A genus of the family PARVOVIRIDAE, subfamily PARVOVIRINAE, infecting a variety of vertebrates including humans. Parvoviruses are responsible for a number of important diseases but also can be non-pathogenic in certain hosts. The type species is MINUTE VIRUS OF MICE.
The type species of ERYTHROVIRUS and the etiological agent of ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM, a disease most commonly seen in school-age children.
Virus infections caused by the PARVOVIRIDAE.
A species of the genus PARVOVIRUS and a host range variant of FELINE PANLEUKOPENIA VIRUS. It causes a highly infectious fulminating ENTERITIS in dogs producing high mortality. It is distinct from CANINE MINUTE VIRUS, a species in the genus BOCAVIRUS. This virus can also infect cats and mink.
A family of very small DNA viruses containing a single molecule of single-stranded DNA and consisting of two subfamilies: PARVOVIRINAE and DENSOVIRINAE. They infect both vertebrates and invertebrates.
A species of PARVOVIRUS causing reproductive failure in pigs.
Contagious infection with human B19 Parvovirus most commonly seen in school age children and characterized by fever, headache, and rashes of the face, trunk, and extremities. It is often confused with rubella.
A species in the genus PARVOVIRUS that has the ability to replicate and kill tumor cells in culture.
The type species of PARVOVIRUS prevalent in mouse colonies and found as a contaminant of many transplanted tumors or leukemias.
The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)
A species of PARVOVIRUS infecting cats with a highly contagious enteric disease. Host range variants include mink enteritis virus, canine parvovirus (PARVOVIRUS, CANINE), and raccoon parvovirus. After infecting their new hosts, many of these viruses have further evolved and are now considered distinct species.
Diseases of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). This term does not include diseases of wild dogs, WOLVES; FOXES; and other Canidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.
A species of PARVOVIRUS that causes a disease in mink, mainly those homozygous for the recessive Aleutian gene which determines a desirable coat color.
Abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in two or more fetal compartments, such as SKIN; PLEURA; PERICARDIUM; PLACENTA; PERITONEUM; AMNIOTIC FLUID. General fetal EDEMA may be of non-immunologic origin, or of immunologic origin as in the case of ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
A genus of the family PARVOVIRIDAE, subfamily PARVOVIRINAE, and containing the type species PARVOVIRUS B19, HUMAN.
A highly contagious DNA virus infection of the cat family, characterized by fever, enteritis and bone marrow changes. It is also called feline ataxia, feline agranulocytosis, feline infectious enteritis, cat fever, cat plague, and show fever. It is caused by FELINE PANLEUKOPENIA VIRUS or the closely related MINK ENTERITIS VIRUS or CANINE PARVOVIRUS.
Proteins that form the CAPSID of VIRUSES.
A slow progressive disease of mink caused by the ALEUTIAN MINK DISEASE VIRUS. It is characterized by poor reproduction, weight loss, autoimmunity, hypergammaglobulinemia, increased susceptibility to bacterial infections, and death from renal failure. The disease occurs in all color types, but mink which are homozygous recessive for the Aleutian gene for light coat color are particularly susceptible.
A species of MORBILLIVIRUS causing distemper in dogs, wolves, foxes, raccoons, and ferrets. Pinnipeds have also been known to contract Canine distemper virus from contact with domestic dogs.
The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid.
Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.
Proteins encoded by a VIRAL GENOME that are produced in the organisms they infect, but not packaged into the VIRUS PARTICLES. Some of these proteins may play roles within the infected cell during VIRUS REPLICATION or act in regulation of virus replication or VIRUS ASSEMBLY.
Carnivores of genus Mustela of the family MUSTELIDAE. The European mink, which has white upper and lower lips, was widely trapped for commercial purposes and is classified as endangered. The American mink, lacking a white upper lip, is farmed commercially.
A genus in the subfamily PARVOVIRINAE comprising three species: Bovine parvovirus, Canine minute virus, and HUMAN BOCAVIRUS.
Species of the genus MASTADENOVIRUS that causes fever, edema, vomiting, and diarrhea in dogs and encephalitis in foxes. Epizootics have also been caused in bears, wolves, coyotes, and skunks. The official species name is Canine adenovirus and it contains two serotypes.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
A subfamily of DNA arthropod viruses, in the family PARVOVIRIDAE. The host range includes members of Dictyoptera; DIPTERA; LEPIDOPTERA; Odonata; and ORTHOPTERA. There are three genera: DENSOVIRUS, Iteravirus, and Brevidensovirus. Densovirus-like viruses also infect and multiply in crabs and shrimp.
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.
The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.
The third tooth to the left and to the right of the midline of either jaw, situated between the second INCISOR and the premolar teeth (BICUSPID). (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p817)
A species of CORONAVIRUS infecting dogs. Onset of symptoms is usually sudden and includes vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)
Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is >2-3 cm it is generally called Ecchymoses (ECCHYMOSIS).
A member of the family PARVOVIRIDAE, subfamily PARVOVIRINAE, originally isolated from human nasopharyngeal aspirates in patients with respiratory disease.
A mammalian fetus expelled by INDUCED ABORTION or SPONTANEOUS ABORTION.
A species of VARICELLOVIRUS virus that causes a disease in newborn puppies.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "geese" is a common name for certain species of waterfowl and doesn't have a medical definition. It is not related to medical terminology or healthcare.
The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.
A genus of PARVOVIRIDAE, subfamily DENSOVIRINAE, comprising helper-independent viruses containing only two species. Junonia coenia densovirus is the type species.
Any of several carnivores in the family CANIDAE, that possess erect ears and long bushy tails and are smaller than WOLVES. They are classified in several genera and found on all continents except Antarctica.
A name for several highly contagious viral diseases of animals, especially canine distemper. In dogs, it is caused by the canine distemper virus (DISTEMPER VIRUS, CANINE). It is characterized by a diphasic fever, leukopenia, gastrointestinal and respiratory inflammation and sometimes, neurologic complications. In cats it is known as FELINE PANLEUKOPENIA.
Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.
A genus of the family PARVOVIRIDAE, subfamily PARVOVIRINAE, which are dependent on a coinfection with helper adenoviruses or herpesviruses for their efficient replication. The type species is Adeno-associated virus 2.
Anemia characterized by appearance of immature myeloid and nucleated erythrocytes in the peripheral blood, resulting from infiltration of the bone marrow by foreign or abnormal tissue.
Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).
A blood group related to the ABO, Lewis and I systems. At least five different erythrocyte antigens are possible, some very rare, others almost universal. Multiple alleles are involved in this blood group.
An order of MAMMALS, usually flesh eaters with appropriate dentition. Suborders include the terrestrial carnivores Fissipedia, and the aquatic carnivores PINNIPEDIA.
The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.
EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES based on the detection through serological testing of characteristic change in the serum level of specific ANTIBODIES. Latent subclinical infections and carrier states can thus be detected in addition to clinically overt cases.
The co-occurrence of pregnancy and an INFECTION. The infection may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Proteins found in any species of virus.
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.
A general term for diseases produced by viruses.
Suppression of erythropoiesis with little or no abnormality of leukocyte or platelet production.
In utero transfusion of BLOOD into the FETUS for the treatment of FETAL DISEASES, such as fetal erythroblastosis (ERYTHROBLASTOSIS, FETAL).
A species of the genus PARVOVIRUS and a host range variant of FELINE PANLEUKOPENIA VIRUS. It causes a highly contagious inflammatory gastroenteritis (MINK VIRAL ENTERITIS). In addition to mink, this virus can also infect cats and dogs.
Carnivores of the genus Procyon of the family PROCYONIDAE. Two subgenera and seven species are currently recognized. They range from southern Canada to Panama and are found in several of the Caribbean Islands.
The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.
A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.
The cells in the erythroid series derived from MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS or from the bi-potential MEGAKARYOCYTE-ERYTHROID PROGENITOR CELLS which eventually give rise to mature RED BLOOD CELLS. The erythroid progenitor cells develop in two phases: erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E) followed by erythroid colony-forming units (CFU-E); BFU-E differentiate into CFU-E on stimulation by ERYTHROPOIETIN, and then further differentiate into ERYTHROBLASTS when stimulated by other factors.
Agglutination of ERYTHROCYTES by a virus.
A hereditary disease of the hip joints in dogs. Signs of the disease may be evident any time after 4 weeks of age.
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.
A primitive form of digestive gland found in marine ARTHROPODS, that contains cells similar to those found in the mammalian liver (HEPATOCYTES), and the PANCREAS.
Virus diseases caused by the CIRCOVIRIDAE.
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.
Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease.
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.
An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.
A genus of the family CIRCOVIRIDAE that infects SWINE; PSITTACINES; and non-psittacine BIRDS. Species include Beak and feather disease virus causing a fatal disease in psittacine birds, and Porcine circovirus causing postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs (PORCINE POSTWEANING MULTISYSTEMIC WASTING SYNDROME).
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
A family of CRUSTACEA, order DECAPODA, comprising the penaeid shrimp. Species of the genus Penaeus are the most important commercial shrimp throughout the world.
Viral proteins that are components of the mature assembled VIRUS PARTICLES. They may include nucleocapsid core proteins (gag proteins), enzymes packaged within the virus particle (pol proteins), and membrane components (env proteins). These do not include the proteins encoded in the VIRAL GENOME that are produced in infected cells but which are not packaged in the mature virus particle,i.e. the so called non-structural proteins (VIRAL NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEINS).
A family of terrestrial carnivores with long snouts and non-retractable claws. Members include COYOTES; DOGS; FOXES; JACKALS; RACCOON DOGS; and WOLVES.
The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos.
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.
Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.
Arthritis caused by BACTERIA; RICKETTSIA; MYCOPLASMA; VIRUSES; FUNGI; or PARASITES.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Glycosphingolipids containing N-acetylglucosamine (paragloboside) or N-acetylgalactosamine (globoside). Globoside is the P antigen on erythrocytes and paragloboside is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of erythrocyte blood group ABH and P 1 glycosphingolipid antigens. The accumulation of globoside in tissue, due to a defect in hexosaminidases A and B, is the cause of Sandhoff disease.
Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.
The largest order of CRUSTACEA, comprising over 10,000 species. They are characterized by three pairs of thoracic appendages modified as maxillipeds, and five pairs of thoracic legs. The order includes the familiar shrimps, crayfish (ASTACOIDEA), true crabs (BRACHYURA), and lobsters (NEPHROPIDAE and PALINURIDAE), among others.
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
A genus in the family of EARLESS SEALS (Phocidae) and collectively the most abundant PINNIPEDS in the Northern Hemisphere.
Tumor-selective, replication competent VIRUSES that have antineoplastic effects. This is achieved by producing cytotoxicity-enhancing proteins and/or eliciting an antitumor immune response. They are genetically engineered so that they can replicate in CANCER cells but not in normal cells, and are used in ONCOLYTIC VIROTHERAPY.
Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.
Serologic tests in which a known quantity of antigen is added to the serum prior to the addition of a red cell suspension. Reaction result is expressed as the smallest amount of antigen which causes complete inhibition of hemagglutination.
The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.
An inflammatory process involving the brain (ENCEPHALITIS) and meninges (MENINGITIS), most often produced by pathogenic organisms which invade the central nervous system, and occasionally by toxins, autoimmune disorders, and other conditions.
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
An abnormality in the direction of a TOOTH ERUPTION.
Use of attenuated VIRUSES as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to selectively kill CANCER cells.
3 beta,12 beta,14-Trihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digoxin. Can be obtained by hydrolysis of digoxin or from Digitalis orientalis L. and Digitalis lanata Ehrh.
Family of INSECT VIRUSES containing two subfamilies: Eubaculovirinae (occluded baculoviruses) and Nudibaculovirinae (nonoccluded baculoviruses). The Eubaculovirinae, which contain polyhedron-shaped inclusion bodies, have two genera: NUCLEOPOLYHEDROVIRUS and GRANULOVIRUS. Baculovirus vectors are used for expression of foreign genes in insects.

Minor displacements in the insertion site provoke major differences in the induction of antibody responses by chimeric parvovirus-like particles. (1/117)

An antigen-delivery system based on hybrid virus-like particles (VLPs) formed by the self-assembly of the capsid VP2 protein of canine parvovirus (CPV) and expressing foreign peptides was investigated. In this report, we have studied the effects of inserting the poliovirus C3:B epitope in the four loops and the C terminus of the CPV VP2 on the particle structure and immunogenicity. Epitope insertions in the four loops allowed the recovery of capsids in all of the mutants. However, only insertions of the C3:B epitope in VP2 residue 225 of the loop 2 were able to elicit a significant anti-peptide antibody response, but not poliovirus-neutralizing antibodies, probably because residue 225 is located in an small depression of the surface. To fine modulate the insertion site in loop 2, a cassette-mutagenesis was carried out to insert the epitope in adjacent positions 226, 227, and 228. The epitope C3:B inserted into these positions was well recognized by the specific monoclonal antibody C3 by immunoelectron microscopy. BALB/c mice immunized with these chimeric C3:B CPV:VLPs were able to elicit an strong neutralizing antibody response (>3 log(10) units) against poliovirus type 1 (Mahoney strain). Therefore, minor displacements in the insertion place cause dramatic changes in the accessibility of the epitope and the induction of antibody responses.  (+info)

Cellular uptake and infection by canine parvovirus involves rapid dynamin-regulated clathrin-mediated endocytosis, followed by slower intracellular trafficking. (2/117)

Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a small, nonenveloped virus that is a host range variant of a virus which infected cats and changes in the capsid protein control the ability of the virus to infect canine cells. We used a variety of approaches to define the early stages of cell entry by CPV. Electron microscopy showed that virus particles concentrated within clathrin-coated pits and vesicles early in the uptake process and that the infecting particles were rapidly removed from the cell surface. Overexpression of a dominant interfering mutant of dynamin in the cells altered the trafficking of capsid-containing vesicles. There was a 40% decrease in the number of CPV-infected cells in mutant dynamin-expressing cells, as well as a approximately 40% decrease in the number of cells in S phase of the cell cycle, which is required for virus replication. However, there was also up to 10-fold more binding of CPV to the surface of mutant dynamin-expressing cells than there was to uninduced cells, suggesting an increased receptor retention on the cell surface. In contrast, there was little difference in virus binding, virus infection rate, or cell cycle distribution between induced and uninduced cells expressing wild-type dynamin. CPV particles colocalized with transferrin in perinuclear endosomes but not with fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran, a marker for fluid-phase endocytosis. Cells treated with nanomolar concentrations of bafilomycin A1 were largely resistant to infection when the drug was added either 30 min before or 90 min after inoculation, suggesting that there was a lag between virus entering the cell by clathrin-mediated endocytosis and escape of the virus from the endosome. High concentrations of CPV particles did not permeabilize canine A72 or mink lung cells to alpha-sarcin, but canine adenovirus type 1 particles permeabilized both cell lines. These data suggest that the CPV entry and infection pathway is complex and involves multiple vesicular components.  (+info)

Genetic characterization of feline parvovirus sequences from various carnivores. (3/117)

Infections with viruses of the feline parvovirus subgroup such as feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), mink enteritis virus (MEV) and canine parvovirus (CPV-2) [together with its new antigenic types (CPV-2a, CPV-2b)] have been reported from several wild carnivore species. To examine the susceptibility of different species to the various parvoviruses and their antigenic types, samples from wild carnivores with acute parvovirus infections were collected. Viral DNA was amplified, and subsequently analysed, from faeces or formalin-fixed small intestines from an orphaned bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis), a free-ranging honey badger (Mellivora capensis), six captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus), a captive Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) and a free-ranging African wild cat (Felis lybica). Parvovirus infection in bat-eared fox and honey badger was demonstrated for the first time. FPV-sequences were detected in tissues of the African wild cat and in faeces of one cheetah and the honey badger, whereas CPV-2b sequences were found in five cheetahs and the bat-eared fox. The Siberian tiger (from a German zoo) was infected with a CPV-type 2a virus. This distribution of feline parvovirus antigenic types in captive large cats suggests an interspecies transmission from domestic dogs. CPV-2 sequences were not detected in any of the specimens and no sequences with features intermediate between FPV and CPV were found in any of the animals examined.  (+info)

Comparison of two single-chain antibodies that neutralize canine parvovirus: analysis of an antibody-combining site and mechanisms of neutralization. (4/117)

We cloned the heavy- and light-chain variable domains of two monoclonal antibodies that recognize each of the two major neutralizing antigenic sites of the canine parvovirus (CPV) capsid. After expression in Escherichia coli as single-chain variable domains (scFv) with glycine-serine linker sequences, both scFv bound CPV capsids with the same specificity as the intact IgG, but with 10- to 20-fold lower avidity. Both scFvs neutralized CPV infectivity with efficiency similar to that of the IgG. Although both IgGs inhibited hemagglutination by CPV, only one scFv was inhibiting. The binding of one of the antibodies has previously been analyzed by cryoelectron microscopic reconstruction and the epitope-binding residues predicted. Mutagenesis of predicted contact residues in three heavy-chain complementarity-determining regions (CDR) showed that mutants of CDR1 or CDR3 reduced the binding of the scFv by about 10-fold compared with the wild-type scFv, while no effect was seen for one mutant of CDR2. The levels of neutralization of CPV and of hemagglutination inhibition by the scFv mutants were proportional to their reduction in binding affinity compared with the wild type. Neither scFv blocked virus binding to host cells, but they both caused aggregation of the capsids and appeared to affect the process of infection after virus uptake into the cells.  (+info)

Cytoplasmic trafficking of the canine parvovirus capsid and its role in infection and nuclear transport. (5/117)

To begin a successful infection, viruses must first cross the host cell plasma membrane, either by direct fusion with the membrane or by receptor-mediated endocytosis. After release into the cytoplasm those viruses that replicate in the nucleus must target their genome to that location. We examined the role of cytoplasmic transport of the canine parvovirus (CPV) capsid in productive infection by microinjecting two antibodies that recognize the intact CPV capsid into the cytoplasm of cells and also by using intracellular expression of variable domains of a neutralizing antibody fused to green fluorescence protein. The two antibodies tested and the expressed scFv all efficiently blocked virus infection, probably by binding to virus particles while they were in the cytoplasm and before entering the nucleus. The injected antibodies were able to block most infections even when injected 8 h after virus inoculation. In control studies, microinjected capsid antibodies did not interfere with CPV replication when they were coinjected with an infectious plasmid clone of CPV. Cytoplasmically injected full and empty capsids were able to move through the cytosol towards the nuclear membrane in a process that could be blocked by nocodazole treatment of the cells. Nuclear transport of the capsids was slow, with significant amounts being found in the nucleus only 3 to 6 h after injection.  (+info)

Parvovirus infection of keratinocytes as a cause of canine erythema multiforme. (6/117)

Erythema multiforme major was diagnosed in a dog with necrotizing parvoviral enteritis. Skin lesions consisted of ulceration of the footpads, pressure points, mouth, and vaginal mucosa; vesicles in the oral cavity; and erythematous patches on the abdomen and perivulvar skin. Microscopic examination of mucosal and haired skin specimens revealed lymphocyte-associated keratinocyte apoptosis at various levels of the epidermis. Basophilic cytoplasmic inclusions were seen in basal and suprabasal keratinocytes. Immunohistochemical staining, performed with canine parvovirus-2-specific monoclonal antibodies, confirmed the parvovirus nature of the inclusions in the nucleus and cytoplasm of oral and skin epithelial cells. This is the first case of canine erythema multiforme reported to be caused by a viral infection of keratinocytes. This case study indicates that the search for epitheliotropic viruses should be attempted in cases of erythema multiforme in which a drug cause cannot be identified.  (+info)

Predominance of canine parvovirus (CPV) in unvaccinated cat populations and emergence of new antigenic types of CPVs in cats. (7/117)

Serological, sequence, and in vitro host range analyses of feline parvovirus (FPV) isolates in Vietnam and Taiwan revealed that more than 80% of the isolates were of the canine parvovirus (CPV) type, rather than feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV). Although parvovirus isolates from three Vietnamese leopard cats were genetically related to CPV type 2a or 2b, they had a natural mutation of VP2 residue 300 Gly to an Asp, resulting in remarkable changes in their antigenic properties. These results indicated the possibility that CPV-2a/2b-type viruses can spread in cats more efficiently than conventional FPLV under natural conditions and that CPV-2a/2b viruses are further evolving in cats.  (+info)

Canine parvovirus capsid assembly and differences in mammalian and insect cells. (8/117)

We examined the assembly processes of the capsid proteins of canine parvovirus (CPV) in mammalian and insect cells. In CPV-infected cells empty capsids assembled within 15 min, and then continued to form over the following 1 h, while full (DNA-containing) capsids were detected only after 60 min, and those accumulated slowly over several hours. In cells expressing VP1 and VP2 or only VP2, empty capsid formation was also efficient, but was slightly slower than that in infected cells. Small amounts of trimer forms of VP2 were detected in cells expressing wild type capsid proteins, but were not seen for mutants containing changes that prevented capsid assembly. CPV capsids accumulated in the cell nucleus, but mutant VP1 and VP2 proteins that did not assemble became distributed throughout the nucleus and the cytoplasm, irrespective of whether they were expressed as VP1 and VP2, or as VP2 only. Urea or pH treatment of empty capsids released dimer, trimer, or pentamer capsid protein combinations, while treatment of full capsids consistently released trimer and, in some cases, pentamer forms. When wild type or assembly-defective VP2 genes were expressed from recombinant baculoviruses in insect cells, most of the protein was recovered as noncapsid aggregates, and only a small proportion assembled into capsids. Both the assembled capsids and the noncapsid aggregates were seen primarily in the cytoplasm of the insect cells. The VP2 expressed in insect cells that was recovered in aggregates had an isoelectric point of about pH 6.3, while that recovered from assembled capsids had a pI of about 5.2, similar to that seen for the VP2 of capsids recovered from mammalian cells.  (+info)

Parvovirus is a type of virus that is known to cause diseases in various animals, including dogs and humans. The most common strain that infects humans is called Parvovirus B19. This particular strain is responsible for the illness known as Fifth disease, which primarily affects young children and causes symptoms such as fever, rash, and joint pain.

Parvovirus B19 spreads through respiratory droplets, such as when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also be transmitted through blood or contaminated objects. Once the virus enters the body, it typically targets and infects rapidly dividing cells, particularly those found in the bone marrow and the fetal heart.

In dogs, a different strain of parvovirus called Canine Parvovirus (CPV) is responsible for a highly contagious and often fatal gastrointestinal illness. CPV primarily affects puppies between 6 weeks and 6 months old, but older dogs can also be infected if they haven't been vaccinated.

It is essential to maintain good hygiene practices and ensure proper vaccination to prevent parvovirus infections in both humans and animals.

Parvovirus B19, Human is a single-stranded DNA virus that primarily infects humans. It belongs to the Parvoviridae family and Erbovirus genus. This virus is the causative agent of erythema infectiosum, also known as fifth disease, a mild, self-limiting illness characterized by a facial rash and occasionally joint pain or inflammation.

Parvovirus B19 has a strong tropism for erythroid progenitor cells in the bone marrow, where it replicates and causes temporary suppression of red blood cell production (aplastic crisis) in individuals with underlying hemolytic disorders such as sickle cell disease or spherocytosis.

Additionally, Parvovirus B19 can cause more severe complications in immunocompromised individuals, pregnant women, and fetuses. Infection during pregnancy may lead to hydrops fetalis, anemia, or even fetal death, particularly in the first and second trimesters. Transmission of the virus occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and occasionally via blood transfusions or vertical transmission from mother to fetus.

Parvoviridae infections refer to diseases caused by viruses belonging to the Parvoviridae family. These viruses are known to infect a wide range of hosts, including humans, animals, and insects. The most well-known member of this family is the human parvovirus B19, which is responsible for a variety of clinical manifestations such as:

1. Erythema infectiosum (Fifth disease): A common childhood exanthem characterized by a "slapped cheek" rash and a lace-like rash on the extremities.
2. Transient aplastic crisis: A sudden and temporary halt in red blood cell production, which can lead to severe anemia in individuals with underlying hematologic disorders.
3. Hydrops fetalis: Intrauterine death due to severe anemia caused by parvovirus B19 infection in pregnant women, leading to heart failure and widespread fluid accumulation in the fetus.

Parvoviruses are small, non-enveloped viruses with a single-stranded DNA genome. They primarily infect and replicate within actively dividing cells, making them particularly harmful to rapidly proliferating tissues such as bone marrow and fetal tissues. In addition to parvovirus B19, other Parvoviridae family members can cause significant diseases in animals, including cats, dogs, and livestock.

Canine Parvovirus (CPV) is a small, non-enveloped, single-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the family Parvoviridae and genus Parvovirus. It is highly contagious and can cause severe gastrointestinal illness in dogs, particularly in puppies between 6 weeks and 6 months old.

The virus primarily attacks rapidly dividing cells in the body, such as those found in the intestinal lining, leading to symptoms like vomiting, diarrhea (often bloody), lethargy, loss of appetite, and fever. CPV can also cause damage to the bone marrow, which can result in a decrease in white blood cell counts and make the dog more susceptible to secondary infections.

Canine parvovirus is highly resistant to environmental factors and can survive for long periods of time on surfaces, making it easy to transmit from one dog to another through direct contact with infected dogs or their feces. Fortunately, there are effective vaccines available to prevent CPV infection in dogs.

Parvoviridae is a family of small, non-enveloped viruses that infect a wide range of hosts, including humans, animals, and birds. These viruses have a single-stranded DNA genome and replicate in the nucleus of infected cells. They are resistant to heat, acid, and organic solvents, making them difficult to inactivate.

The family Parvoviridae is divided into two subfamilies: Parvovirinae and Densovirinae. Parvovirinae infect vertebrates, while Densovirinae infect invertebrates. The subfamily Parvovirinae includes several genera that infect various hosts, such as humans, dogs, cats, and primates.

Parvovirus B19 is a well-known member of this family that causes a variety of clinical manifestations in humans, including fifth disease (slapped cheek syndrome), arthralgia, and occasionally more severe diseases in immunocompromised individuals or those with certain hematological disorders.

In animals, parvoviruses can cause serious diseases such as canine parvovirus infection in dogs and feline panleukopenia in cats, which can be fatal if left untreated.

Parvovirus, Porcine (PPV) is a single-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the family Parvoviridae and genus Parvovirus. It is a small, non-enveloped virus that primarily infects the rapidly dividing cells of piglets, particularly those in the intestinal epithelium and bone marrow.

PPV infection can cause a variety of clinical signs, including diarrhea, vomiting, lethargy, and loss of appetite, which can lead to severe dehydration and death in young piglets. The virus is highly contagious and can be spread through fecal-oral transmission or by ingesting infected material.

PPV infection is also associated with reproductive failure in sows, including stillbirths, mummified fetuses, and weak newborn piglets. This condition is known as Porcine Parvovirus Syndrome (PPVS). The virus can cross the placenta and infect developing fetuses, causing damage to their cardiovascular and nervous systems.

There are currently no specific treatments for PPV infection, but vaccination programs have been developed to prevent the spread of the virus in pig herds. Good biosecurity practices, such as isolating infected animals and thoroughly cleaning and disinfecting facilities, can also help reduce the risk of transmission.

Erythema infectiosum is a viral infection commonly known as "fifth disease." It is caused by the human parvovirus B19 and primarily affects children. The characteristic symptom of erythema infectiosum is a distinctive red rash on the cheeks, which gives the appearance of having been slapped, hence one of its other names, "slapped cheek syndrome." After a few days, the rash may spread to the arms, legs, and trunk, often in a lacy or net-like pattern. The rash is usually not itchy or painful.

In addition to the rash, people with erythema infectiosum may experience mild flu-like symptoms such as fever, headache, and fatigue. Some individuals may also develop joint pain and swelling, particularly adolescents and adults. In most cases, erythema infectiosum is a self-limiting illness that resolves within one to three weeks without specific treatment. However, the rash may come and go for several weeks, especially when exposed to sunlight, heat, or emotional stress.

Erythema infectiosum is usually spread through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also be transmitted through blood transfusions and from mother to fetus during pregnancy. While most cases of erythema infectiosum are mild, the infection can cause more severe complications in people with weakened immune systems, sickle cell disease, or chronic hemolytic anemia. Pregnant women who contract erythema infectiosum may have a higher risk of miscarriage, stillbirth, or premature delivery, especially during the first half of pregnancy.

H-1 parvovirus is not typically used as a medical term. However, Parvovirus H-1 is a species of parvovirus that primarily infects canines and is not known to infect humans. It is associated with myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle) in dogs. Therefore, it's important to clarify that H-1 parvovirus is not related to human Parvovirus B19, which is a more common type of parvovirus that can cause disease in humans.

The Minute Virus of Mice (MVM) is a small, single-stranded DNA parvovirus that primarily infects laboratory mice. It was so named because of its extremely small size and the minimal cytopathic effect it causes in infected cells. MVM is not known to cause disease in humans or other animals. However, it has been used as a model system for studying parvovirus biology and pathogenesis due to its ability to efficiently infect and replicate in many types of mammalian cells. There are three strains of MVM (MVMp, MVMi, and MVMc) that vary in their host range and tissue tropism.

I believe there might be a misunderstanding in your question. "Dogs" is not a medical term or condition. It is the common name for a domesticated carnivore of the family Canidae, specifically the genus Canis, which includes wolves, foxes, and other extant and extinct species of mammals. Dogs are often kept as pets and companions, and they have been bred in a wide variety of forms and sizes for different purposes, such as hunting, herding, guarding, assisting police and military forces, and providing companionship and emotional support.

If you meant to ask about a specific medical condition or term related to dogs, please provide more context so I can give you an accurate answer.

Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) is a highly contagious and deadly viral disease that primarily affects domestic cats, as well as other members of the Felidae family. It is also known as feline parvovirus or feline distemper. The virus attacks the rapidly dividing cells in the body, including those found in the intestines, bone marrow, and fetus.

The primary mode of transmission of FPV is through direct contact with infected cats or their feces. The virus can also be spread indirectly through contaminated objects such as clothing, food bowls, and litter boxes. FPV is resistant to many disinfectants and can survive in the environment for long periods, making it a challenging disease to control.

The symptoms of FPV include severe vomiting, diarrhea (often containing blood), loss of appetite, high fever, lethargy, and sudden death. The virus can also cause abortion in pregnant cats. Diagnosis is typically made based on clinical signs and laboratory tests that detect the presence of the virus in feces or other bodily fluids.

Treatment for FPV is primarily supportive, as there are no antiviral medications available to treat the disease. Treatment may include fluid therapy, nutritional support, antibiotics to prevent secondary bacterial infections, and medication to control vomiting and diarrhea. The prognosis for cats with FPV is guarded, and many die despite aggressive treatment.

Prevention of FPV is through vaccination, which is recommended for all cats. Kittens should receive their first FPV vaccine at 6-8 weeks of age, followed by boosters every 3-4 weeks until they are 16-20 weeks old. Adult cats should be vaccinated annually or as recommended by a veterinarian. It is also important to practice good hygiene and sanitation to prevent the spread of FPV in multi-cat households or shelters.

There is no medical definition for "dog diseases" as it is too broad a term. However, dogs can suffer from various health conditions and illnesses that are specific to their species or similar to those found in humans. Some common categories of dog diseases include:

1. Infectious Diseases: These are caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. Examples include distemper, parvovirus, kennel cough, Lyme disease, and heartworms.
2. Hereditary/Genetic Disorders: Some dogs may inherit certain genetic disorders from their parents. Examples include hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), and degenerative myelopathy.
3. Age-Related Diseases: As dogs age, they become more susceptible to various health issues. Common age-related diseases in dogs include arthritis, dental disease, cancer, and cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS).
4. Nutritional Disorders: Malnutrition or improper feeding can lead to various health problems in dogs. Examples include obesity, malnutrition, and vitamin deficiencies.
5. Environmental Diseases: These are caused by exposure to environmental factors such as toxins, allergens, or extreme temperatures. Examples include heatstroke, frostbite, and toxicities from ingesting harmful substances.
6. Neurological Disorders: Dogs can suffer from various neurological conditions that affect their nervous system. Examples include epilepsy, intervertebral disc disease (IVDD), and vestibular disease.
7. Behavioral Disorders: Some dogs may develop behavioral issues due to various factors such as anxiety, fear, or aggression. Examples include separation anxiety, noise phobias, and resource guarding.

It's important to note that regular veterinary care, proper nutrition, exercise, and preventative measures can help reduce the risk of many dog diseases.

Aleutian Mink Disease Virus (AMDV) is a small, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the family Parvoviridae and genus Amdoparvovirus. This virus primarily infects minks, causing a chronic wasting disease known as Aleutian Disease. The name of the virus comes from the Aleutian Islands of Alaska where the disease was first identified in mink farms during the 1940s.

The virus is highly host-specific and does not typically infect humans or other animals, except for some cases in wild and farmed foxes, raccoons, and dogs. The infection in these animals may lead to similar symptoms as observed in minks, such as weight loss, anemia, and immune suppression.

AMDV has a strong affinity for infecting cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage, leading to chronic inflammation and immune complex deposition in various organs, including the kidneys, spleen, and liver. The infection can result in a spectrum of clinical signs, from subclinical to severe and fatal disease, depending on factors such as the age, genetics, and immune status of the host.

Diagnosis of AMDV infection is usually accomplished through serological tests, such as ELISA or hemagglutination inhibition assays, which detect antibodies against the virus in infected animals. Additionally, molecular techniques like PCR can be used to directly amplify and detect viral DNA in clinical samples.

There are no specific treatments for AMDV infection, and control measures primarily focus on preventing the spread of the virus through biosecurity practices, such as maintaining strict sanitation, quarantine procedures, and vaccination programs for susceptible animals.

Hydrops Fetalis is a serious condition characterized by the accumulation of excessive fluid in two or more fetal compartments, including the abdomen (ascites), around the heart (pericardial effusion), and/or within the lungs (pleural effusion). This accumulation can also affect the skin, causing it to become edematous. Hydrops Fetalis is often associated with various underlying causes, such as chromosomal abnormalities, congenital infections, genetic disorders, and structural defects that impair the fetus's ability to maintain fluid balance. In some cases, the cause may remain unknown. The prognosis for Hydrops Fetalis is generally poor, with a high mortality rate, although early detection and appropriate management can improve outcomes in certain situations.

Viral DNA refers to the genetic material present in viruses that consist of DNA as their core component. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is one of the two types of nucleic acids that are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information in living organisms. Viruses are infectious agents much smaller than bacteria that can only replicate inside the cells of other organisms, called hosts.

Viral DNA can be double-stranded (dsDNA) or single-stranded (ssDNA), depending on the type of virus. Double-stranded DNA viruses have a genome made up of two complementary strands of DNA, while single-stranded DNA viruses contain only one strand of DNA.

Examples of dsDNA viruses include Adenoviruses, Herpesviruses, and Poxviruses, while ssDNA viruses include Parvoviruses and Circoviruses. Viral DNA plays a crucial role in the replication cycle of the virus, encoding for various proteins necessary for its multiplication and survival within the host cell.

Erythrovirus is a genus of viruses in the family *Polyomaviridae*. This genus includes several human viruses that were previously known as human mastadenoviruses. They are non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses that primarily infect erythroid cells, hence the name Erythrovirus.

The most well-known member of this genus is Human parvovirus B19 (B19V), which is a human pathogen that causes several clinical manifestations, such as Fifth disease, aplastic crisis, and hydrops fetalis. The infection with B19V is usually self-limiting in healthy individuals; however, it can cause severe complications in immunocompromised patients or those with certain hematological disorders.

Other members of the Erythrovirus genus include Primate erythrovirus 1 (PEV-1) and Primate erythrovirus 2 (PEV-2), which have been identified in non-human primates. These viruses share genetic similarities with B19V, but their clinical significance remains unclear.

In summary, Erythrovirus is a genus of viruses that primarily infect erythroid cells and include several human pathogens, such as Human parvovirus B19, which can cause various clinical manifestations in humans.

Feline Panleukopenia is a highly contagious and often fatal viral disease in cats, also known as feline parvovirus infection. It is caused by the feline parvovirus (FPV), which belongs to the same family as the canine parvovirus. The virus primarily affects the rapidly dividing cells in the cat's body, such as those found in the intestinal lining, bone marrow, and fetal tissues.

The term "panleukopenia" refers to the severe decrease in white blood cells (leukopenia) that occurs in infected cats. This profound immune suppression makes the cat highly susceptible to secondary bacterial and viral infections, further complicating its condition.

Clinical signs of Feline Panleukopenia may include:

1. Vomiting
2. Diarrhea (often containing blood)
3. Loss of appetite
4. Lethargy
5. High fever
6. Abdominal pain
7. Dehydration

The virus is transmitted through direct contact with infected cats or their feces, as well as contaminated environments, food, and water bowls. Feline Panleukopenia can be prevented through vaccination, which is a critical component of routine cat healthcare. If you suspect your cat may have contracted this virus, consult a veterinarian immediately for appropriate diagnosis and treatment.

Capsid proteins are the structural proteins that make up the capsid, which is the protective shell of a virus. The capsid encloses the viral genome and helps to protect it from degradation and detection by the host's immune system. Capsid proteins are typically arranged in a symmetrical pattern and can self-assemble into the capsid structure when exposed to the viral genome.

The specific arrangement and composition of capsid proteins vary between different types of viruses, and they play important roles in the virus's life cycle, including recognition and binding to host cells, entry into the cell, and release of the viral genome into the host cytoplasm. Capsid proteins can also serve as targets for antiviral therapies and vaccines.

Aleutian Mink Disease (AMD) is a viral disease that primarily affects minks, particularly those of the Aleutian subspecies. The disease is caused by the parvovirus known as the Aleutian mink disease virus (ADMV).

The virus targets and infects the immune system's white blood cells, leading to a hyperactive immune response. This results in the production of excessive amounts of antibodies, a condition known as "autoimmune disease." The continued stimulation of the immune system can lead to damage and failure of various organs, including the liver and kidneys.

Clinical signs of AMD can vary widely but often include weight loss, anemia, jaundice, and neurological symptoms such as uncoordinated movements and tremors. The disease can be spread through direct contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids, as well as through contaminated equipment or surfaces.

It's worth noting that while the Aleutian Mink Disease primarily affects minks, there have been reports of related parvoviruses infecting other animal species, including humans. However, these viruses are not considered to be a significant public health concern at this time.

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae and causes a contagious and serious disease in dogs and other animals. The virus primarily affects the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and central nervous systems of infected animals.

The symptoms of canine distemper can vary widely depending on the age and immune status of the animal, as well as the strain of the virus. Initial signs may include fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, and discharge from the eyes and nose. As the disease progresses, affected animals may develop vomiting, diarrhea, pneumonia, and neurological symptoms such as seizures, muscle twitching, and paralysis.

Canine distemper is highly contagious and can be spread through direct contact with infected animals or their respiratory secretions. The virus can also be transmitted through contaminated objects such as food bowls, water dishes, and bedding.

Prevention of canine distemper is achieved through vaccination, which is recommended for all dogs as a core vaccine. It is important to keep dogs up-to-date on their vaccinations and to avoid contact with unfamiliar or unvaccinated animals. There is no specific treatment for canine distemper, and therapy is generally supportive, focusing on managing symptoms and preventing complications.

A capsid is the protein shell that encloses and protects the genetic material of a virus. It is composed of multiple copies of one or more proteins that are arranged in a specific structure, which can vary in shape and symmetry depending on the type of virus. The capsid plays a crucial role in the viral life cycle, including protecting the viral genome from host cell defenses, mediating attachment to and entry into host cells, and assisting with the assembly of new virus particles during replication.

Antibodies, viral are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with a virus. These antibodies are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens on the surface of the virus, which helps to neutralize or destroy the virus and prevent its replication. Once produced, these antibodies can provide immunity against future infections with the same virus.

Viral antibodies are typically composed of four polypeptide chains - two heavy chains and two light chains - that are held together by disulfide bonds. The binding site for the antigen is located at the tip of the Y-shaped structure, formed by the variable regions of the heavy and light chains.

There are five classes of antibodies in humans: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has a different function and is distributed differently throughout the body. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the bloodstream and provides long-term immunity against viruses, while IgA is found primarily in mucous membranes and helps to protect against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.

In addition to their role in the immune response, viral antibodies can also be used as diagnostic tools to detect the presence of a specific virus in a patient's blood or other bodily fluids.

Viral nonstructural proteins (NS) are viral proteins that are not part of the virion structure. They play various roles in the viral life cycle, such as replication of the viral genome, transcription, translation regulation, and modulation of the host cell environment to favor virus replication. These proteins are often produced in large quantities during infection and can manipulate or disrupt various cellular pathways to benefit the virus. They may also be involved in evasion of the host's immune response. The specific functions of viral nonstructural proteins vary depending on the type of virus.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Mink" is not a medical term. It refers to a species of small, semiaquatic carnivorous mammals that are known for their sleek fur. They belong to the family Mustelidae, which also includes otters, weasels, and ferrets. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I'd be happy to help!

Bocavirus is a type of virus that belongs to the Parvoviridae family. It is specifically classified under the genus Bocaparvovirus. This virus is known to infect humans and animals, causing respiratory and gastrointestinal illnesses. In humans, human bocavirus (HBoV) has been identified as a cause of acute respiratory tract infections, particularly in young children. There are four species of HBoV (HBoV1-4), but HBoV1 is the most common and best studied. It can be detected in nasopharyngeal swabs or washes, and it is often found as a co-infection with other respiratory viruses.

The medical definition of Bocavirus refers to this specific virus and its associated illnesses. The name "Bocavirus" comes from the initials of two diseases it causes in cattle: bovine parvovirus (BPV) and bovine rhinitis (BRSV) complex. In addition to humans, Bocaviruses have been identified in various animals, including dogs, cats, pigs, and non-human primates.

Canine adenoviruses are a type of virus that can infect dogs and cause two distinct diseases: Infectious Canine Hepatitis (type 1) and Canine Respiratory Disease Complex (type 2).

Canine adenovirus type 1 primarily affects the liver, causing symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, and abdominal pain. In severe cases, it can lead to liver failure and death.

Canine adenovirus type 2 mainly causes respiratory infections, including kennel cough, which is characterized by a harsh, hacking cough and nasal discharge. It can also cause pneumonia in some cases.

Both types of canine adenoviruses are highly contagious and can be spread through direct contact with infected dogs or their feces and urine. Vaccination is available to protect against both forms of the virus and is recommended for all dogs.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Densovirinae is a subfamily of single-stranded DNA viruses that primarily infect arthropods, including insects and crustaceans. These viruses are non-enveloped and have an icosahedral symmetry with a diameter of approximately 20-25 nanometers. The genome of Densovirinae is circular and encodes for several proteins involved in replication, capsid formation, and host cell manipulation.

Densoviruses, the viruses belonging to this subfamily, can cause diseases in their arthropod hosts, leading to developmental abnormalities, decreased fertility, and even death. However, they are not known to infect humans or other mammals and are not associated with any human diseases.

It's worth noting that Densovirinae is a subfamily of the family Parvoviridae, which also includes the subfamily Parvovirinae, whose members can infect vertebrates, including humans.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA. It enables the production of thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in a rapid and efficient manner, making it an essential tool in various fields such as molecular biology, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and research.

The PCR process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to separate the DNA strands, allow primers (short sequences of single-stranded DNA) to attach to the target regions, and extend these primers using an enzyme called Taq polymerase, resulting in the exponential amplification of the desired DNA segment.

In a medical context, PCR is often used for detecting and quantifying specific pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) in clinical samples, identifying genetic mutations or polymorphisms associated with diseases, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is a type of antibody that is primarily found in the blood and lymph fluid. It is the first antibody to be produced in response to an initial exposure to an antigen, making it an important part of the body's primary immune response. IgM antibodies are large molecules that are composed of five basic units, giving them a pentameric structure. They are primarily found on the surface of B cells as membrane-bound immunoglobulins (mlgM), where they function as receptors for antigens. Once an mlgM receptor binds to an antigen, it triggers the activation and differentiation of the B cell into a plasma cell that produces and secretes large amounts of soluble IgM antibodies.

IgM antibodies are particularly effective at agglutination (clumping) and complement activation, which makes them important in the early stages of an immune response to help clear pathogens from the bloodstream. However, they are not as stable or long-lived as other types of antibodies, such as IgG, and their levels tend to decline after the initial immune response has occurred.

In summary, Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is a type of antibody that plays a crucial role in the primary immune response to antigens by agglutination and complement activation. It is primarily found in the blood and lymph fluid, and it is produced by B cells after they are activated by an antigen.

Virus replication is the process by which a virus produces copies or reproduces itself inside a host cell. This involves several steps:

1. Attachment: The virus attaches to a specific receptor on the surface of the host cell.
2. Penetration: The viral genetic material enters the host cell, either by invagination of the cell membrane or endocytosis.
3. Uncoating: The viral genetic material is released from its protective coat (capsid) inside the host cell.
4. Replication: The viral genetic material uses the host cell's machinery to produce new viral components, such as proteins and nucleic acids.
5. Assembly: The newly synthesized viral components are assembled into new virus particles.
6. Release: The newly formed viruses are released from the host cell, often through lysis (breaking) of the cell membrane or by budding off the cell membrane.

The specific mechanisms and details of virus replication can vary depending on the type of virus. Some viruses, such as DNA viruses, use the host cell's DNA polymerase to replicate their genetic material, while others, such as RNA viruses, use their own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase enzymes. Understanding the process of virus replication is important for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.

A cuspid, also known as a canine tooth or cuspid tooth, is a type of tooth in mammals. It is the pointiest tooth in the dental arch and is located between the incisors and bicuspids (or premolars). Cuspids have a single cusp or pointed tip that is used for tearing and grasping food. In humans, there are four cuspids, two on the upper jaw and two on the lower jaw, one on each side of the dental arch.

Canine coronavirus (CCoV) is a species of coronavirus that infects dogs. It is related to the coronaviruses that cause respiratory illness in humans, such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, but it is not known to infect people. CCoV primarily affects the gastrointestinal tract and can cause symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhea. It is usually spread through contact with infected feces. There are two main types of CCoV, called Type I and Type II, which are classified based on their genetic makeup. Both types can cause illness in dogs, but Type II is more likely to cause severe disease. Vaccines are available to help protect dogs against CCoV infection.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

A cell line is a culture of cells that are grown in a laboratory for use in research. These cells are usually taken from a single cell or group of cells, and they are able to divide and grow continuously in the lab. Cell lines can come from many different sources, including animals, plants, and humans. They are often used in scientific research to study cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and to test new drugs or treatments. Some common types of human cell lines include HeLa cells (which come from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks), HEK293 cells (which come from embryonic kidney cells), and HUVEC cells (which come from umbilical vein endothelial cells). It is important to note that cell lines are not the same as primary cells, which are cells that are taken directly from a living organism and have not been grown in the lab.

"Cat" is a common name that refers to various species of small carnivorous mammals that belong to the family Felidae. The domestic cat, also known as Felis catus or Felis silvestris catus, is a popular pet and companion animal. It is a subspecies of the wildcat, which is found in Europe, Africa, and Asia.

Domestic cats are often kept as pets because of their companionship, playful behavior, and ability to hunt vermin. They are also valued for their ability to provide emotional support and therapy to people. Cats are obligate carnivores, which means that they require a diet that consists mainly of meat to meet their nutritional needs.

Cats are known for their agility, sharp senses, and predatory instincts. They have retractable claws, which they use for hunting and self-defense. Cats also have a keen sense of smell, hearing, and vision, which allow them to detect prey and navigate their environment.

In medical terms, cats can be hosts to various parasites and diseases that can affect humans and other animals. Some common feline diseases include rabies, feline leukemia virus (FeLV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), and toxoplasmosis. It is important for cat owners to keep their pets healthy and up-to-date on vaccinations and preventative treatments to protect both the cats and their human companions.

Purpura is a medical term that refers to the appearance of purple-colored spots on the skin or mucous membranes, caused by bleeding underneath the skin due to various factors such as blood clotting disorders, vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vessels), severe thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), or use of certain medications. These spots can vary in size and shape, ranging from small pinpoint hemorrhages (petechiae) to larger, irregularly shaped patches (ecchymoses). The bleeding is usually not caused by trauma or injury to the area. It's important to consult a healthcare professional if you notice any unexplained purpuric spots on your skin or mucous membranes, as they can indicate an underlying medical condition that requires further evaluation and treatment.

Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a species of parvovirus that primarily infects the human respiratory tract. It was first identified in 2005 and has been found to be associated with respiratory tract infections, particularly in young children. The virus is small, non-enveloped, and contains a single stranded DNA genome. It is named after bovine parvovirus and canine minute virus, which belong to the same genus (Bocaparvovirus) as HBoV. There are four known subtypes of HBoV (HBoV1-4), with HBoV1 being the most commonly detected in humans. Infection with HBoV can cause a range of symptoms, from mild respiratory illness to more severe lower respiratory tract infections such as pneumonia and bronchiolitis. However, it is also frequently detected in asymptomatic individuals, making its role in respiratory disease somewhat unclear.

An aborted fetus refers to a developing human organism that is expelled or removed from the uterus before it is viable, typically as a result of an induced abortion. An abortion is a medical procedure that intentionally ends a pregnancy and can be performed through various methods, depending on the stage of the pregnancy.

It's important to note that the term "abortion" is often used in different contexts and may carry different connotations depending on one's perspective. In medical terminology, an abortion refers specifically to the intentional ending of a pregnancy before viability. However, in other contexts, the term may be used more broadly to refer to any spontaneous or induced loss of a pregnancy, including miscarriages and stillbirths.

The definition of "viable" can vary, but it generally refers to the point at which a fetus can survive outside the uterus with medical assistance, typically around 24 weeks of gestation. Fetal viability is a complex issue that depends on many factors, including the availability and accessibility of medical technology and resources.

In summary, an aborted fetus is a developing human organism that is intentionally expelled or removed from the uterus before it is viable, typically as a result of a medical procedure called an abortion.

Canid herpesvirus 1 (CHV-1), also known as canine herpesvirus or cytomegalovirus, is a DNA virus belonging to the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, and genus Varicellovirus. It primarily affects members of the Canidae family, including domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) and other canid species.

CHV-1 is characterized by its ability to cause a range of clinical signs, from asymptomatic infection to acute fatal disease in young puppies. The virus mainly targets the respiratory and reproductive systems, leading to conditions such as fading puppy syndrome, stillbirths, neonatal deaths, and respiratory issues in adult dogs.

The virus is highly contagious and can be transmitted through direct contact with infected animals, their bodily fluids (e.g., saliva, urine), or contaminated objects. CHV-1 has a predilection for infecting epithelial cells and macrophages in the host, leading to the formation of characteristic intranuclear inclusion bodies.

Despite its potential to cause severe disease, many adult dogs can become latently infected with CHV-1, meaning that the virus remains dormant within their nervous system without causing any apparent clinical signs. However, stress or immunosuppression may reactivate the virus, leading to recurrent shedding and potential transmission to other susceptible animals.

Prevention strategies for CHV-1 include good biosecurity measures, such as isolating newly introduced dogs from the existing population, maintaining cleanliness in breeding facilities, and avoiding overcrowding. Vaccination is available in some countries; however, its efficacy varies, and it may not prevent infection or shedding entirely.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "geese" is not a medical term. It refers to various waterbirds constituting the family Anatidae and the genus Branta, characterized by a long neck, wide wings, and a honking call. They are not related to human health or medicine. If you have any medical concerns or questions, I'd be happy to help you with those!

A viral genome is the genetic material (DNA or RNA) that is present in a virus. It contains all the genetic information that a virus needs to replicate itself and infect its host. The size and complexity of viral genomes can vary greatly, ranging from a few thousand bases to hundreds of thousands of bases. Some viruses have linear genomes, while others have circular genomes. The genome of a virus also contains the information necessary for the virus to hijack the host cell's machinery and use it to produce new copies of the virus. Understanding the genetic makeup of viruses is important for developing vaccines and antiviral treatments.

A densovirus is a type of single-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the family Parvoviridae and the subfamily Densovirinae. These viruses are known to infect insects, including crustaceans and arthropods, and are often associated with diseases in these hosts. They have a small, icosahedral capsid and a linear, ssDNA genome that is around 5-6 kilobases in length. Densoviruses are non-enveloped viruses, meaning they do not have a lipid membrane surrounding their capsid.

It's important to note that densoviruses are not known to infect humans or other mammals, and therefore are not considered a threat to human health.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Foxes" is not a term that has a widely accepted or specific medical definition. The common fox (Vulpes vulpes) is a species of small omnivorous mammals, and while there can be medical issues related to foxes or other animals in certain contexts, such as zoonotic diseases, "Foxes" itself does not have a medical connotation. If you have any specific medical query, I'd be happy to try and help with that.

Distemper is a highly contagious viral disease that primarily affects dogs, but can also infect other animals such as cats, ferrets, and raccoons. It is caused by a paramyxovirus and is characterized by respiratory, gastrointestinal, and neurological symptoms.

The respiratory symptoms of distemper include coughing, sneezing, and nasal discharge. Gastrointestinal symptoms may include vomiting and diarrhea. Neurological symptoms can include seizures, twitching, and paralysis. Distemper is often fatal, especially in puppies and young dogs that have not been vaccinated.

The virus is spread through direct contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids, such as saliva and urine. It can also be spread through the air, making it highly contagious in areas where large numbers of unvaccinated animals are housed together, such as animal shelters and kennels.

Prevention is key in protecting against distemper, and vaccination is recommended for all dogs. Puppies should receive their first distemper vaccine at six to eight weeks of age, followed by booster shots every three to four weeks until they are 16 weeks old. Adult dogs should receive a distemper booster shot every one to three years, depending on their risk of exposure.

An antigen is any substance that can stimulate an immune response, particularly the production of antibodies. Viral antigens are antigens that are found on or produced by viruses. They can be proteins, glycoproteins, or carbohydrates present on the surface or inside the viral particle.

Viral antigens play a crucial role in the immune system's recognition and response to viral infections. When a virus infects a host cell, it may display its antigens on the surface of the infected cell. This allows the immune system to recognize and target the infected cells for destruction, thereby limiting the spread of the virus.

Viral antigens are also important targets for vaccines. Vaccines typically work by introducing a harmless form of a viral antigen to the body, which then stimulates the production of antibodies and memory T-cells that can recognize and respond quickly and effectively to future infections with the actual virus.

It's worth noting that different types of viruses have different antigens, and these antigens can vary between strains of the same virus. This is why there are often different vaccines available for different viral diseases, and why flu vaccines need to be updated every year to account for changes in the circulating influenza virus strains.

A dependovirus, also known as a dependent adenovirus or satellite adenovirus, is a type of virus that requires the presence of another virus, specifically an adenovirus, to replicate. Dependoviruses are small, non-enveloped viruses with a double-stranded DNA genome. They cannot complete their replication cycle without the help of an adenovirus, which provides necessary functions for the dependovirus to replicate.

Dependoviruses are clinically significant because they can cause disease in humans, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. In some cases, dependoviruses may also affect the severity and outcome of adenovirus infections. However, it is important to note that not all adenovirus infections are associated with dependovirus co-infections.

Myelophthisic anemia is a type of anemia that occurs when the bone marrow becomes replaced or damaged by fibrosis, tumor infiltration, or other disorders, leading to decreased production of blood cells. This results in a decrease in all three types of blood cells - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

The symptoms of myelophthisic anemia may include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, frequent infections, and easy bruising or bleeding. The diagnosis is typically made through a combination of medical history, physical examination, complete blood count (CBC), and bone marrow aspiration and biopsy. Treatment for myelophthisic anemia depends on the underlying cause and may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgery, or supportive care with transfusions of red blood cells or platelets.

Rodent-borne diseases are infectious diseases transmitted to humans (and other animals) by rodents, their parasites or by contact with rodent urine, feces, or saliva. These diseases can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. Some examples of rodent-borne diseases include Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, Leptospirosis, Salmonellosis, Rat-bite fever, and Plague. It's important to note that rodents can also cause allergic reactions in some people through their dander, urine, or saliva. Proper sanitation, rodent control measures, and protective equipment when handling rodents can help prevent the spread of these diseases.

The P blood group system is one of the rarest blood group systems in humans, with only a few antigens discovered so far. The main antigens in this system are P1 and P, which can be either present or absent on red blood cells (RBCs). The presence or absence of these antigens determines an individual's P blood group type.

The P1 antigen is a carbohydrate structure found on the surface of RBCs in individuals with the P1 phenotype, while those with the p phenotype lack this antigen. The P antigen is a protein found on the surface of RBCs in both P1 and p individuals.

Individuals with the P1 phenotype can develop antibodies against the P antigen if they are exposed to RBCs that lack the P1 antigen, such as those from a person with the p phenotype. Similarly, individuals with the p phenotype can develop antibodies against the P1 antigen if they are exposed to RBCs that have the P1 antigen.

Transfusion reactions can occur if an individual receives blood from a donor with a different P blood group type, leading to the destruction of RBCs and potentially life-threatening complications. Therefore, it is essential to determine an individual's P blood group type before transfusing blood or performing other medical procedures that involve RBCs.

Overall, the P blood group system is a complex and relatively rare system that requires careful consideration in medical settings to ensure safe and effective treatment.

Carnivora is an order of mammals that consists of animals whose primary diet consists of flesh. The term "Carnivora" comes from the Latin words "caro", meaning flesh, and "vorare", meaning to devour. This order includes a wide variety of species, ranging from large predators such as lions, tigers, and bears, to smaller animals such as weasels, otters, and raccoons.

While members of the Carnivora order are often referred to as "carnivores," it is important to note that not all members exclusively eat meat. Some species, such as raccoons and bears, have an omnivorous diet that includes both plants and animals. Additionally, some species within this order have evolved specialized adaptations for their specific diets, such as the elongated canines and carnassial teeth of felids (cats) and canids (dogs), which are adapted for tearing and shearing meat.

Overall, the medical definition of Carnivora refers to an order of mammals that have a diet primarily consisting of flesh, although not all members exclusively eat meat.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a type of antibody, which is a protective protein produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances like bacteria or viruses. IgG is the most abundant type of antibody in human blood, making up about 75-80% of all antibodies. It is found in all body fluids and plays a crucial role in fighting infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and toxins.

IgG has several important functions:

1. Neutralization: IgG can bind to the surface of bacteria or viruses, preventing them from attaching to and infecting human cells.
2. Opsonization: IgG coats the surface of pathogens, making them more recognizable and easier for immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytose (engulf and destroy) them.
3. Complement activation: IgG can activate the complement system, a group of proteins that work together to help eliminate pathogens from the body. Activation of the complement system leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex, which creates holes in the cell membranes of bacteria, leading to their lysis (destruction).
4. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC): IgG can bind to immune cells like natural killer (NK) cells and trigger them to release substances that cause target cells (such as virus-infected or cancerous cells) to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death).
5. Immune complex formation: IgG can form immune complexes with antigens, which can then be removed from the body through various mechanisms, such as phagocytosis by immune cells or excretion in urine.

IgG is a critical component of adaptive immunity and provides long-lasting protection against reinfection with many pathogens. It has four subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) that differ in their structure, function, and distribution in the body.

An exanthem is a skin eruption or rash that often occurs as a symptom of various diseases, such as infectious illnesses. It can appear in different forms, including maculopapular (consisting of both macules and papules), vesicular (small fluid-filled blisters), petechial (small purple or red spots caused by bleeding under the skin), or erythematous (reddened). The rash can be localized to certain areas of the body or generalized, covering large parts or the entire body. Exanthems are usually accompanied by other symptoms related to the underlying disease, such as fever, cough, or muscle aches.

Seroepidemiologic studies are a type of epidemiological study that measures the presence and levels of antibodies in a population's blood serum to investigate the prevalence, distribution, and transmission of infectious diseases. These studies help to identify patterns of infection and immunity within a population, which can inform public health policies and interventions.

Seroepidemiologic studies typically involve collecting blood samples from a representative sample of individuals in a population and testing them for the presence of antibodies against specific pathogens. The results are then analyzed to estimate the prevalence of infection and immunity within the population, as well as any factors associated with increased or decreased risk of infection.

These studies can provide valuable insights into the spread of infectious diseases, including emerging and re-emerging infections, and help to monitor the effectiveness of vaccination programs. Additionally, seroepidemiologic studies can also be used to investigate the transmission dynamics of infectious agents, such as identifying sources of infection or tracking the spread of antibiotic resistance.

Infectious pregnancy complications refer to infections that occur during pregnancy and can affect the mother, fetus, or both. These infections can lead to serious consequences such as preterm labor, low birth weight, birth defects, stillbirth, or even death. Some common infectious agents that can cause pregnancy complications include:

1. Bacteria: Examples include group B streptococcus, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes, which can cause sepsis, meningitis, or pneumonia in the mother and lead to preterm labor or stillbirth.
2. Viruses: Examples include cytomegalovirus, rubella, varicella-zoster, and HIV, which can cause congenital anomalies, developmental delays, or transmission of the virus to the fetus.
3. Parasites: Examples include Toxoplasma gondii, which can cause severe neurological damage in the fetus if transmitted during pregnancy.
4. Fungi: Examples include Candida albicans, which can cause fungal infections in the mother and lead to preterm labor or stillbirth.

Preventive measures such as vaccination, good hygiene practices, and avoiding high-risk behaviors can help reduce the risk of infectious pregnancy complications. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of infections during pregnancy are also crucial to prevent adverse outcomes.

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.

DNA replication is the biological process by which DNA makes an identical copy of itself during cell division. It is a fundamental mechanism that allows genetic information to be passed down from one generation of cells to the next. During DNA replication, each strand of the double helix serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand. This results in the creation of two identical DNA molecules. The enzymes responsible for DNA replication include helicase, which unwinds the double helix, and polymerase, which adds nucleotides to the growing strands.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

Viral proteins are the proteins that are encoded by the viral genome and are essential for the viral life cycle. These proteins can be structural or non-structural and play various roles in the virus's replication, infection, and assembly process. Structural proteins make up the physical structure of the virus, including the capsid (the protein shell that surrounds the viral genome) and any envelope proteins (that may be present on enveloped viruses). Non-structural proteins are involved in the replication of the viral genome and modulation of the host cell environment to favor viral replication. Overall, a thorough understanding of viral proteins is crucial for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.

Fetal death, also known as stillbirth or intrauterine fetal demise, is defined as the death of a fetus at 20 weeks of gestation or later. The criteria for defining fetal death may vary slightly by country and jurisdiction, but in general, it refers to the loss of a pregnancy after the point at which the fetus is considered viable outside the womb.

Fetal death can occur for a variety of reasons, including chromosomal abnormalities, placental problems, maternal health conditions, infections, and umbilical cord accidents. In some cases, the cause of fetal death may remain unknown.

The diagnosis of fetal death is typically made through ultrasound or other imaging tests, which can confirm the absence of a heartbeat or movement in the fetus. Once fetal death has been diagnosed, medical professionals will work with the parents to determine the best course of action for managing the pregnancy and delivering the fetus. This may involve waiting for labor to begin naturally, inducing labor, or performing a cesarean delivery.

Experiencing a fetal death can be a very difficult and emotional experience for parents, and it is important for them to receive supportive care from their healthcare providers, family members, and friends. Grief counseling and support groups may also be helpful in coping with the loss.

Viral diseases are illnesses caused by the infection and replication of viruses in host organisms. These infectious agents are obligate parasites, meaning they rely on the cells of other living organisms to survive and reproduce. Viruses can infect various types of hosts, including animals, plants, and microorganisms, causing a wide range of diseases with varying symptoms and severity.

Once a virus enters a host cell, it takes over the cell's machinery to produce new viral particles, often leading to cell damage or death. The immune system recognizes the viral components as foreign and mounts an immune response to eliminate the infection. This response can result in inflammation, fever, and other symptoms associated with viral diseases.

Examples of well-known viral diseases include:

1. Influenza (flu) - caused by influenza A, B, or C viruses
2. Common cold - usually caused by rhinoviruses or coronaviruses
3. HIV/AIDS - caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
4. Measles - caused by measles morbillivirus
5. Hepatitis B and C - caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), respectively
6. Herpes simplex - caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or type 2 (HSV-2)
7. Chickenpox and shingles - both caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
8. Rabies - caused by rabies lyssavirus
9. Ebola - caused by ebolaviruses
10. COVID-19 - caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

Prevention and treatment strategies for viral diseases may include vaccination, antiviral medications, and supportive care to manage symptoms while the immune system fights off the infection.

Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) is a rare hematologic disorder characterized by selective absence or severe reduction in the production of mature red blood cells (erythropoiesis) in the bone marrow, while the production of other blood cell lines such as white blood cells and platelets remains normal or near normal. This condition leads to anemia, which can be severe and require transfusions.

In PRCA, there is a specific absence or reduction of erythroblasts (immature red blood cells) in the bone marrow. The cause of this disorder can be congenital or acquired. Acquired forms are more common and can be idiopathic or associated with various conditions such as viral infections, immunological disorders, drugs, malignancies, or autoimmune diseases.

In pure red cell aplasia, the immune system often produces antibodies against erythroid progenitor cells, leading to their destruction and impaired red blood cell production. This results in anemia, which can be severe and require regular transfusions to maintain adequate hemoglobin levels.

The diagnosis of PRCA is confirmed through bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, which reveal a marked decrease or absence of erythroid precursors. Additional tests, such as immunological studies and viral serologies, may be performed to identify potential causes or associated conditions. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and can include corticosteroids, immunosuppressive therapy, intravenous immunoglobulins, and occasionally, targeted therapies or stem cell transplantation.

Intrauterine blood transfusion (IUT) is a medical procedure in which blood is transfused into the fetal circulation through the umbilical vein while the fetus is still in the uterus. This procedure is typically performed to treat severe anemia in the fetus, most commonly caused by hemolytic disease of the newborn due to Rh incompatibility or ABO incompatibility between the mother and fetus.

During the procedure, ultrasound guidance is used to insert a thin needle through the mother's abdomen and uterus and into the umbilical vein of the fetus. The blood is then transfused slowly, allowing the fetal body to adjust to the increased volume. The procedure may need to be repeated every 2-4 weeks until the baby is mature enough for delivery.

IUT is a highly specialized procedure that requires significant expertise and experience in maternal-fetal medicine and interventional radiology. It carries risks such as preterm labor, infection, fetal bradycardia (abnormally slow heart rate), and fetal loss, but it can be life-saving for the fetus when performed appropriately.

Mink enteritis virus (MEV) is a single-stranded, enveloped RNA virus that belongs to the family *Parvoviridae* and genus *Chapparvovirus*. It is the causative agent of mink enteritis, a highly contagious gastrointestinal disease in minks. The virus primarily affects the intestinal epithelium, causing severe enteritis, which can lead to diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, and death, particularly in young animals. MEV is closely related to other parvoviruses that infect carnivores, such as feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) and canine parvovirus (CPV).

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "raccoons" are not a medical term. They are a species of nocturnal mammals native to North America, known for their distinctive black facial mask and ringed tails. If you have any questions about animals or a medical condition, feel free to ask!

Viral genes refer to the genetic material present in viruses that contains the information necessary for their replication and the production of viral proteins. In DNA viruses, the genetic material is composed of double-stranded or single-stranded DNA, while in RNA viruses, it is composed of single-stranded or double-stranded RNA.

Viral genes can be classified into three categories: early, late, and structural. Early genes encode proteins involved in the replication of the viral genome, modulation of host cell processes, and regulation of viral gene expression. Late genes encode structural proteins that make up the viral capsid or envelope. Some viruses also have structural genes that are expressed throughout their replication cycle.

Understanding the genetic makeup of viruses is crucial for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines. By targeting specific viral genes, researchers can develop drugs that inhibit viral replication and reduce the severity of viral infections. Additionally, knowledge of viral gene sequences can inform the development of vaccines that stimulate an immune response to specific viral proteins.

Aplastic anemia is a medical condition characterized by pancytopenia (a decrease in all three types of blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) due to the failure of bone marrow to produce new cells. It is called "aplastic" because the bone marrow becomes hypocellular or "aplastic," meaning it contains few or no blood-forming stem cells.

The condition can be acquired or inherited, with acquired aplastic anemia being more common. Acquired aplastic anemia can result from exposure to toxic chemicals, radiation, drugs, viral infections, or autoimmune disorders. Inherited forms of the disease include Fanconi anemia and dyskeratosis congenita.

Symptoms of aplastic anemia may include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, pale skin, easy bruising or bleeding, frequent infections, and fever. Treatment options for aplastic anemia depend on the severity of the condition and its underlying cause. They may include blood transfusions, immunosuppressive therapy, and stem cell transplantation.

Erythroid precursor cells, also known as erythroblasts or normoblasts, are early stage cells in the process of producing mature red blood cells (erythrocytes) in the bone marrow. These cells are derived from hematopoietic stem cells and undergo a series of maturation stages, including proerythroblast, basophilic erythroblast, polychromatophilic erythroblast, and orthochromatic erythroblast, before becoming reticulocytes and then mature red blood cells. During this maturation process, the cells lose their nuclei and become enucleated, taking on the biconcave shape and flexible membrane that allows them to move through small blood vessels and deliver oxygen to tissues throughout the body.

Hemagglutination is a process where red blood cells (RBCs) agglutinate or clump together. Viral hemagglutination refers to the ability of certain viruses to bind to and agglutinate RBCs. This is often due to viral surface proteins known as hemagglutinins, which can recognize and attach to specific receptors on the surface of RBCs.

In virology, viral hemagglutination assays are commonly used for virus identification and quantification. For example, the influenza virus is known to hemagglutinate chicken RBCs, and this property can be used to identify and titrate the virus in a sample. The hemagglutination titer is the highest dilution of a virus that still causes visible agglutination of RBCs. This information can be useful in understanding the viral load in a patient or during vaccine production.

Canine hip dysplasia (CHD) is a common skeletal disorder in dogs, particularly in large and giant breeds, characterized by the abnormal development and degeneration of the coxofemoral joint - the joint where the head of the femur (thigh bone) meets the acetabulum (hip socket) of the pelvis. This condition is often caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors that lead to laxity (looseness) of the joint, which can result in osteoarthritis (OA), pain, and decreased mobility over time.

In a healthy hip joint, the femoral head fits snugly into the acetabulum, allowing smooth and stable movement. However, in dogs with CHD, the following abnormalities may occur:

1. Shallow acetabulum: The hip socket may not be deep enough to provide adequate coverage of the femoral head, leading to joint instability.
2. Flared acetabulum: The rim of the acetabulum may become stretched and flared due to excessive forces exerted on it by the lax joint.
3. Misshapen or malformed femoral head: The femoral head may not have a normal round shape, further contributing to joint instability.
4. Laxity of the joint: The ligament that holds the femoral head in place within the acetabulum (ligamentum teres) can become stretched, allowing for excessive movement and abnormal wear of the joint surfaces.

These changes can lead to the development of osteoarthritis, which is characterized by the breakdown and loss of cartilage within the joint, as well as the formation of bone spurs (osteophytes) and thickening of the joint capsule. This results in pain, stiffness, and decreased range of motion, making it difficult for affected dogs to perform everyday activities such as walking, running, or climbing stairs.

Canine hip dysplasia is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging techniques such as radiographs (X-rays). Treatment options may include conservative management, such as weight management, exercise modification, joint supplements, and pain medication, or surgical intervention, such as total hip replacement. The choice of treatment depends on the severity of the disease, the age and overall health of the dog, and the owner's financial resources.

Preventing canine hip dysplasia is best achieved through selective breeding practices that aim to eliminate affected animals from breeding populations. Additionally, maintaining a healthy weight, providing appropriate exercise, and ensuring proper nutrition throughout a dog's life can help reduce the risk of developing this debilitating condition.

There are many diseases that can affect cats, and the specific medical definitions for these conditions can be quite detailed and complex. However, here are some common categories of feline diseases and examples of each:

1. Infectious diseases: These are caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. Examples include:
* Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), also known as feline parvovirus, which can cause severe gastrointestinal symptoms and death in kittens.
* Feline calicivirus (FCV), which can cause upper respiratory symptoms such as sneezing and nasal discharge.
* Feline leukemia virus (FeLV), which can suppress the immune system and lead to a variety of secondary infections and diseases.
* Bacterial infections, such as those caused by Pasteurella multocida or Bartonella henselae, which can cause abscesses or other symptoms.
2. Neoplastic diseases: These are cancerous conditions that can affect various organs and tissues in cats. Examples include:
* Lymphoma, which is a common type of cancer in cats that can affect the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and other organs.
* Fibrosarcoma, which is a type of soft tissue cancer that can arise from fibrous connective tissue.
* Squamous cell carcinoma, which is a type of skin cancer that can be caused by exposure to sunlight or tobacco smoke.
3. Degenerative diseases: These are conditions that result from the normal wear and tear of aging or other factors. Examples include:
* Osteoarthritis, which is a degenerative joint disease that can cause pain and stiffness in older cats.
* Dental disease, which is a common condition in cats that can lead to tooth loss, gum inflammation, and other problems.
* Heart disease, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), which is a thickening of the heart muscle that can lead to congestive heart failure.
4. Hereditary diseases: These are conditions that are inherited from a cat's parents and are present at birth or develop early in life. Examples include:
* Polycystic kidney disease (PKD), which is a genetic disorder that causes cysts to form in the kidneys and can lead to kidney failure.
* Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), which can be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait in some cats.
* Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), which is a group of genetic disorders that cause degeneration of the retina and can lead to blindness.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "hepatopancreas" is not a recognized term in human anatomy or pathology. It is commonly used to describe a combined exocrine organ in some invertebrates, like crustaceans, where it serves both digestive and metabolic functions. If you have any questions about human medical conditions, I'd be happy to help with those!

Circoviridae is a family of small, non-enveloped viruses that infect a wide range of hosts, including animals and birds. The infection caused by circoviruses in animals and birds can result in a variety of symptoms depending on the species infected and the particular circovirus involved.

In pigs, circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the most well-known member of this family and is associated with a number of clinical conditions, collectively known as porcine circovirus diseases (PCVD). These conditions include postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), and reproductive failure.

In birds, circoviruses can cause various symptoms such as runting and stunting, feather abnormalities, and immunosuppression, leading to secondary infections. The most well-known avian circovirus is the beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), which infects psittacine birds, including parrots, causing beak deformities, feather loss, and immune suppression.

However, it's important to note that circoviruses are also found in humans, but currently, there is no evidence that human circovirus infections cause disease.

In general, circoviridae infections can be diagnosed through various laboratory tests such as PCR, sequencing, and serology. Treatment typically involves supportive care and management of secondary infections, as there are no specific antiviral therapies available for circovirus infections. Prevention strategies include good biosecurity practices, vaccination, and avoidance of contact with infected animals or their feces.

Swine diseases refer to a wide range of infectious and non-infectious conditions that affect pigs. These diseases can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, or environmental factors. Some common swine diseases include:

1. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS): a viral disease that causes reproductive failure in sows and respiratory problems in piglets and grower pigs.
2. Classical Swine Fever (CSF): also known as hog cholera, is a highly contagious viral disease that affects pigs of all ages.
3. Porcine Circovirus Disease (PCVD): a group of diseases caused by porcine circoviruses, including Porcine CircoVirus Associated Disease (PCVAD) and Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS).
4. Swine Influenza: a respiratory disease caused by type A influenza viruses that can infect pigs and humans.
5. Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae: a bacterial disease that causes pneumonia in pigs.
6. Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae: a bacterial disease that causes severe pneumonia in pigs.
7. Salmonella: a group of bacteria that can cause food poisoning in humans and a variety of diseases in pigs, including septicemia, meningitis, and abortion.
8. Brachyspira Hyodysenteriae: a bacterial disease that causes dysentery in pigs.
9. Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae: a bacterial disease that causes erysipelas in pigs.
10. External and internal parasites, such as lice, mites, worms, and flukes, can also cause diseases in swine.

Prevention and control of swine diseases rely on good biosecurity practices, vaccination programs, proper nutrition, and management practices. Regular veterinary check-ups and monitoring are essential to detect and treat diseases early.

A viral vaccine is a biological preparation that introduces your body to a specific virus in a way that helps your immune system build up protection against the virus without causing the illness. Viral vaccines can be made from weakened or inactivated forms of the virus, or parts of the virus such as proteins or sugars. Once introduced to the body, the immune system recognizes the virus as foreign and produces an immune response, including the production of antibodies. These antibodies remain in the body and provide immunity against future infection with that specific virus.

Viral vaccines are important tools for preventing infectious diseases caused by viruses, such as influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, polio, hepatitis A and B, rabies, rotavirus, chickenpox, shingles, and some types of cancer. Vaccination programs have led to the control or elimination of many infectious diseases that were once common.

It's important to note that viral vaccines are not effective against bacterial infections, and separate vaccines must be developed for each type of virus. Additionally, because viruses can mutate over time, it is necessary to update some viral vaccines periodically to ensure continued protection.

Anemia is a medical condition characterized by a lower than normal number of red blood cells or lower than normal levels of hemoglobin in the blood. Hemoglobin is an important protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Anemia can cause fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and a pale complexion because the body's tissues are not getting enough oxygen.

Anemia can be caused by various factors, including nutritional deficiencies (such as iron, vitamin B12, or folate deficiency), blood loss, chronic diseases (such as kidney disease or rheumatoid arthritis), inherited genetic disorders (such as sickle cell anemia or thalassemia), and certain medications.

There are different types of anemia, classified based on the underlying cause, size and shape of red blood cells, and the level of hemoglobin in the blood. Treatment for anemia depends on the underlying cause and may include dietary changes, supplements, medication, or blood transfusions.

An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a type of analytical biochemistry assay used to detect and quantify the presence of a substance, typically a protein or peptide, in a liquid sample. It takes its name from the enzyme-linked antibodies used in the assay.

In an ELISA, the sample is added to a well containing a surface that has been treated to capture the target substance. If the target substance is present in the sample, it will bind to the surface. Next, an enzyme-linked antibody specific to the target substance is added. This antibody will bind to the captured target substance if it is present. After washing away any unbound material, a substrate for the enzyme is added. If the enzyme is present due to its linkage to the antibody, it will catalyze a reaction that produces a detectable signal, such as a color change or fluorescence. The intensity of this signal is proportional to the amount of target substance present in the sample, allowing for quantification.

ELISAs are widely used in research and clinical settings to detect and measure various substances, including hormones, viruses, and bacteria. They offer high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility, making them a reliable choice for many applications.

Circoviruses are a type of small, non-enveloped viruses that belong to the family Circoviridae. They have a single-stranded, circular DNA genome and can infect a wide range of hosts, including birds, pigs, and some mammals. Circoviruses are associated with various diseases in animals, such as porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD) in pigs and beak and feather disease in birds. However, there is currently no evidence to suggest that circoviruses infect or cause disease in humans.

DNA Sequence Analysis is the systematic determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It is a critical component of modern molecular biology, genetics, and genetic engineering. The process involves determining the exact order of the four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - in a DNA molecule or fragment. This information is used in various applications such as identifying gene mutations, studying evolutionary relationships, developing molecular markers for breeding, and diagnosing genetic diseases.

The process of DNA Sequence Analysis typically involves several steps, including DNA extraction, PCR amplification (if necessary), purification, sequencing reaction, and electrophoresis. The resulting data is then analyzed using specialized software to determine the exact sequence of nucleotides.

In recent years, high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics, enabling the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes. This has led to an explosion of genomic data and new insights into the genetic basis of many diseases and traits.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Penaeidae" is not a medical term. It is actually the scientific name of a family of crustaceans, specifically marine decapods, commonly known as prawns or shrimps. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help with those instead.

Viral structural proteins are the protein components that make up the viral particle or capsid, providing structure and stability to the virus. These proteins are encoded by the viral genome and are involved in the assembly of new virus particles during the replication cycle. They can be classified into different types based on their location and function, such as capsid proteins, matrix proteins, and envelope proteins. Capsid proteins form the protein shell that encapsulates the viral genome, while matrix proteins are located between the capsid and the envelope, and envelope proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer membrane that surrounds some viruses.

Canidae is a biological family that includes dogs, wolves, foxes, and other members of the canine group. Canids are characterized by their long legs, narrow snouts, and sharp teeth adapted for hunting. They are generally social animals, often living in packs with complex hierarchies. Many species are known for their endurance and speed, as well as their strong sense of smell and hearing. Some members of this family are domesticated, such as dogs, while others remain wild and are sometimes kept as pets or used for hunting.

A virion is the complete, infectious form of a virus outside its host cell. It consists of the viral genome (DNA or RNA) enclosed within a protein coat called the capsid, which is often surrounded by a lipid membrane called the envelope. The envelope may contain viral proteins and glycoproteins that aid in attachment to and entry into host cells during infection. The term "virion" emphasizes the infectious nature of the virus particle, as opposed to non-infectious components like individual capsid proteins or naked viral genome.

Myocarditis is an inflammation of the myocardium, which is the middle layer of the heart wall. The myocardium is composed of cardiac muscle cells and is responsible for the heart's pumping function. Myocarditis can be caused by various infectious and non-infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, autoimmune diseases, toxins, and drugs.

In myocarditis, the inflammation can damage the cardiac muscle cells, leading to decreased heart function, arrhythmias (irregular heart rhythms), and in severe cases, heart failure or even sudden death. Symptoms of myocarditis may include chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, palpitations, and swelling in the legs, ankles, or abdomen.

The diagnosis of myocarditis is often based on a combination of clinical presentation, laboratory tests, electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and endomyocardial biopsy. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity of the disease and may include medications to support heart function, reduce inflammation, control arrhythmias, and prevent further damage to the heart muscle. In some cases, hospitalization and intensive care may be necessary.

DNA primers are short single-stranded DNA molecules that serve as a starting point for DNA synthesis. They are typically used in laboratory techniques such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing. The primer binds to a complementary sequence on the DNA template through base pairing, providing a free 3'-hydroxyl group for the DNA polymerase enzyme to add nucleotides and synthesize a new strand of DNA. This allows for specific and targeted amplification or analysis of a particular region of interest within a larger DNA molecule.

Infectious arthritis, also known as septic arthritis, is a type of joint inflammation that is caused by a bacterial or fungal infection. The infection can enter the joint through the bloodstream or directly into the synovial fluid of the joint, often as a result of a traumatic injury, surgery, or an underlying condition such as diabetes or a weakened immune system.

The most common symptoms of infectious arthritis include sudden onset of severe pain and swelling in the affected joint, fever, chills, and difficulty moving the joint. If left untreated, infectious arthritis can lead to serious complications such as joint damage or destruction, sepsis, and even death. Treatment typically involves antibiotics or antifungal medications to eliminate the infection, along with rest, immobilization, and sometimes surgery to drain the infected synovial fluid.

It is important to seek medical attention promptly if you experience symptoms of infectious arthritis, as early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent long-term complications and improve outcomes.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Globosides are a type of glycosphingolipids, which are molecules that consist of a lipid and a carbohydrate. They are found in animal tissues, especially in the nervous system. The term "globoside" refers to a specific structure of these molecules, where the carbohydrate portion consists of a complex chain of sugars, including galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine, and glucose. Globosides play important roles in cell recognition and interaction, and abnormalities in their metabolism have been associated with certain diseases, such as paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH).

Pancytopenia is a medical condition characterized by a reduction in the number of all three types of blood cells in the peripheral blood: red blood cells (anemia), white blood cells (leukopenia), and platelets (thrombocytopenia). This condition can be caused by various underlying diseases, including bone marrow disorders, viral infections, exposure to toxic substances or radiation, vitamin deficiencies, and certain medications. Symptoms of pancytopenia may include fatigue, weakness, increased susceptibility to infections, and easy bruising or bleeding.

"Swine" is a common term used to refer to even-toed ungulates of the family Suidae, including domestic pigs and wild boars. However, in a medical context, "swine" often appears in the phrase "swine flu," which is a strain of influenza virus that typically infects pigs but can also cause illness in humans. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic was caused by a new strain of swine-origin influenza A virus, which was commonly referred to as "swine flu." It's important to note that this virus is not transmitted through eating cooked pork products; it spreads from person to person, mainly through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

"Phoca" is not a term commonly used in medical terminology. It is actually a genus of seals, also known as "true seals." The Phocidae family includes several species such as the harbor seal, gray seal, and hooded seal. If you have mistaken "Phoca" for a medical term, I would be happy to help you find the definition of the correct term.

Oncolytic viruses are a type of viruses that preferentially infect and kill cancer cells, while leaving normal cells relatively unharmed. These viruses can replicate inside the cancer cells, causing them to rupture and ultimately leading to their death. The release of new virus particles from the dead cancer cells allows the infection to spread to nearby cancer cells, resulting in a potential therapeutic effect.

Oncolytic viruses can be genetically modified to enhance their ability to target specific types of cancer cells and to increase their safety and efficacy. They may also be used in combination with other cancer therapies, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy, to improve treatment outcomes. Oncolytic virus therapy is a promising area of cancer research, with several clinical trials underway to evaluate its potential benefits for patients with various types of cancer.

A kidney, in medical terms, is one of two bean-shaped organs located in the lower back region of the body. They are essential for maintaining homeostasis within the body by performing several crucial functions such as:

1. Regulation of water and electrolyte balance: Kidneys help regulate the amount of water and various electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and calcium in the bloodstream to maintain a stable internal environment.

2. Excretion of waste products: They filter waste products from the blood, including urea (a byproduct of protein metabolism), creatinine (a breakdown product of muscle tissue), and other harmful substances that result from normal cellular functions or external sources like medications and toxins.

3. Endocrine function: Kidneys produce several hormones with important roles in the body, such as erythropoietin (stimulates red blood cell production), renin (regulates blood pressure), and calcitriol (activated form of vitamin D that helps regulate calcium homeostasis).

4. pH balance regulation: Kidneys maintain the proper acid-base balance in the body by excreting either hydrogen ions or bicarbonate ions, depending on whether the blood is too acidic or too alkaline.

5. Blood pressure control: The kidneys play a significant role in regulating blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which constricts blood vessels and promotes sodium and water retention to increase blood volume and, consequently, blood pressure.

Anatomically, each kidney is approximately 10-12 cm long, 5-7 cm wide, and 3 cm thick, with a weight of about 120-170 grams. They are surrounded by a protective layer of fat and connected to the urinary system through the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests are a type of serological assay used in medical laboratories to detect and measure the amount of antibodies present in a patient's serum. These tests are commonly used to diagnose viral infections, such as influenza or HIV, by identifying the presence of antibodies that bind to specific viral antigens and prevent hemagglutination (the agglutination or clumping together of red blood cells).

In an HI test, a small amount of the patient's serum is mixed with a known quantity of the viral antigen, which has been treated to attach to red blood cells. If the patient's serum contains antibodies that bind to the viral antigen, they will prevent the antigen from attaching to the red blood cells and inhibit hemagglutination. The degree of hemagglutination inhibition can be measured and used to estimate the amount of antibody present in the patient's serum.

HI tests are relatively simple and inexpensive to perform, but they have some limitations. For example, they may not detect early-stage infections before the body has had a chance to produce antibodies, and they may not be able to distinguish between different strains of the same virus. Nonetheless, HI tests remain an important tool for diagnosing viral infections and monitoring immune responses to vaccination or infection.

Molecular cloning is a laboratory technique used to create multiple copies of a specific DNA sequence. This process involves several steps:

1. Isolation: The first step in molecular cloning is to isolate the DNA sequence of interest from the rest of the genomic DNA. This can be done using various methods such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction), restriction enzymes, or hybridization.
2. Vector construction: Once the DNA sequence of interest has been isolated, it must be inserted into a vector, which is a small circular DNA molecule that can replicate independently in a host cell. Common vectors used in molecular cloning include plasmids and phages.
3. Transformation: The constructed vector is then introduced into a host cell, usually a bacterial or yeast cell, through a process called transformation. This can be done using various methods such as electroporation or chemical transformation.
4. Selection: After transformation, the host cells are grown in selective media that allow only those cells containing the vector to grow. This ensures that the DNA sequence of interest has been successfully cloned into the vector.
5. Amplification: Once the host cells have been selected, they can be grown in large quantities to amplify the number of copies of the cloned DNA sequence.

Molecular cloning is a powerful tool in molecular biology and has numerous applications, including the production of recombinant proteins, gene therapy, functional analysis of genes, and genetic engineering.

Meningoencephalitis is a medical term that refers to an inflammation of both the brain (encephalitis) and the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord (meninges), known as the meninges. It is often caused by an infection, such as bacterial or viral infections, that spreads to the meninges and brain. In some cases, it can also be caused by other factors like autoimmune disorders or certain medications.

The symptoms of meningoencephalitis may include fever, headache, stiff neck, confusion, seizures, and changes in mental status. If left untreated, this condition can lead to serious complications, such as brain damage, hearing loss, learning disabilities, or even death. Treatment typically involves antibiotics for bacterial infections or antiviral medications for viral infections, along with supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Species specificity is a term used in the field of biology, including medicine, to refer to the characteristic of a biological entity (such as a virus, bacterium, or other microorganism) that allows it to interact exclusively or preferentially with a particular species. This means that the biological entity has a strong affinity for, or is only able to infect, a specific host species.

For example, HIV is specifically adapted to infect human cells and does not typically infect other animal species. Similarly, some bacterial toxins are species-specific and can only affect certain types of animals or humans. This concept is important in understanding the transmission dynamics and host range of various pathogens, as well as in developing targeted therapies and vaccines.

Ectopic tooth eruption is a condition where a tooth fails to erupt into its normal position in the dental arch. Instead, it emerupts in an abnormal location, such as in the wrong direction or through another tissue like the gums, palate, or jawbone. This can occur due to various reasons, including genetics, crowding of teeth, or trauma. Ectopic tooth eruption may cause problems with oral function and dental health, and treatment options depend on the severity and location of the ectopic tooth.

Oncolytic virotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses genetically modified viruses to selectively infect and destroy cancer cells, while leaving healthy cells unharmed. The virus used in oncolytic virotherapy can replicate inside cancer cells, causing them to rupture and release new viruses that can then infect nearby cancer cells.

The process continues in a cascading manner, leading to the destruction of many cancer cells in the treated area. Additionally, some oncolytic viruses can also stimulate an immune response against cancer cells, further enhancing their therapeutic effect. Oncolytic virotherapy is still an experimental treatment approach and is being studied in clinical trials for various types of cancer.

Digoxigenin is a steroidal glycoside compound that is derived from the digitalis plant, which includes foxglove species. This compound is known for its cardiotonic properties and has been used in the treatment of various heart conditions, such as congestive heart failure and atrial arrhythmias.

In a medical or scientific context, digoxigenin is often used in research and diagnostic applications due to its ability to bind to specific antibodies or other molecules. This binding property makes it useful for techniques like immunohistochemistry, where it can be used to label and visualize specific proteins or structures within cells or tissues.

It's important to note that digoxigenin itself is not a medication or treatment, but rather a component derived from a plant that has been used in the development of certain medications and research tools.

Baculoviridae is a family of large, double-stranded DNA viruses that infect arthropods, particularly insects. The virions (virus particles) are enclosed in a rod-shaped or occlusion body called a polyhedron, which provides protection and stability in the environment. Baculoviruses have a wide host range within the order Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies), Hymenoptera (sawflies, bees, wasps, and ants), and Diptera (flies). They are important pathogens in agriculture and forestry, causing significant damage to insect pests.

The Baculoviridae family is divided into four genera: Alphabaculovirus, Betabaculovirus, Gammabaculovirus, and Deltabaculovirus. The two most well-studied and economically important genera are Alphabaculovirus (nuclear polyhedrosis viruses or NPVs) and Betabaculovirus (granulosis viruses or GVs).

Baculoviruses have a biphasic replication cycle, consisting of a budded phase and an occluded phase. During the budded phase, the virus infects host cells and produces enveloped virions that can spread to other cells within the insect. In the occluded phase, large numbers of non-enveloped virions are produced and encapsidated in a protein matrix called a polyhedron. These polyhedra accumulate in the infected insect's tissues, providing protection from environmental degradation and facilitating transmission to new hosts through oral ingestion or other means.

Baculoviruses have been extensively studied as models for understanding viral replication, gene expression, and host-pathogen interactions. They also have potential applications in biotechnology and pest control, including the production of recombinant proteins, gene therapy vectors, and environmentally friendly insecticides.

Information Center from The Pet Health Library Parvovirus Infection In Your Dog Parvo Virus Enteritis-CPV Parvovirus in dogs ( ... and canine coronavirus increase a dog's risk of severe infection. Dogs infected with parvovirus usually die from the ... Canine parvovirus (also referred to as CPV, CPV2, or parvo) is a contagious virus mainly affecting dogs. CPV is highly ... There are two types of canine parvovirus called canine minute virus (CPV1) and CPV2. CPV2 causes the most serious disease and ...
... see Canine adenovirus), the first P for canine parvovirus, and the second P for parainfluenza. Because infectious canine ... and even the clothing and floor of people who have handled dogs with parvovirus previously. (see canine parvovirus) Puppies ... "Adenovirus 1 in Dogs". www.petmd.com. Retrieved 2019-12-09. "Canine parvovirus". American Veterinary Medical Association. ... D for canine distemper, A2 for canine adenovirus type 2, which offers cross-protection to canine adenovirus type 1 (the more ...
Canine parvovirus 2 is caused by a small DNA virus, and infections are often fatal in pups. The emergence of the parvovirus in ... Murphy p. 351 Spitzer, A. L.; Parrish, C. R.; Maxwell, I. H. (1997). "Tropic determinant for canine parvovirus and feline ... Canine distemper virus is closely related to measles virus and is the most important viral disease of dogs. The disease (which ... Carmichael L (2005). "An annotated historical account of canine parvovirus". Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B. 52 (7-8 ...
Canine parvovirus is caused by a small DNA virus and infections are often fatal in pups. Like all invertebrates, the honey bee ... Carmichael LE (2005). "An annotated historical account of canine parvovirus". Journal of Veterinary Medicine. B, Infectious ... Companion animals such as cats, dogs, and horses, if not vaccinated, are susceptible to serious viral infections. ... Many other viruses, including caliciviruses, herpesviruses, adenoviruses and parvoviruses, circulate in marine mammal ...
Canine parvovirus "ICTV 9th Report (2011) Parvoviridae" (html). International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). ... Ikeda Y, Nakamura K, Miyazawa T, Takahashi E, Mochizuki M (April 2002). "Feline host range of canine parvovirus: recent ... Like all parvoviruses, it is a small (18-26 nm), spherical virus, and has a single-stranded DNA genome. The signs and symptoms ... MEV-2 is similar to a blue fox parvovirus. Clinical signs include anorexia, vomiting and severe diarrhoea. Stools of affected ...
Notably, the canine parvovirus and feline parvovirus cause severe disease in dogs and cats, respectively. In pigs, the porcine ... Canine parvovirus causes severe illness in dogs, the most common symptom being hemorrhagic enteritis, with up to a 70% ... called homotelomeric parvoviruses, or different, called heterotelomeric parvoviruses. In general, homotelomeric parvoviruses, ... Parvoviruses were first classified as the genus Parvovirus in 1971 but were elevated to family status in 1975. They take their ...
However, in dogs and cats it is thought to be most likely related to in utero viral infections, toxins or genetic disorders. ... "Feline Parvovirus (FPV)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-10-28. LeCouteur RA (2002). WSAVA 2002 Congress. " ... "Cerebellar Diseases of Dogs and Cats". Vin.com. Delauche A, Franklin R, Marsella R, Garosi L (February 2019). "Brain: ... Postnatal development periods vary by species including: dogs up to 75 days, cats to 84 days, calves up to six months. A ...
Parvovirus Parvovirus, canine Parvovirus, feline Parvovirus, porcine "Genus: Bocaparvovirus". International Committee on ... Ungulate bocaparvovirus 1, formerly Bovine parvovirus (BPV), also known as Haemadsorbing enteric Virus, is a member of the ... Bovine Parvovirus, reviewed and published by Wikivet at http://en.wikivet.net/Bovine_Parvovirus, accessed 23/08/2011. v t e ( ... parvovirus group, with three significant sub-species: BPV1, 2 and 3. BPV most commonly causes diarrhea in neonatal calves and ...
... causes an infection in humans only. Cat and dog parvoviruses do not infect humans. There is no vaccine available ... Parvovirus B19 infection may affect the development of arthritis. In adults (and perhaps some children), parvovirus B19 can ... neutropenia via parvovirus B19 reactivations, and even persistent parvovirus B19 infection. However, it is important to note ... Human parvovirus B19 is a non-enveloped, icosahedral virus that contains a single-stranded linear DNA genome of approximately ...
Canine distempter and parvovirus (genotype 2) were the most common co-infectors in a group of domestic dogs and other wild ... submitted a publication in 2016 on a dual infection incident of CaCV and canine parvovirus in a breeding colony of dogs. Two ... PCR analysis and sequencing of the treated organ tissues revealed large amounts of CaCV DNA and canine parvovirus-2 DNA and ... a young (1 year) male domestic dog's liver was analyzed for the presence of an infective agent. The dog was initially brought ...
Canine Herpesvirus and Minute Virus of Canines (Canine Parvovirus-1)". Recent Advances in Canine Infectious Diseases. Archived ... minute virus of canines) is a distinct parvovirus that is most similar to bovine parvovirus". Virology. 302 (2): 219-23. doi: ... Hashimoto A (1999). "Canine parvovirus type-1 (MVC): Pathomorphological studies on the experimentally infected fetus and MVC- ... Canine minute virus was originally discovered in Germany in 1967 in military dogs, although it was originally thought to not ...
A more serious complication of canine coronavirus occurs when the dog is also infected with canine parvovirus. Coronavirus ... However, fatal intestinal disease associated with canine coronavirus without the presence of canine parvovirus is still ... Recently, a second type of canine coronavirus (Group II) has been shown to cause respiratory disease in dogs. Known as canine ... "Canine coronavirus-associated puppy mortality without evidence of concurrent canine parvovirus infection". J Vet Diagn Invest. ...
Please see the article dog health for information on this disease in dogs. Canine parvovirus is a sometimes fatal ... although the close relationship of dogs with humans makes canine rabies a zoonotic concern. Vaccination of dogs for rabies is ... This list of dog diseases is a selection of diseases and other conditions found in the dog. Some of these diseases are unique ... Dogs are ten times more likely to be infected than humans. The disease in dogs can affect the eyes, brain, lungs, skin, or ...
The animal is susceptible to a variety of diseases, including canine parvovirus. Parasites, such as the larvae of flies and a ... "Giant Otter, the "Water Dog"". Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development. Archived from the ... and water dog (Spanish: perro de agua) are used occasionally (though the latter also refers to several different animals) and ...
Treatment of dogs naturally infected with canine parvovirus with lyophilized canine IgG. Proceedings of the 17th Annual ... These are only approved and licensed for detecting canine parvovirus, but it is generally known that they also detect FPL viral ... Member species Species Virus name(s) Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 canine parvovirus CPV[dead link] Mira F, Canuti M, Purpari G, ... Ikeda Y, Nakamura K, Miyazawa T, Takahashi E, Mochizuki M (April 2002). "Feline host range of canine parvovirus: recent ...
There have been[when?] reports of oseltamivir reducing disease severity and hospitalization time in canine parvovirus infection ... Savigny MR, Macintire DK (February 2010). "Use of oseltamivir in the treatment of canine parvoviral enteritis". Journal of ...
They are also host for the canine parvovirus and may also suffer from leptospirosis. The striped skunk is commonly featured in ...
Canine Herpesvirus and Minute Virus of Canines (Canine Parvovirus-1)". Recent Advances in Canine Infectious Diseases. Archived ... Spread of the disease is controlled by not breeding dogs known to have it. Serology can show which dogs have been exposed ( ... "Detection of canine herpesvirus DNA in the ganglionic neurons and the lymph node lymphocytes of latently infected dogs". J Vet ... "Corneal ulceration associated with naturally occurring canine herpesvirus-1 infection in two adult dogs". J Am Vet Med Assoc. ...
In dogs, vaccine-induced viral shedding has been observed with live attenuated Canine parvovirus vaccines. Regulatory ... "Carnivore Parvovirus Ecology in the Serengeti Ecosystem: Vaccine Strains Circulating and New Host Species Identified". Journal ...
In South Africa the term cat flu is also used to refer to canine parvovirus. This is misleading, as it does not refer to this ... feline upper respiratory disease but rather refers to the canine parvovirus which mainly infects dogs but can also infect other ... "Frequent Cross-Species Transmission of Parvoviruses among Diverse Carnivore Hosts". Journal of Virology. 87 (4): 2342-2347. doi ...
... bovine parvovirus which infects cattle, and minute virus of canines which infects dogs. Parvoviruses (Latin: small viruses) ... minute virus of canines) is a distinct parvovirus that is most similar to bovine parvovirus". Virology. 302 (2): 219-23. doi: ... unlike other parvoviruses where this has been examined. The receptor for bovine parvovirus 1 is sialic acid. As overviewed in ... "The transcription profile of the bocavirus bovine parvovirus is unlike those of previously characterized parvoviruses". J. ...
While the game's disease is fictitious, it is based on a very real disease, Canine parvovirus. Metadata Games - A collection of ... is an Android game for 1-5 players in which players fight the spread of a disease that threatens to take over our pet dog ...
Dogs receive vaccinations that protect them against distemper, hepatitis, Parvovirus, parainfluenza and Bordetella ... 37% of owners have opted against travelling to stay at home with their dog, as 9 out of 10 households consider their dog part ... rabbits and Maltese shit-zu dogs) some airlines allow the pet in the cabin of the plane as carry-on baggage. Larger dogs (such ... Dogs and cats are the most popular types of pets that are shipped. From the total amount of pets shipped via aeroplane each ...
Clinical signs of HGE and canine parvovirus (CPV) are similar enough that they need to be differentiated. It may or may not be ... HGE is most common in young adult dogs of any breed, but especially small dogs such as the Toy Poodle and Miniature Schnauzer. ... A negative fecal parvovirus test is sometimes necessary to completely rule out CPV. Other potential causes of vomiting and ... Clostridium perfringens has been found in large numbers in the intestines of many affected dogs. Profuse vomiting is usually ...
It is also associated with the parasite Toxocara canis and the viruses Canine herpesvirus and Canine parvovirus. In 2012, Tony ... and viral infections such as Canine parvovirus or adenovirus. If the puppy is unable to nurse independently, supplemental ... Like other species of mammals, canine puppies are very vulnerable during their first weeks of life, partly because they have no ... Dog Breeding, Whelping and Puppy Care. John Wiley & Sons. p. 297. ISBN 9781118414354. "Caring for new puppies, PetAssure". " ...
Identification of novel rickettsial genomes and detection of tick-borne canine parvovirus". PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 13 (1): ...
Viral diseases carried by wolves include: rabies, canine distemper, canine parvovirus, infectious canine hepatitis, ... "Top-dogs and under-dogs: competition between dogs and sympatric carnivores". In Gompper, M. E. (ed.). Free-Ranging Dogs and ... Although canine distemper is lethal in dogs, it has not been recorded to kill wolves, except in Canada and Alaska. The canine ... Wolf attacks on dogs may occur both in house yards and in forests. Wolf attacks on hunting dogs are considered a major problem ...
Treatments for heartworms, parasites, and vaccinations against parvovirus, rabies, and canine distemper have also come from ... Dogs have been used in research for decades and have been invaluable for treating many human and canine illnesses. Dogs ... Cats, like dogs, have also proven to be extremely helpful for developing treatments for both human and feline diseases. Cats ... Canine research has led to many significant breakthroughs such as hip replacements, development of cancer treatments, and ...
Viral diseases carried by wolves include: rabies, canine distemper, canine parvovirus, infectious canine hepatitis, ... Although canine distemper is lethal in dogs, it has not been recorded to kill wolves, except in Canada and Alaska. The canine ... Dog health List of dog diseases Graves 2007, pp. 77-85. Mech & Boitani 2003, pp. 208-211. Mech & Boitani 2003, pp. 211-213. ... Wolves may catch infectious canine hepatitis from dogs, though there are no records of wolves dying from it. Papillomatosis has ...
They may suffer from rabies, canine distemper, mange, trypanosomiasis, canine parvovirus and endoparasites such as cestodes and ... Other English names for the species include Asian wild dog, Asiatic wild dog, Indian wild dog, whistling dog, red dog, red wolf ... George Simpson placed the dhole in the subfamily Simocyoninae alongside the African wild dog and the bush dog, on account of ... Empire of Dogs: Canines, Japan, and the Making of the Modern Imperial World. Cornell University Press, p. 85, ISBN 0801463246 ...
Information Center from The Pet Health Library Parvovirus Infection In Your Dog Parvo Virus Enteritis-CPV Parvovirus in dogs ( ... and canine coronavirus increase a dogs risk of severe infection. Dogs infected with parvovirus usually die from the ... Canine parvovirus (also referred to as CPV, CPV2, or parvo) is a contagious virus mainly affecting dogs. CPV is highly ... There are two types of canine parvovirus called canine minute virus (CPV1) and CPV2. CPV2 causes the most serious disease and ...
Vets have issued a warning over a potentially fatal illness in dogs after a rise in cases around the UK. ...
Dogs who contract rabies are required to be euthanized.. No ailment in your dog should be considered just a common dog illness ... Some of the most common illnesses in pet dogs include heartworm, bloat, canine distemper, parvovirus, tapeworm, and rabies. ... Tapeworms in the dogs feces. Another common dog illness is canine distemper, a dangerous and incurable disease that can ... Tapeworm is a common dog illness caused by parasites and affects many dogs. Tapeworm parasites live inside a dogs intestines ...
... is a pathogen whose canine-adapted form (canine parvovirus (CPV)) emerged in 1978. These viruses infect by binding host ... Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) is a pathogen whose canine-adapted form (canine parvovirus (CPV)) emerged in 1978. These ... Canine and feline parvoviruses preferentially recognize the non-human cell surface sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid ... As a first step, we show that transcripts of CMAH (which generates Neu5Gc from Neu5Ac) are at very low levels in Western dog ...
What is canine parvovirus?. Canine parvovirus (CPV-2), commonly called parvo, is a highly contagious and unfortunately hardy ... Rescues-and pet owners in general-who have struggled to find a veterinarian for a dog whos sick with canine parvovirus will be ... "One family rescued a dog, and it was sick, so they brought it home to their dog, who got it, and now we have both dogs," ... Fix Long Beach Pets opens citys first canine parvovirus ICU by Kate Karp Jan 13, 2023. Jan 13, 2023. ...
Canine parvovirus cases are on the rise in northern Santa Barbara County. ... Parvovirus is mainly seen in young puppies but can affect any unvaccinated dog. ... Canine parvovirus cases alarmingly high in Northern Santa Barbara Co., officials say. ... Canine parvovirus cases are on the rise in northern Santa Barbara County. ...
As canine parvovirus is on the rise in Lancashire, here is everything you need to know about the potentially fatal disease, ... Parvovirus in dogs on the rise in Lancashire: what are the symptoms and how to prevent it. As canine parvovirus is on the rise ... Are some dogs more susceptible to parvovirus?. Young puppies who have not yet achieved full immunity, dogs that have not had a ... What is parvovirus?. According to the UK Kennel Club, canine parvovirus is "a highly contagious and very serious disease that ...
Santa Barbara County Animal Services has seen a recent uptick of cases of canine respiratory disease and parvovirus infection ... Santa Barbara County Animal Services noticed a recent uptick of canine respiratory disease and parvovirus infections in dogs in ... Canine parvovirus is an extremely infectious virus that is present year-round and can cause very serious disease and death in ... Dogs who are boarded, go to dog parks or beaches, and who go on group walks are considered to be at a higher risk for ...
Read our blogs from Canine Parvovirus. To learn more, contact our office. ... What Is Canine Parvovirus? Often called just "parvo", canine parvovirus is one of the most contagious and serious of diseases ...
Does having parvovirus infection as a puppy have a negative health impact later in a dogs life? ... The investigators recruited dogs presenting with clinical CPV and dogs without CPV (control dogs); control dogs had not ... Canine Parvovirus Infection and Long-Term Health. March 28, 2018. JoAnna Pendergrass, DVM ... A recent study asked the question: Does having parvovirus infection as a puppy have a negative health impact later in a dogs ...
... our Rancho Cucamonga vets share facts about parvovirus that you need to know to help keep your four-legged friend healthy. ... Symptoms of Parvovirus in a Dog. By now, youre likely wondering, "What are the symptoms of parvovirus in dogs?" It is ... Canine parvovirus spreads through traces of feces from infected dogs. Your canine friend can also be asymptomatic and not yet ... How Parvovirus Attacks Your Dogs Body. Parvo begins destroying a dogs gut barrier in the stomach and small intestines by ...
Five Easy Tips to Protect Your Dog From Canine Parvovirus. by Carl WagonUpdated on July 28, 2022. April 18, 2022. ... 2. Limit your dogs exposure to other dogs. Fully vaccinated canines are immune to parvo, but they could still be carriers of ... Immediately bringing your canine to a vet upon suspicion that they have parvovirus is important. The infection can kill a pet ... Parvovirus is very prevalent in pups and adolescent dogs, especially the unvaccinated ones. This infection can turn bushy- ...
Feline distemper vaccination is protective to cats as feline distemper is a parvovirus.) Adult dogs who are current on their ... Humans are not susceptible to canine parvovirus infection though some strains can be contagious to cats. ( ... If an adult dog at home is not current, a booster shot is definitely in order. Introducing new puppies poses a problem as the ... Parvovirus: Disinfecting the Environment - You are being redirected to updated information on this topic - September 30, 2015 ...
Describes the the symptoms and treatment for Canine Parvo Virus. Facts and information about Canine Parvo Virus. ... Visit this site dedicated to Dogs and Puppies which includes Canine Health problems including Canine Parvo Virus. ... Dog Health Questions - Dogs susceptible to Canine Parvo Virus (Parvovirus). Canine Parvo Virus (Parvovirus) is usually ... Dog Health Problems - Symptoms of Canine Parvo Virus (Parvovirus). Canine Parvo Virus (Parvovirus) is marked by a variety of ...
Canine Parvovirose 🐶🐶 is an infectious, extremely contagious disease caused by the virus called Canine Parvovirus 2 or CPV-2. ... Dogs of any breed and age may be affected but young dogs (between 6 weeks and 6 months) are the most vulnerable.. Animals often ... In Madagascar 🇲🇬, canine parvovirosis has been described since 1982 in dogs and it appears that some wild island carnivores ... Note that canine parvovirosis can also infect cats (rarely) and some wildlife such as wolves, foxes or cheetahs 🐺. On the other ...
Home » Blog » Treating Canine Parvovirus. Treating Canine Parvovirus. by East Valley Animal Hospital , Oct 15, 2020 , Dog Care ... Why is it Important to Vaccinate For Parvovirus?. Canine Parvovirus is a gastrointestinal disease that can be lethal for dogs ... Treating Canine Parvovirus. If you suspect that your dog may be ill, its crucial that your pet see a veterinarian as soon as ... Canine parvovirus is often a deadly disease, so aggressive and early action are important in order for your dog to have the ...
Our Fairhaven vets talk about parvovirus in dogs, the dangers of this virus and what you can do to protect your pup. ... What are the symptoms of parvovirus in dogs?. Unfortunately, when the symptoms of parvovirus begin to show in a dog or puppy, ... Protecting Your Dog Against Parvovirus with Vaccines. You should always keep your puppy or dog away from other pups that have ... Parvovirus in Dogs. Parvovirus is a highly contagious virus that causes extreme gastrointestinal symptoms in puppies and ...
I found this revelation upsetting as although it is highly contagious, Parvovirus can be avoided by vaccinat ... wellpethumane.com Just this week I was reading an article in our local newspaper about the high number of Parvovirus cases that ... Dogs with Parvovirus must be isolated from other dogs and care must be taken when handling them and any equipment ensuring that ... Canine Parvovirus (CPV) is a highly contagious and often fatal virus infecting dogs. Parvo, as it is more commonly known, ...
Everything you need to know about Canine Parvovirus. Health Issue Description - FCN ... Dogs/Canine. Articles. Descriptions. Gallery. Health. Dogs/Canine/Hybrid. Descriptions. Horses/Equine. Articles. Descriptions. ... and canine coronavirus increase a dogs risk of severe infection. Dogs who catch Parvovirus usually die from the dehydration it ... Is a contagious virus mainly affecting dogs. The disease is highly infectious and is spread from dog to dog by direct or ...
For example, the canine parvovirus (CPV) utilizes transferrin receptors (TfRs) for binding and cell entry into canine as well ... For example, the canine parvovirus (CPV) utilizes transferrin receptors (TfRs) for binding and cell entry into canine as well ... Singh, P., Destito, G., Schneemann, A. et al. Canine parvovirus-like particles, a novel nanomaterial for tumor targeting. J ... Canine parvovirus-like particles, a novel nanomaterial for tumor targeting. *Pratik Singh1,2, ...
The new dog and their feces should be kept away from puppies and unvaccinated dogs for 2 weeks. Dogs that have had at least two ... Guidebook: Canine Parvovirus. Chapter 12: Client Information. *CPV is highly infectious and causes diarrhea (sometimes bloody ... There is some risk that a dog incubating CPV will infect other dogs. ... Unfortunately, many dogs from shelters often have been exposed to CPV and should be observed for 14 days after adoption to be ...
This can be fatal for young dogs that are not not vaccinated or have maternal antibodies. ... Canine Parvovirus, also called parvo (CVPC, CPV-2, CPV-2a, CPV-2b, CPV-2c), infects the intestinal epithelium and spreads to ... Parvo, short for canine parvovirus (CPV), is caused by canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), one of the main enteric viruses ... are Mouse Anti-Canine Parvovirus Antibodies suitable for ELISA. The third, clone PV1-2A1, will detect canine parvovirus and ...
Canine Parvovirus Infection - Our Paws to Protect topic this month is vaccinations. Every time you have your pet vaccinated ... In this weeks blog, we will utilize the canine parvovirus infection (parvo) to discuss and illustrate some of the nuances of ... The parvovirus vaccine is a type of vaccine that needs to be boostered 2 to 4 weeks after the initial vaccine. Since this puppy ... Since it can take 6 to 10 days for a dog to develop signs after being exposed to parvo, this puppy was probably exposed to ...
Pathogenesis-of-canine-parvovirus SDTS 2017-12-18T12:09:10-05:00 Pathogenesis-of-canine-parvovirus ...
Welcome to our Canine Parvovirus (CPV) page. Contact Goochland Animal Clinic today at (804) 556-5566 or visit our office ... Most dogs obtain the virus via fecal-oral contact. Heavy concentrations of Canine Parvovirus are excreted in an infected dogs ... The survival rate for adult dogs diagnosed with Canine Parvovirus is high and is only slightly lower for puppies. ... Canine Parvovirus (CPV) is a contagious disease attacking cells that rapidly reproduce. It can occur at any age but is ...
HIPRADOG PV is a live vaccine against canine parvovirus infections, in injectable suspension. Vaccines for dogs vaccination by ... Antibody response against canine parvovirus of client-owned dog puppies after vaccination with bivalent or multivalent vaccines ...
Mouse Anti-Canine Parvovirus 2 Antibody (3G3). Mouse anti Canine Parvovirus 2 antibody (3G3) is a monoclonal antibody that is ... Mouse Anti-Canine Parvovirus 2 Antibody (3H6). Mouse anti Canine Parvovirus 2 antibody (3H6) is a monoclonal antibody that is ... Mouse Anti-Canine Parvovirus 2 Antibody (5G7). Mouse anti Canine Parvovirus 2 antibody (5G7) is a monoclonal antibody that is ... Mouse Anti-Canine Parvovirus 2 Antibody (8H7). Mouse anti Canine Parvovirus 2 antibody (8H7) is a monoclonal antibody that is ...
Welcome to our Canine Parvovirus (CPV) page. Contact Standifer Gap Pet Hospital today at 423-855-5602 or visit our office ... Canine Parvovirus (CPV) Canine Parvovirus (CPV) is a contagious disease attacking cells that rapidly reproduce. It can occur at ... Most dogs obtain the virus via fecal-oral contact. Heavy concentrations of Canine Parvovirus are excreted in an infected dogs ... The survival rate for adult dogs diagnosed with Canine Parvovirus is high and is only slightly lower for puppies. ...
Canine parvovirus type 2 One-Step PCR kit - Bioingentech ... Canine parvovirus type 2 One-Step PCR kit Catalog number: / ... Canine parvovirus type 2 One-Step PCR kit Catalog Number: Oneq-V080-150D ... Canine parvovirus type 2 One-Step PCR kit Catalog Number: Oneq-V080-50D ... Mouse parvovirus type 1 One-Step PCR kit Catalog Number: Oneq-V324-150D ...
  • Dogs have a distinctive odor in the later stages of the infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although vaccinations are generally very effective, they do not provide complete protection from infection in every dog. (keyt.com)
  • A recent study asked the question: Does having parvovirus infection as a puppy have a negative health impact later in a dog's life? (dvm360.com)
  • Chronic GI problems were significantly more frequent in dogs with CPV than in control dogs (42% vs. 12%), indicating "a higher risk of chronic GI problems following CPV infection," the investigators wrote. (dvm360.com)
  • Another startling thing about the infection is its level of contagiousness and how it can affect a population of dogs. (carlsonwagonlit.ca)
  • Your dog should have immunity to the infection after the first 3 initial vaccinations. (carlsonwagonlit.ca)
  • Humans are not susceptible to canine parvovirus infection though some strains can be contagious to cats. (vin.com)
  • Adult dogs who are current on their parvo vaccinations are not susceptible to infection. (vin.com)
  • Although evocative, clinical signs alone are not enough to claim Parvovirus infection. (mahaliana.org)
  • Unfortunately, when the symptoms of parvovirus begin to show in a dog or puppy, this means that the infection is already serious. (newenglandanimalhosp.com)
  • In this week's blog, we will utilize the canine parvovirus infection (parvo) to discuss and illustrate some of the nuances of vaccines that you may not be as familiar with. (lawndalevets.com)
  • It's also likely that your vet will recommend your dog stay in an isolation ward at a veterinary hospital, that way it receives the specialized care and monitoring it needs without the risk of spreading the infection or contracting others in addition. (independenceveterinaryclinic.com)
  • Canine Parvovirus Parvo Test Kit is used to test Canine parvovirus (CPV) disease, which is a potent canine infection that is highly contagious. (hwtai.com)
  • Puppies of immune female dogs are usually protected from parvovirus infection for about 2 to 3 months through the uptake of maternal antibodies in colostrum. (laboklin.com)
  • 1980). Clinical picture Clinically, canine parvovirus infection is characterised by gastroenteritis with haemorrhagic diarrhoea and vomiting. (laboklin.com)
  • In suspected cases, diagnosis of a parvovirus infection can be made by detecting virus particles in faeces or swabs. (laboklin.com)
  • Canine leptospirosis is a common bacterial infection that can be caused by many different strains of Leptospira bacteria, and all mammals are potentially at risk. (petmd.com)
  • When unprotected dogs come into contact with the feces (stool), infection occurs when the virus is ingested. (cmah.net)
  • All dogs are at risk, but unvaccinated puppies are particularly susceptible to infection. (cmah.net)
  • Vaccination and cleanliness are critical to preventing Parvovirus infection. (cmah.net)
  • Canine Parvovirus is a highly contagious infection that mostly affects unvaccinated dogs under four months. (loverdoodles.com)
  • The canine parvovirus treatment is effective when the infection is diagnosed earlier. (loverdoodles.com)
  • Therefore, diarrhea in unvaccinated doodle dogs can be a sign of parvovirus infection. (loverdoodles.com)
  • Although some doodle dogs have specific sensitive stomachs, vomiting, and other symptoms can indicate a parvovirus infection. (loverdoodles.com)
  • Therefore, if you have had an otherwise active and playful doodle dog that has suddenly become dull and less interested than normal, it could be a sign of a possible infection, such as canine parvovirus. (loverdoodles.com)
  • Although it can cause dogs to become terribly sick, it cannot cause any infection to humans. (dogseed.com)
  • The primary sign of CPV infection is lethargy, dog exhibit lack or energy or extreme fatigue even without doing any activity. (dogseed.com)
  • The most common secondary infection is acute canine enteritis which can severely damage the dog's intestinal walls. (dogseed.com)
  • Blood plasma transfusion from dogs that survived CPV is sometimes given to give the dog passive immunity against the infection. (dogseed.com)
  • Canine Parvovirus (CPV) is a highly contagious viral infection that affects dogs of all ages but is most commonly seen in puppies. (phoenixvetcenter.com)
  • PORTLAND, Ore. , April 15, 2014 /PRNewswire/ -- Banfield Pet Hospital®, the world's largest veterinary practice, released its State of Pet Health™ 2014 Report today, revealing a staggering 48 percent increase in the prevalence of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection in cats and a 21 percent increase in the prevalence of infection with the bacterium that causes Lyme disease in dogs. (prnewswire.com)
  • Infectious Diseases in Dogs, Areas of Potential Infection - Banfield Pet Hospital's State of Pet Health(TM) 2014 Report focuses on infectious diseases that can threaten the overall health of pets. (prnewswire.com)
  • Furthermore, the infection was twice as common in large breed dogs as in toy/small breed dogs. (prnewswire.com)
  • The Dependovirus adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a small parvovirus that requires a helper co-infection to replicate (either adenovirus or herpes simplex virus ) and is not directly associated with a disease in its own right. (medscape.com)
  • This report* was developed to assist physicians, public health officials, and other health-care professionals respond to public concerns about recently recognized, serious complications of human parvovirus B19 (B19) infection, including transient aplastic crisis (TAC), chronic anemia, and fetal death. (cdc.gov)
  • And you actually, even after the dogs has recovered, basically, from the infection, the dogs can keep coughing for a few more days. (cdc.gov)
  • Parvovirus kills about eighty percent of the dogs that become infected with this disease, but it is preventable through vaccination. (dogshealth.com)
  • A vaccination regimen typically starts when the dog is 8 weeks old, but it may start as early as 4 weeks old in shelter settings, where diseases can spread to other pets. (lbpost.com)
  • This does not negate the importance of vaccination," Cabrera added, noting that while it's possible for dogs to become infected after being vaccinated, "it's extremely rare. (lbpost.com)
  • The UK Kennel Club say " Vaccination is the most effective way to protect your dog from parvovirus", explaining that a dog should first have had a vaccine when they were a puppy, but then require regular additional boosters as part of their annual vaccinations. (blackpoolgazette.co.uk)
  • The importance of vaccination is reiterated by Mount Vets, who announced they were changing their vaccine protocol, now offering an extra booster between primary vaccines and the first booster for pupplies, and for fully vaccinated dogs, offering a parvo booster. (blackpoolgazette.co.uk)
  • Young puppies who have not yet achieved full immunity, dogs that have not had a vaccination and dogs that are not up to date with their vaccinations are most at risk of being infected. (blackpoolgazette.co.uk)
  • Most control dogs presented for wellness exams and vaccination. (dvm360.com)
  • This means that even after they've had their last puppy vaccination, you should wait an additional two weeks to ensure parvovirus immunity has had a chance to take effect before socializing your dog with other dogs whose vaccination status may be unclear. (ranchovet.com)
  • Dog parvo vaccination must be administered for puppies at around 6-8 weeks of their age. (carlsonwagonlit.ca)
  • Feline distemper vaccination is protective to cats as feline distemper is a parvovirus. (vin.com)
  • The latest vaccination programs have helped to control this disease although even dogs who have been vaccinated against Parvo Virus have still been known to have contracted the disease. (mans-best-friend.org.uk)
  • At East Valley Animal Hospital in Gilbert, we know you want to give your new dog a happy, healthy and long life, so we're here to educate you on everything you will need to know for your new pet, including a vaccination schedule. (eastvalleyanimal.com)
  • Be sure to follow your vet's advice when having your puppy or dog vaccinated against Parvo, rabies and other potentially serious conditions, and follow the recommended puppy vaccination schedule for your area. (newenglandanimalhosp.com)
  • All dogs should receive an annual vaccination and if the vaccination history is not known I suggest speaking with your vet as to whether the dog requires a full course. (vetnpetdirect.com.au)
  • Emergence of this strain has led to claims of ineffective vaccination of dogs, however studies have shown that the existing CPV vaccines still provide adequate levels of protection against CPV type 2c. (furrycritter.com)
  • Vaccination is extremely important and can help prevent Canine Parvovirus. (goochlandanimalclinic.com)
  • Your pet's vaccination schedule depends on the breed, size of your dog and the area where you live. (vetinfo.com)
  • The American Veterinary Medical Association feels Distemper vaccinations are the most important vaccination for puppies and dogs. (vetinfo.com)
  • The vaccination for canine distemper virus (CDV) is considered a core vaccine, meaning that it's recommended for all dogs regardless of location. (petmd.com)
  • Most states legally require rabies vaccination for dog. (petmd.com)
  • Vaccination is one of the best ways to prevent parvovirus. (caringpets.org)
  • However, it is important to note that not only puppies are at risk, but dogs of any age can also contract the virus especially when they have not received vaccination yet or missed on their booster shots. (dogseed.com)
  • Vaccination against Parvovirus is available. (dogseed.com)
  • As mentioned, vaccination is the best way to prevent dogs from contracting the virus. (dogseed.com)
  • CPV is highly contagious and is spread from dog to dog by direct or indirect contact with their feces. (wikipedia.org)
  • It's easy to tell if your dog has tapeworms because you'll see small white segments of the worm moving around in your dog's feces. (dogshealth.com)
  • Canine parvovirus spreads through traces of feces from infected dogs. (ranchovet.com)
  • Canine Parvovirus is a highly contagious disease which can be spread through contact with the feces of infected dogs and every day objects such as clothing, shoes, crates or equipment. (mans-best-friend.org.uk)
  • Unfortunately, parvovirus is easily transmissible through contact with an infected dog or by coming into contact with diseased feces. (eastvalleyanimal.com)
  • It can also be spread if a person were to walk through an area with infected feces and then go into a home of an unvaccinated dog. (eastvalleyanimal.com)
  • The virus is spread through traces of feces from infected dogs. (newenglandanimalhosp.com)
  • The new dog and their feces should be kept away from puppies and unvaccinated dogs for 2 weeks. (sheltermedicine.com)
  • A parvo test that screens for parvovirus in the feces is positive. (lawndalevets.com)
  • The virus is transmitted through the feces of infected dogs, and it is incredibly stable in the environment. (lawndalevets.com)
  • Heavy concentrations of Canine Parvovirus are excreted in an infected dog's stools, so if a healthy dog sniffs or licks contaminated feces, it can contract the disease. (goochlandanimalclinic.com)
  • Parvovirus spreads through contact with an infected dog's feces. (vetinfo.com)
  • Nelson asks owners of dogs with immunity issues to "stay away from dog parks and other areas where they could encounter other pets' feces … it's probably best to just kind of keep them at home until this problem has resolved itself. (herepup.com)
  • According to the American Veterinarian Medical Association, the virus is spread by direct dog-to-dog contact and contact with contaminated feces (stool), environments, or people. (warwickpost.com)
  • Even trace amounts of feces from an infected dog may harbor the virus and infect other dogs that come into the infected environment. (warwickpost.com)
  • Canine Parvovirus Parvo Test Kit is tested by immunochromatography on canine feces or vomit samples to quickly detect whether a dog has been infected with canine parvovirus. (hwtai.com)
  • the virus is highly contagious and can also spread indirectly via an infected dog's feces, a person or an object that has been in contact with the dog. (petmiconnect.com)
  • About 1000 particles of the virus are enough to infect your dog with Parvo whereas, an ounce of an infected dog's feces sheds nearly 35 million particles. (petmiconnect.com)
  • If you already have other dogs at home, make sure the areas where the feces were shed are all disinfected. (petmiconnect.com)
  • Doodle dogs can contract canine parvovirus by getting into nasal or oral contact with infected feces or contact with the environment or objects contaminated with canine parvovirus. (loverdoodles.com)
  • The virus causes severe illness in dogs and can be transmitted from one dog to another through contact with the feces of an infected animal. (caringpets.org)
  • Parvovirus can be transmitted between dogs through contact with infected feces, so it's important to clean up pet waste as soon as possible and avoid contact with other animals. (caringpets.org)
  • The virus is extremely tough and can survive in dog feces or other organic materials like soil for more than 10 years. (dogseed.com)
  • The virus then spreads to the bloodstream and the infected dog becomes a carrier and can further infect other dogs through their feces. (dogseed.com)
  • It is transmitted through contact of dogs with infected feces or vomiting or contact with other dogs that have the virus. (hickeysolution.com)
  • It is necessary to keep the dog on an absolute fast until it is 24 hours without vomiting and excreting feces with blood. (hickeysolution.com)
  • Canine parvovirus is highly contagious and can be transmitted through contact with infected feces or vomit. (phoenixvetcenter.com)
  • Cloning of a human parvovirus by molecular screening of respiratory tract samples. (medscape.com)
  • Schistosomiasis, 25°C, gradually decreasing, along two human parvovirus PARV4 genotypes known since ancient times, is caused identifi ed in human plasma for fraction- the brook course. (cdc.gov)
  • Another common dog illness is canine distemper, a dangerous and incurable disease that can seriously affect your dog's health and longevity. (dogshealth.com)
  • If your dog survives canine distemper it may suffer neurological damage for the rest of its life. (dogshealth.com)
  • Symptoms in the early stages of canine distemper are coughing, diarrhea, and mucus discharge from the eyes and nose. (dogshealth.com)
  • Adult dogs have a fifty percent chance of surviving canine distemper but unfortunately, puppies have only about a twenty percent chance of survival. (dogshealth.com)
  • It is vital that your dog receive a distemper vaccine shot to prevent catching this deadly disease. (dogshealth.com)
  • At the end of the visit, the puppy is dewormed, vaccinated with a combination distemper / parvovirus / adenovirus / parainfluenza vaccine, and sent home with it's preventive medications (heartworm, intestinal parasite, flea/tick). (lawndalevets.com)
  • 80% of all puppies and 50% of adult dogs that contract Canine Distemper succumb to the disease. (vetinfo.com)
  • Canine Distemper spreads through contact with infected animals' body fluids and excretions. (vetinfo.com)
  • Canine distemper virus is a contagious and potentially life-threatening virus. (petmd.com)
  • Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb) is one component in the disease kennel cough , which also includes canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV), canine adenovirus 2, canine influenza virus, and sometimes canine distemper virus. (petmd.com)
  • Feline Parvovirus, a different strain of virus, causes a different type of disease known as Feline Distemper. (cmah.net)
  • Canine parvovirus (also referred to as CPV, CPV2, or parvo) is a contagious virus mainly affecting dogs. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are two types of CPV called canine minute virus (CPV1) and CPV2. (furrycritter.com)
  • CPV2 causes the most serious disease and affects domesticated dogs and wild canids. (furrycritter.com)
  • However, it is possible that CPV2 is a mutant of an unidentified parvovirus (similar to feline parvovirus (FPV)) of some wild carnivore. (furrycritter.com)
  • CPV2, however, does not cause disease in cats and does so only mildly in mink and raccoons, and is a virus almost exclusively affecting canines. (furrycritter.com)
  • CPV2 continues to evolve, and the success of new strains seems to depend on extending the range of hosts affected and improved binding to its receptor, the canine transferrin receptor. (furrycritter.com)
  • PARVO is a disease caused in puppies by the canine parvovirus (CPV or CPV2). (bioonetucson.com)
  • Canine Parvovirus type 2 (CPV2), commonly known as parvo, is an infectious virus usually affecting dogs. (dogseed.com)
  • In all U.S. cities dogs are required to have rabies vaccinations. (dogshealth.com)
  • In a Facebook post this week, Mount Vets said "We have seen an increase in the number of cases of Canine Parvovirus in the local area" as it urged people to stay up to date with their parvo vaccinations. (blackpoolgazette.co.uk)
  • However, it isn't until the young dog has received all 3 parvo vaccinations that they will be protected against the disease. (ranchovet.com)
  • One of the most important vaccinations for your new pet is the canine parvovirus vaccine. (eastvalleyanimal.com)
  • With dog viruses, protection usually comes in the form of vaccines, and this is no exception as parvovirus immunity only comes from vaccinations. (newenglandanimalhosp.com)
  • In 2006, the American Animal Hospital Association released new guidelines for canine vaccinations. (vetinfo.com)
  • Classifications for canine vaccinations include core or non-core. (vetinfo.com)
  • Non-core vaccinations for dogs protect against diseases localized to certain regions in the world. (vetinfo.com)
  • Dog vaccines' schedules include vaccinations against Canine Hepatitis. (vetinfo.com)
  • Keep your vaccinations for dogs up to date and prevent this fatal disease. (vetinfo.com)
  • Even though a dog cannot be completely protected from parvo, getting yours the necessary preventative vaccinations is a huge step in keeping it safe and healthy. (independenceveterinaryclinic.com)
  • Vaccinations are recommended to be given starting at 7 to 8 weeks of age, and boosters should be administered every 3 to 4 weeks until the dog is 16 weeks old. (dogseed.com)
  • Adult doggos should also receive regular booster vaccinations to maintain their immunity to parvovirus. (phoenixvetcenter.com)
  • Never let your puppy spend time around dogs that have not been fully vaccinated against parvovirus. (ranchovet.com)
  • While socialization is essential for young dogs, it is important to know if the dogs that your puppy spends time with are fully vaccinated and do not pose a health risk to your pup. (ranchovet.com)
  • Fully vaccinated canines are immune to parvo, but they could still be carriers of the virus, putting unvaccinated puppies at risk. (carlsonwagonlit.ca)
  • If your dog is not fully vaccinated, avoid bringing them outside if not required. (carlsonwagonlit.ca)
  • When the mother of the puppies is fully vaccinated against parvovirus, it means that the puppies will be protected until they begin to wean, usually around six weeks of age. (newenglandanimalhosp.com)
  • So whether it's in a dog park situation, [or] it's in a breeder or a shelter situation, it's these young pets that have not been fully vaccinated against it yet that are the ones that are the most susceptible. (herepup.com)
  • It's important to have your puppy fully vaccinated against parvovirus before going to the dog park or anywhere else your pup might encounter other dogs, an expert says. (havefungetfitlivewell.com)
  • It's important to note that your puppy or dog will not have full immunity against the virus until two weeks after their final vaccine. (ranchovet.com)
  • Since it can take 6 to 10 days for a dog to develop signs after being exposed to parvo, this puppy was probably exposed to parvo before the new owner adopted the puppy (so it was likely exposed prior to the vaccine). (lawndalevets.com)
  • The parvovirus vaccine is a type of vaccine that needs to be boostered 2 to 4 weeks after the initial vaccine. (lawndalevets.com)
  • Live vaccine against canine parvovirus infections, in injectable suspension. (hipra.com)
  • This current spread may have some discernable sources: "some of the pets that we're seeing recently that are acquiring parvovirus are too young to have received the vaccine. (herepup.com)
  • What Is a Vaccine Reaction in a Dog? (petmd.com)
  • Additionally, this study found that the potential for vaccine reaction may be increased if a dog is given more than one vaccine per office visit. (petmd.com)
  • Because rabies can be transmitted to humans and is a fatal disease, it's a core vaccine and highly recommended for all dogs/pets and horses. (petmd.com)
  • It would help if you gave him a vaccine against parvovirus to vaccinate your dog at least six times per year. (caringpets.org)
  • Diarrhea and vomiting result in dehydration that upsets the electrolyte balance and this may affect the dog critically. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dogs infected with canine parvovirus can exhibit symptoms like lack of desire to eat or drink, bloody diarrhea, dehydration , lethargic behavior, as well as vomiting. (eastvalleyanimal.com)
  • Most canines who face a life-threatening prognosis also suffer from dehydration. (goochlandanimalclinic.com)
  • The biggest concern with Parvovirus is dehydration from the frequent vomiting and diarrhea. (vetinfo.com)
  • Other symptoms of canine parvovirus in dogs can include fever, dehydration, and weight loss. (phoenixvetcenter.com)
  • Treatment for parvovirus in canines typically involves hospitalization and supportive care, including intravenous fluids to prevent dehydration, antibiotics to prevent secondary infections, and medication to control vomiting and diarrhea. (phoenixvetcenter.com)
  • Dogs with parvovirus often experience severe dehydration due to vomiting and diarrhea. (phoenixvetcenter.com)
  • How can you prevent the spread of parvovirus? (blackpoolgazette.co.uk)
  • In addition to immunizations, practicing good hygiene, such as picking up after your puppy and washing your hands after handling dogs or their waste, can also help prevent the spread of parvovirus. (phoenixvetcenter.com)
  • If you've got a young puppy, be sure to get in touch with your vet immediately if your dog displays symptoms of parvo. (ranchovet.com)
  • Your puppy should receive their vaccines against parvovirus at 6, 8, and 12 weeks of age. (ranchovet.com)
  • If you are a pet parent, having your puppy vaccinated against parvovirus is one of the best ways you can guard the health of your new companion and the health of other dogs in your household and neighborhood. (ranchovet.com)
  • It is essential to understand that once your puppy or dog begins showing symptoms of parvovirus they are already very ill. (ranchovet.com)
  • If your puppy is diagnosed with canine parvovirus, it is essential to take the steps required to isolate your puppy from other animals and always wash your hands thoroughly after being near your young dog. (ranchovet.com)
  • Your puppy can be considered immune to parvovirus but there are many other infectious diseases that your puppy needs to be vaccinated against. (vin.com)
  • The sole purpose of the Online Encyclopaedia of Common Dog Health Problems is as a reference manual to provide useful information to dog and puppy owners. (mans-best-friend.org.uk)
  • As soon as you've brought home your new adult dog or puppy, give us a call and we can make sure your furry friend is up to date on all immunizations! (eastvalleyanimal.com)
  • If you have a young puppy be sure to contact your vet immediately if your dog shows symptoms of Parvo. (newenglandanimalhosp.com)
  • If any of the above symptoms appear in your dog or puppy, you need to contact your vet right away. (newenglandanimalhosp.com)
  • You should always keep your puppy or dog away from other pups that have not been vaccinated. (newenglandanimalhosp.com)
  • If your dog or puppy has been in contact with an infected animal, please contact our vets in Fairhaven right away. (newenglandanimalhosp.com)
  • Parvovirus is a very serious and highly contagious gastrointestinal virus that can cause a puppy to go from a perfectly healthy state to fatally ill in just a matter of days. (independenceveterinaryclinic.com)
  • If your puppy or dog is showing any of the above symptoms, seek veterinary attention right away. (independenceveterinaryclinic.com)
  • If your puppy or dog shows any of these signs, you should contact your veterinarian immediately. (warwickpost.com)
  • This means that your puppy is more or less always exposed to the risk of getting parvovirus. (bioonetucson.com)
  • For example, something as trivial as a person who has been in contact with an infected dog petting your puppy can lead to your puppy getting the virus. (bioonetucson.com)
  • If you are adopting a new puppy, avoid interactions of the new member with your unvaccinated dog. (petmiconnect.com)
  • These programs are our Neonatal Kitten Nursery , Barn Cat Program , Parvo Puppy ICU , Ringworm Adoption Center , Feline Leukemia Adoption Center , Medical Triage & Wellness Clinic , and our Dog Behavior Program . (austinpetsalive.org)
  • If the veterinarian has diagnosed the puppy with parvovirus, the first step is to isolate it from other dogs, to prevent the virus from proliferating and speed up treatment. (hickeysolution.com)
  • In some cases, despite the best efforts of veterinary care, a puppy may not survive parvovirus. (phoenixvetcenter.com)
  • Canine parvovirus is an extremely infectious virus that is present year-round and can cause very serious disease and death in dogs and puppies. (keyt.com)
  • Dogs who are boarded, go to dog parks or beaches, and who go on group walks are considered to be at a higher risk for infectious respiratory disease. (keyt.com)
  • In fact, this disease is so infectious that a person who's unknowingly been in contact with an infected dog can pass the virus on to puppies and other dogs simply through touch, meaning that unfortunately, patting a pup lovingly on the head could touch off a life-threatening illness. (ranchovet.com)
  • Canine Parvovirose 🐶🐶 is an infectious, extremely contagious disease caused by the virus called Canine Parvovirus 2 or CPV-2. (mahaliana.org)
  • Parvoviruses play a significant role as infectious agents in various species. (laboklin.com)
  • A blood plasma transfusion from a donor dog that has already survived CPV is sometimes used to provide passive immunity to the sick dog. (wikipedia.org)
  • During the weaning process, they will begin to lose their immunity from parvovirus and other diseases. (newenglandanimalhosp.com)
  • Most canines at the time had no natural immunity to the virus and its spread was rapid and devastating, especially for puppies. (cmah.net)
  • SANTA MARIA, Calif. - Santa Barbara County Animal Services noticed a recent uptick of canine respiratory disease and parvovirus infections in dogs in the Santa Maria area. (keyt.com)
  • Canine parvovirus (CPV) infections cause serious and acute gastrointestinal (GI) disease, particularly in puppies. (dvm360.com)
  • Parvovirus infections, while only causing discomfort in vaccinated dogs, can cause serious health complications for puppies and unvaccinated dogs. (newenglandanimalhosp.com)
  • The virus also attacks white blood cells, leaving the infected dog much more susceptible to other bacterial infections. (sheltermedicine.com)
  • This can lead to secondary infections due to the weakened immune system of the dog. (dogseed.com)
  • Dogs with parvo may require medications to control vomiting, diarrhea, and secondary bacterial infections. (phoenixvetcenter.com)
  • The symptoms of parvovirus include vomiting, decreased appetite, bloody diarrhea and lethargy. (dogshealth.com)
  • The signs or symptoms of Parvovirus start with a loss of appetite, lethargy, depression, vomiting and diarrhea (often containing blood) and it can progress very quickly. (vetnpetdirect.com.au)
  • Canine parvovirus can cause an energy decline in your doodle dog, and lethargy could be a resulting sign or symptom. (loverdoodles.com)
  • Doing preventative steps to avoid this virus is better than handling it once it infects your dog. (carlsonwagonlit.ca)
  • The virus mainly infects dogs, especially puppies, which are highly contagious, have an acute onset, and have a high mortality rate. (hwtai.com)
  • When parvovirus infects the bone marrow, it can lead to decreased production of red and white blood cells and platelets, which can have serious consequences for the dog's overall health. (phoenixvetcenter.com)
  • Colin Parrish] So, the canine influenza is a different strain from the virus that infects humans. (cdc.gov)
  • The most common symptoms of parvovirus are fever, coughing, and vomiting. (caringpets.org)
  • Parvovirus, however, is more serious and the presence of bloody diarrhea, a low white blood cell count, and necrosis of the intestinal lining also point more towards parvovirus, especially in an unvaccinated dog. (wikipedia.org)
  • By attacking the rapidly dividing intestinal crypt epithelium and destroying the intestinal barrier, CPV causes hemorrhagic diarrhea and may predispose dogs to chronic immunologic diseases. (dvm360.com)
  • the diarrhea or vomiting was hemorrhagic in some dogs. (dvm360.com)
  • Canine Parvo Virus is a highly contagious disease, characterized by bloody diarrhea, which can be fatal. (mans-best-friend.org.uk)
  • Treatment is geared towards reducing the effects of the disease such as replacing fluids, controlling vomiting and diarrhea and general good dog care. (mans-best-friend.org.uk)
  • Diarrhea is one of the most popular signs of parvovirus in doodle dogs. (loverdoodles.com)
  • Such as allergies or dietary changes, diarrhea in your doodle dog can be especially alarming. (loverdoodles.com)
  • If you have concerns that your doodle dog is experiencing diarrhea and digestive issues, use the Purina Fecal Score to better describe and determine the symptoms and signs to your vet professional. (loverdoodles.com)
  • Dogs infected with parvovirus may also develop diarrhea, weight loss, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. (caringpets.org)
  • The most common symptom of parvovirus is diarrhea , usually with blood and a very strong odor. (hickeysolution.com)
  • Unfortunately there are many common dog illnesses and diseases that can be life-threatening to your pet. (dogshealth.com)
  • Often called just "parvo", canine parvovirus is one of the most contagious and serious of diseases faced by dogs. (paradiseanimalhospital.com)
  • State laws require dogs to have current vaccines for specific deadly diseases, such as rabies. (vetinfo.com)
  • Your dog may need additional dog vaccines for localized diseases. (vetinfo.com)
  • Some of these diseases spread through contact with infected animals, lessening the threat to dogs that rarely leave their home. (vetinfo.com)
  • Unlike many dog diseases, Parvovirus kills a dog within two or three days. (vetinfo.com)
  • For dog-parents, canine parvovirus is one of the most dreaded diseases owing to its severity. (petmiconnect.com)
  • While it's not as common as other diseases, it's a concern for dog owners. (caringpets.org)
  • Signs and symptoms exhibited by dogs infected with parvo are sometimes similar to other diseases that's why it is important to see a veterinarian once your dog starts to show any of these symptoms. (dogseed.com)
  • Download the State of Pet Health(TM) 2014 Report and discover key findings on a wide range of pet health conditions and diseases such as Lyme disease and canine parvovirus, by visiting stateofpethealth.com. (prnewswire.com)
  • Treatment involves hospitalization of dog. (dogseed.com)
  • Human bocavirus: a novel parvovirus epidemiologically associated with pneumonia requiring hospitalization in Thailand. (medscape.com)
  • For puppies and unvaccinated dogs of all ages, this highly contagious virus causes extreme gastrointestinal symptoms. (ranchovet.com)
  • Parvovirus is a highly contagious virus that causes extreme gastrointestinal symptoms in puppies and unvaccinated dogs of all ages. (newenglandanimalhosp.com)
  • Puppies and unvaccinated dogs are at the highest risk of contracting CPV, as their immune systems are not fully developed. (phoenixvetcenter.com)
  • There is some risk that a dog incubating CPV will infect other dogs. (sheltermedicine.com)
  • For example, the Canine Parvovirus (Parvo) will mainly infect dogs and does not cause disease in cats or humans. (cmah.net)
  • only the adeno-associated parvoviruses (members of the dependovirus genus) and B19 are known to infect humans. (cdc.gov)
  • Are some dogs more susceptible to parvovirus? (blackpoolgazette.co.uk)
  • Younger puppies are more susceptible to parvovirus - so if your dog is aged six weeks to six months, you need to ensure that they are either vaccinated against parvovirus or are sheltered enough that they have no contact whatsoever with the virus. (bioonetucson.com)
  • 2] It is also highly similar to mink enteritis, and the parvoviruses of raccoons and foxes. (furrycritter.com)
  • The best-known protoparvovirus is canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2), which was identified in the 1970s as the main cause of viral enteritis in dogs (Cooper et al. (laboklin.com)
  • After examination, they can determine whether it is a symptom of parvovirus or something else. (loverdoodles.com)
  • There are vaccines against parvovirus - V8 and V10 - however, even vaccinated animals can end up contracting the disease. (hickeysolution.com)
  • Dogs that develop the disease show signs of the illness within three to ten days. (wikipedia.org)
  • Parvovirus is another viral illness that is especially dangerous for puppies. (dogshealth.com)
  • Tapeworm is a common dog illness caused by parasites and affects many dogs. (dogshealth.com)
  • No ailment in your dog should be considered just a common dog illness and left untreated. (dogshealth.com)
  • Your veterinarian will need to run lab tests to confirm that the illness is in fact parvovirus. (eastvalleyanimal.com)
  • This rash of illness has led health officials in DC to issue a warning for dog owners to safeguard their dogs from the dangerous virus. (herepup.com)
  • This highly contagious virus can cause severe illness in dogs and other animals. (caringpets.org)
  • Parvovirus is a highly contagious virus that can cause severe illness in dogs and other animals. (caringpets.org)
  • How does parvovirus cause illness in dogs? (caringpets.org)
  • The highly contagious virus can cause severe and potentially fatal illness, so it's essential for dog owners to be aware of the symptoms and treatment options. (phoenixvetcenter.com)
  • Bloat is a life threatening condition commonly found in large dog breeds like Great Danes and Mastiffs. (dogshealth.com)
  • Canine parvovirus (CPV-2), commonly called parvo, is a highly contagious and unfortunately hardy canine-specific virus that affects the gastrointestinal tract of unvaccinated dogs. (lbpost.com)
  • There are several name variations of the disease but it is most commonly referred to as CPV-2 (Canine Parvo Virus - variation 2). (mans-best-friend.org.uk)
  • Parvo, as it is more commonly known, attacks the gastrointestinal tract and the cardiovascular system of the dog. (vetnpetdirect.com.au)
  • Most commonly, a dog sneezes and passes the virus to other dogs in the area. (vetinfo.com)
  • Parvovirus, colloquially known as 'parvo,' is a canine virus most commonly found in small puppies and older dogs. (herepup.com)
  • The first is the form most commonly seen in dogs. (petmiconnect.com)
  • The viruses that are most relevant for dogs and cats are found in the genera Bocaparvovirus and Protoparvovirus (ICTV, 2022). (laboklin.com)
  • The virus attacks the intestines and immune systems of affected puppies and dogs, making them weak and unable to absorb essential nutrients from food. (blackpoolgazette.co.uk)
  • When your doodle dog develops a fever, its immune system tries to fight the parvovirus by raising the body temperature to make it difficult for the parvovirus to survive. (loverdoodles.com)
  • Veterinarians suggest that puppies are more at risk to parvovirus due to their underdeveloped immune systems. (dogseed.com)
  • If a dog with parvo has bone marrow involvement, veterinary treatment focuses on supportive care to manage the symptoms and improve the dog's immune system response. (phoenixvetcenter.com)
  • Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) is a pathogen whose canine-adapted form (canine parvovirus (CPV)) emerged in 1978. (nih.gov)
  • Wild canines such as coyotes and wolves and other animals such as raccoons, skunks and foxes can also contract the disease and shed the virus in areas where a domestic dog might walk. (lbpost.com)
  • The virus can live for months outside the dog and is usually resistant to traditional household cleaning products, with the exception of bleach and veterinary disinfectants. (lbpost.com)
  • The virus keeps dogs from properly absorbing nutrients. (ksby.com)
  • In their Facebook post published this week, Mount Vets added that parvovirus is spread by contaminated faeces, which may not be visible but can be present on food bowls, fur, paws, hands and surfaces, with the virus being able to survive for months in the environment. (blackpoolgazette.co.uk)
  • Dogs with symptoms and those that have recently recovered from the condition can also spread the virus. (ranchovet.com)
  • Seeing an internal medicine veterinarian is a reliable rule of thumb if you believe your canine suffers from the virus. (carlsonwagonlit.ca)
  • Parvo Virus can over take a dog within hours of the first symptoms and result in death within 48 -72 hours. (mans-best-friend.org.uk)
  • Canine Parvo Virus (Parvovirus) is usually associated with puppies under 6 months old. (mans-best-friend.org.uk)
  • Studies and analysis has shown that the breeds of dogs more susceptible to Canine Parvo Virus (Parvovirus) are the larger breeds including Rottweilers, Dobermanns and Labradors. (mans-best-friend.org.uk)
  • In Madagascar 🇲🇬, canine parvovirosis has been described since 1982 in dogs and it appears that some wild island carnivores have also been exposed to this virus. (mahaliana.org)
  • Below our Fairhaven vets talk about parvovirus in dogs, the dangers of this virus and what you can do to protect your pup. (newenglandanimalhosp.com)
  • The level of transmission with this disease is so great that a person who comes into contact with an infected dog can pass the virus along to other dogs and puppies just by touching them or their things including food dishes, toys, and bedding. (newenglandanimalhosp.com)
  • Canine Parvovirus (CPV) is a highly contagious and often fatal virus infecting dogs. (vetnpetdirect.com.au)
  • Parvovirus is a very hardy and resistant virus and can survive in an environment and on objects for up to several months. (vetnpetdirect.com.au)
  • The way to protect your beloved dog from catching the virus is by vaccinating. (vetnpetdirect.com.au)
  • It was one the most horrible illnesses I have seen, it was so sad to see these dogs severely suffering and sometimes not winning the battle, from a virus that we can protect them from. (vetnpetdirect.com.au)
  • Is a contagious virus mainly affecting dogs. (furrycritter.com)
  • Unfortunately, many dogs from shelters often have been exposed to CPV and should be observed for 14 days after adoption to be sure they are not incubating the virus. (sheltermedicine.com)
  • Most dogs obtain the virus via fecal-oral contact. (goochlandanimalclinic.com)
  • The virus attacks the liver and affects dogs differently. (vetinfo.com)
  • A gastrointestinal virus, parvo is transmitted when dogs come in contact with the waste or vomit of a dog that has also been infected. (herepup.com)
  • The recent focus on parvo in DC means that it is impossible to tell how long the virus has been in the city - up to August, DC's health department was chiefly tracking the spread of rabies in dogs. (herepup.com)
  • Puppies from six weeks to six months old, as well as unvaccinated or incompletely vaccinated dogs are at the highest risk of contracting the virus. (independenceveterinaryclinic.com)
  • The virus can spread through direct contact with an infected dog or fecal matter, or through indirect contact with infected clothing, equipment, human skin, and in the environment. (independenceveterinaryclinic.com)
  • An infected dog can begin to shed the virus before symptoms even surface and can continue to do so for up to ten days after recovery. (independenceveterinaryclinic.com)
  • The virus can also contaminate kennel surfaces, food and water bowls, collars and leashes, and the hands and clothing of people who handle infected dogs. (warwickpost.com)
  • The virus is readily transmitted from place to place on the hair or feet of dogs or via contaminated cages, shoes, or other objects, the AVMA warns. (warwickpost.com)
  • Unfortunately, PARVO - a deadly form of canine virus - is very common. (bioonetucson.com)
  • Parvovirus affects the stomach and small intestines, and this is where the virus does most of the damage. (bioonetucson.com)
  • The deadly parvovirus is a potentially life-threatening virus. (petmiconnect.com)
  • Your dog may catch the virus if he comes in direct contact with an infected pooch. (petmiconnect.com)
  • If you have had a Parvo affected dog, it is crucial to protect any other puppies that may contract the virus. (petmiconnect.com)
  • The virus is tough and can be present anywhere, so avoid public spaces such as dog parks and vet clinics that are a clear danger. (petmiconnect.com)
  • Canine parvovirus is another highly contagious virus that can cause nasal disease in dogs. (petmd.com)
  • This is a very contagious virus that mostly affects doodle dogs. (loverdoodles.com)
  • It is a relatively new virus in doodle dogs, with some of its first cases registered in the 1970s. (loverdoodles.com)
  • The virus can remain viable on a contaminated object or environment for over eight months and be transmitted to multiple animals or doodle dogs. (loverdoodles.com)
  • When your dog contracts canine parvovirus, it can be contagious within four to five days of the virus entering its system, usually before the incubation period has elapsed and your dog starts showing symptoms. (loverdoodles.com)
  • Around 5-7 days of your doodle dog contracting the virus. (loverdoodles.com)
  • Therefore, we always recommend playing it safe and ruling out any chances that your doodle dog ate something toxic, has the possibility of illnesses, or has been infected by a virus. (loverdoodles.com)
  • Dogs can experience a few different symptoms depending on the severity of the virus. (caringpets.org)
  • The virus is highly contagious and can be spread from one dog to another via fecal-oral route. (dogseed.com)
  • Below are some vital information about the virus, including signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and the necessary things to do when a dog gets infected. (dogseed.com)
  • Studies and meta-analysis of case reports suggest that there are certain breeds of dog that are more susceptible to getting infected by the virus. (dogseed.com)
  • Because of this, dogs can easily acquire the virus when they walk on places with parvo lying around and proceed to lick their paws. (dogseed.com)
  • Dogs infected with the virus starts to exhibit signs and symptoms as early as 3 to 7 days after contracting it. (dogseed.com)
  • Canine parvovirus (or canine parvovirus) is a disease caused by a virus that affects dogs and is highly contagious. (hickeysolution.com)
  • It is a highly contagious and virulent disease caused by Canine Parvovirus Virus (CPV), which is highly contagious by contact and usually kills dogs within a short period of time. (syngenemed.com)
  • B19 is in the genus parvovirus, which includes a number of animal parvoviruses such as the canine parvovirus and feline panleukopenia virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Fecal parvoviruses and the RA1 virus have been reported but not confirmed to be human pathogens (16,17). (cdc.gov)
  • And then the most recent one is a virus called H3N2 genotype, and that's been circulating in dogs since about 2005. (cdc.gov)
  • The canine virus was almost certainly derived from a virus of birds or an avian influenza virus and it didn't derive from the human influenza strain. (cdc.gov)
  • And, although the virus that's the direct ancestor of the canine influenza hasn't actually been detected so far, there are a number of viruses that have been seen in birds that have similar sequences that might be related to the virus that gave rise to canine flu. (cdc.gov)
  • And then the virus, the influenza viruses have a genome that's made up of eight segments of viral RNA, and so, you know, related segments of each of the eight strands of the canine influenza viruses have been found in different avian viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • And it's thought that the virus is spread through direct dog-to-dog contact. (cdc.gov)
  • The virus is shed, starting at about day two after the dog is infected, and they shed for about a period of five to six days. (cdc.gov)
  • Parvoviruses PARV4/5 in hepatitis C to malaria with regard to the number to the maturity of their genital organs virus-infected patient. (cdc.gov)
  • Having your pet vaccinated in facilities like Knightdale Animal Hospital helps protect them from parvovirus. (carlsonwagonlit.ca)
  • The American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA) recommends that all dogs, regardless of lifestyle, be vaccinated with core vaccines unless there's a medical reason not to vaccinate. (petmd.com)
  • We are a full-service animal hospital in Phoenix that specializes in caring for cats and dogs. (phoenixvetcenter.com)
  • Parvo, short for canine parvovirus (CPV), is caused by canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), one of the main enteric viruses affecting dogs. (bio-rad-antibodies.com)
  • Parvoviruses are small non-enveloped viruses made up of a spherical capsid that carries a single-strand DNA chain. (bio-rad-antibodies.com)
  • Therefore, if you notice your doodle dog having fever and other signs mentioned above, we recommend taking them to your vet professional to diagnose them for viruses and illnesses, such as parvovirus. (loverdoodles.com)
  • The health department notes that they have also included the investigation of canine leptospirosis and influenza in their screenings. (herepup.com)
  • Colin Parrish] The canine influenza, the H3N2 strain, arose in China or in Korea sometime around 2005. (cdc.gov)
  • The study found that young dogs, small-dog breeds, and Boxers were at a higher risk for adverse reactions. (petmd.com)
  • Mouse anti Canine Parvovirus 2 antibody (2A10) is a monoclonal antibody that is specific for CPV-2 capsid protein VP2. (thenativeantigencompany.com)
  • The antibody binds Canine Parvovirus (CPV) in clinical samples and is suitable for use in ELISA. (thenativeantigencompany.com)
  • Mouse anti Canine Parvovirus 2 antibody (3G3) is a monoclonal antibody that is specific for CPV-2 capsid protein VP2. (thenativeantigencompany.com)
  • Highly contagious and often deadly, parvovirus spreads between dogs through contact with infected dogs or contaminated items such as toys or bowls. (ranchovet.com)
  • It then spreads to other dogs via oral or nasal contact with the infected faeces or contaminated objects or contaminated environment. (vetnpetdirect.com.au)
  • So, it spreads very readily when dogs come in contact with each other, but otherwise, it doesn't seem to be very effective at spreading from dog-to-dog. (cdc.gov)
  • According to the UK Kennel Club , canine parvovirus is "a highly contagious and very serious disease that is often deadly if left untreated. (blackpoolgazette.co.uk)
  • Canine parvovirus is often a deadly disease, so aggressive and early action are important in order for your dog to have the best chance at survival. (eastvalleyanimal.com)
  • Dogs in boarding kennels, shelters and dog shows are most susceptible to this deadly disease. (vetinfo.com)
  • Biomarker expression patterns in Bovine, Canine, Porcine and Avian. (bio-rad-antibodies.com)
  • Bocavirus was putatively linked to the bovine parvovirus and canine minutevirus by genetic and amino acid sequence similarities. (medscape.com)
  • Bovine" and "canine" lead to the "boca" in bocavirus. (medscape.com)
  • Parvovirus primarily affects the gastrointestinal tract of dogs, but it can also affect other organs, including the bone marrow. (phoenixvetcenter.com)
  • As canine parvovirus is on the rise in Lancashire, here is everything you need to know about the potentially fatal disease, including how to spot it and how to prevent it. (blackpoolgazette.co.uk)
  • This disease can be fatal for young dogs that have not been vaccinated or don't have maternal antibodies. (bio-rad-antibodies.com)
  • WARWICK, RI - The Warwick Animal Shelter has announced the Warwick City Dog Park has been closed due to a case of Parvovirus, a very contagious disease affecting dogs' gastrointestinal tracts, and can be fatal. (warwickpost.com)
  • If you notice the following symptoms your dog should be taken to the vet immediately since successful treatment of parvo depends upon the treatment beginning in a timely fashion (Parvo can be fatal if left untreated! (warwickpost.com)
  • Parvovirus is a highly contagious and potentially fatal disease. (caringpets.org)
  • As the disease progressively worsens and enters the final stage, the dog will have seizures. (dogshealth.com)
  • As the disease gets progressively worse, a dog will become increasingly aggressive, bark excessively and without reason, and is bad-tempered and restless. (dogshealth.com)
  • The Parvo ICU presently has the capacity to care for 20 dogs and functions as a low-cost option-traditional treatment for the disease can run into the high thousands. (lbpost.com)
  • It's usually a young dog disease and can be life-threatening," Cabrera said. (lbpost.com)
  • Similarly, CIBDAI scores were higher in dogs with CPV than in control dogs, reflecting greater disease severity. (dvm360.com)
  • Dogs with CPV did not have a higher risk of cardiac or skin disease. (dvm360.com)
  • So if your canine gets immediate care faster, the higher chances they can overcome the disease. (carlsonwagonlit.ca)
  • There are many misconceptions about parvovirus and research and studies into the disease continue. (mans-best-friend.org.uk)
  • Canine Parvovirus is a gastrointestinal disease that can be lethal for dogs of all ages, but is especially harmful for puppies under the age of four months old ( American Veterinary Medical Association , 2020). (eastvalleyanimal.com)
  • There are many ways in which a dog can become ill from parvovirus, which is why it is essential to vaccinate against this disease from an early age. (eastvalleyanimal.com)
  • Parvo is a highly contagious viral disease in dogs. (lawndalevets.com)
  • Canine Parvovirus (CPV) is a contagious disease attacking cells that rapidly reproduce. (goochlandanimalclinic.com)
  • Dogs that do survive the disease end up with dental, vision and nervous system problems. (vetinfo.com)
  • Rabid dogs often attack people and spread the disease to humans. (vetinfo.com)
  • While parvo can be prevented and treated, it is crucial to understand the preventative methods as well as the warning signs and what to do if your dog contracts the disease, especially because it can spread so easily throughout canine populations. (independenceveterinaryclinic.com)
  • If you doubt your dog may be displaying such signs, immediately take him to the vet as the disease can be cured if caught early. (petmiconnect.com)
  • The Parvovirus is known worldwide and causes disease in many different species of animals. (cmah.net)
  • Canine Parvovirus made its first appearance in the late 1970s and was first identified as a distinct disease in 1978. (cmah.net)
  • Prevention of the onset of the disease is the best way to keep your dog healthy. (dogseed.com)
  • Parvovirus is a very common disease among dogs. (hickeysolution.com)
  • In this text, we will explain what parvovirus is, the symptoms of this disease, if it is curable and detail how it is treated. (hickeysolution.com)
  • However, some home remedies can help keep the dog hydrated, reducing the symptoms of the disease. (hickeysolution.com)
  • Also in 2013, approximately 1 in every 130 dogs was infected with the bacterium that causes Lyme disease. (prnewswire.com)
  • the other is parvovirus B19, which causes erythema infectiosum (fifth disease or slapped-cheek disease), papular purpuric glove and stocking syndrome (PPGSS), and more serious illnesses such as hydrops fetalis and aplastic crises in people with sickle cell disease. (medscape.com)
  • The adeno-associated parvoviruses have not been associated with disease in humans. (cdc.gov)
  • So it's almost entirely respiratory disease, you get a fever, the dogs have a very characteristic cough, and sometimes the cough may be prolonged. (cdc.gov)
  • Canine Parvovirus Parvo Test Kit uses rapid immunochromatography to detect CPV antigen. (hwtai.com)
  • If you suspect that your dog may be ill, it's crucial that your pet see a veterinarian as soon as possible. (eastvalleyanimal.com)
  • If you suspect your dog has CPV, call your veterinarian as soon as possible. (sheltermedicine.com)
  • If your dog has any of these symptoms, you should take them to the veterinarian as soon as possible. (caringpets.org)
  • Immunohistochemical testing for parvovirus antigen is also possible in some laboratories (Figure 2). (laboklin.com)
  • For parvovirus antigen determination, faeces can be sent in. (laboklin.com)
  • Canine Parvovirus Antigen Rapid Test Kit (Colloidal gold method)-Nanjing Synthgene Medical Technology Co., Ltd. (syngenemed.com)
  • This product is used for the in vitro qualitative detection of the presence of Canine Parvovirus (CPV) antigen in the faeces of dogs. (syngenemed.com)
  • High levels of the Parvovirus are excreted in an infected dogs faeces. (vetnpetdirect.com.au)
  • If any signs of Parvo are seen the dog should be rushed to a veterinary clinic for examination by a vet and they can confirm, by testing the faeces, whether it is Parvo. (vetnpetdirect.com.au)
  • For parvovirus detection by PCR, faeces, EDTA blood or tissue can be submitted. (laboklin.com)
  • Numerous Lancashire users on Facebook this week have been discussing the potential resurgence of parvovirus, claiming they have received warnings from their vets. (blackpoolgazette.co.uk)
  • Last month, Preston City Council had also confirmed they had received a report of canine parvovirus , chasing it up with vets nearby who had informed them of even more cases. (blackpoolgazette.co.uk)
  • Today, our Rancho Cucamonga vets share facts about parvovirus that you need to know to keep your four-legged friend healthy. (ranchovet.com)
  • Heartworm is very difficult to treat and the sad news is that many dogs don't survive heartworm treatment. (dogshealth.com)
  • Parvovirus is resistant to heat, cold, humidity, and drying, and can survive in the environment for long periods of time. (warwickpost.com)
  • The dogs range in age from 6 weeks to 5 months, officials say, who add that the recent cases at the shelter have been in animals from the Santa Maria area. (ksby.com)
  • The pathogen is canine parvovirus. (hwtai.com)