Passive tobacco. Medical search

2.1 Tobacco smoking strongly increases the risk of developing cancer of the lung, oral cavity (mouth), pharynx , larynx , oesophagus, pancreas, bladder and renal pelvis (the kidney outlet). (greenfacts.org)
In 1981, two ground-breaking studies showed an association between passive smoking and lung cancer, 6 7 and in 1986 two scientific consensus reports were published on the harmful effects of exposure to passive smoke. (bmj.com)
In 1992, the EPA completed its risk assessment on The Respiratory Health Effects of Passive Smoking: Lung Cancer and Other Disorders (PDF, 525 pp, 4MB, About PDF ) and concluded that the widespread exposure to ETS in the United States presents a serious and substantial public health impact. (epa.gov)
study -- which they tout as demonstrating the significant hazards of passive vaping - actually showed that exposure to electronic cigarette vapor in the experimental chamber for one hour had no effect on acute lung function of nonsmokers. (blogspot.com)
Tobacco smoke is a pervasive anthropogenic agent proven to be associated with some types of cancer (lung, head and neck) and suspected to be involved in many others. (nova.edu)
Second-hand smoking, also known as passive smoking, can cause lung cancer and other health problems like heart disease. (cancerresearchuk.org)
Note also that only one of these studies on passive smoke and lung cancer was financed by the tobacco industry. (forces.org)
However, in another list published on our site about 150 passive smoke and lung cancer studies are listed. (forces.org)
Acute impact of active and passive electronic cigarette smoking on serum cotinine and lung function. (sigmaaldrich.com)
To conduct the first comprehensive and standardized assessment of the acute impact of active and passive e-cigarette smoking on serum cotinine and lung function, as compared to active and passive tobacco cigarette smoking. (sigmaaldrich.com)
p = 0.005) tobacco cigarette smoking undermined lung function. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Regarding short-term usage, the studied e-cigarettes generate smaller changes in lung function but similar nicotinergic impact to tobacco cigarettes. (sigmaaldrich.com)
As with the evidence that passive smoking causes lung cancer, 18 19 20 the tobacco industry has vigorously attacked these studies as too small, biased, or failing to control for confounding variables adequately. (ahajournals.org)
These arguments have become harder to make over time as the number and quality of epidemiological studies on both lung cancer and heart disease have improved, so the tobacco industry has started to emphasize a new explanation: publication bias. (ahajournals.org)
A study published earlier this year in the journal Inhalation Toxicology reports that neither active nor passive vaping has any acute adverse effects on lung function among adult subjects. (blogspot.com)
The main study finding was as follows: "The assessment of lung function demonstrated that neither a brief session of active e-cigarette smoking nor a 1 hour passive e-cigarette smoking session significantly interfered with normal lung function. (blogspot.com)
On the other hand, acute active and passive tobacco cigarette smoking undermined lung function, as repeatedly shown in previous studies. (blogspot.com)
This is an important study because it demonstrates that neither active nor passive vaping is associated with any significant impairment of lung function, as measured by spirometry. (blogspot.com)
It was estimated that prolonged passive smoking increases risk of lung cancer by approximately 20 to 25 per cent. (indianexpress.com)
American Heart Association now believes that passive smoke causes as many as 40,000 cardiac related deaths per year,3,000 lung cancer deaths in America and increases the risk of heart disease in an individual by 25 per cent. (indianexpress.com)
Tobacco smoking is the most important risk factor for lung cancer . (cancer.gov)
Tobacco smoking causes about 9 out of 10 cases of lung cancer in men and about 8 out of 10 cases of lung cancer in women. (cancer.gov)
No studies have yet quantified the nonsmoking worker's risk of lung cancer from chronic exposure to tobacco smoke in the workplace. (cdc.gov)
passive smoking is a risk factor for lung cancer. (worldebookfair.com)
Epidemiological evidence on environmental tobacco smoke and cancers other than lung or breast. (semanticscholar.org)
Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and risk of lung cancer in non-smoking women from Moscow, Russia. (semanticscholar.org)
Since then the research on health effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has expanded, especially on respiratory effects in children and lung cancer in adults 4 . (ersjournals.com)
The US Surgeon General's first report on Smoking and Health was landmark report in 1964 which concluded that cigarette smoking is harmful and causes lung and laryngeal cancer, reported the European Heart Journal in a discussion of the challenge of protecting our children from environmental tobacco smoke. (emaxhealth.com)
This report provided conclusive evidence that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure, or passive smoking, causes lung cancer. (emaxhealth.com)
Q. Can I get lung cancer from passive smoking? (thefreedictionary.com)
But exposure to passive smoke , through being married to a smoker, was not significantly linked with death from heart disease or lung cancer. (thefreedictionary.com)

The absence or short duration of breast-feading, pollution, passive smoking, and attending a day care center are associated with an increased risk of upper respiratory infections and otitis media in children. (greenmedinfo.com)
Tobacco smoke is probably the most important source of air pollution in the home. (who.int)

Passive smoking is involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke. (greenfacts.org)
Exposure to secondhand smoke is sometimes called involuntary or passive smoking. (epa.gov)
reviewing the evidence accumulated on a worldwide basis, the International Agency for Research on Cancer concluded in 2004 that "Involuntary smoking (exposure to secondhand or 'environmental' tobacco smoke) is carcinogenic to humans. (worldebookfair.com)
Passive smoking is defined as the involuntary inhalation of somebody else's tobacco smoke. (greenfacts.org)
A. Passive smoking is the involuntary exposure of nonsmokers to tobacco smoke from the smoking of others. (thefreedictionary.com)

0.001) effects on serum cotinine levels after active (60.6 ± 34.3 versus 61.3 ± 36.6 ng/ml) and passive (2.4 ± 0.9 versus 2.6 ± 0.6 ng/ml) smoking. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The relationship between household tobacco smoke exposure and wheezing and nonwheezing lower respiratory tract illnesses in young children was investigated using both a questionnaire and the urinary cotinine/creatinine ratio to assess passive smoking. (who.int)
La relation entre l'exposition à la fumée de tabac dans le milieu familial et les maladies des voies respiratoires inférieures avec ou sans respiration sifflante chez les jeunes enfants a été étudiée au moyen d'un questionnaire et en utilisant le taux de créatine/cotinine urinaire pour évaluer le tabagisme passif. (who.int)
The current study was conducted therefore to investigate the relationship of household tobacco smoke exposure to wheezing and nonwheezing LRTIs in young children using both a questionnaire and the urinary cotinine/creatinine ratio (CCR) to assess passive smoking. (who.int)

Tobacco smoking is the practice of smoking tobacco and inhaling tobacco smoke (consisting of particle and gaseous phases). (wikipedia.org)

Similarly, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention describes tobacco use as "the single most important preventable risk to human health in developed countries and an important cause of premature death worldwide. (wikipedia.org)

The researchers compared the constituents of room air during passive vaping to those present during passive smoking. (blogspot.com)
This implies a knowledge of the relative contributions of a myriad of tobacco constituents to CVD, which simply does not exist. (nap.edu)
There has been much research on the carcinogenic effects of tobacco smoke and its constituents, but given the typical dose-response relationships for cancer end points and the difference in latency periods between cancer and secondhand-smoke-related cardiovascular effects, the modes of action underlying cancer and cardiovascular effects are likely to be different. (nap.edu)

The risks of passive smoking among the children who are exposed to it are manifold and disheartening. (eletsonline.com)
No such risks were noted for passive smoke exposures, which were limited to information about household sources of exposure in that same baseline questionnaire. (aacrjournals.org)
Many retail businesses across Tasmania have already transitioned to no longer selling tobacco due to a number of factors including the low profit margin of tobacco products, increasing licence fee and increased security risks. (cancertas.org.au)
Airliner Cabin Environment: Contaminant Measurements, Health Risks, and Mitigation Options - One must fly 48,440 hours non-stop to inhale the equivalent of one cigarette, and cosmic radiations are 507 times more dangerous than passive smoke. (forces.org)
Parents' assessment of their own level of smoking may be inaccurate and objective biochemical measures of passive smoking are needed to identify its risks. (who.int)
There are health-related risks associated with passive smoking too. (rug.nl)
Recent studies comparing women exposed to Environmental Tobacco Smoke and non-exposed women, demonstrate that women exposed while pregnant have higher risks of delivering a child with congenital abnormalities, longer lengths, smaller head circumferences, and low birth weight. (worldebookfair.com)
Risks vary according to the amount of tobacco smoked, with those who smoke more at greater risk. (wikipedia.org)

Methods: Detailed lifetime information on passive smoke exposure by setting (home, work, or social) and by age of exposure was collected in 1997 from 57,523 women who were lifetime nonsmokers and had no history of breast cancer. (aacrjournals.org)
Because of the high prevalence of lifetime nonsmokers in the cohort (66%), and because of the current interest in passive smoking, more detailed questions on source, setting, timing, and dose of passive smoking exposures were included in the second (Wave II) survey mailed in Fall, 1997. (aacrjournals.org)
Throughout the world laws "protecting" nonsmokers from passive smoke are justified based on the conclusions of these studies. (forces.org)
The report evaluates methodologies in epidemiologic and related studies for obtaining measurements of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) by nonsmokers and also outlines the possible health effects of such exposures as reported in the published literature. (epa.gov)
56% of nonsmokers reported at least occasional exposure to tobacco smoke from the visiting public. (cdc.gov)

In the first study of human exposure produced by passive vaping under real-life conditions, researchers from Italy and Greece found no chemicals of concern in room air while five electronic cigarette users vaped for a five-hour session in a 60 cubic meter closed room. (blogspot.com)
Not only can we say that there is currently no evidence that passive vaping is harmful, but we can now say that the first study to examine passive vaping under realistic conditions found no chemicals of concern in the ambient air. (blogspot.com)
Stan Glantz and others have been using that study to argue that passive vaping is hazardous to bystanders. (blogspot.com)
The rest of the story is that there is no current evidence that passive vaping poses any significant threat to the health of bystanders. (blogspot.com)
Although the investigators aimed to identify VOCs "under near-to-real-use conditions to estimate the effect of 'passive vaping,'" the use of a 6 foot cubed chamber is not real-world. (blogspot.com)
They answered their title question, "Does E-cigarette Consumption Cause Passive Vaping? (blogspot.com)

Stress was also linked to a larger effect from being exposed to tobacco smoke while in the uterus. (thaindian.com)

Currently used biomarkers of tobacco smoke exposure have several disadvantages, including that they reflect short-term exposure and can therefore be affected by day-to-day variations. (aacrjournals.org)

Few research studies were cited to support the industry's claim that passive smoking is not harmful to health. (bmj.com)
Several years ago the tobacco industry's lawyers obtained the American Cancer Society's CPS data set, ostensibly to help in preparation of the defense of a wrongful death suit against a tobacco company. (ahajournals.org)
The industry's lawyers subsequently provided this data set to two consultants, LeVois and Layard, 22 who conducted an analysis of these data, which concluded that passive smoking did not affect the risk of heart disease. (ahajournals.org)
Despite the industry's awareness of the harms of second-hand smoke as early as the 1980s, the tobacco industry coordinated a scientific controversy with the aim of forestalling regulation of their products. (worldebookfair.com)
He was both a boardroom Director of the tobacco industry's Verband and its Research Director at a time when the Verband was actively involved in creating misleading scientific papers and circulating disinformation about the health consequences of passive smoke ( ETS or Environmental Tobacco Smoke). (sourcewatch.org)

Tobacco drying kiln in Myrtleford, Victoria, Australia from 2018. (wikipedia.org)
Yet there are over seven million worldwide deaths every year (Tobacco, 2018). (ipl.org)

7. Does passive smoking cause other health effects? (greenfacts.org)
However, tobacco industry representatives who were critical of the research methods used to study the health effects of passive smoking were frequently quoted. (bmj.com)
Although scientific evidence now strongly suggests that exposure to passive smoke is also harmful, public opinion about the adverse health effects has been slow to change. (bmj.com)
Thus, between 1981 and the early 1990s, the scientific community reached a consensus that passive smoking is associated with adverse health effects. (bmj.com)
Because of the magnitude of the global tobacco epidemic, the World Health Organisation developed the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), an international legally binding treaty to control tobacco use. (biomedcentral.com)
Governments now have a wide range of interventions at their disposal to reduce tobacco use, such as adopting high cigarette taxes, banning tobacco advertising and promotion, creating smoke-free public places and worksites, introducing health warnings on cigarette packs, and implementing mass media campaigns to educate about the harm from tobacco. (biomedcentral.com)
SURVEY SAYS: Do you think it is fair to impose higher health care premiums on tobacco users? (plansponsor.com)
Recently, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Indiana ordered the fiduciaries of a health benefit plan to pay restitution of $145,635 to 596 employees who paid a tobacco use surcharge as part of their medical insurance premium. (plansponsor.com)
Health benefit plan sponsors may legally implement a tobacco use surcharge as part of employees' medical insurance premiums if employees are offered a reasonable alternative standard or waiver of that alternative. (plansponsor.com)
One could argue that tobacco use does not necessarily drive up health insurance costs or that it is not the only bad habit in which employees may engage that drives up costs. (plansponsor.com)
This week, I'd like to know, "Do you think it is fair for employers to impose higher premiums for health care benefits on tobacco users? (plansponsor.com)
Cumulating evidence, most recently reviewed by a panel on tobacco smoke and breast cancer risk commissioned by the Ontario Tobacco Research Unit and the Public Health Agency of Canada ( 3 ), has implicated active smoking as a contributor to women's risk of breast cancer. (aacrjournals.org)
Tobacco: Al the Facts, Legislation, and How it Affects Your Health. (cleartheair.org.hk)
Passive smoking causes early death and health problems in children and adults who do not smoke. (cancertas.org.au)
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has determined that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is potentially carcinogenic to occupationally exposed workers. (cdc.gov)
Both active and passive smoking are having significance in relation to child health. (springer.com)
Smoking and tobacco use, health effects of second hand smoke, health consequences linked to exposure to second hand smoke. (springer.com)
Environmental tobacco smoke 'ETS' is a controversial subject of current concern to governments at all levels of jurisdiction, health scientists, the public, ventilation engineers and a number of other people. (biblio.com)
Faced with this evidence, the tobacco industry took the argument one step further and said that publication bias included people not doing research or analyzing data that might not support the view of the health establishment. (ahajournals.org)
Toenails were collected in 1982 from 62,641 women participating in the Nurses' Health Study, whereas questionnaire data at that time provided information on active and passive smoke exposure. (aacrjournals.org)
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) tobacco use nearly kills six million people worldwide each year. (topnews.in)
A plan seeded in 1996 by the World Health Organization for an international agreement, [Framework Convention on Tobacco Control] [link defunct]," is undergoing final discussions by member states before submission to the World Health Assembly in May. (ucsf.edu)
Passive smoking is a serious public health risk for both children and adults. (indianexpress.com)
The researchers from Wellington School of Medicine and Health Sciences said, 'The results from this study add to the weight of evidence of harm caused by passive smoking and support steps to reduce exposure to other people's smoke - in the home and in other settings. (walesonline.co.uk)
Health Assembly resolution 54.18, which urges Member States to be aware of affiliations between the tobacco industry and members of their delegations, and urges WHO and Member States to be alert to any efforts by the tobacco industry to continue its subversive practice and to assure the integrity of health policy development in any WHO meeting and in national governments. (who.int)
However, it remains unresolved whether a true protective effect of tobacco smoke, generally detrimental to health, underlies these associations. (cdc.gov)
Public health experts are warning that more effort needs to be made to alert people in the developing world to the dangers of smoking tobacco. (lankalibrary.com)
Ruairi O'Connor, of the British Heart Foundation, said: 'This study provides further evidence that tobacco exposure - whether it be smoking, chewing or inhaling - is seriously bad news for your heart health. (lankalibrary.com)
Editorial Note: The control of smoking and tobacco smoke exposure in the workplace has become an important public health issue in the United States in recent years. (cdc.gov)
The Declaration is a statement of a council's commitment to ensure tobacco control is part of mainstream public health work and commits councils to taking comprehensive action to address the harm from smoking. (ash.org.uk)
RESEARCH INTERESTS: Dr. Glantz, the Truth Initiative Distinguished Professor of Tobacco Control, conducts research on a wide range of topics ranging from the health effects of secondhand smoke (with particular emphasis on the cardiovascular system) to the efficacy of different tobacco control policies. (ucsf.edu)
Dr. Glantz is Principal Investigator for the $20 million 5 year Tobacco Centers of Regulatory Science (TCORS) that was funded in September 2013 as part of a first-of-its-kind tobacco science regulatory program by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the National Institutes of Health. (ucsf.edu)
Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke: association with personal characteristics and self reported health conditions. (semanticscholar.org)
STUDY OBJECTIVE To examine the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and demographic, lifestyle, occupational characteristics and self reported health conditions. (semanticscholar.org)
Health effects of passive smoking. (semanticscholar.org)
The burden of environmental tobacco smoke exposure on the respiratory health of children 2 months through 5 years of age in the United States: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 to 1994. (semanticscholar.org)
In 2008, the World Health Organization named tobacco as the world's single greatest preventable cause of death. (wikipedia.org)
The aims of this article are to synthesize the evidence on health effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in the elderly and to discuss questions for future research. (ersjournals.com)
Tobacco use has predominantly negative effects on human health and concern about health effects of tobacco has a long history. (wikipedia.org)
Also, environmental tobacco smoke, or secondhand smoke, has been shown to cause adverse health effects in people of all ages. (wikipedia.org)
They have taken the position that reducing young people's exposure to tobacco smoke is a public health priority. (emaxhealth.com)
The finding that passive smoking can be so terribly dangerous for children raises significant public health concerns. (emaxhealth.com)
Children are helpless to understand the negative health consequences of passive smoking. (emaxhealth.com)
In reports for the Department of Health and Ageing, Collins and Lapsley have estimated the economic costs of tobacco use in Australian society for the years 1988, 2 1992, 3 1998-99 4 and 2004-05. (tobaccoinaustralia.org.au)

Current active and passive smoking were significantly associated with living with same sex partners (odds ratio: 2.71 and 2.88), and particularly strong among women. (isciii.es)

Environmental tobacco smoke increases the risk of spontaneous abortion. (greenmedinfo.com)
23 In a series of careful analyses of the CPS-II data set, Steenland and colleagues demonstrate that passive smoking increases the risk of death from heart disease. (ahajournals.org)
The California Environmental Protection Agency concluded in 2005 that passive smoking increases the risk of breast cancer in younger, primarily premenopausal women by 70% and the US Surgeon General has concluded that the evidence is "suggestive," but still insufficient to assert such a causal relationship. (worldebookfair.com)

Attention Getter: WHO once published data in May 2017: 'Tobacco kills more than 7 million people each year. (ipl.org)

Non-smoking women exposed to other people's tobacco smoke during pregnancy are more likely to have lower weight babies. (kingcounty.gov)

inhalation of smoke, called secondhand smoke or environmental tobacco smoke(ETS), from tobacco products used by others. (slideshare.net)

In the body, carcinogens from tobacco smoke can bind to blood proteins and to DNA , and can thus produce gene mutations and chromosomal abnormalities . (greenfacts.org)
Sidestream smoke, emitted directly into the air during burning of a tobacco product between puffs, contains considerably higher concentrations of many carcinogens and toxic substances (table 2 ⇓ ), but is diluted into a larger volume of air. (ersjournals.com)

III.Conference of the Parties to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. (who.int)

Trend of tobacco use and exposure to secondhand smoke among students aged 13-15 years in India and selected countries of south-east Asia region. (springer.com)

7.4 Test animals exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke show a range of adverse effects, including DNA damage, altered metabolism , reduced birth weight, as well as diseases of the arteries and the respiratory system. (greenfacts.org)
Tobacco use is a risk factor for many diseases, especially those affecting the heart , liver , and lungs , as well as many cancers . (wikipedia.org)
Tobacco use leads most commonly to diseases affecting the heart, liver and lungs. (wikipedia.org)

Coronary events and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke: a case-control study from Australia and New Zealand. (semanticscholar.org)

Molecular analysis revealed that both active and passive exposure to tobacco smoke induced point mutations in the DNA of the children in utero, as well as the products of illegitimate V(D)J recombination, which are responsible for many of the molecular events underlying childhood leukemia. (nova.edu)
Dr Seana Gall, a research fellow in cardiovascular epidemiology at the Menzies Research Institute Tasmania and the University of Tasmania, has said, "Our study shows that exposure to passive smoke in childhood causes a direct and irreversible damage to the structure of the arteries. (emaxhealth.com)
Childhood passive smoke exposure was overall a much stronger risk factor for COPD and COPD-related symptoms than adulthood passive smoke exposure in this study population. (thefreedictionary.com)

Tobacco use is the single greatest cause of preventable death globally. (wikipedia.org)
Nevertheless, tobacco use continues to be a leading cause of preventable death worldwide. (emaxhealth.com)

The potential role of environmental tobacco smoke exposure as a prognostic factor determining development of a pre-existing respiratory or heart disease is an important new area for research. (ersjournals.com)

A Canadian study of 27,000 people has showed exposure to any form of tobacco - including chewing and 'bubble' pipes - boosts heart attack risk. (lankalibrary.com)
A more broad definition may include simply taking tobacco smoke into the mouth, and then releasing it, as is done by some with tobacco pipes and cigars. (wikipedia.org)
Eastern North American tribes would carry large amounts of tobacco in pouches as a readily accepted trade item and would often smoke it in Ceremonial pipes, either in sacred ceremonies or to seal bargains. (wikipedia.org)

Majority of individuals with these cancers have a history tobacco use. (topnews.in)

In some populations, tobacco is seen as a gift from the Creator , with the ceremonial tobacco smoke carrying one's thoughts and prayers to the Creator. (wikipedia.org)
It was believed that tobacco was a gift from the Creator and that the exhaled tobacco smoke was capable of carrying one's thoughts and prayers to heaven. (wikipedia.org)

Inevitably, under the authority of the institutions who conduct them as well as those who provide the funding, these studies rely upon vague and non-verifiable memories , the ONLY basis upon which the imprimatur of "scientific evidence" on the harm of passive smoke rests. (forces.org)

Today, 1 in 10 deaths among adults ecumenical - more than five million people a year only by tobacco use. (ipl.org)

Harm to bystanders was perceived as a motivator for stricter regulation of tobacco products. (worldebookfair.com)

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Scientific Facts on Tobacco Active and Passive Smoking

Tobacco Smoke: Passive | GreenMedInfo | Toxic Ingredient | Natural

Print media coverage of research on passive smoking | Tobacco Control

RESPIRATORY HEALTH EFFECTS OF PASSIVE SMOKING (ALSO KNOWN AS EXPOSURE TO SECONDHAND SMOKE OR ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE - ETS)...

Passive exposure to electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use increases desire for combustible and e-cigarettes in young adult...

Concern about passive smoking and tobacco control policies in European countries: An ecological study | BMC Public Health |...

Active or Passive Exposure to Tobacco Smoking and Allergic Rhinitis, Allergic Dermatitis, and Food Allergy in Adults and...

The Rest of the Story: Tobacco and Alcohol News Analysis and Commentary: First Study to Examine Passive Vaping Under Real-Life...

Tobacco Truth: Do E-Cigarettes Cause Passive Vaping?

World No Tobacco Day: Cigarette smoking and its impact on passive smokers - eHealth Magazine

Qualitatively and quantitatively similar effects of active and passive maternal tobacco smoke exposure on in utero mutagenesis...

Passive tobacco exposure may impair symptomatic improvement in patients with chronic angina undergoing enhanced external...

How the tobacco industry responded to an influential study of the health effects of secondhand smoke | The BMJ

NSUWorks - Health Professions Division Research Day: Active and Passive Tobacco Smoke Exposure Cause DNA Damage and Increased...

Passive and active tobacco exposure and children's lipid profiles - Fingerprint - NYU Scholars

Tobacco.org

Tobacco.org

SURVEY SAYS: Do you think it is fair to impose higher health care premiums on tobacco users? | PLANSPONSOR

Passive smoking in childhood. Respiratory conditions and pulmonary function in Tecumseh, Michigan. - PubMed - NCBI

Evaluation of a home-based intervention program to reduce infant passive smoking and lower respiratory illness. - PubMed - NCBI

Stimulant - Wikipedia

Drug rehabilitation - Wikipedia

Passive Vaping Archives - Clear The Air News Tobacco Blog - Clear The Air News Tobacco Blog

Snus News & Other Tobacco Products: Cyprus - kids being exposed to high levels of passive smoking..

Passive Smoking and Risk of Breast Cancer in the California Teachers Study | Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention