety of all native living organisms and their various forms and interrelationships.Botany: The study of the origin, structure, development, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of plants.Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches.Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as STEROLS or STEROIDS derived from plants.Protoplasts: The protoplasm and plasma membrane of plant, fungal, bacterial or archaeon cells without the CELL WALL.Endophytes: An endosymbiont that is either a bacterium or fungus living part of its life in a plant. Endophytes can benefit host plants by preventing pathogenic organisms from colonizing them.Volatile Organic Compounds: Organic compounds that have a relatively high VAPOR PRESSURE at room temperature.Verticillium: A mitosporic fungal genus commonly isolated from soil. Some species are the cause of wilt diseases in many different plants.Rhizobium: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that activate PLANT ROOT NODULATION in leguminous plants. Members of this genus are nitrogen-fixing and common soil inhabitants.Bryopsida: A class of plants within the Bryophyta comprising the mosses, which are found in both damp (including freshwater) and drier situations. Mosses possess erect or prostrate leafless stems, which give rise to leafless stalks bearing capsules. Spores formed in the capsules are released and grow to produce new plants. (Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990). Many small plants bearing the name moss are in fact not mosses. The "moss" found on the north side of trees is actually a green alga (CHLOROPHYTA). Irish moss is really a red alga (RHODOPHYTA). Beard lichen (beard moss), Iceland moss, oak moss, and reindeer moss are actually LICHENS. Spanish moss is a common name for both LICHENS and an air plant (TILLANDSIA usneoides) of the pineapple family. Club moss is an evergreen herb of the family LYCOPODIACEAE.Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections: Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.Blood-Borne Pathogens: Infectious organisms in the BLOOD, of which the predominant medical interest is their contamination of blood-soiled linens, towels, gowns, BANDAGES, other items from individuals in risk categories, NEEDLES and other sharp objects, MEDICAL WASTE and DENTAL WASTE, all of which health workers are exposed to. This concept is differentiated from the clinical conditions of BACTEREMIA; VIREMIA; and FUNGEMIA where the organism is present in the blood of a patient as the result of a natural infectious process.Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.Mutagenesis, Insertional: Mutagenesis where the mutation is caused by the introduction of foreign DNA sequences into a gene or extragenic sequence. This may occur spontaneously in vivo or be experimentally induced in vivo or in vitro. Proviral DNA insertions into or adjacent to a cellular proto-oncogene can interrupt GENETIC TRANSLATION of the coding sequences or interfere with recognition of regulatory elements and cause unregulated expression of the proto-oncogene resulting in tumor formation.Microbial Sensitivity Tests: Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).Meristem: A group of plant cells that are capable of dividing infinitely and whose main function is the production of new growth at the growing tip of a root or stem. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)Plastids: Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. PLASTID GENOMES are used in phylogenetic studies.DNA, Complementary: Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method.Solanaceae: A plant family of the order Solanales, subclass Asteridae. Among the most important are POTATOES; TOMATOES; CAPSICUM (green and red peppers); TOBACCO; and BELLADONNA.Water: A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Alternaria: A mitosporic Loculoascomycetes fungal genus including several plant pathogens and at least one species which produces a highly phytotoxic antibiotic. Its teleomorph is Lewia.Lettuce: Any of the various plants of the genus Lactuca, especially L. sativa, cultivated for its edible leaves. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Colony Count, Microbial: Enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal CELLS or SPORES capable of growth on solid CULTURE MEDIA. The method is used routinely by environmental microbiologists for quantifying organisms in AIR; FOOD; and WATER; by clinicians for measuring patients' microbial load; and in antimicrobial drug testing.Hydroponics: A technique for growing plants in culture solutions rather than in soil. The roots are immersed in an aerated solution containing the correct proportions of essential mineral salts. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)Cytokinins: Plant hormones that promote the separation of daughter cells after mitotic division of a parent cell. Frequently they are purine derivatives.Listeria monocytogenes: A species of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. It has been isolated from sewage, soil, silage, and from feces of healthy animals and man. Infection with this bacterium leads to encephalitis, meningitis, endocarditis, and abortion.Mustard Plant: Any of several BRASSICA species that are commonly called mustard. Brassica alba is white mustard, B. juncea is brown or Chinese mustard, and B. nigra is black, brown, or red mustard. The plant is grown both for mustard seed from which oil is extracted or used as SPICES, and for its greens used as VEGETABLES or ANIMAL FEED. There is no relationship to MUSTARD COMPOUNDS.Ralstonia solanacearum: A species of Ralstonia previously classed in the genera PSEUDOMONAS and BURKHOLDERIA. It is an important plant pathogen.Xylem: Plant tissue that carries water up the root and stem. Xylem cell walls derive most of their strength from LIGNIN. The vessels are similar to PHLOEM sieve tubes but lack companion cells and do not have perforated sides and pores.Spores, Fungal: Reproductive bodies produced by fungi.Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.Plantago: A plant genus of the family Plantaginaceae. The small plants usually have a dense tuft of basal leaves and long, leafless stalks bearing a terminal spike of small flowers. The seeds, known as PSYLLIUM, swell in water and are used as laxatives. The leaves have been used medicinally.Microbial Viability: Ability of a microbe to survive under given conditions. This can also be related to a colony's ability to replicate.Bacterial Adhesion: Physicochemical property of fimbriated (FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL) and non-fimbriated bacteria of attaching to cells, tissue, and nonbiological surfaces. It is a factor in bacterial colonization and pathogenicity.Fruit: The fleshy or dry ripened ovary of a plant, enclosing the seed or seeds.Medicago sativa: A plant species of the family FABACEAE widely cultivated for ANIMAL FEED.Protein Structure, Tertiary: The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A species of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens (wound, burn, and urinary tract infections). It is also found widely distributed in soil and water. P. aeruginosa is a major agent of nosocomial infection.Carbon: A nonmetallic element with atomic symbol C, atomic number 6, and atomic weight [12.0096; 12.0116]. It may occur as several different allotropes including DIAMOND; CHARCOAL; and GRAPHITE; and as SOOT from incompletely burned fuel.Anti-Infective Agents: Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection.Xanthomonas campestris: A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that is pathogenic for plants.Candida albicans: A unicellular budding fungus which is the principal pathogenic species causing CANDIDIASIS (moniliasis).Host Specificity: The properties of a pathogen that makes it capable of infecting one or more specific hosts. The pathogen can include PARASITES as well as VIRUSES; BACTERIA; FUNGI; or PLANTS.
Choanephora infundibulifera
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini
Uredo behnickiana
Phaeosphaeria avenaria f.sp. avenaria
Verticillium albo-atrum var. menthae
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Allelochemicals Biological Control Of Plant Pathogens And Diseases Disease Management Of Fruits And Vegetables
FungiCropsBacteriaInteractionsPestsPathologyEpidemiologyResistanceInfectionFusariumHuman pathogensCropEnteric pathogensBacterial PathogensMicrobial Plant Pathogens-DetectionDetection of fungal pathogensMicroorganismsWeedsDissemination of plant pathogensGenesVirusesSpeciesPopulationsFood-Borne PathogensSoilborneMechanismsBiologyTypes of pathogensPathogenicityXanthomonasFungicidesAgriculturalFungal DiseasesGenomesSusceptible2016Host and PathogenEcologyNarayanasamyInfectious diseaseAbiotic stressesDefense responsesViroid pathogensSoilsTransgenic plantsInteractionBiochemistryPathologistsFungicideResponsesViralFlea beetlesAgricultureSoybeanMicrobiologyPropagulesColonizationFungusEffectorsSoil borneProteinsDiagnosisMethodsGenomicPhytophthoraInfectSclerotiniaSusceptibility2017Symptoms
Fungi19
- Despite the very close interaction between these bacteria and fungi, surprisingly little attention has been given to the potential impact of pathogens on biocontrol agents and their disease-suppressive activity. (asm.org)
- The purified recombinant CASAR82A protein and crude protein extracts of the transgenic plants exhibited antifungal activity against some phytopathogenic fungi, indicating that the enhanced resistance of the transgenic plants to fungal pathogen infection may be due to the antifungal effect of SAR8.2 protein. (deepdyve.com)
- The facultative pathogen normally exists as an organism which lives on debris or on aging/dying tissues, much as mushrooms and other fungi do. (fusion360inc.com)
- Fungi have genes that produce proteins, called effectors, which cause disease in plants. (healthcanal.com)
- Some classical examples of photoheterotrophs include green and purple non-sulfur bacteria, heliobacteria , and here's where it gets interesting, a special kind of aphid that borrowed genes from fungi to produce it's own plant-like carotenoids which it uses to harness light energy to supplement its energy needs! (greenmedinfo.com)
- The Mycological Society of America (MSA) is a scientific society dedicated to advancing the science of mycology--the study of fungi of all kinds including mushrooms, molds, truffles, yeasts, lichens, plant pathogens, and medically important fungi. (psychcentral.com)
- Fungi are associated with some of the earliest remains of land plants. (encyclopedia.com)
- Biotic stresses result from a battery of potential pathogens: fungi, bacteria, nematodes and insects intercept the photosynthate produced by plants, and viruses use replication machinery at the host's expense. (nih.gov)
- Wikimedia Commons has media related to Diseases and disorders due to fungi . (wikipedia.org)
- The vascular wilt fungi Verticillium dahliae and V. albo-atrum infect over 200 plant species, causing billions of dollars in annual crop losses. (umass.edu)
- Fungi, bacteria and viruses can even be carried by insect pests and injected directly into plant tissues during feeding. (maximumyield.com)
- Diseases Fungi Host pathogen interaction Management Pathogene Sclerotinia spp. (springer.com)
- Leading experts in botany, plant breeding, and plant pathology contribute their knowledge to help reduce and possibly prevent new outbreaks of devastating crop epidemics caused by fungi. (routledge.com)
- Raindrop impact on infected plants can disperse micron-sized propagules of plant pathogens (e.g., spores of fungi). (pnas.org)
- Organisms that cause infectious disease include fungi , oomycetes , bacteria , viruses , viroids , virus -like organisms, phytoplasmas , protozoa , nematodes and parasitic plants . (wikipedia.org)
- Fungi are multicellular heterotrophs that are toxic to plants. (gardenguides.com)
- Fungi kill plants with toxins that breed spores in cool, wet conditions. (gardenguides.com)
- Yet other fungi cause disease in plants and animals. (gardenguides.com)
- According to Berkeley, fungi are harder to treat because they are genetically and chemically similar to plants and animals. (gardenguides.com)
Crops22
- This book describes the genetics, biochemistry, and epidemiology of host-pathogen interactions in plant disease, especially as they concern the breeding of crops for disease resistance. (bookdepository.com)
- One of most important challenges in plant breeding is improving resistance to the plethora of pathogens that threaten our crops. (apsnet.org)
- Since genome-wide catalogues of effectors have become available for various pathogens, including biotrophs as well as necrotrophs, effector-assisted breeding has been shown to be successful for various crops. (apsnet.org)
- Breeding crops with the quality of broad-spectrum disease resistance using genetic resources is one of the principal goals of crop improvement. (plantphysiol.org)
- This accreditation ensures highest quality in our tests by ELISA and/or PCR of plant pathogens of potatoes, grapevines, fruit trees & small fruits, ornamentals, vegetables and field crops. (bioreba.ch)
- To transfer this immunity, de Wit's research group cross-fertilised wild species containing these immune genes with crops such as tomato plants. (healthcanal.com)
- 2014 ). It is important to avoid the application of the chemical pesticides in the control of plant diseases, and the organic production of the crops should be encouraged. (springer.com)
- Seedling diseases in various crops, blackleg on canola, soybean brown spot and bacterial blight, and sunflower rust. (gov.mb.ca)
- For those scouting canola and cruciferous crops in the Northwest and Eastern Manitoba, examining plants for diamondback moth larvae is encouraged as localized economical populations could occur. (gov.mb.ca)
- Join eOrganic for a webinar on Linking Cover Crops, Plant Pathogens, and Disease Control in Organic Tomatoes, by Brian McSpadden Gardener of the Ohio State University. (extension.org)
- At Warwick Crop Centre, School of Life Sciences, we carry out research on a wide variety of plant diseases with focus on vegetable crops. (warwick.ac.uk)
- The compendium of diseases focuses on important and major economic disease organisms from a number of crop and ornamental plants, including a dedicated section on fruit crops. (routledge.com)
- The section on applied disease management contains short case studies highlighting key disease organisms affecting the crops of a range of growers, illustrating the environment, disease symptoms and control strategies these growers are currently using to mitigate loss of production. (routledge.com)
- Sclerotinia is one of the most devastating and cosmopolitan soil borne plant pathogen that infects more than 500 species of plants worldwide including field crops, fruit crops, ornamentals, trees, shrubs and numerous weeds. (springer.com)
- Rotate crops and avoid crops susceptible to the pathogens confirmed in each field. (msu.edu)
- However, these iconic fruits and vegetables-known collectively as cucurbits-can also help us understand the spread of plant diseases that pose a significant risk to crops. (phys.org)
- Monoculture refers to the intense growing of large populations of the same host plant species, rather than growing multiple crops in the same field, such as is the case with ancient Mexican milpa polyculture cultivation systems. (phys.org)
- ​ We are developing new knowledge on several soilborne plant pathogens that cause intractable, economically important diseases of vegetable and cereal crops. (lincoln.ac.nz)
- Clubroot, caused by the pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae , is a serious disease of Brassica crops in most production areas around the world, having caused serious losses to vegetable crops such as cabbage, rutabaga, radish, cauliflower, broccoli, and Brussels sprouts. (gov.mb.ca)
- However, disease control is reasonably successful for most crops. (wikipedia.org)
- It supports growing plants, trees, crops and millions of organisms. (nps.gov)
- These diseases cause extreme damage to crops and landscape plants. (gardenguides.com)
Bacteria10
- This was explained by differential sensitivity of the bacteria to fusaric acid, a pathogen phyto- and mycotoxin that specifically blocked DAPG biosynthesis in strain CHA0 but not in strain Q2-87. (asm.org)
- Molecular and biochemical analysis has demonstrated that, for many beneficial bacteria applied in agriculture as biological control agents to suppress plant diseases, production of various antimicrobial compounds is the primary mechanism of action ( 21 , 26 , 60 ). (asm.org)
- They often leave the infected mat and stalk in the ground, and when it rains, rainwater can carry the bacteria to other plants. (ufl.edu)
- Also, when farmers cut down infected plants, the bacteria continue to live on their tools and the infection can spread to other plants through contaminated tools. (ufl.edu)
- Bacteria are single-celled heterotrophs that are also toxic to plants. (gardenguides.com)
- Bacteria that cause plant disease are spread via rain, wind, insects and birds. (gardenguides.com)
- Even people can unknowingly spread bacteria from one plant to another. (gardenguides.com)
- If the plant is wounded, the bacteria enter the plant and cause disease, such as leaf spot, by killing the host cells as they grow. (gardenguides.com)
- Bacteria, depending on the type, overwinter on plants and in the soil. (gardenguides.com)
- Washington State University researchers have for the first time grown the bacteria in a laboratory that causes Citrus Greening Disease, considered the world's most harmful citrus disease. (phys.org)
Interactions20
- The analysis of these surveys not only explains a great deal about host-pathogen interactions that was heretofore obscure, but also indicates directions for future research. (bookdepository.com)
- The book contains more than fifty new tables that integrate data and relate them to general principles of host-pathogen interactions. (bookdepository.com)
- but it is only recently that the molecular basis of auxin in host-pathogen interactions has been clarified. (plantphysiol.org)
- Multitrophic interactions mediate the ability of fungal pathogens to cause plant disease and the ability of bacterial antagonists to suppress disease. (asm.org)
- Here, we demonstrate that a pathogen metabolite functions as a negative signal for bacterial antibiotic biosynthesis, which can determine the relative importance of biological control mechanisms available to antagonists and which may also influence fungus-bacterium ecological interactions. (asm.org)
- Plant Pathology is defined as the study of diseases in plant that cause by the pathogens , the mechanisms by which this occurs, the interactions between these causal agents and the plant (effects on plant growth, yield and quality), and the methods of managing or controlling plant disease. (plantscienceconferences.com)
- This exciting volume is essential reading for all those studying plant-pathogen interactions including plant and agricultural scientists, molecular biologists, geneticists and microbiologists. (researchandmarkets.com)
- Dr Jane Parker is a Group Leader in the Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions at The Max-Planck Institute of Plant Breeding Research, Cologne and Associate Professor at The Institute of Genetics, University of Cologne, Germany. (researchandmarkets.com)
- 6. Plant-virus interactions: Defence and counter-defence. (researchandmarkets.com)
- 9. Chemical ecology of plant-insect interactions. (researchandmarkets.com)
- 10. Lipid signals in plant- pathogen interactions. (researchandmarkets.com)
- Mutations in the virus and plant proteins that disrupt these interactions will be used to identify how and where each protein functions independent of, and in concert with, other virus proteins in both plants and aphids. (usda.gov)
- Optimization of methods to discover virus-plant protein interactions. (usda.gov)
- In contrast, co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) of PLRV and associated plant proteins directly from infected plant tissue enabled us to detect peptides spanning the entire RTP and preserve the plant protein interactions with the C-terminal domain previously shown to be important for retaining PLRV within the phloem. (usda.gov)
- Potato leafroll virus-plant protein interactions vary between hosts of the virus. (usda.gov)
- Fruits can be affected by a number of different postharvest pathogens and there are complex processes governing these interactions. (msu.edu)
- In the second section, the 5 chapters review how interactions between microbes and various natural biotic and abiotic factors can influence the origin and evolution of virulence in microbial pathogens. (cdc.gov)
- Both plant and animal models have been established to study F. oxysporum - host interactions. (umass.edu)
- With Immunology in Plant Health and Its Impact on Food Safety, you'll learn more about: agrosystems immunological reactions preparations of antisera immunodetection techniques plant-stress interactions genetic manipulations disease resistance and the production of disease-free plants mycotoxins chemical residues This essential guide provides you with access to a wide spectrum of information never before encompassed in a single book, saving you time and energy. (powells.com)
- Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 30 (7). (reading.ac.uk)
Pests6
- Eliminate Soil Borne Pests & Pathogens! (thehydrosource.com)
- Root Cleaner concentrate eliminates soil borne pests and pathogens, naturally-no respirators, gloves, or suiting up required. (thehydrosource.com)
- Accurate identification of plant pests, pathogens and weeds is crucial to implementing proper management strategies for the problems that they cause. (afbini.gov.uk)
- Not included are ectoparasites like insects , mites , vertebrate , or other pests that affect plant health by consumption of plant tissues. (wikipedia.org)
- The Food and Agriculture Organization estimates indeed that pests and diseases are responsible for about 25% of crop loss. (wikipedia.org)
- To solve this issue, new methods are needed to detect diseases and pests early, such as novel sensors that detect plant odours and spectroscopy and biophotonics that are able to diagnose plant health and metabolism . (wikipedia.org)
Pathology24
- Plant Defense is primarily designed for use by upper undergraduates and post graduates studying crop protection, agricultural sciences, applied entomology, plant pathology, and plant sciences. (wiley.com)
- Other than wilting and necrosis of leaves, one of the main symptoms of Banana Xanthomonas Wilt is a premature and uneven ripening of the fruits," said Dr. Mpoki Shimwela, a former graduate student in the department of plant pathology and an associate member of UF's Emerging Pathogens Institute. (ufl.edu)
- There was a reduction in the number of infected banana plants right after cutting the plants down, but during the subsequent years the number of infected trees expanded again", said Dr. Ariena van Bruggen, a professor of plant pathology and a member of the Emerging Pathogens Institute. (ufl.edu)
- Findings published in the journal "Plant Pathology" indicate that rainfall patterns were integral to the spread of the disease. (ufl.edu)
- This treatise will be of considerable scientific interest and importance to those in the field of human and veterinary medicine, virology, zoology, microbiology, plant pathology, entomology, as well as other branches of biology. (elsevier.com)
- 1. A personal perspective of the last 40 years of Plant Pathology: emerging themes, paradigm shifts and future promise. (researchandmarkets.com)
- The research of the organization's 5,000 worldwide members advances the understanding of the science of plant pathology and its application to plant health. (psychcentral.com)
- Publish your next paper open access in Plant Pathology without fees? (bspp.org.uk)
- Are you a BSPP member working remotely and wanting access to Plant Pathology? (bspp.org.uk)
- The British Society for Plant Pathology is a registered charity and a limited company. (bspp.org.uk)
- AFBI retains skilled personnel who are trained and experienced in entomology, plant pathology and plant identification. (afbini.gov.uk)
- Plant Pathology explores the topic of plant pathology and aligns classic studies and knowledge in the topic with the current state of research, in an accessible format. (routledge.com)
- Molecular Plant Pathology , 19 (4), 781-785. (ku.dk)
- This level of destruction of an entire, well-established species by a disease is unparalleled in the annals of plant and animal pathology. (encyclopedia.com)
- Researchers, faculty members, and graduate scholars in plant pathology, microbiology, biochemistry, environmental sciences, and food technology will find this text useful for producing healthy plants while maintaining a pollution-free environment. (powells.com)
- Molecular Plant Pathology, 9(2), 251-268. (gva.es)
- The Oregon State University Plant Clinic is a diagnostic facility associated with and housed in the Department of Botany and Plant Pathology. (oregonstate.edu)
- Jessie Brazil is a Botany and Plant Pathology Masters student at Oregon State University. (oregonstate.edu)
- For the journal, see Plant Pathology (journal) . (wikipedia.org)
- Plant pathology (also phytopathology ) is the scientific study of diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors). (wikipedia.org)
- Plant pathology also involves the study of pathogen identification, disease etiology, disease cycles, economic impact, plant disease epidemiology , plant disease resistance , how plant diseases affect humans and animals, pathosystem genetics, and management of plant diseases. (wikipedia.org)
- Continuing advances in the science of plant pathology are needed to improve disease control, and to keep up with changes in disease pressure caused by the ongoing evolution and movement of plant pathogens and by changes in agricultural practices. (wikipedia.org)
- Plant Pathology, 65 (7). (reading.ac.uk)
- Plant Pathology, 65 (6). (reading.ac.uk)
Epidemiology1
- This involves understanding of pathogen biology, epidemiology, diversity and population structure and we employ a wide range of molecular and conventional techniques such as next generation sequencing, modelling and controlled environment studies. (warwick.ac.uk)
Resistance39
- It analyzes records of resistance against disease that time has shown to be stable in an effort to determine what has kept this resistance stable. (bookdepository.com)
- Molecular recognition of pathogen attack occurs inside of plant cells in plant disease resistance specified by the Arabidopsis genes RPS2 and RPM1. (nih.gov)
- The Arabidopsis thaliana disease resistance genes RPS2 and RPM1 belong to a class of plant disease resistance genes that encode proteins that contain an N-terminal tripartite nucleotide binding site (NBS) and a C-terminal tandem array of leucine-rich repeats. (nih.gov)
- In these gene-for-gene relationships, it has been proposed that pathogen avirulence genes generate specific ligands that are recognized by cognate receptors encoded by the corresponding plant resistance genes. (nih.gov)
- To determine whether avirulence gene products themselves are the ligands for resistance proteins, we expressed the avrRpt2 and avrB genes directly in plant cell using a novel quantitative transient expression assay, and found that expression of avrRpt2 and avrB elicited a resistance response in plants carrying the corresponding resistance genes. (nih.gov)
- We propose that molecular recognition of P. syringae in RPS2- and RPM1-specified resistance occurs inside of plant cells. (nih.gov)
- The ever-growing world population, changing pathogen populations, and fungicide resistance issues have increased the urgency of this task. (apsnet.org)
- aims to bring together leading academic scientists, researchers and research scholars to exchange and share their experiences and research results on all aspects of Breeding for Disease Resistance and Plant-Pathogen Interaction. (waset.org)
- Also, high quality research contributions describing original and unpublished results of conceptual, constructive, empirical, experimental, or theoretical work in all areas of Breeding for Disease Resistance and Plant-Pathogen Interaction are cordially invited for presentation at the conference. (waset.org)
- ICBDRPPI 2021 has teamed up with the Special Journal Issue on Breeding for Disease Resistance and Plant-Pathogen Interaction . (waset.org)
- Thus, GH3-2 mediates basal resistance by suppressing pathogen-induced IAA accumulation. (plantphysiol.org)
- It is expected that, regulated by a pathogen-induced strong promoter, GH3-2 alone may be used for breeding rice with a broad-spectrum disease resistance. (plantphysiol.org)
- Broad-spectrum resistance refers to resistance against two or more types of pathogen species or the majority of races of the same pathogen species ( Kou and Wang, 2010 ). (plantphysiol.org)
- Plants fight against pathogen invasion via two major categories of resistance: qualitative (or vertical or complete) resistance mediated by disease resistance ( R ) genes, and quantitative (or horizontal or partial) resistance contributed by multiple genes or quantitative trait loci (QTLs). (plantphysiol.org)
- In addition, this type of resistance may be easily overcome because of the rapid evolution of pathogens ( McDonald and Linde, 2002 ). (plantphysiol.org)
- In contrast, quantitative resistance is presumably nonspecific for pathogen species or race and is, therefore, durable. (plantphysiol.org)
- Furthermore, it is the only type of resistance for some plants against some pathogens, such as rice ( Oryza sativa ) against Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzicola ( Xoc ), the causal agent of bacterial streak disease ( Hu and Wang, 2009 ). (plantphysiol.org)
- These studies are shedding light on the molecular mechanisms of quantitative disease resistance. (plantphysiol.org)
- Studies on molecular biology of pathogens, infection process and disease resistance, have provided information essentially required to understand the vulnerable stages at which the pathogens can be tackled effectively and to adopt novel strategies to incorporate disease resistance genes from diverse sources and /or to induce resistance of cultivars with desirable agronomic attributes using biotic or abiotic agents. (mexmat.ru)
- Research efforts during the recent years to sequence the whole genomes of the pathogens and plants may lead to development of better ways of manipulating disease resistance mechanisms enabling the grower to achieve higher production levels and the consumer to enjoy safer food and agricultural products. (mexmat.ru)
- All plants host a degree of resistance [R] to disease. (fusion360inc.com)
- Thus, in the great majority of cases a resistance response on the part of the plant represents an "expression of Inherent Resistance. (fusion360inc.com)
- To give an example, the resistance of a plant with just one immune gene is broken through 10 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 times faster than that of a plant with five immune genes', explains Professor de Wit. (healthcanal.com)
- Recently, the induction of plant resistance by the application of many microorganisms or organic materials has emerged as a new strategy in the management of plant diseases (Rais et al. (springer.com)
- Many reports showed that in addition to their suppression of plant pathogens, some natural plant products increased oxidative enzymes in plants that can play an important role in the resistance (Senthilraja et al. (springer.com)
- 2016 ). The antioxidant enzymes peroxidase (PO), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), and polyphenoloxidase (PPO) were mentioned as elicitors of the systemic resistance (ISR) in the plants that have a correlation with disease control (Yasmin et al. (springer.com)
- Molecular Aspects of Plant Disease Resistance. (researchandmarkets.com)
- In recent years, our understanding of the mechanisms involved in plant resistance to disease has seen major advances. (researchandmarkets.com)
- Here, we review the current knowledge of recognition-dependent disease resistance in plants. (nih.gov)
- Extensive crop damage, lack of high levels of host resistance and the general difficulty of managing diseases caused by Sclerotinia have been the impetus for sustainable research on this pathogen. (springer.com)
- Some newly emerging areas of Sclerotinia research include its application as myco-herbicide, phytoalexin elicitors, hypovirulence, volatile compound imitator, sporigermin production from sclerotia, resistance to fungicides and health hazard's due to Sclerotinia diseases have been discussed. (springer.com)
- Select crop varieties with resistance to problematic pathogens when available. (msu.edu)
- Incorporating resistance genes into commercial varieties by conventional breeding is presently unfeasible, whereas incorporation of pathogen-derived resistance by plant transformation has yielded variable results, indicating that the CTV-citrus interaction may be more specific and complex than initially thought. (gva.es)
- Fungal Disease Resistance in Plants: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Genetic Engineering presents the latest developments in crop protection from fungal infection. (routledge.com)
- Fungal Disease Resistance in Plants is your guide to understanding the various barriers that plants have developed through evolution and adaptation to protect themselves from invading fungal pathogens. (routledge.com)
- This book discusses these evolutionary traits and introduces new scientific techniques to engineer resistance in plants that have no built-in protection. (routledge.com)
- How can plant disease resistance be improved to improve food productivity? (ucd.ie)
- Plants in both natural and cultivated populations carry inherent disease resistance, but there are numerous examples of devastating plant disease impacts such as Irish potato famine and chestnut blight , as well as recurrent severe plant diseases like rice blast , soybean cyst nematode , and citrus canker . (wikipedia.org)
- Disease control is achieved by use of plants that have been bred for good resistance to many diseases, and by plant cultivation approaches such as crop rotation , use of pathogen-free seed, appropriate planting date and plant density, control of field moisture, and pesticide use. (wikipedia.org)
Infection22
- Plant diseases are a major threat to the sustainability of the crop, and over the past decade, a bacterial infection once found only in Ethiopia has risen in prominence in all countries around Lake Victoria, including Tanzania. (ufl.edu)
- In short, facultative pathogens can cause infection when the opportunity arises, allowing them to survive and reproduce more easily, while obligate pathogens must cause infection in order to survive and reproduce. (fusion360inc.com)
- The resulting outcome is an increase in pathogen populations coinciding with reductions in competition, all of which add up to an unnaturally high density of pathogen inoculum (the part of a pathogen which causes infection) and concomitant pressures. (fusion360inc.com)
- The degree to which this expression gains momentum over the opposing forces of the pathogen will govern whether or not infection and establishment of the pathogen ensues. (fusion360inc.com)
- Compared to non-silenced plants, the SlRbohB -silenced plants accumulated more ROS and displayed attenuated expression of defense genes after infection with B. cinerea . (frontiersin.org)
- A positive correlation was found between the activity of bioagents and improvement of peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase enzymes in onion plants to resist infection with the pathogen. (springer.com)
- Early season infection usually suggests overwintering of inoculum locally, either in infected crop residue of crop or wild plants. (gov.mb.ca)
- Under favourable conditions of high humidity and dew on leaves, secondary infection spread the disease. (gov.mb.ca)
- Researchers at UT Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas have found that mice fed a plant-rich diet are less susceptible to gastrointestinal infection from the pathogen. (dallasinnovates.com)
- Infection by U. maydis can inhibit development and lead to stunting of infected plants. (bspp.org.uk)
- A few days after infection plant tumours develop in which massive fungal proliferation and the formation of the black-pigmented, diploid teliospores occurs. (bspp.org.uk)
- The text is supported by summary tables of key information and, where appropriate, schematic diagrams to reinforce difficult concepts such as the process of disease infection, cell-to-cell recognition, and plant breeding mechanisms used to develop resistant cultivars. (routledge.com)
- Characterization of a wheat class Ib chitinase gene differentially induced in isogenic lines by infection with Puccinia graminis," Plant Science, vol. 103, No. 2, pp. 177-187, 1994. (freepatentsonline.com)
- Silencing the PP1c isoforms or overexpression of a phosphatase-dead PP1c-1 mutant attenuates infection, demonstrating that host PP1c activity is required for disease. (nih.gov)
- Host plants are also more prone to infection if they are physically damaged, as this provides an open wound for direct entry into the plant. (maximumyield.com)
- The use of prednisone in Crohn Disease is associated with increased mortality, and infliximab is associated with increased risk for serious infection. (greenmedinfo.com)
- Improvements in vitamin A status might decrease susceptibility to enteric pathogens and eliminate potential carriers from spreading infection to susceptible populations. (greenmedinfo.com)
- Table 1: Non brassica plants on the Canadian prairies susceptible to infection by P. brassicae . (gov.mb.ca)
- Though management practices are useful, the viruses' high rate of recombination and co-infection capabilities have caused CMD to be one of the most detrimental diseases affecting food supply in Africa. (wikipedia.org)
- Because different species of begomovirus produce different variants of this suppressor protein, co-infection by multiple species typically leads to more severe disease symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
- Infection can be overcome by the plant especially when a rapid onset of symptoms occurs. (wikipedia.org)
- This is the key infection period for CMD geminiviruses, as they cannot infect older plants. (wikipedia.org)
Fusarium4
- Using promoterless lacZ fusions to the phlA and hcnA biosynthetic genes, we found that the phyto- and mycotoxin fusaric acid ( 32 ), produced by the tomato crown and root rot pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend. (asm.org)
- Root rots in soybeans are caused by pathogens like Fusarium spp, Phytophthora sojae , Rhizoctonia spp and Pythium spp. (gov.mb.ca)
- Fusion proteins comprising a Fusarium-specific antibody linked to antifungal peptides protect plants against a fungal pathogen", Nature Biotechnology, 22(6):Jun. (freepatentsonline.com)
- To gain insights into the mechanisms that confer the organisms' pathogenicity and enable them to proliferate in the unique ecological niche of the plant vascular system, we sequenced the genomes of V. dahliae and V. albo-atrum and compared them to each other, and to the genome of Fusarium oxysporum , another fungal wilt pathogen. (umass.edu)
Human pathogens2
- Such a macro-evolutionary framework would showcase the nonrandom patterns of the distribution of human pathogens among major phylogenetic groups of microorganisms. (cdc.gov)
- Third, although many human pathogens are globally distributed, a substantial number show geographic specificity and endemism. (cdc.gov)
Crop22
- The committee also intends to provide information on subject matter experts in the field of plant pathogen and disease detection by establishing a database of researchers with corresponding specialty including crop(s) and detection technologies. (apsnet.org)
- Plant Defense provides comprehensive coverage of the range of different organisms that plants need to fend off, describes how plants coordinate their defenses against multiple attacks, explains the evolution of defense in plants, and how plant defences are exploited in crop protection strategies. (wiley.com)
- Pathogenicity on a set of differential host plant species or crop cultivars has been useful for the identification of physiologic races existing within a morphologic species/variety. (springer.com)
- The polyketide antibiotic 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) has received particular attention because it plays a key role in the ability of introduced Pseudomonas fluorescens strains to suppress a broad spectrum of crop diseases ( 29 ). (asm.org)
- Botrytis umbel blight caused by Botrytis allii is a major disease that attacks onion crop. (springer.com)
- Soybean plants with root rot symptoms were submitted to Manitoba Agriculture's Crop Diagnostic lab. (gov.mb.ca)
- We focus on crop genetic improvement, disease forecasting and control. (warwick.ac.uk)
- We work closely with industry on many projects and interact and collaborate with the wider crop and plant research community nationaly and internationally. (warwick.ac.uk)
- Often, a pest, disease or weed problem is presented as a sample collected from a crop or product. (afbini.gov.uk)
- Knowledge of how effectors target and manipulate host proteins is critical to understand crop disease. (nih.gov)
- I recently led a study that used crop species from two genera of closely related plants belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae-zucchini, pumpkin and squash, which are all in the same genus (Cucurbita) and are native to the Americas, as well as cucumber and muskmelon, which both belong to a genus (Cucumis) that is originally of Eurasian origin. (phys.org)
- I used these closely related, native and introduced Cucurbitaceae crop plants as a model system to understand how and why plant pathogens emerge. (phys.org)
- E. tracheiphila is a pathogen that causes bacterial wilt in these species of cucurbits, resulting in tens of millions of dollars in crop losses and prevention costs to U.S. farmers each year. (phys.org)
- This strongly suggests that the introduction of a foreign crop plant, followed by widespread cultivation in eastern North America, inadvertently caused the emergence of a new, very damaging plant pathogen . (phys.org)
- Lori R. Shapiro et al, An Introduced Crop Plant Is Driving Diversification of the Virulent Bacterial Pathogen Erwinia tracheiphila, mBio (2018). (phys.org)
- Augmented with tables, figures, and extensive references, this state-of-the-art source of research material is valuable for scientists and researchers in universities, private organizations, government institutions, and agricultural organizations interested in plant defenses and future crop preservation. (routledge.com)
- Manitoba has reported clubroot in the past, but this disease had typically appeared to have a very limited impact on crop production. (gov.mb.ca)
- Pathway Studio Plant helps plant biologists address complex crop research challenges by integrating Arabidopsis, Maize and Rice molecular relationship knowledgebase with powerful analytical and visualization tools. (elsevier.com)
- This report lays out a national program that addresses critical needs for providing crop plants with higher inherent genetic potential. (nap.edu)
- This would require continuous crop genetic improvement through more efficient and effective plant breeding. (nap.edu)
- Across large regions and many crop species, it is estimated that diseases typically reduce plant yields by 10% every year in more developed settings, but yield loss to diseases often exceeds 20% in less developed settings. (wikipedia.org)
- It is known to be a very drought-tolerant crop with the ability to yield even when planted in poor soils. (wikipedia.org)
Enteric pathogens2
- enteric pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Yersinia spp. (cdc.gov)
- Control of Enteric Pathogens in Developing Countries (S.Cairncross). (wiley.com)
Bacterial Pathogens2
- Lastly, this book is highly biased toward bacterial pathogens. (cdc.gov)
- About 17% of the strains of Pseudomonas and 2% of the non pseudomonads were antagonistic to one or more fungal or bacterial pathogens of rice. (nih.gov)
Microbial Plant Pathogens-Detection5
- download Microbial Plant Pathogens Detection and Disease in your rotor tab. (150-degree.com)
- 4 ranges a download Microbial Plant Pathogens Detection audience service. (150-degree.com)
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Detection of fungal pathogens1
- This volume provides exhaustive information on various methods of detection of fungal pathogens and the diagnosis of the diseases caused by them based on extensive literature search that will be useful to the researchers, teachers and graduate students of different disciplines of biological sciences, in addition to the extension pathologists, personnel of plant quarantines and certification programs. (springer.com)
Microorganisms7
- Why are some microorganisms harmless and others pathogenic (disease-causing)? (fusion360inc.com)
- Pathogenic forms of microorganisms-referred to as pathogens-are generally specialized, with a unique set of enzymes which allow them to enter the host tissues, thereby minimizing competition and allowing it to secure sustenance unavailable to more general, non-infectious organisms. (fusion360inc.com)
- When the populations and activity of beneficial microorganisms are high, pathogens experience much difficulty in surviving. (fusion360inc.com)
- His research focus on the influence of microorganisms on soil and plant health particularly in organic systems. (extension.org)
- Of special note are 2 chapters that are often missing in traditional medical microbiology books: 1 describes how long-term experimental evolutionary studies in the laboratory can contribute to our understanding of microbial pathogen evolution in the environment and clinics, and the other describes how gene inactivation and gene loss can be creative forces during the evolution of many microorganisms, especially obligate intracellular pathogens. (cdc.gov)
- This helps fertilize the soil and buries carbon, which benefits many plants and soil microorganisms. (nps.gov)
- Most microorganisms do not cause plant disease. (gardenguides.com)
Weeds1
Dissemination of plant pathogens1
- Thus investigations and models of dissemination of plant pathogens concentrate on ways in which spores can be detached and become airborne, on hardiness and relatively long flight and on settling or impacting on foliage outdoors. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
Genes11
- To begin to construct a new understanding of the co-evolutionary dynamic of plant/pathogen interaction, a team of University of Chicago researchers review what is known about R-genes, recognition genes, in an article in the June 22, 2001, issue of the journal Science. (bio-medicine.org)
- In plants, these defensive molecules, produced by R-genes, are highly varied and are able to recognize a wide array of invading pathogens based on determinants called Avr factors. (bio-medicine.org)
- In this model, novel R-genes, able to recognize new Avr factors, spread to high frequency in the population, followed by pathogen mutations which create Avr factors again able to evade detection. (bio-medicine.org)
- Transgenic plants with engineered genes show promise for effective exploitation of this approach for practical application. (mexmat.ru)
- Here we report an example of signaling between a pathogen and a biocontrol agent involving genes important in disease suppression. (asm.org)
- Although it is possible, scientists need to work hard to achieve it, and growers need to grow plants with enough immune genes to prevent new outbreaks of disease. (healthcanal.com)
- Luckily, some plants also have immune genes that produce receptors to recognise the effectors and so defend themselves against the fungus. (healthcanal.com)
- As they evolve, wild plants also spontaneously develop new immune genes through mutation and recombination, in a manner somewhat comparable to that of our own immune genes, which produce antibodies. (healthcanal.com)
- Plants with new immune genes can therefore continue to defend themselves against the pathogen, so that the fungus has no chance. (healthcanal.com)
- They search for immune genes in wild plants which they transfer to the cultivated plants, either through cross-fertilisation or genetic modification. (healthcanal.com)
- For example, he has identified more than ten effector proteins in the Cladosporium fulvum fungus, and ten immune genes in the wild tomato plant that recognise these effectors. (healthcanal.com)
Viruses8
- After all, making a plant immune to one form of fungus is not too hard but, just like flu viruses, fungal plant pathogens continue to develop new variants as they adapt to and elude the plant's immune system. (healthcanal.com)
- This proposal focuses on developing a platform and pipeline to integrate biomarker technology into IPM strategies for the control of multiple hemipteran insect species that transmit circulative plant viruses. (usda.gov)
- For more than one century, studies of plant viruses have broken paths in many fields of biology. (springer.com)
- More recently, studies of plant viruses have also been pioneer in population genomics. (springer.com)
- In sum, we provide an overview of current understanding on the population genomics of plant viruses at every level of population organization. (springer.com)
- Bujarski J. Genetic recombination in plant-infecting messenger-sense RNA viruses: overview and research perspectives. (springer.com)
- Of the 2,000 known viruses, 500 cause plant disease, according to the University of Florida. (gardenguides.com)
- African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV), East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV), and South African cassava mosaic virus (SACMV) are distinct species of circular single-stranded DNA viruses that are whitefly-transmitted and primarily infect cassava plants. (wikipedia.org)
Species12
- The morphological, biological, biochemical and physiological characteristics have been used for the detection, identification and differentiation of fungal pathogens up to species level. (springer.com)
- The result is that all the plants of the same species in a particular area become diseased. (healthcanal.com)
- NADPH oxidases (also known as respiratory burst oxidase homologs, Rbohs) are key enzymes that catalyze the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants. (frontiersin.org)
- The majority of canker-causing organisms are bound to a unique host species or genus , but a few will attack other plants. (wikipedia.org)
- These include consultations with growers or plant health inspectors to assess the source and symptoms of the problem, expert laboratory examination of samples and high-level molecular tools for species and strain identification. (afbini.gov.uk)
- The 14 chapters are grouped into 3 broad sections: general concepts in microbial evolution, environment and the evolution of microbial pathogens, and the evolution of selected pathogenic species and mechanisms. (cdc.gov)
- The authors provide rich detail of molecular variation within and between populations of these species and describe how patterns of population genetic variation have contributed to our understanding of the evolution of virulence and virulence factors in these pathogens. (cdc.gov)
- Therefore, the spatial and temporal patterns of distribution of microbial pathogens within a species and at the species level across the globe are highly relevant to the evolution of microbial pathogens. (cdc.gov)
- Our analyses identified a set of proteins that are shared among all three wilt pathogens, and present in few other fungal species. (umass.edu)
- Adapted to replicate in phloem cells of a few species within the family Rutaceae and to transmission by a few aphid species, CTV and citrus probably coevolved for centuries at the site of origin of citrus plants. (gva.es)
- Surprisingly, we also found that cucumbers are the only host plant susceptible to all three lineages, and the most susceptible host plant species overall. (phys.org)
- The host range depends on the species of virus and most are able to be transmitted and to cause disease on plants of the genera Nicotiana and Datura. (wikipedia.org)
Populations5
- It also analyzes the structure of virulence in populations of a pathogen, and demonstrates how virulence can be deliberately restricted. (bookdepository.com)
- Indigenous DAPG-producing populations have been identified as the driving force behind development of natural disease suppressiveness in certain soils under long-term monoculture ( 47 ). (asm.org)
- This has broadened current knowledge on the mechanisms that generate genetic diversity and on the evolutionary forces and ecological factors that shape the genetic structure and dynamics of plant virus populations. (springer.com)
- These changes allowed both pathogens to emerge into large, dense, genetically similar host populations-humans in the case of Y. pestis, and cucurbits in the case of E. tracheiphila . (phys.org)
- They regulate populations of other soil organisms, like protozoa, which help maintain a healthy soil food web and control disease-causing organisms. (nps.gov)
Food-Borne Pathogens1
- Lactobacillus plantarum impairs the virulence potential of gram-positive and gram-negative food borne pathogens in cell cultures. (greenmedinfo.com)
Soilborne6
- Plant pathogens that thrive, reside and overwinter in the soil are commonly called soilborne pathogens. (msu.edu)
- Some examples of soilborne pathogens that occur in Michigan are presented in the table below. (msu.edu)
- Work fields with diagnosed soilborne diseases last to avoid moving soil particles that carry pathogen propagules from problematic fields to clean fields. (msu.edu)
- Keep records of the soilborne pathogens diagnosed in each field. (msu.edu)
- Surveys of canola in Manitoba ( not targeted at clubroot) have not detected plants with symptoms of clubroot, or soilborne resting spores in canola production areas. (gov.mb.ca)
- Soilborne Microbial Plant Pathogens and Disease Managemen. (vitalsource.com)
Mechanisms6
- Plants possess a truly remarkable diversity of mechanisms to fend off attackers and recent research has shown just how complex and sophisticated these defense mechanisms can be. (wiley.com)
- Many of these facultative pathogens have also developed survival mechanisms or "overwintering biology" endowing them with an ability to remain viable in the absence of a host. (fusion360inc.com)
- Plants have evolved a set of mechanisms to tune the balance of plant growth and defense reactions for better survival and fitness in nature. (frontiersin.org)
- 2. Identify aphid and plant proteins that interact with the CP and RTP, and the mechanisms that allow these complexes to orchestrate the transport of virus across aphid gut and salivary tissues and the survival of virus in the aphid hemolymph. (usda.gov)
- 3. Identify the mechanisms by which the P17 influences the uptake of virus by aphids and influences the transmission efficiency to other plant hosts. (usda.gov)
- Plants, in turn, have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to perceive such attacks, and to translate that perception into an adaptive response. (nih.gov)
Biology13
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- Lastly, it centers on the structure and biology of prions, as well as the diseases these pathogens cause. (elsevier.com)
- 5. Genome biology cracks enigmas of oomycete plant pathogens. (researchandmarkets.com)
- Our approach will focus on the use of the latest techniques in targeted proteomics and cell biology to identify aphid, symbiont and plant proteins that interact with each of the virus proteins. (usda.gov)
- The C-terminal KDEL sequence increases the expression level of a single-chain antibody designed to be targeted to both the cytosol and the secretory pathway in transgenic tobacco," Plant Molecular Biology, vol. 30, pp. 781-793, 1996. (freepatentsonline.com)
- With exciting new advances in molecular biology, biochemistry, and genetic engineering, this informative book will help researchers, professors, and students further their understanding of plant defenses. (routledge.com)
Types of pathogens2
- IAA, the major form of auxin in rice, results in rice more vulnerable to the invasion of different types of pathogens, which is at least partly due to IAA-induced loosening of the cell wall, the natural protective barrier of plant cells to invaders. (plantphysiol.org)
- Three types of pathogens cause plant disease. (gardenguides.com)
Pathogenicity2
- The advent of genome sequencing and comparative genomics had accelerated the discovery of the molecular basis and genomic processes that underlie the evolution of plant pathogenicity in this group of organisms. (umass.edu)
- F. oxysporum is a eukaryotic pathogen that causes infections in both humans and plants, representing a multi-host model for the genetic dissection of fungal pathogenicity and to study host immunity. (umass.edu)
Xanthomonas2
- The disease, called Banana Xanthomonas Wilt, or BXW, is caused by the Xanthomonas campestris pv. (ufl.edu)
- This map highlights the areas of Tanzania's Kagera region affected by the Xanthomonas pathogen. (ufl.edu)
Fungicides6
- Thanks to plant breeding, tomatoes have been grown in the Netherlands without the need for fungicides for many years. (healthcanal.com)
- Although fungicides or bactericides can treat some cankers, often the only available treatment is to destroy the infected plant to contain the disease. (wikipedia.org)
- Biological control is an alternative method to the fungicides that achieved remarkable success in the control of plant disease (Reddy et al. (springer.com)
- In small fruit and hop production systems, more than 80% of fungicides used target foliar diseases and fruit rot related issues. (msu.edu)
- Control strategies differ by pathogen as fungicides are often specific to a particular type of pathogen. (msu.edu)
- Fungal diseases may be controlled through the use of fungicides and other agriculture practices. (wikipedia.org)
Agricultural7
- Dr. Brian McSpadden Gardener works as plant pathologist and microbial ecologist at the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, where he also directs the the Organic Food Farming Education and Research program. (extension.org)
- This book explores the structure and biochemical constituents of healthy plants and the abiotic and biotic stresses that can cause a marked reduction in quantity and quality of agricultural produce. (powells.com)
- This set of circumstances gives us an exciting opportunity: Since the temperate eastern United States is the only place in the world this pathogen occurs, we can dissect-aided by information in the bacterial pathogen genome sequences-why the local climate and agricultural practices have driven the emergence, persistence and evolution of this agricultural pathogen. (phys.org)
- Our research shows that our modern agricultural practices-while producing unimaginably high yields-also have unanticipated susceptibilities to microbial pathogens. (phys.org)
- This result should give us pause, and motivate us to think much harder about how to structurally protect our agricultural systems-at the landscape level-from pathogens like E. tracheiphila in the future. (phys.org)
- Control of plant diseases is crucial to the reliable production of food, and it provides significant reductions in agricultural use of land, water, fuel and other inputs. (wikipedia.org)
- Control and monitoring of disease-vector insects are critical to global health, as insect vectors spread pathogens among humans, animals and agricultural products, creating worldwide strain on health care and food resources. (phys.org)
Fungal Diseases1
- Without intense research and scientific study, catastrophic harvest failures due to fungal diseases could cause food shortages, human and animal poisonings, and economic loss throughout the world. (routledge.com)
Genomes2
- Blawid R, Silva JMF, Nagata T. Discovering and sequencing new plant viral genomes by next-generation sequencing: description of a practical pipeline. (springer.com)
- For this study, I collected 88 samples of Erwinia tracheiphila from across these two host plant genera in the eastern United States and sequenced their entire genomes. (phys.org)
Susceptible7
- The rain splashes these spores and is blown by the wind to land on susceptible plant tissue. (umaine.edu)
- Millions of chestnut sprouts persist today in the Appalachian Mountains , escaping blight due to their small size (although they are still susceptible to the disease). (encyclopedia.com)
- Even plants cocooned in the well-protected environment of an indoor garden are susceptible to the forces of evil called parasitic pathogens from time to time. (maximumyield.com)
- While it's virtually impossible to exclude these from a growing environment, parasitic diseases require three essential factors before they infect plants: a susceptible host plant, a live parasitic agent and an environment favorable to disease development. (maximumyield.com)
- Host Plant Susceptibility - While disease spores may be present in and around a hydroponic system, if the plants are strong and healthy, they may be less susceptible to an attack. (maximumyield.com)
- Some plant pathogens can be spread by rainfall ( 3 ⇓ ⇓ - 6 ), in which splashing droplets carry pathogenic spores within and among susceptible host plants ( 3 ). (pnas.org)
- This animation depicts the 9 year spread of the Blueberry shock virus (BlShV) through a half acre of susceptible highbush blueberry plants. (oregonstate.edu)
20161
- 2016 ). These enzymes are involved in the production of phenolic compounds that support the cell barriers against pathogens' attack (Nascimento et al. (springer.com)
Host and Pathogen1
- This R response is literally a race between the host and pathogen. (fusion360inc.com)
Ecology2
- Burdon JJ, Chilvers GA. Host density as a factor in plant-disease ecology. (springer.com)
- host-pathogen adaptation and ecology of ecology of Mycosphaerella graminicola & Botrytis cinerea . (reading.ac.uk)
Narayanasamy1
- Professor Narayanasamy has compiled and presented with great clarity the latest information on all aspects relating to immunology in plant health and food safety. (powells.com)
Infectious disease3
- Infectious disease research at the University of Otago highlights the research expertise and activities of scientists investigating human, animal, and environmental infectious diseases in Aotearoa / New Zealand. (otago.ac.nz)
- We also partner with a wide range of stakeholders, institutions and communities beyond Aotearoa / New Zealand to collaborate on infectious disease issues of global significance. (otago.ac.nz)
- But just to compound the problem, many non-infectious disease problems can look remarkably like a pathogen problem, leaving growers fighting an enemy that doesn't exist and not tackling the real cause of the problem. (maximumyield.com)
Abiotic stresses1
- Hwang, Byung 2005-12-22 00:00:00 Pepper SAR8.2 gene (CASAR82A) was previously reported to be locally or systemically induced in pepper plants by biotic and abiotic stresses. (deepdyve.com)
Defense responses2
- In this study, the physiological and molecular functions of the pepper SAR8.2 protein in the plant defense responses were investigated by generating Arabidopsis transgenic lines overexpressing the CASAR82A gene. (deepdyve.com)
- Consequently, defense responses negatively impact plant fitness because of their usage of highly costly resources. (frontiersin.org)
Viroid pathogens1
- Viral and Viroid Pathogens, Vol.3 performance to handle syndrome password print to our dollars. (150-degree.com)
Soils1
Transgenic plants3
- The transgenic plants also exhibited increased NaCl and drought tolerance during all growth stages. (deepdyve.com)
- Moreover, the methyl viologen test showed that the transgenic plants were tolerant to oxidative stress. (deepdyve.com)
- Transgenic plants expressing a functional single-chain Fv antibody are specifically protected from virus attack," Nature, vol. 366, pp. 469-472, Dec. 2, 1993. (freepatentsonline.com)
Interaction3
- The nature of interaction between the gene products of the pathogen and plant appears to determine the outcome of the interaction resulting in either disease progression or suppression. (mexmat.ru)
- Together with other research groups, such as that run by Jonathan Jones at the Sainsbury Laboratory in Norwich, he laid the foundation for the use of molecular technology in the study of the interaction between plants and their pathogens. (healthcanal.com)
- Work is ongoing to determine how these plant proteins may regulate the intimate interaction between virus, plant and aphid vector. (usda.gov)
Biochemistry2
- There has been a lot of hearsay about whether a plant-based diet is better for intestinal health than a typical Western diet, which is higher in oils and protein but relatively low in fruits and vegetables," Vanessa Sperandio, professor of microbiology and biochemistry at UT Southwestern, said in a statement. (dallasinnovates.com)
- Removal of Vascuolar Targeting Signal from Class I Vasuolar Chitinase leads to its Extracellular Secretion in Transgenic Tobacco," Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 139-142, Jul. (freepatentsonline.com)
Pathologists3
- For plant pathologists and plant breeders concerned with the control of plant disease, the book shows how to manipulate the host and, indirectly, the pathogen in order to control disease. (bookdepository.com)
- Plant pathologists at the Emerging Pathogens Institute have studied the disease and the factors that encourage transmission, and have identified methods to mitigate its spread. (ufl.edu)
- The Canadian Phytopathological Society (CPS) is a scientific society that was formed in 1929 as a nonprofit organization to enable plant pathologists to meet and discuss their common interests in teaching and research of plant diseases. (psychcentral.com)
Fungicide2
Responses3
- Under certain conditions, the facultative pathogen (which literally translates to "conditional pathogen") can gain a foothold in the host and become pathogenic (such as in hosts with impaired immune responses). (fusion360inc.com)
- Smith SA, Samokhin AO, Alfadi M, Murphy EC, Rhodes D, Kiss-Toth E, Storey RF, Yee S-P, Francis SE & Qwarnstrom EE (2017) The IL-1RI Co-Receptor TILRR (FREM1 Isoform 2) Controls Aberrant Inflammatory Responses and Development of Vascular Disease . (sheffield.ac.uk)
- How can we better understand plant responses to environmental change, abiotic and biotic stressors? (ucd.ie)
Viral2
- Only 1 chapter deals with nonbacterial (fungal) pathogens, and no chapter discusses viral or protozoan pathogens, which are responsible for some of our biggest public health threats, e.g. (cdc.gov)
- Plants use gene silencing to suppress viral replication, though begomoviruses have evolved a counter-acting suppressor protein against this natural host defense. (wikipedia.org)
Flea beetles2
- In many fields plants are now getting to stages more tolerant to feeding by flea beetles. (gov.mb.ca)
- Further information provided on Bee health, Potato plant health and Potato flea beetles. (afbini.gov.uk)
Agriculture1
- In 1971 a resistant line of cassava, the predominant host of this plant pathogenic virus, was established and used by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture in Nigeria. (wikipedia.org)
Soybean1
- Brown spot disease (Septoria) has been observed in young soybean plants in a field with soybean following soybean (Fig 1). (gov.mb.ca)
Microbiology1
- This book is one of the first to provide an up-to-date view on a fundamental issue in medical microbiology research: how the accumulated genetic and genomic information is contributing to our understanding of virulence factors and the evolution of virulence in microbial pathogens. (cdc.gov)
Propagules2
- The classic model, the logistic, often fits the course of an epidemic of plant disease although the assumptions of propagules proportional to infected plants and random distribution of the propagules are violated. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
- Power wash equipment to avoid moving pathogen propagules among fields. (msu.edu)
Colonization2
- The best evidence to date supporting such an impact is (i) that root pathogens influence plant colonization by antagonistic pseudomonads ( 4 , 40 ) and (ii) that tolerance by pathogens of particular antimicrobial metabolites diminishes the efficacy of biocontrol strains producing these compounds ( 12 , 41 ). (asm.org)
- The characteristic wilt symptoms are a result of colonization and proliferation of the pathogens in the xylem vessels, which undergo fluctuations in osmolarity. (umass.edu)
Fungus5
- Ustilago maydis , a facultative biotrophic basidiomycete fungus, causes smut disease in maize. (bspp.org.uk)
- chestnut blight( chestnut canker ) A disease of the American chestnut (Castanea dentata) caused by the fungus Endothia parasitica. (encyclopedia.com)
- Parasitic or infectious diseases are those caused by a living enemy-a pathogen that may be a fungus, bacterium or virus. (maximumyield.com)
- We used high-speed photography to observe thousands of dry-dispersed spores of the rust fungus Puccinia triticina being liberated from infected wheat plants following the impact of a single raindrop. (pnas.org)
- Some arthropods eat plants, while others feed strictly on fungus. (nps.gov)
Effectors2
- Why did filamentous plant pathogens evolve the potential to secrete hundreds of effectors to enable disease? (ku.dk)
- Plant pathogens deliver effectors to alter host processes. (nih.gov)
Soil borne1
- Why is it that soil-borne diseases tend to "creep up" on farmers over time? (fusion360inc.com)
Proteins11
- IAA induces the production of expansins, the cell wall-loosening proteins, and makes rice vulnerable to pathogens. (plantphysiol.org)
- 3. Pseudomonas syringae type III-secreted proteins and their activities and effects on plant innate immunity. (researchandmarkets.com)
- The Overall objective is to dissect the molecular and cellular functions of several virus proteins that together regulate the phloem specific movement of virus in host plants and the tissue specific movement of virus in aphid vectors. (usda.gov)
- Identify the active domains of the RTP and its interacting plant proteins that operate to limit the virus to phloem tissues where it is available to aphids. (usda.gov)
- Also we have identified a number of plant proteins that co-purify with transmissible virus, but are absent from virus that cannot move through the aphid. (usda.gov)
- The logical extension of this work is to identify which of the aphid and plant candidate proteins are truly interacting with which virus protein and to determine how these various proteins orchestrate virus movement in the plant and aphid to ensure maximum transmission and continued virus existence. (usda.gov)
- Plant proteins interacting with the virus (PLRV) capsid structural proteins (CP and RTP) were initially identified by nanoflow liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (nLC-MS/MS) analysis of virus purified from Nicotiana benthamiana. (usda.gov)
- Using this approach, we were able to detect 31 plant proteins enriched in purified virus fractions or not found in the analysis of proteins purified from non-infected tissue using the same workflow. (usda.gov)
- We hypothesize that the virus-interacting plant proteins are mediating virus uptake into the gut by stimulating endocytosis. (usda.gov)
- Using a 96-well plate Co-IP format we developed and coupled to nLC-MS/MS on an Orbitrap-Velos mass spectrometer, we identified PLRV-interacting plant proteins from potato and N. benthamiana. (usda.gov)
- Still other plants have acquired proteins that play an important role in defense. (routledge.com)
Diagnosis2
- This totally revised and expanded reference provides the most recent information on the detection, identification, and differentiation of all microbial plant pathogens-presenting modern protocols for rapid diagnosis of diseases based on biological, physical, chemical, and molecular properties. (chipsbooks.com)
- Get an accurate disease diagnosis (see a checklist for submitting samples to diagnostic lab ) as one is required to implement effective management. (msu.edu)
Methods5
- Topics covered in these discussions include advances in the methods of detection, the use of biochemical, molecular, physical characteristics of the disease or pathogen in detection, and measures to increase sensitivity, accuracy, precision, reproducibility and accountability in disease detection. (apsnet.org)
- This book also contains current methods for the selection of disease-free seeds and vegetatively propagated planting materials and quarantine techniques for screening newly introduced plant materials. (chipsbooks.com)
- In Immunology in Plant Health and Its Impact on Food Safety, methods to develop stress-resistant cultivars are discussed to enable you to select the most suitable strategies for maintaining production and quality without the use of chemicals. (powells.com)
- Yet, lack of basic knowledge about this pathogen means there are few control methods available for farmers. (phys.org)
- There are methods of succession planting that involve no paperwork. (slideshare.net)
Genomic1
Phytophthora2
- A Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector targets plant PP1c isoforms that promote late blight disease. (nih.gov)
- They include some of the most destructive plant pathogens including the genus Phytophthora , which includes the causal agents of potato late blight and sudden oak death . (wikipedia.org)
Infect4
- Necrotrophic fungal pathogens infect and kill host tissue and extract nutrients from the dead host cells. (wikipedia.org)
- When these infect a host plant, the plant's defense system is triggered. (wikipedia.org)
- Though the cassava-infecting geminiviruses causes most of their economic damage in cassava, they are able to infect other plants. (wikipedia.org)
- Adult whiteflies can continue to infect healthy plants 48 hours after initial acquisition of the virus. (wikipedia.org)
Sclerotinia2
- Annual yield losses due to Sclerotinia diseases exceed over millions of dollars each year world over. (springer.com)
- Development and validation of a disease forecast model for Sclerotinia rot of carrot , 33(2), 187-201. (gc.ca)
Susceptibility2
- We argue that PP1c isoforms are susceptibility factors forming holoenzymes with Pi04314 to promote late blight disease. (nih.gov)
- Kiss-Toth E, Harlock E, Lath D, Quertermous T & Wilkinson JM (2013) A TNF Variant that Associates with Susceptibility to Musculoskeletal Disease Modulates Thyroid Hormone Receptor Binding to Control Promoter Activation . (sheffield.ac.uk)
20172
- 2017 ). Plants are a storehouse of natural compounds that subscribe in suppressing phytopathogens (Sales et al. (springer.com)
- Li Y, Wilson HL & Kiss-Toth E (2017) Regulating STING in health and disease . (sheffield.ac.uk)
Symptoms4
- Plant diseases are recognized by the symptoms (external or internal) produced by them or by sick appearance of the plant. (plantscienceconferences.com)
- Canker generally refers to many different plant diseases of such broadly similar symptoms as the appearance of small areas of dead tissue, which grow slowly, often over years. (wikipedia.org)
- During the season, monitor and scout fields to detect symptoms early, practice sanitation and, when needed, rogue diseased plants. (msu.edu)
- Often, the homeowner does not know that a virus is causing a problem until the disease symptoms manifest. (gardenguides.com)
