Benzethonium
Amebicides
Cryptosporidium parvum
Aminoglycosides
Framycetin
Cryptosporidiosis
Leishmania donovani
Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate
Neomycin
Ointments
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous
Kanamycin Kinase
Gentamicins
Iodoquinol
NMD3 encodes an essential cytoplasmic protein required for stable 60S ribosomal subunits in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (1/224)
A mutation in NMD3 was found to be lethal in the absence of XRN1, which encodes the major cytoplasmic exoribonuclease responsible for mRNA turnover. Molecular genetic analysis of NMD3 revealed that it is an essential gene required for stable 60S ribosomal subunits. Cells bearing a temperature-sensitive allele of NMD3 had decreased levels of 60S subunits at the nonpermissive temperature which resulted in the formation of half-mer polysomes. Pulse-chase analysis of rRNA biogenesis indicated that 25S rRNA was made and processed with kinetics similar to wild-type kinetics. However, the mature RNA was rapidly degraded, with a half-life of 4 min. Nmd3p fractionated as a cytoplasmic protein and sedimented in the position of free 60S subunits in sucrose gradients. These results suggest that Nmd3p is a cytoplasmic factor required for a late cytoplasmic assembly step of the 60S subunit but is not a ribosomal protein. Putative orthologs of Nmd3p exist in Drosophila, in nematodes, and in archaebacteria but not in eubacteria. The Nmd3 protein sequence does not contain readily recognizable motifs of known function. However, these proteins all have an amino-terminal domain containing four repeats of Cx2C, reminiscent of zinc-binding proteins, implicated in nucleic acid binding or protein oligomerization. (+info)In-vitro synergy of paromomycin with metronidazole alone or metronidazole plus hydroxymetronidazole against Helicobacter pylori. (2/224)
The in-vitro activities of paromomycin and metronidazole alone or paromomycin and metronidazole plus hydroxymetronidazole (2:1 ratio) were studied against 19 Helicobacter pylori isolates using an in-vitro chequerboard technique. Partial synergy was demonstrated for the majority of isolates (11/19) for both combinations tested. When hydroxymetronidazole was added to the parent compound, the number of metronidazole-sensitive isolates demonstrating synergy increased to 5/12, compared with 1/12 for the combination that did not include the metabolite. In metronidazole-resistant isolates there was a shift from an additive effect to partial synergy for the combination containing hydroxymetronidazole. The in-vitro activity of paromomycin and the synergic effect that is achieved in combination with metronidazole and hydroxymetronidazole render paromomycin suitable for further investigation as a treatment option for H. pylori infection. (+info)Sensitivity of spermidine-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae to paromomycin. (3/224)
Spermidine-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells are much more sensitive to paromomycin than nondeficient cells, resulting in cessation of growth and cell death. (+info)Inhibition of RNase P RNA cleavage by aminoglycosides. (4/224)
A number of aminoglycosides have been reported to interact and interfere with the function of various RNA molecules. Among these are 16S rRNA, the group I intron, and the hammerhead ribozymes. In this report we show that cleavage by RNase P RNA in the absence as well as in the presence of the RNase P protein is inhibited by several aminoglycosides. Among the ones we tested, neomycin B was found to be the strongest inhibitor with a Ki value in the micromolar range (35 microM). Studies of lead(II)-induced cleavage of RNase P RNA suggested that binding of neomycin B interfered with the binding of divalent metal ions to the RNA. Taken together, our findings suggest that aminoglycosides compete with Mg2+ ions for functionally important divalent metal ion binding sites. Thus, RNase P, which is an essential enzyme, is indeed a potential drug target that can be used to develop new drugs by using various aminoglycosides as lead compounds. (+info)Genetic study of interactions between the cytoskeletal assembly protein sla1 and prion-forming domain of the release factor Sup35 (eRF3) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (5/224)
Striking similarities between cytoskeletal assembly and the "nucleated polymerization" model of prion propagation suggest that similar or overlapping sets of proteins may assist in both processes. We show that the C-terminal domain of the yeast cytoskeletal assembly protein Sla1 (Sla1C) specifically interacts with the N-terminal prion-forming domain (Sup35N) of the yeast release factor Sup35 (eRF3) in the two-hybrid system. Sla1C and several other Sup35N-interacting proteins also exhibit two-hybrid interactions with the poly-Gln-expanded N-proximal fragment of human huntingtin, which promotes Huntington disease-associated aggregation. The Sup35N-Sla1C interaction is inhibited by Sup35N alterations that make Sup35 unable to propagate the [PSI(+)] state and by the absence of the chaperone protein Hsp104, which is essential for [PSI] propagation. In a Sla1(-) background, [PSI] curing by dimethylsulfoxide or excess Hsp104 is increased, while translational readthrough and de novo [PSI] formation induced by excess Sup35 or Sup35N are decreased. These data show that, in agreement with the proposed function of Sla1 during cytoskeletal formation, Sla1 assists in [PSI] formation and propagation, but is not required for these processes. Sla1(-) strains are sensitive to some translational inhibitors, and some sup35 mutants, obtained in a Sla1(-) background, are sensitive to Sla1, suggesting that the interaction between Sla1 and Sup35 proteins may play a role in the normal function of the translational apparatus. We hypothesize that Sup35N is involved in regulatory interactions with intracellular structural networks, and [PSI] prion may be formed as a by-product of this process. (+info)Recognition of the codon-anticodon helix by ribosomal RNA. (6/224)
Translational fidelity is established by ribosomal recognition of the codon-anticodon interaction within the aminoacyl-transfer RNA (tRNA) site (A site) of the ribosome. Experiments are presented that reveal possible contacts between 16S ribosomal RNA and the codon-anticodon complex. N1 methylation of adenine at position 1492 (A1492) and A1493 interfered with A-site tRNA binding. Mutation of A1492 and A1493 to guanine or cytosine also impaired A-site tRNA binding. The deleterious effects of A1492G or A1493G (or both) mutations were compensated by 2'fluorine substitutions in the mRNA codon. The results suggest that the ribosome recognizes the codon-anticodon complex by adenine contacts to the messenger RNA backbone and provide a mechanism for molecular discrimination of correct versus incorrect codon-anticodon pairs. (+info)The distribution of RNA motifs in natural sequences. (7/224)
Functional analysis of genome sequences has largely ignored RNA genes and their structures. We introduce here the notion of 'ribonomics' to describe the search for the distribution of and eventually the determination of the physiological roles of these RNA structures found in the sequence databases. The utility of this approach is illustrated here by the identification in the GenBank database of RNA motifs having known binding or chemical activity. The frequency of these motifs indicates that most have originated from evolutionary drift and are selectively neutral. On the other hand, their distribution among species and their location within genes suggest that the destiny of these motifs may be more elaborate. For example, the hammerhead motif has a skewed organismal presence, is phylogenetically stable and recent work on a schistosome version confirms its in vivo biological activity. The under-representation of the valine-binding motif and the Rev-binding element in GenBank hints at a detrimental effect on cell growth or viability. Data on the presence and the location of these motifs may provide critical guidance in the design of experiments directed towards the understanding and the manipulation of RNA complexes and activities in vivo. (+info)A sensitive assay of translational fidelity (readthrough and termination) in eukaryotic cells. (8/224)
The process of translation termination in eukaryotes has been monitored by different types of assays, each with its own merits. We have developed an in vivo system where the reporter protein is secreted from the cells in culture thus enabling continuous monitoring of translation termination activity by simple sampling of the cell culture media. Using this system, cell cultures can be challenged with various stimuli during growth and the cellular responses on the translational level can be investigated in vivo as well as in vitro. Sampling is rapid, easy, and non-destructive to the cells, which enables measurement of translational fidelity in real time during time-course experiments. In particular with this system it is possible to assess very low levels of stop codon suppression. The reporter enzyme, secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP), becomes tagged with the S-peptide when there is readthrough of a stop codon placed between the C-terminus of the SEAP and the S-peptide. The tagged SEAP is bound to a matrix and the bound SEAP activity is measured versus total SEAP activity in the medium as a reference. With this assay we have confirmed that eRF1 acts as an antisuppressor in cells transfected with a cognate suppressor tRNA as well as in control cells, where a small but significant level of readthrough (suppression) could be detected. We have also characterized suppression of the three stop codons individually, and especially UGA is prone for wobbling. (+info)Paromomycin is an antiprotozoal medication, which belongs to the class of aminoglycoside antibiotics. It is primarily used to treat various intestinal infectious diseases caused by protozoa, such as amebiasis (an infection caused by Entamoeba histolytica) and giardiasis (an infection caused by Giardia lamblia). Paromomycin works by inhibiting the protein synthesis in the parasites, leading to their death. It is not typically used to treat bacterial infections in humans, as other aminoglycosides are.
It's important to note that paromomycin has limited systemic absorption and is primarily active within the gastrointestinal tract when taken orally. This makes it a valuable option for treating intestinal parasitic infections without causing significant harm to the beneficial bacteria in the gut or systemically affecting other organs.
Paromomycin is also used in veterinary medicine to treat various protozoal infections in animals, including leishmaniasis in dogs. The medication is available in different forms, such as tablets, capsules, and powder for oral suspension. As with any medication, paromomycin should be taken under the supervision of a healthcare professional, and its use may be subject to specific dosage, frequency, and duration guidelines.
Benzethonium is an antimicrobial agent used as a preservative in some pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. It has broad-spectrum activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The chemical name for benzethonium chloride is N'-(1-benzyl-4-phenoxypyridinio) decane methosulfate.
Benzethonium chloride is commonly used as a topical antiseptic in products such as skin cleansers, hand sanitizers, and first aid treatments. It works by disrupting the bacterial cell membrane, leading to the death of the microorganism. However, it may not be effective against some spores and highly resistant bacteria.
It is important to note that benzethonium chloride should be used according to the instructions on the product label and should not be ingested or used in the eyes or mucous membranes unless specifically directed by a healthcare professional.
Antiprotozoal agents are a type of medication used to treat protozoal infections, which are infections caused by microscopic single-celled organisms called protozoa. These agents work by either killing the protozoa or inhibiting their growth and reproduction. They can be administered through various routes, including oral, topical, and intravenous, depending on the type of infection and the severity of the illness.
Examples of antiprotozoal agents include:
* Metronidazole, tinidazole, and nitazoxanide for treating infections caused by Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica.
* Atovaquone, clindamycin, and pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine for treating malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum or other Plasmodium species.
* Pentamidine and suramin for treating African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense or T. b. rhodesiense.
* Nitroimidazoles, such as benznidazole and nifurtimox, for treating Chagas disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi.
* Sodium stibogluconate and paromomycin for treating leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania species.
Antiprotozoal agents can have side effects, ranging from mild to severe, depending on the drug and the individual patient's response. It is essential to follow the prescribing physician's instructions carefully when taking these medications and report any adverse reactions promptly.
Amebicides are medications that are used to treat infections caused by amebae, which are single-celled microorganisms. One common ameba that can cause infection in humans is Entamoeba histolytica, which can lead to a condition called amebiasis. Amebicides work by killing or inhibiting the growth of the amebae. Some examples of amebicides include metronidazole, tinidazole, and chloroquine. It's important to note that these medications should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as they can have side effects and may interact with other medications.
Coccidiostats are a type of medication used to prevent and treat coccidiosis, which is an infection caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Coccidia. These medications work by inhibiting the growth and reproduction of the parasites in the gastrointestinal tract of animals, particularly poultry and livestock.
Coccidiostats are commonly added to animal feed to prevent infection and reduce the spread of coccidiosis within a flock or herd. They can also be used to treat active infections, often in combination with other medications. Common examples of coccidiostats include sulfaquinoxaline, monensin, and lasalocid.
It's important to note that the use of coccidiostats in food-producing animals is regulated by government agencies such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) to ensure their safe use and to minimize the risk of residues in animal products.
Cryptosporidium parvum is a species of protozoan parasite that causes the diarrheal disease cryptosporidiosis in humans and animals. It is found worldwide and is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated water or food. The parasite infects the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract, leading to symptoms such as watery diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea, and fever. It is particularly dangerous for people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or receiving immunosuppressive therapy. The parasite is highly resistant to chlorine-based disinfectants, making it difficult to eradicate from water supplies.
Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics that are derived from bacteria and are used to treat various types of infections caused by gram-negative and some gram-positive bacteria. These antibiotics work by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, which inhibits protein synthesis and ultimately leads to bacterial cell death.
Some examples of aminoglycosides include gentamicin, tobramycin, neomycin, and streptomycin. These antibiotics are often used in combination with other antibiotics to treat severe infections, such as sepsis, pneumonia, and urinary tract infections.
Aminoglycosides can have serious side effects, including kidney damage and hearing loss, so they are typically reserved for use in serious infections that cannot be treated with other antibiotics. They are also used topically to treat skin infections and prevent wound infections after surgery.
It's important to note that aminoglycosides should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional, as improper use can lead to antibiotic resistance and further health complications.
Framycetin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium Streptomyces fradiae. It works by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis and leading to bacterial cell death. Framycetin is primarily used topically (on the skin or mucous membranes) to treat infections caused by susceptible strains of Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Proteus species, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. It is often found in combination with other antibiotics, corticosteroids, or both in various topical formulations like creams, ointments, and ear drops.
It's important to note that Framycetin, like other aminoglycosides, has the potential for ototoxicity (damage to the inner ear) and nephrotoxicity (kidney damage), but these side effects are less likely to occur with topical use compared to systemic administration. However, it should still be used cautiously, and patients should follow their healthcare provider's instructions carefully when using products containing Framycetin.
Cryptosporidiosis is a diarrheal disease caused by microscopic parasites called Cryptosporidium. The parasites are found in the feces of infected animals and humans. People can become infected with Cryptosporidium by ingesting contaminated water or food, or by coming into contact with infected persons or animals.
The infection can cause a wide range of symptoms, including watery diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, fever, and dehydration. In people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, the infection can be severe and even life-threatening.
Cryptosporidiosis is typically treated with increased fluid intake to prevent dehydration, and in some cases, medication may be prescribed to help manage symptoms. Good hygiene practices, such as washing hands thoroughly after using the bathroom or changing diapers, can help prevent the spread of Cryptosporidium.
'Leishmania donovani' is a species of protozoan parasite that causes a severe form of visceral leishmaniasis, also known as kala-azar. This disease primarily affects the spleen, liver, and bone marrow, leading to symptoms such as fever, weight loss, anemia, and enlargement of the spleen and liver. The parasite is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female sandflies. It's worth noting that this organism can also affect dogs and other animals, causing a disease known as canine leishmaniasis.
Dihydrostreptomycin sulfate is an antibiotic that is derived from streptomycin, a naturally occurring antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus. Dihydrostreptomycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of streptomycin, in which one of the amino groups has been reduced to a hydroxyl group, resulting in improved water solubility and stability compared to streptomycin.
Dihydrostreptomycin sulfate is used primarily to treat severe infections caused by gram-negative bacteria, such as tuberculosis, typhoid fever, and other bacterial infections that are resistant to other antibiotics. It works by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis and ultimately leading to bacterial cell death.
Like all antibiotics, dihydrostreptomycin sulfate should be used only under the direction of a healthcare provider, as misuse can lead to antibiotic resistance and other serious health consequences.
Neomycin is an antibiotic drug derived from the bacterium Streptomyces fradiae. It belongs to the class of aminoglycoside antibiotics and works by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis and leading to bacterial cell death. Neomycin is primarily used topically (on the skin or mucous membranes) due to its poor absorption into the bloodstream when taken orally. It is effective against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Medical definitions for Neomycin include:
1. An antibiotic (aminoglycoside) derived from Streptomyces fradiae, used primarily for topical application in the treatment of superficial infections, burns, and wounds. It is not usually used systemically due to its potential ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
2. A medication (generic name) available as a cream, ointment, solution, or powder, often combined with other active ingredients such as bacitracin and polymyxin B for broader-spectrum antibacterial coverage. Neomycin is used to treat various skin conditions, including eczema, dermatitis, and minor cuts or abrasions.
3. A component of some over-the-counter products (e.g., ear drops, eye drops) intended for the treatment of external otitis, swimmer's ear, or bacterial conjunctivitis. It is crucial to follow the instructions carefully and avoid using neomycin-containing products for extended periods or in larger quantities than recommended, as this may increase the risk of antibiotic resistance and potential side effects.
In summary, Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic primarily used topically for treating various superficial bacterial infections due to its effectiveness against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It should be used cautiously and as directed to minimize the risk of side effects and antibiotic resistance.
An ointment is a semi-solid preparation, typically composed of a mixture of medicinal substance with a base, which is usually greasy or oily. The purpose of the base is to act as a vehicle for the active ingredient and allow it to be applied smoothly and evenly to the skin or mucous membranes.
Ointments are commonly used in dermatology to treat various skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, rashes, burns, and wounds. They can also be used to deliver medication for localized pain relief, muscle relaxation, and anti-inflammatory or antibiotic effects.
The base of an ointment may consist of various ingredients, including petrolatum, lanolin, mineral oil, beeswax, or a combination of these. The choice of the base depends on the desired properties such as consistency, spreadability, and stability, as well as the intended route of administration and the specific therapeutic goals.
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by infection with Leishmania parasites, which are transmitted through the bite of infected female sandflies. The disease primarily affects the skin and mucous membranes, causing lesions that can be disfiguring and stigmatizing. There are several clinical forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis, including localized, disseminated, and mucocutaneous.
Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common form of the disease, characterized by the development of one or more nodular or ulcerative lesions at the site of the sandfly bite, typically appearing within a few weeks to several months after exposure. The lesions may vary in size and appearance, ranging from small papules to large plaques or ulcers, and can be painful or pruritic (itchy).
Disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis is a more severe form of the disease, characterized by the widespread dissemination of lesions across the body. This form of the disease typically affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or those receiving immunosuppressive therapy.
Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is a rare but severe form of the disease, characterized by the spread of infection from the skin to the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, and throat. This can result in extensive tissue destruction, disfigurement, and functional impairment.
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, epidemiological data, and laboratory tests such as parasite detection using microscopy or molecular techniques, or serological tests to detect antibodies against the Leishmania parasites. Treatment options for cutaneous leishmaniasis include systemic or topical medications, such as antimonial drugs, miltefosine, or pentamidine, as well as physical treatments such as cryotherapy or thermotherapy. The choice of treatment depends on various factors, including the species of Leishmania involved, the clinical form of the disease, and the patient's overall health status.
Kanamycin Kinase is not a widely recognized medical term, but it is a concept from the field of microbiology. It refers to an enzyme produced by certain bacteria that catalyzes the phosphorylation of kanamycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic. The phosphorylation of kanamycin inactivates its antibacterial activity, making it less effective against those bacteria that produce this kinase. This is one mechanism by which some bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics.
Gentamicin is an antibiotic that belongs to the class of aminoglycosides. It is used to treat various types of bacterial infections, including:
* Gram-negative bacterial infections, such as those caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis
* Certain Gram-positive bacterial infections, such as those caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes
Gentamicin works by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, which inhibits protein synthesis and ultimately leads to bacterial cell death. It is typically given via injection (intramuscularly or intravenously) and is often used in combination with other antibiotics to treat serious infections.
Like all aminoglycosides, gentamicin can cause kidney damage and hearing loss, especially when used for long periods of time or at high doses. Therefore, monitoring of drug levels and renal function is recommended during treatment.
Phosphorylcholine is not a medical condition or disease, but rather a chemical compound. It is the choline ester of phosphoric acid, and it plays an important role in the structure and function of cell membranes. Phosphorylcholine is also found in certain types of lipoproteins, including low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or "bad" cholesterol.
In the context of medical research and therapy, phosphorylcholine has been studied for its potential role in various diseases, such as atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and other inflammatory conditions. Some studies have suggested that phosphorylcholine may contribute to the development of these diseases by promoting inflammation and immune responses. However, more research is needed to fully understand the role of phosphorylcholine in human health and disease.
Iodoquinol is an antiprotozoal agent, which is used to treat infections caused by certain parasites. It works by killing the sensitive parasites in the intestines. The medical definition of Iodoquinol is:
A quinoline compound used primarily as an intestinal anti-amoebic agent against Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to damage the parasite cell membrane and may also inhibit enzymes involved in energy production. Iodoquinol can be administered orally or topically, depending on the formulation and route of infection.
Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea. Prolonged use or overdose may lead to more severe side effects such as peripheral neuropathy, optic neuritis, and hearing loss. Iodoquinol should be used with caution in patients with known hypersensitivity to iodine, thyroid disorders, or kidney or liver disease. It is contraindicated during pregnancy and breastfeeding due to potential fetal harm and excretion in breast milk.
Anti-bacterial agents, also known as antibiotics, are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by bacteria. These agents work by either killing the bacteria or inhibiting their growth and reproduction. There are several different classes of anti-bacterial agents, including penicillins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and tetracyclines, among others. Each class of antibiotic has a specific mechanism of action and is used to treat certain types of bacterial infections. It's important to note that anti-bacterial agents are not effective against viral infections, such as the common cold or flu. Misuse and overuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance, which is a significant global health concern.
Antitrichomonatal agents are a group of medications specifically used to treat infections caused by the protozoan parasite, Trichomonas vaginalis. The most common antitrichomonal agent is metronidazole, which works by disrupting the parasite's ability to reproduce and survive within the human body. Other antitrichomonal agents include tinidazole and secnidazole, which also belong to the nitroimidazole class of antibiotics. These medications are available in various forms, such as tablets, capsules, or topical creams, and are typically prescribed by healthcare professionals for the treatment of trichomoniasis, a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) that can affect both men and women. It is important to note that these medications should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare provider, as they may have potential side effects and drug interactions.