The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously).
The delivery of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient whose sole source of nutrients is via solutions administered intravenously, subcutaneously, or by some other non-alimentary route. The basic components of TPN solutions are protein hydrolysates or free amino acid mixtures, monosaccharides, and electrolytes. Components are selected for their ability to reverse catabolism, promote anabolism, and build structural proteins.
The at-home administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered via a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously).
Specialized solutions for PARENTERAL NUTRITION. They may contain a variety of MICRONUTRIENTS; VITAMINS; AMINO ACIDS; CARBOHYDRATES; LIPIDS; and SALTS.
Nutritional support given via the alimentary canal or any route connected to the gastrointestinal system (i.e., the enteral route). This includes oral feeding, sip feeding, and tube feeding using nasogastric, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy tubes.
A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.
Emulsions of fats or lipids used primarily in parenteral feeding.
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.
A systematic collection of factual data pertaining to the nutritional status of a human population within a given geographic area. Data from these surveys are used in preparing NUTRITION ASSESSMENTS.
The at-home administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient whose sole source of nutrients is via solutions administered intravenously, subcutaneously or by some other non-alimentary route.
Food and dietary formulations including elemental (chemically defined formula) diets, synthetic and semisynthetic diets, space diets, weight-reduction formulas, tube-feeding diets, complete liquid diets, and supplemental liquid and solid diets.
The administration of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient by means other than normal eating. It does not include FLUID THERAPY which normalizes body fluids to restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.
Improving health status of an individual by adjusting the quantities, qualities, and methods of nutrient intake.
The study of NUTRITION PROCESSES as well as the components of food, their actions, interaction, and balance in relation to health and disease.
The processes and properties of living organisms by which they take in and balance the use of nutritive materials for energy, heat production, or building material for the growth, maintenance, or repair of tissues and the nutritive properties of FOOD.
Evaluation and measurement of nutritional variables in order to assess the level of nutrition or the NUTRITIONAL STATUS of the individual. NUTRITION SURVEYS may be used in making the assessment.
An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.
The amounts of various substances in food needed by an organism to sustain healthy life.
State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients.
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.
Guidelines and objectives pertaining to food supply and nutrition including recommendations for healthy diet.
Presence of milky lymph (CHYLE) in the PERITONEAL CAVITY, with or without infection.
Oil from soybean or soybean plant.
Placement of an intravenous CATHETER in the subclavian, jugular, or other central vein.
Nutritional physiology of children from birth to 2 years of age.
An infant during the first month after birth.
A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.
Total number of calories taken in daily whether ingested or by parenteral routes.
The presence of chyle in the thoracic cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.
A human infant born before 37 weeks of GESTATION.
The study of NUTRITION PROCESSES as well as the components of food, their actions, interaction, and balance in relation to health and disease of children, infants or adolescents.
A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)
An imbalanced nutritional status resulted from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.
Congenital obliteration of the lumen of the intestine, with the ILEUM involved in 50% of the cases and the JEJUNUM and DUODENUM following in frequency. It is the most frequent cause of INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION in NEWBORNS. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.
Long chain organic acid molecules that must be obtained from the diet. Examples are LINOLEIC ACIDS and LINOLENIC ACIDS.
A triglyceride that is used as an antifungal agent.
Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.
The escape of diagnostic or therapeutic material from the vessel into which it is introduced into the surrounding tissue or body cavity.
A 33-amino acid peptide derived from the C-terminal of PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. It stimulates intestinal mucosal growth and decreased apoptosis of ENTEROCYTES. GLP-2 enhances gastrointestinal function and plays an important role in nutrient homeostasis.
The portion of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT between the PYLORUS of the STOMACH and the ILEOCECAL VALVE of the LARGE INTESTINE. It is divisible into three portions: the DUODENUM, the JEJUNUM, and the ILEUM.
General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.
The period of care beginning when the patient is removed from surgery and aimed at meeting the patient's psychological and physical needs directly after surgery. (From Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
A type of ILEUS, a functional not mechanical obstruction of the INTESTINES. This syndrome is caused by a large number of disorders involving the smooth muscles (MUSCLE, SMOOTH) or the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition, occurring in infants ages 1 month to 24 months.
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.
A congenital defect with major fissure in the ABDOMINAL WALL lateral to, but not at, the UMBILICUS. This results in the extrusion of VISCERA. Unlike OMPHALOCELE, herniated structures in gastroschisis are not covered by a sac or PERITONEUM.
The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.
A condition of metabolic imbalance that is caused by complications of initially feeding a severely malnourished patient too aggressively. Usually occurring within the first 5 days of refeeding, this syndrome is characterized by WATER-ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS; and DIARRHEA.
Catheters designed to be left within an organ or passage for an extended period of time.
The continuation of the axillary vein which follows the subclavian artery and then joins the internal jugular vein to form the brachiocephalic vein.
ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.
A subspecialty of Pediatrics concerned with the newborn infant.
The insertion of a tube into the stomach, intestines, or other portion of the gastrointestinal tract to allow for the passage of food products, etc.
Colloids formed by the combination of two immiscible liquids such as oil and water. Lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion. Water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams. The formation of emulsions may be aided by amphiphatic molecules that surround one component of the system to form MICELLES.
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.
The middle portion of the SMALL INTESTINE, between DUODENUM and ILEUM. It represents about 2/5 of the remaining portion of the small intestine below duodenum.
Nutritional physiology of children aged 2-12 years.
The administration of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through some other route than the alimentary canal, usually over minutes or hours, either by gravity flow or often by infusion pumping.
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.
The section of the alimentary canal from the STOMACH to the ANAL CANAL. It includes the LARGE INTESTINE and SMALL INTESTINE.
Organic substances that are required in small amounts for maintenance and growth, but which cannot be manufactured by the human body.
An abnormal anatomical passage between the INTESTINE, and another segment of the intestine or other organs. External intestinal fistula is connected to the SKIN (enterocutaneous fistula). Internal intestinal fistula can be connected to a number of organs, such as STOMACH (gastrocolic fistula), the BILIARY TRACT (cholecystoduodenal fistula), or the URINARY BLADDER of the URINARY TRACT (colovesical fistula). Risk factors include inflammatory processes, cancer, radiation treatment, and surgical misadventures (MEDICAL ERRORS).
Lining of the INTESTINES, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. In the SMALL INTESTINE, the mucosa is characterized by a series of folds and abundance of absorptive cells (ENTEROCYTES) with MICROVILLI.
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition, occurring in children ages 2 to 12 years.
Diseases in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.
The application of nutritional principles to regulation of the diet and feeding persons or groups of persons.
The passage of viable bacteria from the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT to extra-intestinal sites, such as the mesenteric lymph node complex, liver, spleen, kidney, and blood. Factors that promote bacterial translocation include overgrowth with gram-negative enteric bacilli, impaired host immune defenses, and injury to the INTESTINAL MUCOSA resulting in increased intestinal permeability. Bacterial translocation from the lung to the circulation is also possible and sometimes accompanies MECHANICAL VENTILATION.
Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).
An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.
A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.
An infant whose weight at birth is less than 1500 grams (3.3 lbs), regardless of gestational age.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Hospital units providing continuing surveillance and care to acutely ill newborn infants.
Health care provided to a critically ill patient during a medical emergency or crisis.
Products in capsule, tablet or liquid form that provide dietary ingredients, and that are intended to be taken by mouth to increase the intake of nutrients. Dietary supplements can include macronutrients, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; and/or MICRONUTRIENTS, such as VITAMINS; MINERALS; and PHYTOCHEMICALS.
Surgical formation of an opening through the ABDOMINAL WALL into the JEJUNUM, usually for enteral hyperalimentation.
Operations carried out for the correction of deformities and defects, repair of injuries, and diagnosis and cure of certain diseases. (Taber, 18th ed.)
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Abnormal passage communicating with the STOMACH.
Food processed and manufactured for the nutritional health of children in their first year of life.
Calculation of the energy expenditure in the form of heat production of the whole body or individual organs based on respiratory gas exchange.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
An abnormal lipoprotein present in large amounts in patients with obstructive liver diseases such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS. LP-X derives from the reflux of BILE lipoproteins into the bloodstream. LP-X is a low-density lipoprotein rich in free CHOLESTEROL and PHOSPHOLIPIDS but poor in TRIGLYCERIDES; CHOLESTEROL ESTERS; and protein.
Amino acids which have a branched carbon chain.
Liquid formulations for the nutrition of infants that can substitute for BREAST MILK.
A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.
Inflammation of a vein, often a vein in the leg. Phlebitis associated with a blood clot is called (THROMBOPHLEBITIS).
Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS.
Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.
Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from INTUBATION in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions.
An infant having a birth weight of 2500 gm. (5.5 lb.) or less but INFANT, VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT is available for infants having a birth weight of 1500 grams (3.3 lb.) or less.
A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects.
The presence of organisms, or any foreign material that makes a drug preparation impure.
Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions. They are obtained from dietary foodstuffs.
Use of written, printed, or graphic materials upon or accompanying a food or its container or wrapper. The concept includes ingredients, NUTRITIONAL VALUE, directions, warnings, and other relevant information.
Histidine substituted in any position with one or more methyl groups.
A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.
Methods of giving food to humans or animals.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
Oils derived from plants or plant products.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados.
A group of chemical elements that are needed in minute quantities for the proper growth, development, and physiology of an organism. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility.
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Functions, equipment, and facilities concerned with the preparation and distribution of ready-to-eat food.
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Uptake of substances through the lining of the INTESTINES.
Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms.
Nutritional physiology of animals.
The period of confinement of a patient to a hospital or other health facility.
Hospital units providing continuous surveillance and care to acutely ill patients.
The common precursor polypeptide of pancreatic GLUCAGON and intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Proglucagon is the 158-amino acid segment of preproglucagon without the N-terminal signal sequence. Proglucagon is expressed in the PANCREAS; INTESTINES; and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Posttranslational processing of proglucagon is tissue-specific yielding numerous bioactive peptides.
Nursing care given to an individual in the home. The care may be provided by a family member or a friend. Home nursing as care by a non-professional is differentiated from HOME CARE SERVICES provided by professionals: visiting nurse, home health agencies, hospital, or other organized community group.
A condition in which albumin level in blood (SERUM ALBUMIN) is below the normal range. Hypoalbuminemia may be due to decreased hepatic albumin synthesis, increased albumin catabolism, altered albumin distribution, or albumin loss through the urine (ALBUMINURIA).
The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.
Surgery performed on the digestive system or its parts.
The period following a surgical operation.
Care over an extended period, usually for a chronic condition or disability, requiring periodic, intermittent, or continuous care.
The conformation, properties, reaction processes, and the properties of the reactions of carbon compounds.
An acute neurological disorder characterized by the triad of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and disturbances of mental activity or consciousness. Eye movement abnormalities include nystagmus, external rectus palsies, and reduced conjugate gaze. THIAMINE DEFICIENCY and chronic ALCOHOLISM are associated conditions. Pathologic features include periventricular petechial hemorrhages and neuropil breakdown in the diencephalon and brainstem. Chronic thiamine deficiency may lead to KORSAKOFF SYNDROME. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1139-42; Davis & Robertson, Textbook of Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp452-3)
Glucose in blood.
A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Properties and processes of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM as a whole or of any of its parts.
Gradual increase in the number, the size, and the complexity of cells of an individual. Growth generally results in increase in ORGAN WEIGHT; BODY WEIGHT; and BODY HEIGHT.
Peptides composed of two amino acid units.
The presence of an infectious agent on instruments, prostheses, or other inanimate articles.
The age of the conceptus, beginning from the time of FERTILIZATION. In clinical obstetrics, the gestational age is often estimated as the time from the last day of the last MENSTRUATION which is about 2 weeks before OVULATION and fertilization.
Native, inorganic or fossilized organic substances having a definite chemical composition and formed by inorganic reactions. They may occur as individual crystals or may be disseminated in some other mineral or rock. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Oils high in unsaturated fats extracted from the bodies of fish or fish parts, especially the LIVER. Those from the liver are usually high in VITAMIN A. The oils are used as DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS. They are also used in soaps and detergents and as protective coatings.
The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.
A bile pigment that is a degradation product of HEME.
A metallic element of atomic number 30 and atomic weight 65.38. It is a necessary trace element in the diet, forming an essential part of many enzymes, and playing an important role in protein synthesis and in cell division. Zinc deficiency is associated with ANEMIA, short stature, HYPOGONADISM, impaired WOUND HEALING, and geophagia. It is known by the symbol Zn.
A major protein in the BLOOD. It is important in maintaining the colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic molecules.
A chronic lung disease developed after OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY or mechanical ventilation (VENTILATION, MECHANICAL) usually occurring in certain premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE) or newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN). Histologically, it is characterized by the unusual abnormalities of the bronchioles, such as METAPLASIA, decrease in alveolar number, and formation of CYSTS.
The production and movement of food items from point of origin to use or consumption.
Therapy whose basic objective is to restore the volume and composition of the body fluids to normal with respect to WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE. Fluids may be administered intravenously, orally, by intermittent gavage, or by HYPODERMOCLYSIS.
Insertion of a catheter into a peripheral artery, vein, or airway for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.
Carbohydrates present in food comprising digestible sugars and starches and indigestible cellulose and other dietary fibers. The former are the major source of energy. The sugars are in beet and cane sugar, fruits, honey, sweet corn, corn syrup, milk and milk products, etc.; the starches are in cereal grains, legumes (FABACEAE), tubers, etc. (From Claudio & Lagua, Nutrition and Diet Therapy Dictionary, 3d ed, p32, p277)
Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for assisting health care practitioners in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery.
Infections resulting from the use of catheters. Proper aseptic technique, site of catheter placement, material composition, and virulence of the organism are all factors that can influence possible infection.
3-((4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-5-(2- hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazolium chloride.
Water-soluble proteins found in egg whites, blood, lymph, and other tissues and fluids. They coagulate upon heating.
Blood tests that are used to evaluate how well a patient's liver is working and also to help diagnose liver conditions.
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.
Pathological processes of the LIVER.
The long-term (minutes to hours) administration of a fluid into the vein through venipuncture, either by letting the fluid flow by gravity or by pumping it.
Intractable VOMITING that develops in early PREGNANCY and persists. This can lead to DEHYDRATION and WEIGHT LOSS.
A condition characterized by calcification of the renal tissue itself. It is usually seen in distal RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS with calcium deposition in the DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES and the surrounding interstitium. Nephrocalcinosis causes RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.
The excision of the head of the pancreas and the encircling loop of the duodenum to which it is connected.
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of THIAMINE in the diet, characterized by anorexia, irritability, and weight loss. Later, patients experience weakness, peripheral neuropathy, headache, and tachycardia. In addition to being caused by a poor diet, thiamine deficiency in the United States most commonly occurs as a result of alcoholism, since ethanol interferes with thiamine absorption. In countries relying on polished rice as a dietary staple, BERIBERI prevalence is very high. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1171)
Acquired or learned food preferences.
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.

Endotoxin-induced changes in IGF-I differ in rats provided enteral vs. parenteral nutrition. (1/881)

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether acute changes in the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system induced by mild surgical trauma/fasting or endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] are differentially modulated by total enteral nutrition (TEN) or total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Rats had vascular catheters and a gastrostomy tube surgically placed and were fasted overnight. The next morning animals randomly received an isocaloric, isonitrogenous (250 kcal. kg-1. day-1, 1.6 g N. kg-1. day-1) infusion of either TEN or TPN for 48 h. Then rats were injected intravenously with Escherichia coli LPS (1 mg/kg) while nutritional support was continued. Time-matched control animals were injected with saline. After mild surgical trauma and an 18-h fast, TEN was more effective at increasing plasma IGF-I levels than TPN. Subsequent injection of LPS decreased IGF-I in blood, liver, and muscle in both TEN- and TPN-fed rats compared with saline-injected control animals. However, this decrease was approximately 30% greater in rats fed TPN compared with those fed TEN. LPS-induced downregulation of IGF-I mRNA expression in liver and muscle was also more prominent in TPN-fed rats. The LPS-induced increase in plasma corticosterone and tumor necrosis factor-alpha was greater (2- and 1.6-fold, respectively) in TPN-fed rats, and these changes were consistent with the greater reduction in IGF-I seen in these animals. In similarly treated rats allowed to survive for 24 h after LPS injection, the LPS-induced increase in the urinary 3-methylhistidine-to-creatinine ratio was smaller in TEN-fed rats. In summary, LPS reduced systemic levels of IGF-I as well as IGF-I protein and mRNA in critical target organs. Enteral feeding greatly attenuated this response. Maintenance of higher IGF-I levels in TEN-fed rats was associated with a reduction in inflammatory cytokine levels and lower rates of myofibrillar degradation.  (+info)

Leucine metabolism in preterm infants receiving parenteral nutrition with medium-chain compared with long-chain triacylglycerol emulsions. (2/881)

BACKGROUND: Although medium-chain triacylglycerols (MCTs) may be utilized more efficiently than long-chain triacylglycerols (LCTs), their effect on protein metabolism remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to compare the effects of mixed MCT-LCT and pure LCT emulsions on leucine metabolism in preterm infants. DESIGN: Fourteen preterm [gestational age: 30+/-1 wk; birth weight: 1409+/-78 g (x +/- SE)] neonates were randomly assigned to receive, from the first day of life, either a 50:50 MCT-LCT (mixed MCT group; n = 7) or an LCT (LCT group; n = 7) lipid emulsion as part of an isonitrogenous, isoenergetic total parenteral nutrition program. On the fourth day, infants received intravenous feeding providing 3 g lipid, 15 g glucose, and 3 g amino acids kg(-1) x d(-1) and underwent 1) indirect calorimetry and 2) a primed, 2-h infusion of H13CO3Na to assess the recovery of 13C in breath, immediately followed by 3) a 3-h infusion of L-[1-13C]leucine. RESULTS: The respiratory quotient tended to be slightly but not significantly higher in the mixed MCT than in the LCT group (0.96+/-0.06 compared with 0.93+/-0.03). We did not detect a significant difference between the mixed MCT and LCT groups with regard to release of leucine from protein breakdown (B; 309+/-40 compared with 257+/-46 micromol x kg(-1) x h(-1)) and nonoxidative leucine disposal (NOLD; 296+/-36 compared with 285+/-49 micromol x kg(-1) x h(-1)). In contrast, leucine oxidation was greater in the mixed MCT than in the LCT group (113+/-10 compared with 67+/-10 micromol x kg(-1) x h(-1); P = 0.007). Net leucine balance (NOLD - B) was less positive in the mixed MCT than in the LCT group (-14+/-9 compared with 28+/-10 micromol x kg(-1) x h(-1); P = 0.011). CONCLUSION: Mixed MCTs may not be as effective as LCT-containing emulsions in promoting protein accretion in parenterally fed preterm neonates.  (+info)

Total parenteral nutrition in the management of acute renal failure. (3/881)

Malnutrition is frequently present in patients with acute renal failure and may affect morbidity and mortality in this condition. When adequate nourishment cannot be given through the gastrointestinal tract, total parental nutrition with amino acids and hypertonic glucose may have beneficial results. Total parenteral nutrition has been reported to stabilize or reduce serum urea nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus levels, improve wound healing, enhance survival from acute renal failure, and possibly increase the rate of recovery of renal function. The optimal composition of the total parenteral nutrition infusate is unknown. Preliminary results of a double-blind study are reported in which one man received hypertonic glucose alone, two received glucose with essential amino acids (21 g/day), and three received glucose with essential (21 g/day) and nonessential (21 g/day) amino acids. All infusates were isocaloric. No differences were observed in serum urea nitrogen levels, serum urea nitrogen/creatinine ratios or urea appearance rates. Nitrogen balance was negative in all patients. The ratio of essential amino acids/nonessential amino acids were higher and the tyrosine/phenylalanine ratios were lower in plasma in the two patients receiving glucose with essential amino acids. No patient survived the hospitalization. In view of the markedly negative nitrogen balance frequently observed in these and earlier studies, the use of a different composition or quantity of amino acids, a higher energy intake, and anabolic hormones deserve further investigation.  (+info)

Use of semi-quantitative and quantitative culture methods and typing for studying the epidemiology of central venous catheter-related infections in neonates on parenteral nutrition. (4/881)

To study the epidemiology - especially the impact of contaminated stopcocks - on central venous catheter (CVC) infection and catheter-related sepsis (CRS), semi-quantitative (SQ) and quantitative (Q) culture methods and typing of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) were employed in 49 neonates with clinical signs of sepsis while receiving parenteral nutrition in the paediatric intensive care unit. The patients were divided into two groups according to stopcock contamination: group A consisted of 18 patients (36%) with contaminated stopcocks and group B consisted of 31 patients (64%) with sterile stopcocks. Five specimens were obtained from each patient, in addition to that from the stopcock: a swab taken from the skin surrounding the catheter puncture site; the CVC tip; the intradermal segment (IDC); and samples of parenteral fluid and blood. A total of 294 specimens (392 sites) was cultured and micro-organisms were identified. All CNS isolated were typed by biotyping, antibiogram, plasmid analysis and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and the discriminatory power of the typing methods was compared. The CVC tips were infected in 25 patients (51%); 15 (83%) in group A and 10 (32%) in group B. Sepsis was detected in 24 neonates (49%), 13 in group A and 11 in group B. This was catheter-related in 15 patients (63%), 12 in group A and 3 in group B. CNS were recovered from 13 (52%) of 25 infected CVCs, nine in group A and four in group B. Sixty-five CNS isolates were recovered from these patients and belonged to 14 biotypes, 22 antibiograms, 22 plasmid profiles and 26 PFGE types. Typing showed that in six of nine patients in group A, CNS of the same type were recovered from the catheter tip and the stopcock, in one patient the catheter tip and skin isolates were the same and in two others the catheter tip isolates were different from stopcock and skin isolates. In all four patients in group B, different CNS types were recovered from CVC tips and skin. Bacteraemia was caused by CNS in 14 patients (58%), six in group A and eight in group B. Typing confirmed that nine cases (six in group A and three in group B) were catheter-related but five were not. SQ and Q culture methods and typing, especially by PFGE, allowed the study to determine that bacteria from contaminated stopcocks were frequently the source of CVC infection and CRS.  (+info)

Route and type of nutrition influence IgA-mediating intestinal cytokines. (5/881)

OBJECTIVE: To examine the levels of a Th1 IgA-inhibiting cytokine (interferon gamma) and the Th2 IgA-stimulating cytokines (interleukin [IL]-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10) within the intestine of animals manipulated with enteral or parenteral nutrition, and to correlate these cytokine alterations with intestinal IgA levels. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Enteral feeding significantly reduces the incidence of pneumonia in critically injured patients compared with intravenous total parenteral nutrition (IV TPN) or no nutritional support. Experimentally, complex diets prevent impairments in mucosal immunity induced by IV TPN. These impairments include decreases in intestinal and respiratory tract IgA levels, impaired IgA-mediated antiviral defenses, and increases in the mortality rate against established immunity to Pseudomonas pneumonia. Intragastric (IG) TPN maintains antiviral defenses but only partially preserves protection against Pseudomonas pneumonia. Because IgA levels depend on interactions between Th1 IgA-inhibiting and Th2 IgA-stimulating cytokines, the authors postulated differences in gut cytokine balance in enterally and parenterally fed mice. METHODS: Sixty-one mice were randomized to receive chow, IV TPN, IG TPN, or an isocaloric, complex enteral diet. After 5 days of feeding, animals were killed and supernatants from samples of intestine were harvested, homogenized, and assayed for Th1 and Th2 cytokines by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: The Th2 cytokines, IL-5 and IL-6, and the Th1 cytokine, interferon gamma, remained unchanged by diet. IL-4 levels decreased significantly in both IV and IG TPN groups versus the chow or complex enteral diet groups, whereas IL-10 decreased only in IV TPN mice. Decreases in Th2 cytokines correlated with intestinal IgA levels. CONCLUSION: Chow and complex enteral diets maintain a normal balance between IgA-stimulating and IgA-inhibiting cytokines while preserving normal antibacterial and antiviral immunity. The IgA-stimulating cytokine IL-4 drops significantly in mice receiving IG and IV TPN in association with reduced IgA levels, whereas IL-10 decreases significantly only in mice receiving IV TPN. These data are consistent with severely impaired mucosal immunity with IV TPN and partial impairment with IG TPN and provide a cytokine-mediated explanation for reduction in diet-induced mucosal immunity.  (+info)

Randomised controlled trial of trophic feeding and gut motility. (6/881)

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of trophic feeding on gastric emptying and whole gut transit time in sick preterm infants. METHODS: A randomised, controlled, prospective study of 70 infants weighing less than 1750 g at birth, who were receiving ventilatory support, was performed. Group TF (33 infants) received trophic feeding from day 3 (0.5 ml/h if birthweight less than 1 kg, 1 ml/h if greater or equal to 1 kg) in addition to parenteral nutrition until ventilatory support finished. Group C (37 infants) received parenteral nutrition alone until ventilatory support finished. Expressed breast milk or a preterm formula were given according to maternal preference. Gastric emptying was assessed within 24 hours of nutritive milk feeding equal to 90 ml/kg/day, using ultrasound scans to measure the reduction in the gastric antral cross sectional area after a feed. Whole gut motility was assessed at both 3 and 6 weeks of age by measuring the whole gut transit time (WGTT) of the marker carmine red. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between groups in their gastric half emptying time, median difference (95% confidence interval) 2.6 (-5.9, 13.9) minutes. The WGTT was significantly faster (p < 0.05) in group TF at both 3 and 6 weeks; median difference -13 (-47, -0.1) and -12.5 (-44, -0.5) hours, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Trophic feeding enhances whole gut motility but not gastric emptying. This effect could subsequently improve milk tolerance in sick preterm infants.  (+info)

Parenteral nutrition following intensive cytotoxic therapy: an exploratory study on the need for parenteral nutrition after various treatment approaches for haematological malignancies. (7/881)

Patients receiving intensive cytotoxic therapy are traditionally supported with parenteral nutrition (PN), although it is unclear whether all patients benefit from PN. This study aimed to identify regimen-associated differences in PN requirements, to reveal discrepancies between the number of PN indications and the frequency with which PN was actually given, and to describe characteristics of patients who met nutritional goals without PN. PN indications were defined as: (1) severe malnutrition at admission; (2) a prolonged period (7-10 days) of minimal oral intake; or (3) clinical weight loss >10%. PN was found to be needed in only 35% of consolidation courses, compared with 80% during remission induction and 55% during BMT. Significant differences were also seen between BMT protocols: PN was required in only 37% of autologous BMT recipients conditioned without total body irradiation (for lymphoma) vs 92% of recipients of a mismatched graft. A high body mass index was the only significant characteristic of patients who could do without PN. In conclusion, PN is not required for all patients undergoing intensive cytotoxic therapy. Screening of nutritional status at the start of therapy and monitoring oral intake following cytotoxic treatment may allow more appropriate identification of patients requiring PN.  (+info)

Parenteral vitamin requirements during intravenous feeding. (8/881)

Serum vitamin levels of 40 patients undergoing parenteral nutrition over a 5-to 42-day period were studied while the subjects received daily water-soluble and once weekly fat soluble vitamin formulations intravenously. Initial serum deficiencies of vitamins A, C, and folate were noted in a large portion of the severely malnourished population. At the replacement levels used in this study a small number of patients developed subnormal levels of vitamins A and D. Improvement in levels for vitamin C and folate were noted for most patients. Vitamin B12 deficiencies were not noted in any patient. Currently available commercial vitamin preparations can be used with safety in the parenterally nourished population and recommended guidelines for weekly infusion of both water and fat soluble vitamins are presented.  (+info)

The symptoms of short bowel syndrome can vary depending on the severity of the condition and may include:

* Diarrhea
* Abdominal pain
* Nausea and vomiting
* Weight loss
* Fatigue
* Dehydration
* Malnutrition

Treatment for short bowel syndrome typically involves a combination of dietary modifications, medications, and supplements to help manage symptoms and improve nutrient absorption. In some cases, intravenous feeding may be necessary to ensure adequate nutrition.

Short bowel syndrome can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

* Intestinal surgery
* Inflammatory bowel disease (such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis)
* Infections (such as Clostridium difficile or viral infections)
* Radiation therapy
* Trauma to the abdomen
* Congenital conditions (such as short gut syndrome)

Overall, short bowel syndrome can have a significant impact on quality of life and can be challenging to manage. However, with proper treatment and support, it is possible for individuals with this condition to lead active and fulfilling lives.

Types of Nutrition Disorders:

1. Malnutrition: This occurs when the body does not receive enough nutrients to maintain proper bodily functions. Malnutrition can be caused by a lack of access to healthy food, digestive problems, or other underlying health issues.
2. Obesity: This is a condition where excess body fat accumulates to the point that it negatively affects health. Obesity can increase the risk of various diseases, such as diabetes, heart disease, and certain types of cancer.
3. Anorexia Nervosa: This is an eating disorder characterized by a fear of gaining weight or becoming obese. People with anorexia nervosa may restrict their food intake to an extreme degree, leading to malnutrition and other health problems.
4. Bulimia Nervosa: This is another eating disorder where individuals engage in binge eating followed by purging or other compensatory behaviors to rid the body of calories consumed. Bulimia nervosa can also lead to malnutrition and other health issues.
5. Diabetes Mellitus: This is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood sugar levels. Type 2 diabetes, in particular, has been linked to poor dietary habits and a lack of physical activity.
6. Cardiovascular Disease: Poor dietary habits and a lack of physical activity can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, which includes heart disease and stroke.
7. Osteoporosis: A diet low in calcium and vitamin D can contribute to the development of osteoporosis, a condition characterized by brittle bones and an increased risk of fractures.
8. Gout: This is a type of arthritis caused by high levels of uric acid in the blood. A diet rich in purine-containing foods such as red meat, seafood, and certain grains can increase the risk of developing gout.
9. Dental Problems: Poor dietary habits, particularly a diet high in sugar, can contribute to dental problems such as cavities and gum disease.
10. Mental Health Disorders: Malnutrition and other health problems caused by poor dietary habits can also contribute to mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety.

In conclusion, poor dietary habits can have significant negative effects on an individual's overall health and well-being. It is essential to adopt healthy dietary habits such as consuming a balanced diet, limiting processed foods and sugars, and increasing physical activity to maintain good health and prevent chronic diseases.

1. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): A chronic condition characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits.
2. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A group of chronic conditions that cause inflammation in the digestive tract, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
3. Diverticulosis: A condition in which small pouches form in the wall of the intestine, often causing abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits.
4. Intestinal obstruction: A blockage that prevents food, fluids, and gas from passing through the intestine, often causing abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.
5. Intestinal ischemia: A reduction in blood flow to the intestine, which can cause damage to the tissues and lead to life-threatening complications.
6. Intestinal cancer: Cancer that develops in the small intestine or large intestine, often causing symptoms such as abdominal pain, weight loss, and rectal bleeding.
7. Gastrointestinal infections: Infections caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites that affect the gastrointestinal tract, often causing symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.
8. Intestinal motility disorders: Disorders that affect the movement of food through the intestine, often causing symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation.
9. Malabsorption: A condition in which the body is unable to properly absorb nutrients from food, often caused by conditions such as celiac disease or pancreatic insufficiency.
10. Intestinal pseudo-obstruction: A condition in which the intestine becomes narrowed or blocked, often causing symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation.

These are just a few examples of the many potential complications that can occur when the gastrointestinal system is not functioning properly. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any persistent or severe symptoms in order to receive proper diagnosis and treatment.

The symptoms of chylous ascites can include abdominal distension, pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. The condition is often diagnosed through a physical examination, imaging tests such as CT scans or ultrasound, and a sample of the ascitic fluid drawn from the peritoneal cavity.

Treatment options for chylous ascites depend on the underlying cause of the condition, but may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgery, or drainage of the ascitic fluid. In some cases, a procedure called paracentesis may be performed to remove excess fluid and relieve symptoms.

Prognosis for patients with chylous ascites is generally poor, as it is often a sign of an underlying malignancy or other serious condition. However, the outlook can vary depending on the specific cause of the condition and the effectiveness of treatment.

There are several potential causes of chylothorax, including:

1. Injury or trauma to the chest wall or lymphatic vessels
2. Cancer, such as lung, breast, or lymphoma
3. Infection, such as tuberculosis or cat-scratch disease
4. Genetic conditions, such as Turner syndrome or Noonan syndrome
5. Inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis or sarcoidosis
6. Postoperative complications
7. Pancreatitis
8. Abdominal tumors
9. Thoracic injuries

Symptoms of chylothorax may include:

1. Shortness of breath
2. Chest pain that worsens with deep breathing or coughing
3. Coughing up cloudy, milky fluid (chyle)
4. Fever
5. Night sweats
6. Weight loss
7. Fatigue
8. Swelling in the legs or arms

Diagnosis of chylothorax is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, and ultrasound. Treatment options for chylothorax depend on the underlying cause, but may include:

1. Draining the fluid from the pleural space through a procedure called thoracentesis
2. Medications to manage symptoms such as pain and fever
3. Surgery to repair any underlying damage or injuries
4. Chemotherapy or radiation therapy to treat underlying cancer
5. Infection treatment if the chylothorax is caused by an infection
6. Conservative management with supportive care, such as oxygen therapy and respiratory therapy, if the condition is not severe.

1. Scurvy: A disease caused by a lack of vitamin C in the diet, leading to bleeding gums, weakened immune system, and poor wound healing.
2. Rickets: A disease that affects children and is caused by a lack of calcium and vitamin D, leading to soft and weak bones.
3. Anemia: A condition where the body does not have enough red blood cells or hemoglobin, which can be caused by a lack of iron, folate, or vitamin B12.
4. Beriberi: A condition that affects the heart and nervous system and is caused by a lack of vitamin B1 (thiamine), leading to muscle weakness, fatigue, and heart failure.
5. Goiter: An enlarged thyroid gland that can be caused by a lack of iodine in the diet, leading to hypothyroidism and other complications.
6. Pellagra: A disease caused by a lack of niacin (vitamin B3) in the diet, leading to diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia.
7. Kwashiorkor: A condition that occurs in children who are malnourished due to a lack of protein in their diet, leading to edema, skin lesions, and diarrhea.
8. Marasmus: A severe form of malnutrition that can be caused by a lack of calories, protein, or other essential nutrients, leading to weight loss, wasting, and weakened immune system.

Deficiency diseases can be prevented by consuming a well-balanced diet that includes a variety of whole foods, such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. In some cases, deficiency diseases may also be treated with supplements or other medical interventions.

It is important to note that deficiency diseases can have far-reaching consequences for individuals, families, and communities. Malnutrition can lead to reduced productivity, increased healthcare costs, and a lower quality of life. Therefore, it is essential to prioritize nutrition and take steps to prevent deficiency diseases.

1. Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM): This type of malnutrition is caused by a lack of protein and energy in the diet. It is common in developing countries and can lead to weight loss, weakness, and stunted growth in children.
2. Iron deficiency anemia: This type of malnutrition is caused by a lack of iron in the diet, which is necessary for the production of hemoglobin in red blood cells. Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.
3. Vitamin and mineral deficiencies: Malnutrition can also be caused by a lack of essential vitamins and minerals such as vitamin A, vitamin D, calcium, and iodine. Symptoms vary depending on the specific deficiency but can include skin problems, impaired immune function, and poor wound healing.
4. Obesity: This type of malnutrition is caused by consuming too many calories and not enough nutrients. It can lead to a range of health problems including diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease.

Signs and symptoms of malnutrition can include:

* Weight loss or weight gain
* Fatigue or weakness
* Poor wound healing
* Hair loss
* Skin problems
* Increased infections
* Poor appetite or overeating
* Digestive problems such as diarrhea or constipation
* Impaired immune function

Treatment for malnutrition depends on the underlying cause and may include:

* Dietary changes: Eating a balanced diet that includes a variety of nutrient-rich foods can help to correct nutrient deficiencies.
* Nutritional supplements: In some cases, nutritional supplements such as vitamins or minerals may be recommended to help address specific deficiencies.
* Medical treatment: Certain medical conditions that contribute to malnutrition, such as digestive disorders or infections, may require treatment with medication or other interventions.

Prevention is key, and there are several steps you can take to help prevent malnutrition:

* Eat a balanced diet that includes a variety of nutrient-rich foods.
* Avoid restrictive diets or fad diets that limit specific food groups.
* Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water.
* Avoid excessive alcohol consumption, which can interfere with nutrient absorption and lead to malnutrition.
* Maintain a healthy weight through a combination of a balanced diet and regular exercise.

It is important to note that malnutrition can be subtle and may not always be easily recognizable. If you suspect you or someone you know may be experiencing malnutrition, it is important to seek medical attention to receive an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Other definitions:

* Premature birth: A birth that occurs before 37 completed weeks of gestation.
* Preterm birth: A birth that occurs before 37 completed weeks of gestation, but not necessarily before 22 weeks.
* Very preterm birth: A birth that occurs before 28 completed weeks of gestation.
* Extremely preterm birth: A birth that occurs before 24 completed weeks of gestation.

Diseases associated with premature infants:

1. Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS): A condition in which the baby's lungs do not produce enough surfactant, a substance that helps the air sacs in the lungs expand and contract properly.
2. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD): A chronic lung disease that can develop in premature infants who have RDS.
3. Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH): Bleeding in the brain that can occur in premature infants, particularly those with RDS or BPD.
4. Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP): A condition that can cause blindness in premature infants due to abnormal blood vessel growth in the retina.
5. Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC): A condition that can cause damage to the intestines and other parts of the digestive system in premature infants.
6. Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH): Bleeding in the brain that can occur in premature infants, particularly those with RDS or BPD.
7. Gastrointestinal problems: Premature infants are at risk for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and other gastrointestinal problems.
8. Feeding difficulties: Premature infants may have difficulty feeding, which can lead to weight gain issues or the need for a feeding tube.
9. Respiratory infections: Premature infants are at increased risk for respiratory infections, such as pneumonia and bronchiolitis.
10. Developmental delays: Premature infants may be at risk for developmental delays or learning disabilities, particularly if they experienced significant health problems or required oxygen therapy.

It is important to note that not all premature infants will develop these complications, and the severity of the conditions can vary depending on the individual baby's health and the level of care they receive. However, it is essential for parents and caregivers to be aware of the potential risks and seek prompt medical attention if they notice any signs of distress or illness in their premature infant.

The blockage or narrowing can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

* Abnormal development of the intestinal tube during fetal development
* Intestinal ischemia (reduced blood flow) due to a congenital heart defect or other condition
* Inflammatory bowel disease (such as Crohn's disease)
* Infections such as appendicitis or diverticulitis
* Genetic conditions such as Turner syndrome or Down syndrome

Intestinal atresia can cause a range of symptoms, including:

* Abdominal pain and swelling
* Diarrhea or constipation
* Vomiting
* Lack of appetite
* Weight loss
* Fever

If left untreated, intestinal atresia can lead to serious complications such as:

* Intestinal obstruction (blockage)
* Infection of the intestine (peritonitis)
* Abscesses (pockets of infection) in the abdomen
* Sepsis (systemic infection)

Treatment for intestinal atresia usually involves surgery to open or bypass the blocked area. In some cases, a small tube called a shunt may be placed in the intestine to help drain fluid and nutrients until the blockage can be resolved. Intravenous fluids and antibiotics may also be given to treat any infection and prevent complications.

In summary, intestinal atresia is a congenital defect that can cause blockages or narrowing in the small intestine, leading to abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and other symptoms. It can be caused by a variety of factors and can lead to serious complications if left untreated. Treatment usually involves surgery and other supportive measures to open or bypass the blocked area and manage any infection or complications.

Body weight is an important health indicator, as it can affect an individual's risk for certain medical conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Maintaining a healthy body weight is essential for overall health and well-being, and there are many ways to do so, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and other lifestyle changes.

There are several ways to measure body weight, including:

1. Scale: This is the most common method of measuring body weight, and it involves standing on a scale that displays the individual's weight in kg or lb.
2. Body fat calipers: These are used to measure body fat percentage by pinching the skin at specific points on the body.
3. Skinfold measurements: This method involves measuring the thickness of the skin folds at specific points on the body to estimate body fat percentage.
4. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA): This is a non-invasive method that uses electrical impulses to measure body fat percentage.
5. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA): This is a more accurate method of measuring body composition, including bone density and body fat percentage.

It's important to note that body weight can fluctuate throughout the day due to factors such as water retention, so it's best to measure body weight at the same time each day for the most accurate results. Additionally, it's important to use a reliable scale or measuring tool to ensure accurate measurements.

The term extravasation is commonly used in medical contexts to describe the leakage of fluids or medications from a blood vessel or other body structure. In the context of diagnostic and therapeutic materials, extravasation can refer to the leakage of materials such as contrast agents, medications, or other substances used for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.

Extravagation of diagnostic and therapeutic materials can have significant consequences, including tissue damage, infection, and systemic toxicity. For example, if a contrast agent used for imaging purposes leaks into the surrounding tissues, it can cause inflammation or other adverse reactions. Similarly, if a medication intended for injection into a specific location leaks into the surrounding tissues or organs, it can cause unintended side effects or toxicity.

To prevent extravasation of diagnostic and therapeutic materials, healthcare providers must follow proper techniques and protocols for administration and use of these materials. This may include using sterile equipment, following proper injection techniques, and monitoring the patient closely for any signs of complications. In cases where extravasation does occur, prompt treatment and management are essential to minimize potential harm and prevent long-term consequences.

There are several types of malabsorption syndromes, including:

1. Celiac disease: An autoimmune disorder that damages the lining of the small intestine and interferes with nutrient absorption.
2. Crohn's disease: An inflammatory bowel disease that can damage the small intestine and lead to malabsorption.
3. Whipple's disease: A bacterial infection that causes inflammation and damage to the small intestine.
4. Giant cell enteropathy: An immune-mediated disorder that damages the small intestine and interferes with nutrient absorption.
5. Postoperative malabsorption: Malabsorption that occurs after surgery on the small intestine.
6. Pancreatic insufficiency: A condition in which the pancreas is unable to produce enough digestive enzymes to break down food properly.
7. Bacterial overgrowth: An overgrowth of bacteria in the small intestine can interfere with nutrient absorption.
8. Food allergies or intolerances: Certain foods can cause an immune response or irritation to the small intestine, leading to malabsorption.

The symptoms of malabsorption syndromes vary depending on the specific disorder and the severity of the condition. Common symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, and nutrient deficiencies. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the malabsorption and may involve dietary changes, medication, or surgery.

Some common examples of critical illnesses include:

1. Sepsis: a systemic inflammatory response to an infection that can lead to organ failure and death.
2. Cardiogenic shock: a condition where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, leading to serious complications such as heart failure and death.
3. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): a condition where the lungs are severely inflamed and unable to provide sufficient oxygen to the body.
4. Multi-system organ failure: a condition where multiple organs in the body fail simultaneously, leading to serious complications and death.
5. Trauma: severe physical injuries sustained in an accident or other traumatic event.
6. Stroke: a sudden interruption of blood flow to the brain that can lead to permanent brain damage and death.
7. Myocardial infarction (heart attack): a blockage of coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart, leading to damage or death of heart muscle cells.
8. Pulmonary embolism: a blockage of the pulmonary artery, which can lead to respiratory failure and death.
9. Pancreatitis: inflammation of the pancreas that can lead to severe abdominal pain, bleeding, and organ failure.
10. Hypovolemic shock: a condition where there is a severe loss of blood or fluid from the body, leading to hypotension, organ failure, and death.

The diagnosis and treatment of critical illnesses require specialized knowledge and skills, and are typically handled by intensive care unit (ICU) teams consisting of critical care physicians, nurses, and other healthcare professionals. The goal of critical care is to provide life-sustaining interventions and support to patients who are critically ill until they recover or until their condition stabilizes.

The condition can be caused by various factors, including:

1. Neurological disorders: Conditions such as Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and spinal cord injuries can damage the nerves that control intestinal movement, leading to pseudo-obstruction.
2. Medications: Certain medications, such as anticholinergics and opioids, can slow down intestinal motility and cause pseudo-obstruction.
3. Inflammatory bowel disease: Inflammatory conditions such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis can damage the muscles in the intestinal wall, leading to pseudo-obstruction.
4. Surgery: Intestinal surgery can sometimes result in adhesions or scar tissue that can cause pseudo-obstruction.
5. Infections: Infections such as appendicitis and diverticulitis can inflame the intestines and disrupt their function, leading to pseudo-obstruction.
6. Cancer: Cancer of the intestine or surrounding tissues can obstruct the flow of food through the intestines and cause pseudo-obstruction.

Treatment for intestinal pseudo-obstruction typically involves supportive care, such as fluids, electrolytes, and oxygen, as well as medications to manage symptoms. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove any blockages or adhesions that are causing the condition.

Causes and risk factors:

1. Poverty and lack of access to nutritious food
2. Poor sanitation and hygiene
3. Inadequate healthcare and nutritional education
4. Conflict and displacement
5. Chronic illnesses such as HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis

Symptoms:

1. Wasting and stunting of children
2. Poor appetite and weight loss
3. Fatigue, weakness, and lethargy
4. Increased susceptibility to infections
5. Poor wound healing and skin problems

Complications:

1. Stunted growth and development
2. Weakened immune system
3. Increased risk of infections and diseases such as diarrhea, pneumonia, and malaria
4. Poor cognitive development and reduced educational attainment
5. Increased risk of mortality

Diagnosis:

1. Clinical evaluation of symptoms and physical examination
2. Anthropometric measurements such as height and weight
3. Laboratory tests to assess nutrient deficiencies and infections
4. Dietary assessment to determine food intake and nutrient adequacy

Treatment and prevention:

1. Providing access to nutrient-dense foods, particularly protein-rich foods such as meat, poultry, fish, beans, and dairy products
2. Addressing underlying causes such as poverty and poor sanitation
3. Implementing nutritional education programs to promote healthy eating habits
4. Providing micronutrient supplements and fortified foods
5. Addressing infectious diseases and providing appropriate medical care

In conclusion, protein-energy malnutrition is a serious condition that affects millions of people worldwide, particularly in developing countries. It can have severe consequences on physical growth, cognitive development, and overall health. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term health problems and improve quality of life. Addressing underlying causes such as poverty and poor sanitation is also essential to prevent the condition from occurring in the first place.

There are several types of cholestasis, including:

1. Obstructive cholestasis: This occurs when there is a blockage in the bile ducts, preventing bile from flowing freely from the liver.
2. Metabolic cholestasis: This is caused by a problem with the metabolism of bile acids in the liver.
3. Inflammatory cholestasis: This occurs when there is inflammation in the liver, which can cause scarring and impair bile flow.
4. Idiopathic cholestasis: This type of cholestasis has no identifiable cause.

Treatment for cholestasis depends on the underlying cause, but may include medications to improve bile flow, dissolve gallstones, or reduce inflammation. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary. Early diagnosis and treatment can help to manage symptoms and prevent complications of cholestasis.

Some common types of infant nutrition disorders include:

1. Cow's milk protein allergy: This is an immune system reaction to the proteins found in cow's milk, which can cause gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea and vomiting.
2. Lactose intolerance: This is a condition in which the body is unable to digest lactose, a sugar found in milk, leading to gastrointestinal symptoms.
3. Malabsorption disorders: These are conditions that affect the absorption of nutrients from food, such as celiac disease or pancreatic insufficiency.
4. Neonatal jaundice: This is a condition in which the baby's skin and eyes turn yellow due to high levels of bilirubin, a waste product of red blood cells, in the blood.
5. Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: This is a condition in which the muscles in the pylorus, the opening between the stomach and small intestine, become thickened, leading to vomiting and dehydration.
6. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): This is a condition in which the muscles that separate the esophagus and stomach do not function properly, allowing stomach acid to flow back up into the esophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn and vomiting.
7. Inborn errors of metabolism: These are genetic disorders that affect the body's ability to break down certain nutrients or produce certain substances essential for growth and development.
8. Premature birth: Babies born prematurely may be at higher risk for various nutrition disorders due to their underdeveloped digestive system.
9. Feeding difficulties: Infants with feeding difficulties, such as difficulty latching or sucking, may be at higher risk for nutrient deficiencies and other feeding-related disorders.
10. Maternal nutrition during pregnancy: A mother's nutritional intake during pregnancy can affect the developing fetus and increase the risk of certain nutrition disorders in the baby.

It is important to note that not all babies who are born prematurely or have a low birth weight will develop these disorders, and not all babies who exhibit these symptoms have an underlying nutrition disorder. If you suspect that your baby may have a nutrition disorder, it is important to discuss your concerns with your pediatrician or a registered dietitian to determine the appropriate course of action.

Here are some key points to define sepsis:

1. Inflammatory response: Sepsis is characterized by an excessive and uncontrolled inflammatory response to an infection. This can lead to tissue damage and organ dysfunction.
2. Systemic symptoms: Patients with sepsis often have systemic symptoms such as fever, chills, rapid heart rate, and confusion. They may also experience nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
3. Organ dysfunction: Sepsis can cause dysfunction in multiple organs, including the lungs, kidneys, liver, and heart. This can lead to organ failure and death if not treated promptly.
4. Infection source: Sepsis is usually caused by a bacterial infection, but it can also be caused by fungal or viral infections. The infection can be localized or widespread, and it can affect different parts of the body.
5. Severe sepsis: Severe sepsis is a more severe form of sepsis that is characterized by severe organ dysfunction and a higher risk of death. Patients with severe sepsis may require intensive care unit (ICU) admission and mechanical ventilation.
6. Septic shock: Septic shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs when there is severe circulatory dysfunction due to sepsis. It is characterized by hypotension, vasopressor use, and organ failure.

Early recognition and treatment of sepsis are critical to preventing serious complications and improving outcomes. The Sepsis-3 definition is widely used in clinical practice to diagnose sepsis and severe sepsis.

The exact cause of gastroschisis is not known, but it is thought to be related to a combination of genetic and environmental factors during fetal development. The condition is often associated with other congenital anomalies, such as chromosomal abnormalities or other structural defects.

Symptoms of gastroschisis usually become apparent shortly after birth and may include:

* A protrusion of the intestines through a hole in the abdominal wall near the navel
* Abdominal swelling or distension
* Vomiting and feeding difficulties
* Diarrhea or constipation
* Abnormal bowel movements or gas

Gastroschisis is typically diagnosed shortly after birth, based on physical examination and imaging studies such as ultrasound or X-ray. Treatment usually involves surgical repair of the defect, which may involve closing the opening in the abdominal wall and/or repairing any damage to the intestines. In some cases, the intestines may need to be removed from the abdominal cavity and placed in a temporary bag outside the body (called an ostomy) until the baby is old enough to undergo definitive surgery.

The long-term outlook for infants with gastroschisis depends on the severity of the defect and any associated anomalies. In general, most babies with gastroschisis can be successfully treated and will go on to lead normal, healthy lives. However, some may experience ongoing bowel or digestive problems, and a small percentage may have long-term developmental delays or other complications.

1) Electrolyte imbalances: The rapid ingestion of large amounts of food can cause an imbalance of electrolytes such as potassium, sodium, and magnesium.
2) Insulin resistance: The body may become resistant to insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels.
3) Hyperinsulinemia: Elevated levels of insulin can cause a range of symptoms including confusion, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, headache, and even seizures.
4) Metabolic acidosis: The rapid breakdown of fat for energy can lead to the production of ketones, which can cause metabolic acidosis.
5) Cardiac arrhythmias: The rapid change in electrolyte levels and insulin resistance can lead to cardiac arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and even ventricular fibrillation.
6) Cerebral edema: In severe cases, refeeding syndrome can cause cerebral edema, leading to seizures, coma, and even death.

It is important for individuals who have been malnourished or starved to be reintroduced to food gradually, under the close supervision of a healthcare professional, to prevent refeeding syndrome.

The exact cause of ECN is not well understood, but it is believed to be associated with a combination of genetic and environmental factors, such as infections, medications, and underlying medical conditions like inflammatory bowel disease.

The symptoms of ECN can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but may include:

* Abdominal pain
* Diarrhea
* Fever
* Nausea and vomiting
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Loss of appetite

If you suspect that you or someone else may have ECN, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. A healthcare professional will perform a physical examination, take a medical history, and order diagnostic tests such as blood cultures, abdominal imaging (e.g., CT scan), and endoscopy to confirm the diagnosis and determine the extent of the condition.

Treatment of ECN typically involves supportive care to manage symptoms, address any underlying infections or other medical conditions, and prevent complications. This may include:

* Antibiotics to treat any underlying infections
* Pain management with medication
* Intravenous fluids and nutrition to prevent dehydration and malnutrition
* Surgical intervention to repair any perforations or remove damaged tissue

The prognosis for ECN can vary depending on the severity of the condition and the promptness and effectiveness of treatment. In general, early recognition and aggressive management of the condition can improve outcomes. However, the condition can be life-threatening and may result in long-term complications such as short bowel syndrome or chronic inflammatory bowel disease.

Prevention of ECN is not always possible, but good hand hygiene practices and proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE) can help reduce the risk of transmission. In addition, prompt recognition and treatment of underlying medical conditions can help prevent the development of ECN.

Types of Infection:

1. Bacterial Infections: These are caused by the presence of harmful bacteria in the body. Examples include pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and skin infections.
2. Viral Infections: These are caused by the presence of harmful viruses in the body. Examples include the common cold, flu, and HIV/AIDS.
3. Fungal Infections: These are caused by the presence of fungi in the body. Examples include athlete's foot, ringworm, and candidiasis.
4. Parasitic Infections: These are caused by the presence of parasites in the body. Examples include malaria, giardiasis, and toxoplasmosis.

Symptoms of Infection:

1. Fever
2. Fatigue
3. Headache
4. Muscle aches
5. Skin rashes or lesions
6. Swollen lymph nodes
7. Sore throat
8. Coughing
9. Diarrhea
10. Vomiting

Treatment of Infection:

1. Antibiotics: These are used to treat bacterial infections and work by killing or stopping the growth of bacteria.
2. Antiviral medications: These are used to treat viral infections and work by interfering with the replication of viruses.
3. Fungicides: These are used to treat fungal infections and work by killing or stopping the growth of fungi.
4. Anti-parasitic medications: These are used to treat parasitic infections and work by killing or stopping the growth of parasites.
5. Supportive care: This includes fluids, nutritional supplements, and pain management to help the body recover from the infection.

Prevention of Infection:

1. Hand washing: Regular hand washing is one of the most effective ways to prevent the spread of infection.
2. Vaccination: Getting vaccinated against specific infections can help prevent them.
3. Safe sex practices: Using condoms and other safe sex practices can help prevent the spread of sexually transmitted infections.
4. Food safety: Properly storing and preparing food can help prevent the spread of foodborne illnesses.
5. Infection control measures: Healthcare providers use infection control measures such as wearing gloves, masks, and gowns to prevent the spread of infections in healthcare settings.

There are several causes of pancreatitis, including:

1. Gallstones: These can block the pancreatic duct, causing inflammation.
2. Alcohol consumption: Heavy alcohol use can damage the pancreas and lead to inflammation.
3. High triglycerides: Elevated levels of triglycerides in the blood can cause pancreatitis.
4. Infections: Viral or bacterial infections can infect the pancreas and cause inflammation.
5. Genetic factors: Some people may be more susceptible to pancreatitis due to inherited genetic mutations.
6. Pancreatic trauma: Physical injury to the pancreas can cause inflammation.
7. Certain medications: Some medications, such as certain antibiotics and chemotherapy drugs, can cause pancreatitis as a side effect.

Symptoms of pancreatitis may include:

1. Abdominal pain
2. Nausea and vomiting
3. Fever
4. Diarrhea or bloating
5. Weight loss
6. Loss of appetite

Treatment for pancreatitis depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage symptoms and address any complications. Treatment options may include:

1. Pain management: Medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or opioids may be used to manage abdominal pain.
2. Fluid replacement: Intravenous fluids may be given to replace lost fluids and electrolytes.
3. Antibiotics: If the pancreatitis is caused by an infection, antibiotics may be prescribed to treat the infection.
4. Nutritional support: Patients with pancreatitis may require nutritional support to ensure they are getting enough calories and nutrients.
5. Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy: In some cases, pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy may be necessary to help the body digest food.
6. Surgery: In severe cases of pancreatitis, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged tissue or repair damaged blood vessels.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience persistent abdominal pain or other symptoms of pancreatitis, as early treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

The term "intestinal fistula" encompasses several different types of fistulas that can occur in the gastrointestinal tract, including:

1. Enterocutaneous fistula: This type of fistula occurs between the intestine and the skin, typically on the abdominal wall.
2. Enteroenteric fistula: This type of fistula occurs between two segments of the intestine.
3. Enterofistulous intestinal tract: This type of fistula occurs when a segment of the intestine is replaced by a fistula.
4. Fecal fistula: This type of fistula occurs between the rectum and the skin, typically on the perineum.

The causes of intestinal fistulas are varied and can include:

1. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): Both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis can lead to the development of intestinal fistulas.
2. Diverticulitis: This condition can cause a fistula to form between the diverticula and the surrounding tissues.
3. Infection: Bacterial or parasitic infections can cause the formation of fistulas in the intestine.
4. Radiation therapy: This can damage the intestinal tissue and lead to the formation of a fistula.
5. Trauma: Blunt or penetrating trauma to the abdomen can cause a fistula to form between the intestine and surrounding tissues.
6. Cancer: Malignancies in the intestine or surrounding tissues can erode through the bowel wall and form a fistula.
7. Rare genetic conditions: Certain inherited conditions, such as familial polyposis syndrome, can increase the risk of developing intestinal fistulas.
8. Other medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as tuberculosis or syphilis, can also cause intestinal fistulas.

The symptoms of intestinal fistulas can vary depending on the location and severity of the fistula. Common symptoms include:

1. Abdominal pain
2. Diarrhea
3. Rectal bleeding
4. Infection (fever, chills, etc.)
5. Weakness and fatigue
6. Abdominal distension
7. Loss of appetite
8. Nausea and vomiting

The diagnosis of an intestinal fistula is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as:

1. Imaging studies (X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans) to visualize the fistula and surrounding tissues.
2. Endoscopy to examine the inside of the intestine and identify any damage or abnormalities.
3. Biopsy to obtain a tissue sample for further examination.
4. Blood tests to check for signs of infection or inflammation.

Treatment of an intestinal fistula depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. Treatment options may include:

1. Antibiotics to treat any underlying infections.
2. Surgery to repair the fistula and remove any damaged tissue.
3. Nutritional support to help the body heal and recover.
4. Management of any underlying medical conditions, such as diabetes or Crohn's disease.
5. Supportive care to manage symptoms such as pain, nausea, and vomiting.

The prognosis for intestinal fistulas varies depending on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In general, with prompt and appropriate treatment, many people with intestinal fistulas can experience a good outcome and recover fully. However, in some cases, complications such as infection or bleeding may occur, and the condition may be challenging to treat.

Child nutrition disorders refer to a range of conditions that affect the health and development of children, primarily caused by poor nutrition or dietary imbalances. These disorders can have short-term and long-term consequences on a child's physical and mental health, academic performance, and overall quality of life.

Types of Child Nutrition Disorders:

1. Malnutrition: A condition where the body does not receive enough nutrients to maintain proper growth and development. It can be caused by inadequate dietary intake, digestive problems, or other underlying medical conditions.
2. Obesity: Excess body fat that can impair health and increase the risk of various diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and joint problems.
3. Iron Deficiency Anemia: A condition where the body does not have enough red blood cells due to a lack of iron, which is essential for producing hemoglobin.
4. Vitamin D Deficiency: A condition where the body does not have enough vitamin D, which is necessary for bone health and immune system function.
5. Food Allergies: An immune response to specific foods that can cause a range of symptoms, from mild discomfort to life-threatening reactions. Common food allergens include peanuts, tree nuts, fish, shellfish, milk, eggs, wheat, and soy.
6. Coeliac Disease: An autoimmune disorder that causes the immune system to react to gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye, leading to damage of the small intestine and nutrient deficiencies.
7. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): A condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn, chest pain, and difficulty swallowing.
8. Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disorders: A group of conditions characterized by inflammation and eosinophils (a type of white blood cell) in the gastrointestinal tract, which can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and difficulty swallowing.
9. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): A common condition characterized by recurring abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits such as constipation or diarrhea.
10. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A group of chronic conditions that cause inflammation in the digestive tract, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
11. Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: Conditions characterized by symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits, but no visible signs of inflammation or structural abnormalities. Examples include functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
12. Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders: Conditions that affect the movement of food through the digestive system, such as gastroparesis (slowed stomach emptying) and hypermobile gut syndrome (excessively loose joints).
13. Neurogastroenterology: The study of the interaction between the nervous system and the gastrointestinal system, including conditions such as functional dyspepsia and gastroparesis.
14. Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disorders: Conditions that affect children, such as pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (PIBD), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and feeding disorders.
15. Geriatric Gastrointestinal Disorders: Conditions that affect older adults, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and dementia, which can impact digestion and nutrition.

These are just a few examples of the many different types of gastrointestinal disorders that exist. Each condition has its unique set of symptoms and characteristics, and may require different treatment approaches.

Types of Gastrointestinal Diseases:

1. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): A common condition characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel movements.
2. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A group of chronic conditions that cause inflammation in the digestive tract, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
3. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): A condition in which stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn and other symptoms.
4. Peptic Ulcer Disease: A condition characterized by ulcers in the lining of the stomach or duodenum.
5. Diverticulitis: A condition in which small pouches form in the wall of the colon and become inflamed.
6. Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach lining, often caused by infection or excessive alcohol consumption.
7. Esophagitis: Inflammation of the esophagus, often caused by acid reflux or infection.
8. Rectal Bleeding: Hemorrhage from the rectum, which can be a symptom of various conditions such as hemorrhoids, anal fissures, or inflammatory bowel disease.
9. Functional Dyspepsia: A condition characterized by recurring symptoms of epigastric pain, bloating, nausea, and belching.
10. Celiac Disease: An autoimmune disorder that causes the immune system to react to gluten, leading to inflammation and damage in the small intestine.

Causes of Gastrointestinal Diseases:

1. Infection: Viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections can cause gastrointestinal diseases.
2. Autoimmune Disorders: Conditions such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in the GI tract.
3. Diet: Consuming a diet high in processed foods, sugar, and unhealthy fats can contribute to gastrointestinal diseases.
4. Genetics: Certain genetic factors can increase the risk of developing certain gastrointestinal diseases.
5. Lifestyle Factors: Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, stress, and lack of physical activity can all contribute to gastrointestinal diseases.
6. Radiation Therapy: Exposure to radiation therapy can damage the GI tract and increase the risk of developing certain gastrointestinal diseases.
7. Medications: Certain medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids can cause gastrointestinal side effects.

Some common examples of digestive system diseases include:

1. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): This is a chronic condition characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits such as constipation or diarrhea.
2. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): This includes conditions such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, which cause chronic inflammation in the digestive tract.
3. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): This is a condition where stomach acid flows back up into the esophagus, causing heartburn and other symptoms.
4. Peptic Ulcer: This is a sore on the lining of the stomach or duodenum (the first part of the small intestine) that can cause pain, nausea, and vomiting.
5. Diverticulosis: This is a condition where small pouches form in the wall of the colon, which can become inflamed and cause symptoms such as abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits.
6. Constipation: This is a common condition where the stool is hard and difficult to pass, which can be caused by a variety of factors such as poor diet, dehydration, or certain medications.
7. Diabetes: This is a chronic condition that affects how the body regulates blood sugar levels, which can also affect the digestive system and cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.
8. Celiac Disease: This is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system reacts to gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye, causing inflammation and damage to the small intestine.
9. Lipidosis: This is a condition where there is an abnormal accumulation of fat in the body, which can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.
10. Sarcoidosis: This is a chronic inflammatory disease that can affect various organs in the body, including the digestive system, causing symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss.

It's important to note that this list is not exhaustive and there are many other conditions that can cause abdominal pain. If you are experiencing persistent or severe abdominal pain, it's important to seek medical attention to determine the underlying cause and receive proper treatment.

Also known as: Gastric-enteric fistula, gastrointestinal fistula, stomach fistula.

Example sentences:

1. The patient was diagnosed with a gastric fistula and underwent surgery to repair the abnormal connection.
2. The symptoms of gastric fistula can be severe and debilitating, making it important to seek medical attention if they persist or worsen over time.
3. Gastric fistula is a rare complication of gastric surgery, but it can be managed with prompt and appropriate treatment.

Symptoms of enteritis may include diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. In severe cases, the condition can lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and even death if left untreated.

The diagnosis of enteritis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as endoscopy, imaging studies, and laboratory tests (e.g., blood tests, stool cultures). Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the condition and may include antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, and supportive care to manage symptoms.

1. Infection: Bacterial or viral infections can develop after surgery, potentially leading to sepsis or organ failure.
2. Adhesions: Scar tissue can form during the healing process, which can cause bowel obstruction, chronic pain, or other complications.
3. Wound complications: Incisional hernias, wound dehiscence (separation of the wound edges), and wound infections can occur.
4. Respiratory problems: Pneumonia, respiratory failure, and atelectasis (collapsed lung) can develop after surgery, particularly in older adults or those with pre-existing respiratory conditions.
5. Cardiovascular complications: Myocardial infarction (heart attack), cardiac arrhythmias, and cardiac failure can occur after surgery, especially in high-risk patients.
6. Renal (kidney) problems: Acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease can develop postoperatively, particularly in patients with pre-existing renal impairment.
7. Neurological complications: Stroke, seizures, and neuropraxia (nerve damage) can occur after surgery, especially in patients with pre-existing neurological conditions.
8. Pulmonary embolism: Blood clots can form in the legs or lungs after surgery, potentially causing pulmonary embolism.
9. Anesthesia-related complications: Respiratory and cardiac complications can occur during anesthesia, including respiratory and cardiac arrest.
10. delayed healing: Wound healing may be delayed or impaired after surgery, particularly in patients with pre-existing medical conditions.

It is important for patients to be aware of these potential complications and to discuss any concerns with their surgeon and healthcare team before undergoing surgery.

Crohn disease can occur in any part of the GI tract, from the mouth to the anus, but it most commonly affects the ileum (the last portion of the small intestine) and the colon. The inflammation caused by Crohn disease can lead to the formation of scar tissue, which can cause narrowing or blockages in the intestines. This can lead to complications such as bowel obstruction or abscesses.

The exact cause of Crohn disease is not known, but it is believed to be an autoimmune disorder, meaning that the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in the GI tract. Genetic factors and environmental triggers such as smoking and diet also play a role in the development of the disease.

There is no cure for Crohn disease, but various treatments can help manage symptoms and prevent complications. These may include medications such as anti-inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressants, and biologics, as well as lifestyle changes such as dietary modifications and stress management techniques. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged portions of the GI tract.

Crohn disease can have a significant impact on quality of life, and it is important for individuals with the condition to work closely with their healthcare provider to manage their symptoms and prevent complications. With proper treatment and self-care, many people with Crohn disease are able to lead active and fulfilling lives.

Hypoalbuminemia can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Liver disease: The liver is responsible for producing albumin, so any damage to the liver can lead to low levels of albumin in the blood.
2. Malnutrition: A diet that is deficient in protein can lead to low levels of albumin.
3. Kidney disease: The kidneys are responsible for filtering waste products and excess fluids from the blood, and they also play a role in regulating albumin levels. Damage to the kidneys can lead to hypoalbuminemia.
4. Inflammation: Inflammation in the body can cause damage to the liver and kidneys, leading to low levels of albumin.
5. Cancer: Some types of cancer, such as liver cancer, can cause hypoalbuminemia by damaging the liver and disrupting the balance of fluids and electrolytes in the body.
6. Inherited disorders: Certain inherited disorders, such as nephrotic syndrome, can lead to hypoalbuminemia.
7. Medications: Certain medications, such as diuretics, can cause hypoalbuminemia by increasing urine production and leading to a loss of albumin in the urine.

Hypoalbuminemia can have serious consequences if left untreated, including fluid accumulation in the body (edema), increased risk of infection, and impaired wound healing. Treatment for hypoalbuminemia typically involves addressing the underlying cause, such as managing liver disease or kidney disease, correcting malnutrition, or treating inflammation with medications. In severe cases, albumin replacement therapy may be necessary to help maintain blood pressure and prevent fluid accumulation in the body.

The symptoms of Sarcoma, Yoshida can vary depending on the location of the tumor, but may include pain, swelling, and limited mobility in the affected limb. The diagnosis of this condition is based on a combination of imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment for Sarcoma, Yoshida usually involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. The prognosis for this condition is generally poor, with a five-year survival rate of around 30%. However, early detection and aggressive treatment can improve outcomes.

* Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI): A genetic disorder that affects the formation of bone tissue, leading to fragile bones and an increased risk of fractures.
* Rickets: A vitamin D-deficient disease that causes softening of the bones in children.
* Osteomalacia: A condition similar to rickets, but affecting adults and caused by a deficiency of vitamin D or calcium.
* Hyperparathyroidism: A condition in which the parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to an imbalance in bone metabolism and an increase in bone resorption.
* Hypoparathyroidism: A condition in which the parathyroid glands produce too little PTH, leading to low levels of calcium and vitamin D and an increased risk of osteoporosis.

Bone diseases, metabolic are typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as X-rays or CT scans, and laboratory tests to evaluate bone metabolism. Treatment depends on the specific underlying cause of the disease and may include medications, dietary changes, or surgery.

The symptoms of WE can vary depending on the severity of the deficiency, but common manifestations include:

1. Confusion and disorientation
2. Memory loss and difficulty learning new information
3. Difficulty with coordination and balance
4. Loss of muscle tone and weakness in the arms and legs
5. Disturbances in vision, hearing, and taste
6. Nausea and vomiting
7. Abnormalities in heart rate and blood pressure
8. Increased risk of seizures and coma

If left untreated, WE can lead to more severe complications such as Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (WKS), a condition that involves the loss of brain tissue and memory loss. Treatment for WE typically involves thiamine supplements and addressing any underlying causes of the deficiency. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat complications.

In medicine, cross-infection refers to the transmission of an infectious agent from one individual or source to another, often through direct contact or indirect exposure. This type of transmission can occur in various settings, such as hospitals, clinics, and long-term care facilities, where patients with compromised immune systems are more susceptible to infection.

Cross-infection can occur through a variety of means, including:

1. Person-to-person contact: Direct contact with an infected individual, such as touching, hugging, or shaking hands.
2. Contaminated surfaces and objects: Touching contaminated surfaces or objects that have been touched by an infected individual, such as doorknobs, furniture, or medical equipment.
3. Airborne transmission: Inhaling droplets or aerosolized particles that contain the infectious agent, such as during coughing or sneezing.
4. Contaminated food and water: Consuming food or drinks that have been handled by an infected individual or contaminated with the infectious agent.
5. Insect vectors: Mosquitoes, ticks, or other insects can transmit infections through their bites.

Cross-infection is a significant concern in healthcare settings, as it can lead to outbreaks of nosocomial infections (infections acquired in hospitals) and can spread rapidly among patients, healthcare workers, and visitors. To prevent cross-infection, healthcare providers use strict infection control measures, such as wearing personal protective equipment (PPE), thoroughly cleaning and disinfecting surfaces, and implementing isolation precautions for infected individuals.

In summary, cross-infection refers to the transmission of an infectious agent from one individual or source to another, often through direct contact or indirect exposure in healthcare settings. Preventing cross-infection is essential to maintaining a safe and healthy environment for patients, healthcare workers, and visitors.

The exact cause of BPD is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Babies who are born prematurely or have low birth weights are at higher risk for developing BPD.

Symptoms of BPD can include rapid breathing, difficulty breathing, and bluish color of the skin (cyanosis). Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays or blood tests.

There is no cure for BPD, but treatment options are available to help manage symptoms and improve lung function. These may include oxygen therapy, respiratory therapy, and medications such as bronchodilators or steroids. In severe cases, babies with BPD may require mechanical ventilation.

Long-term outcomes for babies with BPD can vary widely, depending on the severity of the disease and other individual factors. Some children may experience ongoing breathing problems and developmental delays, while others may recover fully with time. With appropriate treatment and support, however, many babies with BPD are able to lead healthy lives.

The prognosis for BPD is generally better for babies who are born at later gestational ages and have fewer other health problems. However, even with appropriate treatment, some babies with BPD may experience ongoing breathing difficulties and other complications throughout their lives. These may include:

* Respiratory infections: Babies with BPD are at higher risk for developing respiratory infections such as pneumonia, which can be serious and potentially life-threatening.
* Chronic lung disease: BPD can lead to long-term breathing problems and chronic lung disease, which can require ongoing medical treatment.
* Developmental delays: Babies with BPD may experience developmental delays and learning disabilities, particularly if they spent a significant amount of time in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).
* Behavioral and emotional problems: Some children with BPD may experience behavioral and emotional problems, such as anxiety and depression, which can be related to their medical history and experiences.

Overall, while babies with BPD face a higher risk for ongoing breathing problems and other complications, many are able to recover fully with appropriate treatment and support. It is important for parents and caregivers to work closely with healthcare providers to monitor their child's condition and address any ongoing concerns or complications.

The most common types of CRIs include:

1. Urinary tract infections (UTIs): These occur when bacteria enter the urinary tract through the catheter and cause an infection in the bladder, kidneys, or ureters.
2. Catheter-associated asymptomatic bacteriuria (CAB): This occurs when bacteria are present in the urine but do not cause symptoms.
3. Catheter-associated symptomatic urinary tract infections (CAUTI): These occur when bacteria cause symptoms such as burning during urination, frequent urination, or cloudy urine.
4. Pyelonephritis: This is a type of UTI that affects the kidneys and can be life-threatening if left untreated.
5. Septicemia: This occurs when bacteria enter the bloodstream through the catheter and cause a systemic infection.
6. Catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs): These occur when bacteria enter the bloodstream through the catheter and cause an infection.
7. Catheter-associated fungal infections: These occur when fungi grow in the urinary tract or on the catheter, causing an infection.
8. Catheter-associated viral infections: These occur when a virus infects the urinary tract or the catheter.

CRIs can be prevented by using sterile equipment, proper insertion and maintenance techniques, and regularly cleaning and disinfecting the catheter. Early detection and treatment of CRIs are critical to prevent complications and improve outcomes.

There are several types of atrophy that can occur in different parts of the body. For example:

1. Muscular atrophy: This occurs when muscles weaken and shrink due to disuse or injury.
2. Neuronal atrophy: This occurs when nerve cells degenerate, leading to a loss of cognitive function and memory.
3. Cardiac atrophy: This occurs when the heart muscle weakens and becomes less efficient, leading to decreased cardiac output.
4. Atrophic gastritis: This is a type of stomach inflammation that can lead to the wasting away of the stomach lining.
5. Atrophy of the testes: This occurs when the testes shrink due to a lack of use or disorder, leading to decreased fertility.

Atrophy can be diagnosed through various medical tests and imaging studies, such as MRI or CT scans. Treatment for atrophy depends on the underlying cause and may involve physical therapy, medication, or surgery. In some cases, atrophy can be prevented or reversed with proper treatment and care.

In summary, atrophy is a degenerative process that can occur in various parts of the body due to injury, disease, or disuse. It can lead to a loss of function and decreased quality of life, but with proper diagnosis and treatment, it may be possible to prevent or reverse some forms of atrophy.

There are many different types of liver diseases, including:

1. Alcoholic liver disease (ALD): A condition caused by excessive alcohol consumption that can lead to inflammation, scarring, and cirrhosis.
2. Viral hepatitis: Hepatitis A, B, and C are viral infections that can cause inflammation and damage to the liver.
3. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): A condition where there is an accumulation of fat in the liver, which can lead to inflammation and scarring.
4. Cirrhosis: A condition where the liver becomes scarred and cannot function properly.
5. Hemochromatosis: A genetic disorder that causes the body to absorb too much iron, which can damage the liver and other organs.
6. Wilson's disease: A rare genetic disorder that causes copper to accumulate in the liver and brain, leading to damage and scarring.
7. Liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma): Cancer that develops in the liver, often as a result of cirrhosis or viral hepatitis.

Symptoms of liver disease can include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal pain, dark urine, pale stools, and swelling in the legs. Treatment options for liver disease depend on the underlying cause and may include lifestyle changes, medication, or surgery. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary.

Prevention of liver disease includes maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle, avoiding excessive alcohol consumption, getting vaccinated against hepatitis A and B, and managing underlying medical conditions such as obesity and diabetes. Early detection and treatment of liver disease can help to prevent long-term damage and improve outcomes for patients.

The symptoms of HG can vary in severity and may include:

1. Severe nausea and vomiting, often beginning around the fourth week of pregnancy
2. Dehydration, which can lead to electrolyte imbalances and other complications
3. Weight loss and malnutrition
4. Headaches and migraines
5. Fatigue and lethargy
6. Poor sleep quality
7. Restlessness and irritability
8. Decreased urine output
9. Intense sensitivity to smells and sounds
10. Cravings for certain foods or drinks

HG is often difficult to diagnose, as the symptoms can be similar to those of morning sickness. However, HG is typically more severe and persistent than morning sickness. To diagnose HG, a healthcare provider will consider the severity and duration of the symptoms, as well as other factors such as the patient's medical history and any underlying conditions.

There is no cure for HG, but there are several treatments that can help manage the symptoms. These may include:

1. Medications such as antihistamines, anti-nausea drugs, and antacids
2. Intravenous (IV) fluids to treat dehydration
3. Dietary modifications, such as eating small, frequent meals and avoiding spicy or greasy foods
4. Rest and relaxation techniques, such as acupuncture and meditation
5. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage the symptoms and prevent complications.

It is important for pregnant women who experience severe nausea and vomiting to seek medical attention, as HG can have serious consequences if left untreated. These may include dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and weight loss, which can lead to preterm labor and other complications. With proper treatment, however, most women with HG are able to manage their symptoms and have a healthy pregnancy.

Symptoms of nephrocalcinosis may include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, frequent urination, and blood in the urine. Diagnosis is typically made through imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or ultrasound, and blood tests to determine calcium levels and kidney function.

Treatment for nephrocalcinosis depends on the underlying cause of the condition and may include medications to lower calcium levels, dietary changes to reduce calcium intake, and in severe cases, dialysis or kidney transplantation may be necessary. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as early detection and treatment can help prevent long-term damage to the kidneys.

Low birth weight is defined as less than 2500 grams (5 pounds 8 ounces) and is associated with a higher risk of health problems, including respiratory distress, infection, and developmental delays. Premature birth is also a risk factor for low birth weight, as premature infants may not have had enough time to grow to a healthy weight before delivery.

On the other hand, high birth weight is associated with an increased risk of macrosomia, a condition in which the baby is significantly larger than average and may require a cesarean section (C-section) or assisted delivery. Macrosomia can also increase the risk of injury to the mother during delivery.

Birth weight can be influenced by various factors during pregnancy, including maternal nutrition, prenatal care, and fetal growth patterns. However, it is important to note that birth weight alone is not a definitive indicator of a baby's health or future development. Other factors, such as the baby's overall physical condition, Apgar score (a measure of the baby's well-being at birth), and postnatal care, are also important indicators of long-term health outcomes.

There are several different types of weight gain, including:

1. Clinical obesity: This is defined as a BMI of 30 or higher, and is typically associated with a range of serious health problems, such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain types of cancer.
2. Central obesity: This refers to excess fat around the waistline, which can increase the risk of health problems such as heart disease and type 2 diabetes.
3. Muscle gain: This occurs when an individual gains weight due to an increase in muscle mass, rather than fat. This type of weight gain is generally considered healthy and can improve overall fitness and athletic performance.
4. Fat gain: This occurs when an individual gains weight due to an increase in body fat, rather than muscle or bone density. Fat gain can increase the risk of health problems such as heart disease and type 2 diabetes.

Weight gain can be measured using a variety of methods, including:

1. Body mass index (BMI): This is a widely used measure of weight gain that compares an individual's weight to their height. A BMI of 18.5-24.9 is considered normal, while a BMI of 25-29.9 is considered overweight, and a BMI of 30 or higher is considered obese.
2. Waist circumference: This measures the distance around an individual's waistline and can be used to assess central obesity.
3. Skinfold measurements: These involve measuring the thickness of fat at specific points on the body, such as the abdomen or thighs.
4. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA): This is a non-invasive test that uses X-rays to measure bone density and body composition.
5. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA): This is a non-invasive test that uses electrical impulses to measure body fat percentage and other physiological parameters.

Causes of weight gain:

1. Poor diet: Consuming high amounts of processed foods, sugar, and saturated fats can lead to weight gain.
2. Lack of physical activity: Engaging in regular exercise can help burn calories and maintain a healthy weight.
3. Genetics: An individual's genetic makeup can affect their metabolism and body composition, making them more prone to weight gain.
4. Hormonal imbalances: Imbalances in hormones such as insulin, thyroid, and cortisol can contribute to weight gain.
5. Medications: Certain medications, such as steroids and antidepressants, can cause weight gain as a side effect.
6. Sleep deprivation: Lack of sleep can disrupt hormones that regulate appetite and metabolism, leading to weight gain.
7. Stress: Chronic stress can lead to emotional eating and weight gain.
8. Age: Metabolism slows down with age, making it more difficult to maintain a healthy weight.
9. Medical conditions: Certain medical conditions such as hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) can also contribute to weight gain.

Treatment options for obesity:

1. Lifestyle modifications: A combination of diet, exercise, and stress management techniques can help individuals achieve and maintain a healthy weight.
2. Medications: Prescription medications such as orlistat, phentermine-topiramate, and liraglutide can aid in weight loss.
3. Bariatric surgery: Surgical procedures such as gastric bypass surgery and sleeve gastrectomy can be effective for severe obesity.
4. Behavioral therapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and other forms of counseling can help individuals develop healthy eating habits and improve their physical activity levels.
5. Meal replacement plans: Meal replacement plans such as Medifast can provide individuals with a structured diet that is high in protein, fiber, and vitamins, and low in calories and sugar.
6. Weight loss supplements: Supplements such as green tea extract, garcinia cambogia, and forskolin can help boost weight loss efforts.
7. Portion control: Using smaller plates and measuring cups can help individuals regulate their portion sizes and maintain a healthy weight.
8. Mindful eating: Paying attention to hunger and fullness cues, eating slowly, and savoring food can help individuals develop healthy eating habits.
9. Physical activity: Engaging in regular physical activity such as walking, running, swimming, or cycling can help individuals burn calories and maintain a healthy weight.

It's important to note that there is no one-size-fits-all approach to treating obesity, and the most effective treatment plan will depend on the individual's specific needs and circumstances. Consulting with a healthcare professional such as a registered dietitian or a physician can help individuals develop a personalized treatment plan that is safe and effective.

1. Fatigue and weakness: Thiamine is necessary for the production of ATP, the primary source of energy for the body's cells. Without enough thiamine, cells may not be able to produce enough ATP, leading to fatigue, weakness, and a lack of endurance.
2. Numbness and tingling: Thiamine is important for the health of the peripheral nerves, which can cause numbness, tingling, and pain in the hands and feet if there is a deficiency.
3. Memory loss and confusion: Thiamine is necessary for the proper functioning of the brain and can lead to memory loss, confusion, and difficulty concentrating if there is a deficiency.
4. Mood changes: Thiamine plays a role in the production of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and dopamine, which are important for mood regulation. A thiamine deficiency can lead to mood changes, such as depression, anxiety, and irritability.
5. Digestive problems: Thiamine is necessary for the proper functioning of the digestive system, and a deficiency can lead to nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.
6. Heart problems: Thiamine is important for the health of the heart, and a deficiency can lead to heart failure, arrhythmias, and other cardiovascular problems.
7. Weight loss: Thiamine is necessary for the proper metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, and a deficiency can lead to weight loss and muscle wasting.
8. Beriberi: A severe thiamine deficiency can lead to beriberi, a condition characterized by weakness, fatigue, and a range of other health problems.

Thiamine deficiency can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Poor diet: A diet that is low in thiamine-rich foods, such as whole grains, lean meats, and fish, can lead to a deficiency.
2. Alcoholism: Alcohol can interfere with the absorption of thiamine in the gut, leading to a deficiency.
3. Gastrointestinal disorders: Certain conditions, such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, can lead to malabsorption of thiamine and other nutrients.
4. Medications: Some medications, such as furosemide and other diuretics, can interfere with the absorption of thiamine.
5. Genetic disorders: Certain genetic disorders, such as maple syrup urine disease, can lead to a thiamine deficiency.

If you suspect that you or someone you know may have a thiamine deficiency, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment. Treatment typically involves supplementation with thiamine, along with addressing any underlying causes of the deficiency. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Some common examples of bacterial infections include:

1. Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
2. Respiratory infections such as pneumonia and bronchitis
3. Skin infections such as cellulitis and abscesses
4. Bone and joint infections such as osteomyelitis
5. Infected wounds or burns
6. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as chlamydia and gonorrhea
7. Food poisoning caused by bacteria such as salmonella and E. coli.

In severe cases, bacterial infections can lead to life-threatening complications such as sepsis or blood poisoning. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time. Proper diagnosis and treatment can help prevent these complications and ensure a full recovery.

... and partial parenteral nutrition (PPN) when nutrition is also partially enteric. It is called peripheral parenteral nutrition ( ... "ESPEN Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition: geriatrics". Clinical Nutrition. ESPEN Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition. 28 (4): ... "Pulmonary embolism as a complication of long-term total parenteral nutrition". Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 17 ... "Systematic Review of Hypersensitivity to Parenteral Nutrition". Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 42 (8): 1222-1229 ...
... (IDPN) is a nutritional support therapy (medical nutrition therapy) for people on ... Nutrition Clinical nutrition (Articles needing additional medical references from January 2019, All articles needing additional ... hemodialysis who have a difficult time maintaining adequate nutrition. It is administered directly into the bloodstream of ... references, Articles requiring reliable medical sources, Nephrology, Nutrition). ...
"Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. - NLM Catalog - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2022-03-05. "Nutrition and ... Van Way, Charles W. (2002). "Nutrition and metabolism". Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 26 (6): 389-390. doi: ... The Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition is a peer-reviewed medical journal that publishes papers in the field of ... It is the official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition and is published by Wiley. The ...
Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Nutrition in Clinical Practice The ASPEN Adult Nutrition Support Core Curriculum, ... Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. Vol. 26. Iss. 4. p. 219-225. "American Society for Parenteral and Enteral ... American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. Retrieved November 2, 2014. "A.S.P.E.N. to hold Clinical Nutrition Week ... American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. Retrieved May 8, 2019. "Staff Listing". American Society for Parenteral ...
... parenteral nutrition; ERAS (Enhanced Recovery After Surgery). Alexey Nikolaevich Severtsev is a member of 5 international ...
Kler Neelam; Choudhury Vivek; Navin Gupta (2012). Parenteral Nutrition in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Jaypee digital. pp. 24- ... Neelam Kler; Sony Arun (2007). Parenteral Nutrition in Newborn. Jaypee digital. pp. 49-64. ISBN 9788180618895. Neelam Kler; ... Advisor on CNAG (Cell of Nutrition Advisory Group) on line service on Nutrition queries. Editor -'Journal of Neonatology a ... Asha Agarwal and Sanjiv Amin Chapter 011 Follow-up of Preterm Baby with Anita Singh Chapter-004 Parenteral Nutrition in ...
Many patients require parenteral nutrition. Ileus is a blockage of the intestines. Coeliac disease is a common form of ...
Bozzetti, Federico; Staun, Michael; Gossum, Andre van (2014). Home Parenteral Nutrition (2nd ed.). CABI. p. 4. ISBN ... ISBN 0-7817-4802-X. Awad, Sherif; Allison, Simon P; Lobo, Dileep N (2008). "The history of 0.9% saline". Clinical Nutrition. 27 ...
"Nutrition in Clinical Practice". American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1941-2452. Retrieved ... Van Way, Charles W. (2002). "Nutrition and metabolism". Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 26 (6): 389-390. doi: ... It is an official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition and is published by Wiley. The ... Official website American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (CS1 errors: missing title, CS1 errors: bare URL, ...
Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 16 (6): 569-78. doi:10.1177/0148607192016006569. PMID 1494216. Barrett MP, ... In human nutrition, most vitamins function as coenzymes after modification; for example, all water-soluble vitamins are ... Young VR, Ajami AM (September 2001). "Glutamine: the emperor or his clothes?". The Journal of Nutrition. 131 (9 Suppl): 2449S- ... Rennie MJ (November 1999). "An introduction to the use of tracers in nutrition and metabolism". The Proceedings of the ...
Adverse effects of glutamine have been prescribed for people receiving home parenteral nutrition and those with liver-function ... Stehle P, Kuhn KS (2015). "Glutamine: an obligatory parenteral nutrition substrate in critical care therapy". BioMed Research ... Holecek M (September 2013). "Side effects of long-term glutamine supplementation". Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition ... Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine (2006). "Protein and Amino Acids". In Otten JJ, Hellwig JP, Meyers LD ( ...
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is given to patients with intestinal failure or a variety of other gastrointestinal problems. ... February 2008). "Cholestasis induced by total parenteral nutrition". Clinics in Liver Disease. 12 (1): 97-110, viii. doi: ... Jeejeebhoy KN (February 2006). "Management of short bowel syndrome: avoidance of total parenteral nutrition". Gastroenterology ... total parenteral nutrition-based cholestasis, benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis, biliary atresia, and intrahepatic ...
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Society of Critical Care Medicine and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition". Journal of Parenteral and Enteral ... American Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, and National Health Service. Developed in 1957 by Drs. Malcolm A. ... Holliday, M. A.; Segar, W. E. (1957). "The maintenance need for water in parenteral fluid therapy". Pediatrics. 19 (5): 823-832 ... "Guidelines for the Provision and Assessment of Nutrition Support Therapy in the Pediatric Critically Ill Patient: ...
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Annalynn, Skipper (May 2012). "Agreement on Defining Malnutrition". Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 36 (3): 261-26 ... Child health and nutrition in Africa "Nutrition at a Glance: South Africa" (PDF). The World Bank. "FACTSHEET: Child ... Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition". Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN), Working Paper Series. 1. UNICEF. (1998 ... nutrition rehabilitation in communities, and nutrition management during illness. The INP addresses these foci through ...
"Total parenteral nutrition: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2021-04-12. Autoimmune ... requiring them to get nourishment through a process called parenteral nutrition, where the patient is fed via a permanent IV ...
Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 38 (5): 567-575. doi:10.1177/0148607113502545. PMID 24072740. Barth SD, Kaaks R, ... "Product Information: Juven" (PDF). Abbott Nutrition. 7 May 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2022. • Administer orally or as a modular ... Abbott Nutrition's Juven provides nutrients to people with HIV or AIDS experiencing excessive weight loss due to disease; ... ...
In the case of long-term total parenteral nutrition induced fatty liver disease, choline has been shown to alleviate symptoms. ... total parenteral nutrition, severe weight loss, refeeding syndrome, jejunoileal bypass, gastric bypass, jejunal diverticulosis ... Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 25 (5): 260-8. doi:10.1177/0148607101025005260. PMID 11531217. Hollenbeck CB ( ... a cause of hepatic steatosis during parenteral nutrition that can be reversed with intravenous choline supplementation". ...
Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 35 (6): 757-62. doi:10.1177/0148607111413903. PMID 21807930. Fuller JC, Sharp RL, ... The British Journal of Nutrition. 114 (9): 1403-9. doi:10.1017/S0007114515003050. PMID 26373270. Official site v t e (Articles ...
Astrup A (2008). "Dietary management of obesity". Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 32 (5): 575-7. doi:10.1177/ ... The Nutrition Source, a website maintained by the department of nutrition at the T. H. Chan School of Public Health at Harvard ... "The Nutrition Source". T. H. Chan School of Public Health. Harvard University. "Fats and Cholesterol: Out with the Bad, In with ... Nutrition and health. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 9781482242317. Pelouze TJ, Gélis A (1844). "Mémoire sur l'acide butyrique". ...
Krohn, K.; Koletzko, B. (2006). "Parenteral lipid emulsions in paediatrics". Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and ... Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 30 (4): 351-367. doi:10.1177/0148607106030004351. PMID 16804134. S2CID 24109426. ... Neal, E. G.; Cross, J. H. (2010). "Efficacy of dietary treatments for epilepsy". Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. 23 ( ... A 2020 systematic review and meta-analysis by Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition supported evidence that MCT ...
Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 41 (3): 384-391. doi:10.1177/0148607116681468. ISSN 0148-6071. PMID 27923890. ... Advocate Health Care, an accountable care organization in Chicago, Illinois, implemented a nutrition care program at four of ... Thomas (December 6, 2016). "A Comprehensive Nutrition-Focused Quality Improvement Program Reduces 30-Day Readmissions and ...
Though nutrition may be provided by tube-feeding or parenteral nutrition, the initiation of parenteral nutrition may be delayed ... Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 27 (1): 74-83. doi:10.1177/014860710302700174. PMID 12549603. Orme J, Romney JS, ... Heyland DK, Schroter-Noppe D, Drover JW, Jain M, Keefe L, Dhaliwal R, Day A (2003). "Nutrition support in the critical care ... adequate sleep and nutrition during and after the course of ICU stay. Because PICS represents a range of disorders, no single ...
Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 18 (5): 430-5. doi:10.1177/0148607194018005430. PMID 7815675. Magnesium ... Child Nutrition. 11 (2): 139-45. doi:10.1111/j.1740-8709.2012.00440.x. PMC 6860204. PMID 22909270. Forty-one women were ...
Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 35 (5 Suppl): 14S-20S. doi:10.1177/0148607111413772. PMID 21807932. Maslowski, ... As did Paul Ehrlich-theorist on antibody mediating acquired immunity-and as did Pasteur, Metchnikoff believed nutrition to ... Lane then promoted his views on healthful lifestyle and nutrition, including return to farmland, ample sunlight exposure, ample ...
"N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine as a tyrosine source in adult parenteral nutrition". Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 27 (6): ... It is used for parenteral nutrition and as a dietary supplement. Acetylcarnitine Acetylcysteine N-Acetylserotonin Hoffer LJ, ... Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 14: 3. doi:10.1186/s12970-016-0159-2. PMC 5234109. PMID 28096758. ...
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For extended periods without food or water, patients may be started on total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Fasting guidelines ... cite book}}: ,first= has generic name (help) Nutrition Essentials and Diet Therapy. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2013. p. 175. ...
In 1978 the Food and Drug Administration required zinc to be in total parenteral nutrition fluids. In the 1990s there was ... Zinc deficiency can be classified as acute, as may occur during prolonged inappropriate zinc-free total parenteral nutrition; ... Kupka R, Fawzi W (March 2002). "Zinc nutrition and HIV infection". Nutrition Reviews. 60 (3): 69-79. doi:10.1301/ ... Balanced crop nutrition supplying all essential nutrients, including zinc, is a cost effective management strategy. Even with ...
... responsible for the development of total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Rhoads was born to a Quaker family with roots in ... Rhoads most important contribution was in the field of nutrition. He began research in surgical nutrition in the 1930s and ... Rhoads' lifetime scientific obsession with perioperative nutrition. Nutrition including carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins ...
Excess parenteral (non-ingested) iron supplements, such as what can acutely happen in iron poisoning Excess dietary iron Some ... Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 39 (2): 131-148. doi:10.1080/10408399908500491. ISSN 1040-8398. PMID 10198751. ...
... has been associated with pregnancy, rapid weight loss, total parenteral nutrition, drugs such as ceftriaxone and ...
Parenteral nutrition offers no benefit over oral supplementation in malnourished hemodialysis patients. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol ... Intradialytic parenteral nutrition improves protein and energy homeostasis in chronic hemodialysis patients. J Clin Invest, 110 ... Intradialytic parenteral nutrition improves protein and energy homeostasis in chronic hemodialysis patients. J Clin Invest, 110 ... Exercise augments the acute anabolic effects of intradialytic parenteral nutrition in chronic hemodialysis patients. Am J ...
One method of treatment is by parenteral administration of gamma globulins, either monthly intravenously, subcutaneously, or ... or poor nutrition, or loss of gamma globulins in urine, as in nonselective glomerular proteinuria. Patients with ... poor nutrition, protein-losing enteropathy, getting an organ transplant, or radiation therapy. This also includes medications ...
... surgeon who developed total parenteral nutrition John S. Fine, 35th Governor of Pennsylvania from 1951 to 1955 Pete Gray, ...
September 2017). "Parenteral anticoagulation in ambulatory patients with cancer". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. ... Zheng W, Lee SA (2009). "Well-done meat intake, heterocyclic amine exposure, and cancer risk". Nutrition and Cancer. 61 (4): ... Seyfried TN, Shelton LM (2010). "Cancer as a metabolic disease". Nutrition & Metabolism. 7: 7. doi:10.1186/1743-7075-7-7. PMC ... Frontiers in Nutrition. 7: 21. doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.00021. PMC 7078107. PMID 32219096. Weber DD, Aminzadeh-Gohari S, Tulipan J ...
Patient Refusal of Nutrition and Hydration: Walking the Ever-Finer Line Archived 13 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine Harvath ... The following is a Dutch protocol for parenteral (intravenous) administration to obtain euthanasia: Intravenous administration ... or Patient Refusal of Nutrition and Hydration (PRNH) is bordering on euthanasia. Some authors classify it as a form of passive ...
These larger effects on nutrition are traded for a relatively modest increase in total weight loss. The mini-gastric bypass ... Occasionally, a female patient develops severe anemia, even with supplements, and must be treated with parenteral iron. The ... Due to the reduced size of the newly created stomach pouch, and reduced food intake, adequate nutrition demands that the ... Recurring nausea and vomiting eventually change the absorbance rate of food, contributing to the vitamin and nutrition ...
... the length of jejunum resected or bypassed the patient may have resultant short bowel syndrome and require parenteral nutrition ... Nightingale, J; Woodward, JM; Small Bowel Nutrition Committee of the British Society of Gastroenterology (2006). "Guidelines ... July 2006). "Bowel necrosis associated with early jejunal tube feeding: A complication of postoperative enteral nutrition". ...
Enterobacter cloacae sepsis outbreak in a newborn unit caused by contaminated total parenteral nutrition solution (2000) ...
Bone marrow transplantation, liver transplantation, acetylcysteine, extracorporeal albumin dialysis, parenteral iron and ... Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 23 (4): 402-407. doi:10.1097/00005176-199611000-00006. ISSN 0277-2116. ...
... and transition from parenteral to enteral nutrition.[citation needed] Milk allergy Food allergy Leonard, Stephanie Ann; Nowak- ... Andreae, D.; Nowak-Węgrzyn, A. (2017). Early Nutrition and Long-Term Health. Woodhead Publishing. p. 142. ISBN 9780081001868. ... Tsai, Patrika; Duggan, Christopher (20 July 2005). Encyclopedia of Human Nutrition. Vol. 3. p. 201. ISBN 9780080454283. ...
Nutrition, Center for Food Safety and Applied. "Potential Contaminants - 1,4-Dioxane A Manufacturing Byproduct". fda.gov. ... Pharmaceutical-grade PEG is used as an excipient in many pharmaceutical products, in oral, topical, and parenteral dosage forms ...
... package Nasal spray Vial of vaccine and syringe Intravenous therapy Tube of ointment Ampoules Drop counter Parenteral nutrition ...
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. American Society for Clinical Nutrition. 75 (2): 275-82. doi:10.1093/ajcn/75.2.275 ... peak plasma levels were reached in one to three hours following oral or parenteral administration. Peak concentrations were ...
THAN can also be treated by avoiding amino acids in TPN or total parenteral nutrition or by giving a high caloric diet to limit ...
Its monopoly covered large volume parenteral fluids, irrigating solutions and parenteral nutrition fluids. However, Baxter ...
Jonathan Rhoads, 94, American surgeon and inventor of parenteral nutrition. Ruby F. Bryant, 95, American ninth chief of the ...
... and humans and is an opportunistic pathogen associated with contaminated catheters or the use of total parenteral nutrition. ... investigation of isolates from a multistate polymicrobial outbreak associated with contaminated total parenteral nutrition in ...
This is why fructose is contraindicated for total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solutions and is never given intravenously as a ... Sun, Sam Z.; Empie, Mark W. (2012-10-02). "Fructose metabolism in humans - what isotopic tracer studies tell us". Nutrition & ...
... to administer long term intravenous medication and parenteral nutrition in critically sick patients. The subclavian vein is the ...
Parenteral nutrition should be used only if enteral feeding is contraindicated as it increases the risk of infection. Severe ...
American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, Silver Spring, Maryland. Editorial Note. Editorial Note: Each of these ... Deaths Associated with Thiamine-Deficient Total Parenteral Nutrition Between October 9 and October 11, 1988, three of 59 ... As of January 23, 1989, no additional cases had been reported to the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition ( ... Severe acute metabolic acidosis (acute beriberi): an avoidable complication of total parenteral nutrition. JPEN 1985;9:216-9. 2 ...
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a method of feeding that bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. A special formula given ... Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a method of feeding that bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. A special formula given ... You will also have regular blood tests to make sure the TPN is giving you the right nutrition. ... Sometimes, you can also eat and drink while getting nutrition from TPN. ...
... 0-9. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U ...
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Evaluation of a new catheter for total parenteral nutrition. Riccardo A. Superina, David E. Wesson, Andre Bahoric, Robert M. ... Dive into the research topics of Evaluation of a new catheter for total parenteral nutrition. Together they form a unique ...
Klinik Enteral Parenteral Nütrisyon Derneği
Clinical Nutrition [electronic resource]. by European Society Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism.. Material type: Computer file ... Handbook of total parenteral nutrition / John P. Grant. by Grant, John Palmer. ...
Hepatic dysfunction is prevalent in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN), resulting from steatosis, cholestasis ... A Case of Abnormal Liver Function Tests in a Patient Receiving Total Parenteral Nutrition. ... A Case of Abnormal Liver Function Tests in a Patient Receiving Total Parenteral Nutrition. ... Nutrição Parenteral Total/efeitos adversos; Colestase/diagnóstico; Colestase/etiologia ...
What is parenteral nutrition?. Parenteral nutrition is defined because the feeding of nutritional products through veins to ... The Parenteral Nutrition Market is segmented, By Type (Carbohydrates, Parenteral Lipid Emulsion, Single Dose Amino Acid ... The parenteral nutrition market growth is driven by:. *Increasing prevalence of chronic diseases due to changing lifestyles and ... Here is the list of the group of customers that the parenteral nutrition market hopes to have the greatest opportunity to ...
Consensus statement: Academy of nutrition and dietetics and American society for parenteral and enteral nutrition: ... Academy of nutrition and dietetics and American society for parenteral and enteral nutrition: Characteristics recommended for ...
... versus delayed enteral nutrition (after 48 hours) with or without supplemental parenteral nutrition in critically ill adults. ... versus delayed enteral nutrition (after 48 hours) with or without supplemental parenteral nutrition in critically ill adults. ... Dive into the research topics of Early enteral nutrition (Within 48 hours) ...
Parenteral nutrition. 0.06. 0.03. 1.62 (1.36-1.89). 0.021. Microorganism. Staphylococcus aureus. 0.06. 0.04. 1.26 (1.06-1.46). ...
Central lines in parenteral nutrition. Baker RD Jr, Baker SS, Davis AM, eds. Pediatric Parenteral Nutrition. New York: Chapman ...
Sax HC: Complications of total parenteral nutrition and their prevention. En: Parenteral Nutrition, ed. Rombeau and Caldwell. ... Metabolic complications of total parenteral nutrition: effects of a nutrition support service. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr ... Hypophosphatemia in postoperative patients with total parenteral nutrition: influence of nutritional support teams ... Hernández-Aranda JC, Gallo-Chico B, Luna-Cruz ML et al.: Malnutrition and total parenteral nutrition: a cohort study to ...
FDA Approves Nouress (cysteine hydrochloride) Injection for Treating Neonate Patients Requiring Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN ... FDA Approves Nouress (cysteine hydrochloride) Injection for Treating Neonate Patients Requiring Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN ... a critical drug for treating neonatal patients requiring total parenteral nutrition (TPN). ...
However, none of the Parenteral nutrition solutions available in the United States and frequently used in preterm neonates ... Several amino acids that are not essential in an oral diet become essential during parenteral nutrition. Drugs administrated ... special formulas and administration techniques were developed to permit total parenteral nutrition for many years in ... Borum P. Carnitine in neonatal nutrition. J Child Neurol 1995;10(Suppl):2S25-2S31.. * Borum PR. Should hemodialysis patients ...
ESPR/CSPEN guidelines for pediatric parenteral nutrition provided updated guidance for providing parenteral nutrition to ... ESPR/CSPEN guidelines for pediatric parenteral nutrition provided updated guidance for providing parenteral nutrition to ... ESPR/CSPEN guidelines for pediatric parenteral nutrition provided updated guidance for providing parenteral nutrition to ... ESPR/CSPEN guidelines for pediatric parenteral nutrition provided updated guidance for providing parenteral nutrition to ...
This subanalysis of the Pediatric Early vs Late Parenteral Nutrition in Intensive Care Unit (PEPaNIC) randomized clinical trial ... supplemental parenteral nutrition.. Meaning Withholding parenteral nutrition during the first week of pediatric critical ... withholding supplemental parenteral nutrition for 1 week (late parenteral nutrition) reduced new infections and shortened ... Gogos CA, Kalfarentzos F. Total parenteral nutrition and immune system activity: a review. Nutrition. 1995;11(4):339-344.PubMed ...
Parenteral nutrition. Foals with shock or sepsis usually are not able to tolerate enteral nutrition. (See Parenteral Nutrition ...
Enteral nutrition is usually sufficient; studies have not supported the use of parenteral nutrition. Infection may improve with ... Symptomatic therapy includes replacement of fluids, provision of appropriate nutrition, and treatment with antimotility agents ... Oral rehydration is the preferred mode, but severely ill patients may require parenteral fluids. ...
keywords = "Gastrectomy, Glutamine, Parenteral nutrition, Phagocytosis, Gastrectomy, Glutamine, Parenteral nutrition, ... Lee CH, Chiu W-C, Chen S-C, Wu C-H, Yeh S-L. Effects of glutamine-containing total parenteral nutrition on phagocytic activity ... Lee, C. H., Chiu, W-C., Chen, S-C., Wu, C-H., & Yeh, S-L. (2005). Effects of glutamine-containing total parenteral nutrition on ... Lee, CH, Chiu, W-C, Chen, S-C, Wu, C-H & Yeh, S-L 2005, Effects of glutamine-containing total parenteral nutrition on ...
Pulmonary embolism in parenteral nutrition. Arch Dis Child. 1996 Feb. 74(2):95-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text]. ...
Parenteral nutrition safety. September 22, 2021. A growing number of primary-care doctors are burning out. How does this affect ...
Is receiving enteral or parenteral nutrition. For persons with several of these characteristics, periodically monitor the ... through enteral or parenteral nutrition or peritoneal dialysis) may precipitate HHNKC. Severity. The mortality rate for HHNKC ... Counsel patients about nutrition and teach them how to monitor their blood glucose levels and how to adjust their insulin ... Work with the patient, her partner, her family, and other health care providers to improve the patients nutrition, exercise ...
  • As of January 23, 1989, no additional cases had been reported to the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN) or the Food and Drug Administration. (cdc.gov)
  • American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, Silver Spring, Maryland. (cdc.gov)
  • Abstract: Parenteral nutrition is used to treat children that cannot be fully fed by the enteral route. (eur.nl)
  • Impact of withholding early parenteral nutrition completing enteral nutrition in pediatric critically ill patients (PEPaNIC trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Piglets were prematurely delivered and received parenteral nutrition followed by enteral feedings. (usda.gov)
  • Clinical Practice and Public Policy Committees, American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. (nutritioncare.org)
  • The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. (bvsalud.org)
  • Avadel Pharmaceuticals plc (Nasdaq: AVDL) announced today that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved Nouress (AV001), a cysteine hydrochloride injection, a critical drug for treating neonatal patients requiring total parenteral nutrition (TPN). (med-chemist.com)
  • Four‐oil lipid emulsion (Smoflipid) as a tool in managing parenteral nutrition shortages. (nutritioncare.org)
  • Between October 9 and October 11, 1988, three of 59 patients receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) at a large university medical center died of refractory lactic acidosis. (cdc.gov)
  • Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a method of feeding that bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Handbook of total parenteral nutrition / John P. Grant. (who.int)
  • A Case of Abnormal Liver Function Tests in a Patient Receiving Total Parenteral Nutrition. (bvsalud.org)
  • Hepatic dysfunction is prevalent in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN), resulting from steatosis, cholestasis , and cholecystitis . (bvsalud.org)
  • During the last third of this century, special formulas and administration techniques were developed to permit total parenteral nutrition for many years in individuals whose gastrointestinal tract either was nonfunctional or had been surgically removed. (healthy.net)
  • We conducted a prospective, descriptive study of postoperative patients under total parenteral nutrition controlled by a Multidisciplinary Nutritional Support Team in a tertiary care hospital. (isciii.es)
  • 18.1% developed postoperative hypophosphatemia 96 hours after starting total parenteral nutrition containing phosphate. (isciii.es)
  • Prevalence of hypophosphatemia in postoperative patients with total parenteral nutrition is high and needs timely monitoring. (isciii.es)
  • Realizamos un estudio descriptivo, prospectivo, en pacientes con nutrición parenteral total controlados por un Equipo Multidisciplinar de Soporte Nutricional de un hospital terciario, entre enero de 2002 y noviembre de 2003. (isciii.es)
  • El 18,1% de los pacientes desarrolló hipofosfatemia posoperatoria 96 horas después de iniciar la nutrición parenteral total que contenía fosfato. (isciii.es)
  • La prevalencia de hipofosfatemia en pacientes posoperados con nutrición parenteral total es alta y requiere una vigilancia estrecha. (isciii.es)
  • In order to prevent HP in patients under total parenteral nutrition (TPN), 10-20 mMol of phosphorus/1,000 carbohydrate kcal (CHkcal) is recommended 5 . (isciii.es)
  • Methods: Rats with an internal jugular catheter were divided into 2 experimental groups and received total parenteral nutrition (TPN). (tmu.edu.tw)
  • This guideline covers parenteral nutrition (intravenous feeding) for babies born preterm, up to 28 days after their due birth date and babies born at term, up to 28 days after their birth. (bvsalud.org)
  • While the revised ESPGHAN/ESPEN/ESPR/CSPEN pediatric parenteral nutrition guidelines provide clear guidance on the use of parenteral nutrition in neonates, infants, and children based on current available evidence, they have helped to crystallize areas where research is lacking or more studies are needed in order to refine recommendations. (eur.nl)
  • Impact: The recent ESPGHAN/ESPEN/ESPR/CSPEN guidelines for pediatric parenteral nutrition provided updated guidance for providing parenteral nutrition to infants and children, including recommendations for practice.However, in several areas there was a lack of evidence to guide practice, or research questions that remained unanswered. (eur.nl)
  • This paper summarizes the key priorities for research in pediatric parenteral nutrition, and ranks them in order of importance according to expert opinion. (eur.nl)
  • on behalf of ESPGHAN/ESPEN/ESPR/CSPEN Working Group on Pediatric Parenteral Nutrition et al. (eur.nl)
  • Fivez T, Kerklaan D, Mesotten D, Verbruggen S, Joosten K, Van den Berghe G. Evidence for the use of parenteral nutrition in the pediatric intensive care unit. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Guidelines for the provision and assessment of nutrition support therapy in the pediatric critically ill patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Koletzko B, Goulet O, Jochum F, Shamir R. Use of parenteral nutrition in the pediatric ICU: should we panic because of PEPaNIC? (jamanetwork.com)
  • Impact of postoperative nutrition on weight gain in infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Hassig TB, McKinzie BP, Fortier CR, Taber D. Clinical management strategies and implications for parenteral nutrition drug shortages in adult patients. (nutritioncare.org)
  • Symptomatic therapy includes replacement of fluids, provision of appropriate nutrition, and treatment with antimotility agents. (medscape.com)
  • Oral rehydration is the preferred mode, but severely ill patients may require parenteral fluids. (medscape.com)
  • Hanson C, Thoene M, Wagner J, Collier D, Lecci K, Anderson-Berry A. Parenteral nutrition additive shortages: the short-term, long-term and potential epigenetic implications in premature and hospitalized infants. (nutritioncare.org)
  • Optimal nutrition therapy in paediatric critical care in the Asia-Pacific and Middle East: a consensus. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Parenteral nutrition is defined because the feeding of nutritional products through veins to patients who don't seem to be able to eat enough food to keep up the great nutritional requirement of the body and private growth. (ioinewz.com)
  • Early versus late parenteral nutrition in critically ill children. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Holcombe B, Mattox TW, Plogsted S. Drug shortages: Effect on parenteral nutrition therapy. (nutritioncare.org)
  • Zinc deficiency with dermatitis in a parenteral nutrition-dependent patient due to national shortage of trace minerals. (nutritioncare.org)
  • Zinc deficiency in a parenteral nutrition-dependent patient during a parenteral trace element product shortage. (nutritioncare.org)
  • Palm E, Dotson B. Copper and zinc deficiency in a patient receiving long-term parenteral nutrition during a shortage of parenteral trace element products. (nutritioncare.org)
  • Clinical Nutrition [electronic resource]. (who.int)
  • by European Society Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. (who.int)
  • Improved nutrition delivery and nutrition status in critically ill children with heart disease. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Goulet O, Jochum F, Koletzko B. Early or late parenteral nutrition in critically ill children: practical implications of the PEPaNIC Trial. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Holcombe B. Parenteral nutrition product shortages: impact on safety. (nutritioncare.org)
  • Bible JO, Evans DC, Payne B, Mostafavifar L. Impact of drug shortages on patients receiving parenteral nutrition after laparotomy. (nutritioncare.org)
  • Drug shortages as an impetus to improve parenteral nutrition practices. (nutritioncare.org)
  • Parenteral nutrition utilization: response to drug shortages. (nutritioncare.org)
  • Parenteral nutrition drug shortages: A single-center experience with rapid process change. (nutritioncare.org)
  • Aim: To investigate the effect of glutamine (Gln)-containing parenteral nutrition on phagocytic activity and to elucidate the possible roles of Gln in the secretion of anabolic hormones and nitrogen balance in rats undergoing a gastrectomy. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • Endocrinology and Nutrition Department. (isciii.es)
  • You will also have regular blood tests to make sure the TPN is giving you the right nutrition. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It has now been shown to offer no advantage over, but to be associated with an increased frequency of complications, compared to enteral nutrition in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. (medscape.com)
  • Further comparison has been done of parenteral nutrition with enteral nutrition in patients having surgery for gastrointestinal cancer, assessing perioperative changes in antioxidant status, and evaluating the intraportal route for feeding. (medscape.com)
  • As of January 23, 1989, no additional cases had been reported to the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN) or the Food and Drug Administration. (cdc.gov)
  • American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, Silver Spring, Maryland. (cdc.gov)
  • Abstract: DESCRIPTION: The goal is to quantify the roles of enteral amino acids in intestinal mucosal function, and identify the basis of compromised gut function during parenteral nutrition. (nih.gov)
  • Our study's findings are that early initiation of SPN in combination with EN (enteral nutrition) reduces the incidence of nosocomial infection and improves nutritional status (albumin and prealbumin) at discharge, which is consistent with our initial research hypothesis," said Dr. Wang. (medscape.com)
  • Study participants had to be considered at high nutritional risk, with poor tolerance of enteral nutrition, with 30% or less of their daily energy needs from enteral feeding by the second day post-surgery. (medscape.com)
  • Dextrose Injection is indicated as a source of calories when mixed with amino acids or other compatible intravenous fluids for patients requiring parenteral nutrition when oral or enteral nutrition is not possible, insufficient or contraindicated. (nih.gov)
  • What Is Enteral Nutrition? (nih.gov)
  • Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. (nih.gov)
  • 2) Enteral nutrition formula. (nih.gov)
  • Also called hyperalimentation or total parenteral nutrition. (nih.gov)
  • Between 1998 and 2005, 21 out of 126 medical institutions participated in the Nutrition Academic Award (NAA) (1), a program funded by NHLBI in collaboration with NIDDK to develop and formally integrate required medical nutrition education into the medical school curricula. (nih.gov)
  • This two-day working group meeting was designed to guide future directions for implementing nutrition across the continuum of medical education and specialty training. (nih.gov)
  • The purpose of the meeting was to make recommendations to a broad cross-section of groups for implementing nutrition across the continuum of medical, nursing, dental and other health professional education and specialty training. (nih.gov)
  • Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a method of feeding that bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Between October 9 and October 11, 1988, three of 59 patients receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) at a large university medical center died of refractory lactic acidosis. (cdc.gov)
  • He also reflected on the process by which physicians weigh costs, risks, and benefits in converting new medical procedures, such as total parenteral nutrition, from experimental technique to standard medical practice. (nih.gov)
  • Parenteral nutrition is a lifesaving therapy in specific cohorts of patients who require nutritional support. (medscape.com)
  • One prominent group encourages lactation among their patients receiving parenteral nutrition if the mother wishes, with the understanding that formula supplementation may be necessary depending on the adequacy of her milk supply. (nih.gov)
  • NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Early supplemental parenteral nutrition (E-SPN) reduces the risk of infections in hospitalized patients recovering from major abdominal surgery, researchers in China have found. (medscape.com)
  • Early supplemental parenteral nutrition in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery is not as detrimental as many surgeons' clinical experience suggests," Dr. Xinying Wang of the Medical School of Nanjing University told Reuters Health by email. (medscape.com)
  • Dr. Mechanick emphasized that the benefits of early nutrition support are likely limited to cases of simple malnourishment, as opposed to the more complex and inflammatory cytokine-mediated malnutrition as experienced by many patients in intensive care. (medscape.com)
  • The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence of candidemia in recipients of parenteral nutrition (PN) in a tertiary medical center with disease-specific guidelines for appropriate PN use. (nih.gov)
  • The intended outcome was a set of recommendations to medical schools, health professional organizations, the NHLBI and other funding agencies 1) on the content and implementation of nutrition and healthy lifestyles education, training and competency testing across the continuum of medical education, and for practicing physicians and other health care providers, and 2) on integrating medical nutrition education, training and research into patient care. (nih.gov)
  • The intended outcomes from the meeting were recommendations on 1) the content and implementation of nutrition and healthy lifestyles education, training and competency testing across the continuum of medical, nursing and other health professional education, and 2) the integration of nutrition education, training and research to improve population health, patient care and health outcomes. (nih.gov)
  • Nutrition in Clinical Practice. (nih.gov)
  • A 26-year-old woman who was receiving long-term home parenteral nutrition due to short bowel syndrome caused by recurrent thromboembolic mesenteric infarctions. (nih.gov)
  • American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. (nih.gov)
  • She became pregnant and was maintained with oral nutrition until week 37 when partial parenteral nutrition was begun to met increased metabolic demands. (nih.gov)
  • Parenteral nutrition, however, does not prevent the decrease in antioxidant capacity seen after major surgery, and feeding lines present an additional risk factor for systemic candidiasis in the intensive care setting. (medscape.com)
  • A previously healthy 29-year-old woman, recovering from surgery for abdominal gunshot wounds, received TPN as her only source of nutrition from September 3 until death. (cdc.gov)
  • In a multicenter randomized trial, they compared E-SPN initiated on the third day after surgery with late supplemental parenteral nutrition (L-SPN) beginning eight days after surgery. (medscape.com)
  • A woman with chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction was treated with home parenteral nutrition 5 days a week for 5 years at which time she became pregnant. (nih.gov)
  • Nutrition in Medicine: Nutrition Education for Medical Students and Residents. (nih.gov)
  • Proposal for Medical School Nutrition Education: Topics and Recommendations. (nih.gov)
  • Continuing Medical Education in Nutrition: An Evidence-Based Approach to Medical Nutrition Education. (nih.gov)
  • The meeting format included presentations, panel and open discussions and breakout discussions, culminating in a series of recommendations and priorities for medical nutrition education, training and research. (nih.gov)
  • I direct metabolic support at Mount Sinai Hospital and I've always been a big proponent of early nutrition support. (medscape.com)
  • The NIH Office of Disease Prevention, and Division of Nutrition Research Coordination co-sponsored the meeting. (nih.gov)