Parathyroid hormone. Medical search

A polypeptide hormone (84 amino acid residues) secreted by the PARATHYROID GLANDS which performs the essential role of maintaining intracellular CALCIUM levels in the body. Parathyroid hormone increases intracellular calcium by promoting the release of CALCIUM from BONE, increases the intestinal absorption of calcium, increases the renal tubular reabsorption of calcium, and increases the renal excretion of phosphates.

Two pairs of small oval-shaped glands located in the front and the base of the NECK and adjacent to the two lobes of THYROID GLAND. They secrete PARATHYROID HORMONE that regulates the balance of CALCIUM; PHOSPHORUS; and MAGNESIUM in the body.

A parathyroid hormone receptor subtype that recognizes both PARATHYROID HORMONE and PARATHYROID HORMONE-RELATED PROTEIN. It is a G-protein-coupled receptor that is expressed at high levels in BONE and in KIDNEY.

Tumors or cancer of the PARATHYROID GLANDS.

Cell surface proteins that bind PARATHYROID HORMONE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Parathyroid hormone receptors on BONE; KIDNEY; and gastrointestinal cells mediate the hormone's role in calcium and phosphate homeostasis.

A ubiquitously expressed, secreted protein with bone resorption and renal calcium reabsorption activities that are similar to PARATHYROID HORMONE. It does not circulate in appreciable amounts in normal subjects, but rather exerts its biological actions locally. Overexpression of parathyroid hormone-related protein by tumor cells results in humoral calcemia of malignancy.

A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.

Pathological processes of the PARATHYROID GLANDS. They usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PARATHYROID HORMONE that regulates the balance of CALCIUM; PHOSPHORUS; and MAGNESIUM in the body.

A polypeptide that consists of the 1-34 amino-acid fragment of human PARATHYROID HORMONE, the biologically active N-terminal region. The acetate form is given by intravenous infusion in the differential diagnosis of HYPOPARATHYROIDISM and PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995)

A parathyroid hormone receptor subtype found in the BRAIN and the PANCREAS. It is a G-protein-coupled receptor with a ligand specificity that varies between homologs from different species.

Excision of one or more of the parathyroid glands.

Abnormally elevated PARATHYROID HORMONE secretion as a response to HYPOCALCEMIA. It is caused by chronic KIDNEY FAILURE or other abnormalities in the controls of bone and mineral metabolism, leading to various BONE DISEASES, such as RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY.

Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.

Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)

A condition caused by a deficiency of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH). It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA and hyperphosphatemia. Hypocalcemia leads to TETANY. The acquired form is due to removal or injuries to the PARATHYROID GLANDS. The congenital form is due to mutations of genes, such as TBX1; (see DIGEORGE SYNDROME); CASR encoding CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR; or PTH encoding parathyroid hormone.

Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various ENDOCRINE GLANDS and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.

A class of G-protein-coupled receptors that react to varying extracellular CALCIUM levels. Calcium-sensing receptors in the PARATHYROID GLANDS play an important role in the maintenance of calcium HOMEOSTASIS by regulating the release of PARATHYROID HORMONE. They differ from INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM-SENSING PROTEINS which sense intracellular calcium levels.

Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.

A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE due to parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. It is characterized by the combination of HYPERCALCEMIA, phosphaturia, elevated renal 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis, and increased BONE RESORPTION.

A specialized CONNECTIVE TISSUE that is the main constituent of the SKELETON. The principle cellular component of bone is comprised of OSTEOBLASTS; OSTEOCYTES; and OSTEOCLASTS, while FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS and hydroxyapatite crystals form the BONE MATRIX.

The physiologically active form of vitamin D. It is formed primarily in the kidney by enzymatic hydroxylation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (CALCIFEDIOL). Its production is stimulated by low blood calcium levels and parathyroid hormone. Calcitriol increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, and in concert with parathyroid hormone increases bone resorption.

A vitamin that includes both CHOLECALCIFEROLS and ERGOCALCIFEROLS, which have the common effect of preventing or curing RICKETS in animals. It can also be viewed as a hormone since it can be formed in SKIN by action of ULTRAVIOLET RAYS upon the precursors, 7-dehydrocholesterol and ERGOSTEROL, and acts on VITAMIN D RECEPTORS to regulate CALCIUM in opposition to PARATHYROID HORMONE.

A peptide hormone that lowers calcium concentration in the blood. In humans, it is released by thyroid cells and acts to decrease the formation and absorptive activity of osteoclasts. Its role in regulating plasma calcium is much greater in children and in certain diseases than in normal adults.

A hereditary syndrome clinically similar to HYPOPARATHYROIDISM. It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA; HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA; and associated skeletal development impairment and caused by failure of response to PARATHYROID HORMONE rather than deficiencies. A severe form with resistance to multiple hormones is referred to as Type 1a and is associated with maternal mutant allele of the ALPHA CHAIN OF STIMULATORY G PROTEIN.

Natural hormones secreted by the THYROID GLAND, such as THYROXINE, and their synthetic analogs.

A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.

Bone-forming cells which secrete an EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. HYDROXYAPATITE crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone.

A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates GAMETOGENESIS and the supporting cells such as the ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS, the testicular SERTOLI CELLS, and LEYDIG CELLS. FSH consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity.

A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.

The amount of mineral per square centimeter of BONE. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY or TOMOGRAPHY, X RAY COMPUTED. Bone density is an important predictor for OSTEOPOROSIS.

The continuous turnover of BONE MATRIX and mineral that involves first an increase in BONE RESORPTION (osteoclastic activity) and later, reactive BONE FORMATION (osteoblastic activity). The process of bone remodeling takes place in the adult skeleton at discrete foci. The process ensures the mechanical integrity of the skeleton throughout life and plays an important role in calcium HOMEOSTASIS. An imbalance in the regulation of bone remodeling's two contrasting events, bone resorption and bone formation, results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as OSTEOPOROSIS.

A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Luteinizing hormone regulates steroid production by the interstitial cells of the TESTIS and the OVARY. The preovulatory LUTEINIZING HORMONE surge in females induces OVULATION, and subsequent LUTEINIZATION of the follicle. LUTEINIZING HORMONE consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)

The major circulating metabolite of VITAMIN D3. It is produced in the LIVER and is the best indicator of the body's vitamin D stores. It is effective in the treatment of RICKETS and OSTEOMALACIA, both in azotemic and non-azotemic patients. Calcifediol also has mineralizing properties.

An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.

Decalcification of bone or abnormal bone development due to chronic KIDNEY DISEASES, in which 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis by the kidneys is impaired, leading to reduced negative feedback on PARATHYROID HORMONE. The resulting SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM eventually leads to bone disorders.

Surgical removal of the thyroid gland. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Vitamin K-dependent calcium-binding protein synthesized by OSTEOBLASTS and found primarily in BONES. Serum osteocalcin measurements provide a noninvasive specific marker of bone metabolism. The protein contains three residues of the amino acid gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla), which, in the presence of CALCIUM, promotes binding to HYDROXYAPATITE and subsequent accumulation in BONE MATRIX.

The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.

Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1.

Hydroxy analogs of vitamin D 3; (CHOLECALCIFEROL); including CALCIFEDIOL; CALCITRIOL; and 24,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D 3.

Therapy for the insufficient cleansing of the BLOOD by the kidneys based on dialysis and including hemodialysis, PERITONEAL DIALYSIS, and HEMODIAFILTRATION.

Cholecalciferols substituted with two hydroxy groups in any position.

Calcium compounds used as food supplements or in food to supply the body with calcium. Dietary calcium is needed during growth for bone development and for maintenance of skeletal integrity later in life to prevent osteoporosis.

Steroid hormones produced by the GONADS. They stimulate reproductive organs, germ cell maturation, and the secondary sex characteristics in the males and the females. The major sex steroid hormones include ESTRADIOL; PROGESTERONE; and TESTOSTERONE.

A decapeptide that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. GnRH is produced by neurons in the septum PREOPTIC AREA of the HYPOTHALAMUS and released into the pituitary portal blood, leading to stimulation of GONADOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.

New World marsupials of the family Didelphidae. Opossums are omnivorous, largely nocturnal and arboreal MAMMALS, grow to about three feet in length, including the scaly prehensile tail, and have an abdominal pouch in which the young are carried at birth.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

Phosphorus used in foods or obtained from food. This element is a major intracellular component which plays an important role in many biochemical pathways relating to normal physiological functions. High concentrations of dietary phosphorus can cause nephrocalcinosis which is associated with impaired kidney function. Low concentrations of dietary phosphorus cause an increase in calcitriol in the blood and osteoporosis.

A condition of an abnormally low level of PHOSPHATES in the blood.

Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.

Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

A 191-amino acid polypeptide hormone secreted by the human adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR), also known as GH or somatotropin. Synthetic growth hormone, termed somatropin, has replaced the natural form in therapeutic usage such as treatment of dwarfism in children with growth hormone deficiency.

The calcium salt of gluconic acid. The compound has a variety of uses, including its use as a calcium replenisher in hypocalcemic states.

An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.

Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.

Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.

Specific high affinity binding proteins for THYROID HORMONES in target cells. They are usually found in the nucleus and regulate DNA transcription. These receptors are activated by hormones that leads to transcription, cell differentiation, and growth suppression. Thyroid hormone receptors are encoded by two genes (GENES, ERBA): erbA-alpha and erbA-beta for alpha and beta thyroid hormone receptors, respectively.

Two-ring crystalline hydrocarbons isolated from coal tar. They are used as intermediates in chemical synthesis, as insect repellents, fungicides, lubricants, preservatives, and, formerly, as topical antiseptics.

A family of symporters that facilitate sodium-dependent membrane transport of phosphate.

A technetium imaging agent used to reveal blood-starved cardiac tissue during a heart attack.

An anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the ADRENAL CORTEX and its production of CORTICOSTEROIDS. ACTH is a 39-amino acid polypeptide of which the N-terminal 24-amino acid segment is identical in all species and contains the adrenocorticotrophic activity. Upon further tissue-specific processing, ACTH can yield ALPHA-MSH and corticotrophin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP).

A condition of abnormally high level of PHOSPHATES in the blood, usually significantly above the normal range of 0.84-1.58 mmol per liter of serum.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The process of bone formation. Histogenesis of bone including ossification.

An electrogenic sodium-dependent phosphate transporter. It is present primarily in BRUSH BORDER membranes of PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Native, inorganic or fossilized organic substances having a definite chemical composition and formed by inorganic reactions. They may occur as individual crystals or may be disseminated in some other mineral or rock. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)

Diseases of BONES.

An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of CYCLIC AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1.

Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

9,10-Secoergosta-5,7,10(19),22-tetraene-3,25-diol. Biologically active metabolite of vitamin D2 which is more active in curing rickets than its parent. The compound is believed to attach to the same receptor as vitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3.

Small organic molecules that act as allosteric activators of the calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) in the PARATHYROID GLANDS and other tissues. They lower the threshold for CaSR activation by extracellular calcium ions and diminish PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) release from parathyroid cells.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

Form of radioimmunoassay in which excess specific labeled antibody is added directly to the test antigen being measured.

Hormones secreted by the PITUITARY GLAND including those from the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis), the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis), and the ill-defined intermediate lobe. Structurally, they include small peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins. They are under the regulation of neural signals (NEUROTRANSMITTERS) or neuroendocrine signals (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) from the hypothalamus as well as feedback from their targets such as ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; ANDROGENS; ESTROGENS.

The growth and development of bones from fetus to adult. It includes two principal mechanisms of bone growth: growth in length of long bones at the epiphyseal cartilages and growth in thickness by depositing new bone (OSTEOGENESIS) with the actions of OSTEOBLASTS and OSTEOCLASTS.

Hormones synthesized from amino acids. They are distinguished from INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS in that their actions are systemic.

The outer zone of the KIDNEY, beneath the capsule, consisting of KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; KIDNEY TUBULES, DISTAL; and KIDNEY TUBULES, PROXIMAL.

A mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 1-alpha-hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (also known as 25-hydroxycholecalciferol) in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP27B1 gene, converts 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to 1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 which is the active form of VITAMIN D in regulating bone growth and calcium metabolism. This enzyme is also active on plant 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 (ergocalciferol).

A large multinuclear cell associated with the BONE RESORPTION. An odontoclast, also called cementoclast, is cytomorphologically the same as an osteoclast and is involved in CEMENTUM resorption.

Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Proteins, usually found in the cytoplasm, that specifically bind calcitriol, migrate to the nucleus, and regulate transcription of specific segments of DNA with the participation of D receptor interacting proteins (called DRIP). Vitamin D is converted in the liver and kidney to calcitriol and ultimately acts through these receptors.

A nonhormonal medication for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in women. This drug builds healthy bone, restoring some of the bone loss as a result of osteoporosis.

The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee.

These compounds stimulate anabolism and inhibit catabolism. They stimulate the development of muscle mass, strength, and power.

Mature osteoblasts that have become embedded in the BONE MATRIX. They occupy a small cavity, called lacuna, in the matrix and are connected to adjacent osteocytes via protoplasmic projections called canaliculi.

Agents that inhibit BONE RESORPTION and/or favor BONE MINERALIZATION and BONE REGENERATION. They are used to heal BONE FRACTURES and to treat METABOLIC BONE DISEASES such as OSTEOPOROSIS.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

A family of small polypeptide growth factors that share several common features including a strong affinity for HEPARIN, and a central barrel-shaped core region of 140 amino acids that is highly homologous between family members. Although originally studied as proteins that stimulate the growth of fibroblasts this distinction is no longer a requirement for membership in the fibroblast growth factor family.

A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.

A fibrous degeneration, cyst formation, and the presence of fibrous nodules in bone, usually due to HYPERPARATHYROIDISM.

Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.

A family of sodium-phosphate cotransporter proteins with eight transmembrane domains. They are present primarily in the KIDNEY and SMALL INTESTINE and are responsible for renal and small intestinal epithelial transport of phosphate.

The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.

The 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. Estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Compounds, either natural or synthetic, which block development of the growing insect.

A highly vascularized endocrine gland consisting of two lobes joined by a thin band of tissue with one lobe on each side of the TRACHEA. It secretes THYROID HORMONES from the follicular cells and CALCITONIN from the parafollicular cells thereby regulating METABOLISM and CALCIUM level in blood, respectively.

The renal tubule portion that extends from the BOWMAN CAPSULE in the KIDNEY CORTEX into the KIDNEY MEDULLA. The proximal tubule consists of a convoluted proximal segment in the cortex, and a distal straight segment descending into the medulla where it forms the U-shaped LOOP OF HENLE.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Syndromes resulting from inappropriate production of HORMONES or hormone-like materials by NEOPLASMS in non-endocrine tissues or not by the usual ENDOCRINE GLANDS. Such hormone outputs are called ectopic hormone (HORMONES, ECTOPIC) secretion.

Stable iodine atoms that have the same atomic number as the element iodine, but differ in atomic weight. I-127 is the only naturally occurring stable iodine isotope.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis.

A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.

Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.

Disorders in the processing of calcium in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.

Long convoluted tubules in the nephrons. They collect filtrate from blood passing through the KIDNEY GLOMERULUS and process this filtrate into URINE. Each renal tubule consists of a BOWMAN CAPSULE; PROXIMAL KIDNEY TUBULE; LOOP OF HENLE; DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULE; and KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCT leading to the central cavity of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS) that connects to the URETER.

Decrease, loss, or removal of the mineral constituents of bones. Temporary loss of bone mineral content is especially associated with space flight, weightlessness, and extended immobilization. OSTEOPOROSIS is permanent, includes reduction of total bone mass, and is associated with increased rate of fractures. CALCIFICATION, PHYSIOLOGIC is the process of bone remineralizing. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed; Nicogossian, Space Physiology and Medicine, 2d ed, pp327-33)

A form of multiple endocrine neoplasia that is characterized by the combined occurrence of tumors in the PARATHYROID GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the PANCREATIC ISLETS. The resulting clinical signs include HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; HYPERCALCEMIA; HYPERPROLACTINEMIA; CUSHING DISEASE; GASTRINOMA; and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. This disease is due to loss-of-function of the MEN1 gene, a tumor suppressor gene (GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR) on CHROMOSOME 11 (Locus: 11q13).

Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)

The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable.

Forceful administration under the skin of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the skin.

Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

A peptide of 44 amino acids in most species that stimulates the release and synthesis of GROWTH HORMONE. GHRF (or GRF) is synthesized by neurons in the ARCUATE NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, GHRF stimulates GH release by the SOMATOTROPHS in the PITUITARY GLAND.

Process by which organic tissue becomes hardened by the physiologic deposit of calcium salts.

A heterogeneous-nuclear ribonucleoprotein that has specificity for AU-rich elements found in the 3'-region of mRNA and may play a role in RNA stability. Several isoforms of hnRNP D protein have been found to occur due to alternative mRNA splicing (RNA SPLICING).

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A VITAMIN D that can be regarded as a reduction product of vitamin D2.

A potent androgenic steroid and major product secreted by the LEYDIG CELLS of the TESTIS. Its production is stimulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE from the PITUITARY GLAND. In turn, testosterone exerts feedback control of the pituitary LH and FSH secretion. Depending on the tissues, testosterone can be further converted to DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE or ESTRADIOL.

A noninvasive method for assessing BODY COMPOSITION. It is based on the differential absorption of X-RAYS (or GAMMA RAYS) by different tissues such as bone, fat and other soft tissues. The source of (X-ray or gamma-ray) photon beam is generated either from radioisotopes such as GADOLINIUM 153, IODINE 125, or Americanium 241 which emit GAMMA RAYS in the appropriate range; or from an X-ray tube which produces X-RAYS in the desired range. It is primarily used for quantitating BONE MINERAL CONTENT, especially for the diagnosis of OSTEOPOROSIS, and also in measuring BONE MINERALIZATION.

The second longest bone of the skeleton. It is located on the medial side of the lower leg, articulating with the FIBULA laterally, the TALUS distally, and the FEMUR proximally.

A family of heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein alpha subunits that activate ADENYLYL CYCLASES.

The surgical removal of one or both ovaries.

A small, unpaired gland situated in the SELLA TURCICA. It is connected to the HYPOTHALAMUS by a short stalk which is called the INFUNDIBULUM.

The period during a surgical operation.

A glycoprotein hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Thyrotropin stimulates THYROID GLAND by increasing the iodide transport, synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE). Thyrotropin consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH; LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.

Disorders in the processing of phosphorus in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.

A peptide of about 41 amino acids that stimulates the release of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. CRH is synthesized by neurons in the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, CRH stimulates the release of ACTH from the PITUITARY GLAND. CRH can also be synthesized in other tissues, such as PLACENTA; ADRENAL MEDULLA; and TESTIS.

Disorders caused by interruption of BONE MINERALIZATION manifesting as OSTEOMALACIA in adults and characteristic deformities in infancy and childhood due to disturbances in normal BONE FORMATION. The mineralization process may be interrupted by disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis, resulting from dietary deficiencies, or acquired, or inherited metabolic, or hormonal disturbances.

A plasma membrane exchange glycoprotein transporter that functions in intracellular pH regulation, cell volume regulation, and cellular response to many different hormones and mitogens.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Peptide hormones produced by NEURONS of various regions in the HYPOTHALAMUS. They are released into the pituitary portal circulation to stimulate or inhibit PITUITARY GLAND functions. VASOPRESSIN and OXYTOCIN, though produced in the hypothalamus, are not included here for they are transported down the AXONS to the POSTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY before being released into the portal circulation.

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.

The portion of renal tubule that begins from the enlarged segment of the ascending limb of the LOOP OF HENLE. It reenters the KIDNEY CORTEX and forms the convoluted segments of the distal tubule.

Excretion of abnormally high level of CALCIUM in the URINE, greater than 4 mg/kg/day.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Breaks in bones.

An inherited condition of abnormally low serum levels of PHOSPHATES (below 1 mg/liter) which can occur in a number of genetic diseases with defective reabsorption of inorganic phosphorus by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This leads to phosphaturia, HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA, and disturbances of cellular and organ functions such as those in X-LINKED HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC RICKETS; OSTEOMALACIA; and FANCONI SYNDROME.

A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.

A lactogenic hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). It is a polypeptide of approximately 23 kD. Besides its major action on lactation, in some species prolactin exerts effects on reproduction, maternal behavior, fat metabolism, immunomodulation and osmoregulation. Prolactin receptors are present in the mammary gland, hypothalamus, liver, ovary, testis, and prostate.

Organic compounds which contain P-C-P bonds, where P stands for phosphonates or phosphonic acids. These compounds affect calcium metabolism. They inhibit ectopic calcification and slow down bone resorption and bone turnover. Technetium complexes of diphosphonates have been used successfully as bone scanning agents.

A technique using antibodies for identifying or quantifying a substance. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

The area between the EPIPHYSIS and the DIAPHYSIS within which bone growth occurs.

A mass of histologically normal tissue present in an abnormal location.

A glycoprotein that causes regression of MULLERIAN DUCTS. It is produced by SERTOLI CELLS of the TESTES. In the absence of this hormone, the Mullerian ducts develop into structures of the female reproductive tract. In males, defects of this hormone result in persistent Mullerian duct, a form of MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM.

Compounds that interact with ESTROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of ESTRADIOL. Estrogens stimulate the female reproductive organs, and the development of secondary female SEX CHARACTERISTICS. Estrogenic chemicals include natural, synthetic, steroidal, or non-steroidal compounds.

An abnormal hardening or increased density of bone tissue.

Hormones produced by the GONADS, including both steroid and peptide hormones. The major steroid hormones include ESTRADIOL and PROGESTERONE from the OVARY, and TESTOSTERONE from the TESTIS. The major peptide hormones include ACTIVINS and INHIBINS.

X-RAY COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY with resolution in the micrometer range.

A well-characterized basic peptide believed to be secreted by the liver and to circulate in the blood. It has growth-regulating, insulin-like, and mitogenic activities. This growth factor has a major, but not absolute, dependence on GROWTH HORMONE. It is believed to be mainly active in adults in contrast to INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR II, which is a major fetal growth factor.

Preparations made from animal tissues or organs (ANIMAL STRUCTURES). They usually contain many components, any one of which may be pharmacologically or physiologically active. Tissue extracts may contain specific, but uncharacterized factors or proteins with specific actions.

High affinity receptors for THYROID HORMONES, especially TRIIODOTHYRONINE. These receptors are usually found in the nucleus where they regulate DNA transcription. They are encoded by the THRB gene (also known as NR1A2, THRB1, or ERBA2 gene) as several isoforms produced by alternative splicing. Mutations in the THRB gene cause THYROID HORMONE RESISTANCE SYNDROME.

Organic substances that are required in small amounts for maintenance and growth, but which cannot be manufactured by the human body.

A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p825)

A group of enzymes that are dependent on CYCLIC AMP and catalyze the phosphorylation of SERINE or THREONINE residues on proteins. Included under this category are two cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase subtypes, each of which is defined by its subunit composition.

The constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters.

Stable calcium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element calcium, but differ in atomic weight. Ca-42-44, 46, and 48 are stable calcium isotopes.

The main glucocorticoid secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions.

Agents that increase calcium influx into calcium channels of excitable tissues. This causes vasoconstriction in VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE and/or CARDIAC MUSCLE cells as well as stimulation of insulin release from pancreatic islets. Therefore, tissue-selective calcium agonists have the potential to combat cardiac failure and endocrinological disorders. They have been used primarily in experimental studies in cell and tissue culture.

A transmembrane protein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that specifically binds RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B and OSTEOPROTEGERIN. It plays an important role in regulating OSTEOCLAST differentiation and activation.

Hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Structurally, they include polypeptide, protein, and glycoprotein molecules.

The largest of three bones that make up each half of the pelvic girdle.

The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.

The SKELETON of the HEAD including the FACIAL BONES and the bones enclosing the BRAIN.

A potent synthetic agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with 3-(2-naphthyl)-D-alanine substitution at residue 6. Nafarelin has been used in the treatments of central PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY and ENDOMETRIOSIS.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to INULIN clearance.

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

The most common form of fibrillar collagen. It is a major constituent of bone (BONE AND BONES) and SKIN and consists of a heterotrimer of two alpha1(I) and one alpha2(I) chains.

Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.

A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production. Progesterone, converted from PREGNENOLONE, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.

Excision of kidney.

HORMONES secreted by the gastrointestinal mucosa that affect the timing or the quality of secretion of digestive enzymes, and regulate the motor activity of the digestive system organs.

The increase in a measurable parameter of a PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS, including cellular, microbial, and plant; immunological, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, digestive, neural, musculoskeletal, ocular, and skin physiological processes; or METABOLIC PROCESS, including enzymatic and other pharmacological processes, by a drug or other chemical.

A method of measuring the effects of a biologically active substance using an intermediate in vivo or in vitro tissue or cell model under controlled conditions. It includes virulence studies in animal fetuses in utero, mouse convulsion bioassay of insulin, quantitation of tumor-initiator systems in mouse skin, calculation of potentiating effects of a hormonal factor in an isolated strip of contracting stomach muscle, etc.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

A disorder characterized by muscle twitches, cramps, and carpopedal spasm, and when severe, laryngospasm and seizures. This condition is associated with unstable depolarization of axonal membranes, primarily in the peripheral nervous system. Tetany usually results from HYPOCALCEMIA or reduced serum levels of MAGNESIUM that may be associated with HYPERVENTILATION; HYPOPARATHYROIDISM; RICKETS; UREMIA; or other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1490)

Bone resorption induced by parathyroid hormone is strikingly diminished in collagenase-resistant mutant mice. (1/3417)

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates bone resorption by acting directly on osteoblasts/stromal cells and then indirectly to increase differentiation and function of osteoclasts. PTH acting on osteoblasts/stromal cells increases collagenase gene transcription and synthesis. To assess the role of collagenase in the bone resorptive actions of PTH, we used mice homozygous (r/r) for a targeted mutation (r) in Col1a1 that are resistant to collagenase cleavage of type I collagen. Human PTH(1-34) was injected subcutaneously over the hemicalvariae in wild-type (+/+) or r/r mice four times daily for three days. Osteoclast numbers, the size of the bone marrow spaces and periosteal proliferation were increased in calvariae from PTH-treated +/+ mice, whereas in r/r mice, PTH-induced bone resorption responses were minimal. The r/r mice were not resistant to other skeletal effects of PTH because abundant interstitial collagenase mRNA was detected in the calvarial periosteum of PTH-treated, but not vehicle-treated, r/r and +/+ mice. Calcemic responses, 0.5-10 hours after intraperitoneal injection of PTH, were blunted in r/r mice versus +/+ mice. Thus, collagenase cleavage of type I collagen is necessary for PTH induction of osteoclastic bone resorption. (+info)

Postoperative tetany in Graves disease: important role of vitamin D metabolites. (2/3417)

OBJECTIVE: To test the authors' hypothesis of the causal mechanism(s) of postoperative tetany in patients with Graves disease. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Previous studies by the authors suggested that postoperative tetany in patients with Graves disease occurs during the period of bone restoration and resulted from continuation of a calcium flux into bone concomitant with transient hypoparathyroidism induced by surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective study was carried out to investigate sequential changes in serum levels of intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), calcium and other electrolytes, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), and bone metabolic markers in 109 consecutive patients with Graves disease who underwent subtotal thyroidectomy. RESULTS: Preoperative serum iPTH levels negatively correlated with ionized calcium levels and positively correlated with 1,25(OH)2D or 1,25(OH)2D/25OHD. After the operation, there was a significant decline in levels of ionized calcium, magnesium, and iPTH. Serum iPTH was not detected in 15 patients after surgery. Four of these 15 patients, and 1 patient whose iPTH level was below normal, developed tetany. Preoperative serum ionized calcium levels were significantly lower, and iPTH levels were higher, in the 5 patients with tetany than in the 11 patients who did not develop tetany despite undetectable iPTH levels. The tetany group had significantly lower serum 25OHD levels and higher 1,25(OH)2D levels, and had increased 1,25(OH)2D/25OHD as an index of the renal 25OHD-1-hydroxylase activity than those in the nontetany group. These results suggest that patients with a high serum level of iPTH as a result of low serum calcium levels (secondary hyperparathyroidism) are susceptible to tetany under conditions of hypoparathyroid function after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative tetany occurs in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism caused by a relative deficiency in calcium and vitamin D because of their increased demand for bone restoration after preoperative medical therapy concomitant with transient hypoparathyroidism after surgery. Calcium and vitamin D supplements may be recommended before and/or after surgery for patients in whom postoperative tetany is expected to develop. (+info)

Megalin antagonizes activation of the parathyroid hormone receptor. (3/3417)

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is predominantly cleared from the circulation by glomerular filtration and degradation in the renal proximal tubules. Here, we demonstrate that megalin, a multifunctional endocytic receptor in the proximal tubular epithelium, mediates the uptake and degradation of PTH. Megalin was purified from kidney membranes as the major PTH-binding protein and shown in BIAcore analysis to specifically bind full-length PTH and amino-terminal PTH fragments (Kd 0.5 microM). Absence of the receptor in megalin knockout mice resulted in 4-fold increased levels of amino-terminal PTH fragments in the urine. In F9 cells expressing both megalin and the PTH/PTH-related peptide receptor (PTH/PTHrP receptor), uptake and lysosomal degradation of the hormone was mediated through megalin. Blocking megalin-mediated clearance of PTH resulted in 3-fold increased stimulation of the PTH/PTHrP receptor. These data provide evidence that megalin is involved in the renal catabolism of PTH and potentially antagonizes PTH/PTHrP receptor activity in the proximal tubular epithelium. (+info)

22-oxacalcitriol suppresses secondary hyperparathyroidism without inducing low bone turnover in dogs with renal failure. (4/3417)

BACKGROUND: Calcitriol therapy suppresses serum levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in patients with renal failure but has several drawbacks, including hypercalcemia and/or marked suppression of bone turnover, which may lead to adynamic bone disease. A new vitamin D analogue, 22-oxacalcitriol (OCT), has been shown to have promising characteristics. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of OCT on serum PTH levels and bone turnover in states of normal or impaired renal function. METHODS: Sixty dogs were either nephrectomized (Nx, N = 38) or sham-operated (Sham, N = 22). The animals received supplemental phosphate to enhance PTH secretion. Fourteen weeks after the start of phosphate supplementation, half of the Nx and Sham dogs received doses of OCT (three times per week); the other half were given vehicle for 60 weeks. Thereafter, the treatment modalities for a subset of animals were crossed over for an additional eight months. Biochemical and hormonal indices of calcium and bone metabolism were measured throughout the study, and bone biopsies were done at baseline, 60 weeks after OCT or vehicle treatment, and at the end of the crossover period. RESULTS: In Nx dogs, OCT significantly decreased serum PTH levels soon after the induction of renal insufficiency. In long-standing secondary hyperparathyroidism, OCT (0.03 microg/kg) stabilized serum PTH levels during the first months. Serum PTH levels rose thereafter, but the rise was less pronounced compared with baseline than the rise seen in Nx control. These effects were accompanied by episodes of hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. In animals with normal renal function, OCT induced a transient decrease in serum PTH levels at a dose of 0.1 microg/kg, which was not sustained with lowering of the doses. In Nx dogs, OCT reversed abnormal bone formation, such as woven osteoid and fibrosis, but did not significantly alter the level of bone turnover. In addition, OCT improved mineralization lag time, (that is, the rate at which osteoid mineralizes) in both Nx and Sham dogs. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that even though OCT does not completely prevent the occurrence of hypercalcemia in experimental dogs with renal insufficiency, it may be of use in the management of secondary hyperparathyroidism because it does not induce low bone turnover and, therefore, does not increase the risk of adynamic bone disease. (+info)

The structure of human parathyroid hormone-related protein(1-34) in near-physiological solution. (5/3417)

Parathyroid hormone-related protein plays a major role in the pathogenesis of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. Under normal physiological conditions, parathyroid hormone-related protein is produced in a wide variety of tissues and acts in an autocrine or paracrine fashion. Parathyroid hormone-related protein and parathyroid hormone bind to and activate the same G-protein-coupled receptor. Here we present the structure of the biologically active NH2-terminal domain of human parathyroid hormone-related protein(1-34) in near-physiological solution in the absence of crowding reagents as determined by two-dimensional proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. An improved strategy for structure calculation revealed the presence of two helices, His-5-Leu-8 and Gln-16-Leu-27, connected by a flexible linker. The parathyroid hormone-related protein(1-34) structure and the structure of human parathyroid hormone(1-37) as well as human parathyroid hormone(1-34) are highly similar, except for the well defined turn, His-14-Ser-17, present in parathyroid hormone. Thus, the similarity of the binding affinities of parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related protein to their common receptor may be based on their structural similarity. (+info)

Calcium absorption and kinetics are similar in 7- and 8-year-old Mexican-American and Caucasian girls despite hormonal differences. (6/3417)

To assess the possibility of ethnic differences in mineral metabolism in prepubertal children, we compared measures of calcium metabolism in 7- and 8-y-old Mexican-American (MA) and non-Hispanic Caucasian (CAU) girls (n = 38) living in southeastern Texas. We found similar fractional calcium absorption, urinary calcium excretion, calcium kinetic values and total-body bone mineral content in the MA and CAU girls. In contrast, parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations were greater in MA girls (4.01 +/- 0.47 vs. 1. 96 +/- 0.50 pmol/L, P = 0.005) than in CAU girls. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were lower in MA girls (68.9 +/- 7.7 vs. 109.4 +/- 8.4 nmol/L, P = 0.001) than in CAU girls, but 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations did not differ between groups. Seasonal variability was seen for 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in girls of both ethnic groups, but values in all of the girls were >30 nmol/L (12 ng/mL). We conclude the following: 1) greater PTH levels in MA girls than CAU girls are present without evidence of vitamin D deficiency; and 2) differences in 25-hydroxyvitamin D and PTH concentrations between MA and CAU girls do not have a large effect on calcium absorption, excretion or bone calcium kinetics. These data do not provide evidence for adjusting dietary recommendations for mineral or vitamin D intake by MA girls. (+info)

Pregnancy decreases immunoreactive parathyroid hormone level in rats with chronic renal failure. (7/3417)

Normal pregnancy is associated with an increase in serum parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol). The effect of pregnancy on these hormones in chronic renal failure (CRF) is unknown. The present work was undertaken to study the changes of serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and calcitriol in pregnant rats with CRF. The following experimental groups were studied: CRF1 (5/6 nephrectomized virgin female rats), CRF2 (5/6 nephrectomized pregnant rats at day 20-21 of pregnancy), CRF3 (5/6 nephrectomized rats 2 weeks after delivery) and their respective sham-operated control groups: N1, N2 and N3. The 5/6 nephrectomy (CRF1) resulted in renal failure with very high serum iPTH (100+/-18 pg/ml) and low calcitriol levels (10.6+/-4.3 pg/ml) compared with normal rats [N1: 14+/-2.5 pg/ml (P<0.001) and 18.2+/-4.2 pg/ml (P<0.01) respectively]. The pregnancy in CRF rats (CRF2) resulted in normalization of serum iPTH levels (18.2+/-5.41 pg/ml), which was associated with a parallel increase in serum calcitriol (29.4+/-8.0 pg/ml) similar to that in pregnancy of normal rats (N2). Two weeks after delivery the CRF rats (CRF3) once again had high serum iPTH (87+/-17 pg/ml) and low calcitriol levels (9.3+/-1.2 pg/ml), similar to those observed in non-pregnant uraemic rats (CRF1). It is concluded that pregnancy decreases serum iPTH in 5/6 nephrectomized CRF rats most probably by the increased level of calcitriol synthesized by the feto-placental unit. (+info)

Acute fasting diminishes the circadian rhythm of biochemical markers of bone resorption. (8/3417)

OBJECTIVE: Biochemical markers of bone turnover exhibit circadian rhythms with the peak during the night/early morning and the nadir in the late afternoon. The nocturnal increase in bone resorption could theoretically be caused by the absence of food consumption which brings about a decrease in net calcium absorption and an increase in parathyroid hormone (PTH), followed by increased bone resorption in response to the body's demand for calcium. The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of a 33-h fast on the circadian variation in biochemical markers of bone turnover. DESIGN: Eleven healthy premenopausal women (age: 24+/-5 years) participated in a randomised, cross-over study consisting of two periods: either 33h of fasting (fasting) followed 1 week later by a 33-h period with regular meals eaten at 0800-0830h, 1130-1230h and 1800-1900h (control) or vice versa. METHODS: Urinary CrossLaps (U-CL/Cr) corrected with creatinine, as a marker of bone resorption; serum osteocalcin (sOC) as a marker of bone formation; serum intact PTH (iPTH); serum phosphate; and serum calcium corrected with albumin. RESULTS: Both the fasting and the control periods showed a significant circadian rhythm in U-CL/Cr (P<0.001), but the decrease was significantly less pronounced in the morning hours during the fasting period. Fasting resulted in a significant decrease in serum iPTH (throughout the study period) as compared with the control period (P<0.05-0.001). No change was observed in sOC by fasting. CONCLUSION: Food consumption has a small influence on the circadian variation in bone resorption, independent of PTH. The fall in iPTH during fasting may be secondary to an increased bone resorption produced by fasting. (+info)

PTHR1: parathyroid hormone receptor 1. *QRICH1: encoding protein QRICH1, also known as Glutamine-rich protein 1, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_3_(human)

Hectorol (Doxercalciferol), for parathyroid hormone. Insuman (Human insulin), for type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lantus ( ... Thyrogen (Thyroid-stimulating hormone), for thyroid cancer. - Over the counter Allegra (Fexofenadine), for allergic rhinitis. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanofi

For example, on a certain monitor, the horizontal distance between the upper limits for parathyroid hormone in pmol/L and pg/mL ... doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)69046-5. PMID 2893797.[permanent dead link] New Assays for Aldosterone, Renin and Parathyroid Hormone ... Häggström, Mikael (2014). "Reference ranges for estradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone ... Renin and Parathyroid Hormone Archived 2011-10-27 at the Wayback Machine University of Washington, Department of Laboratory ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests

Schäffler A (November 2010). "Hormone replacement after thyroid and parathyroid surgery". Deutsches Ärzteblatt International. ... the receptor for thyroid-stimulating hormone. (Antibodies to thyroglobulin and to the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 may also be ... The result is very high levels of circulating thyroid hormones and a low TSH level. Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder, ... The TSHr is expressed on the thyroid follicular cells of the thyroid gland (the cells that produce thyroid hormone), and the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graves'_disease

... is a form of parathyroid hormone consisting of the first (N-terminus) 34 amino acids, which is the bioactive ... Dempster DW, Cosman F, Parisien M, Shen V, Lindsay R (December 1993). "Anabolic actions of parathyroid hormone on bone". ... Teriparatide is identical to a portion of human parathyroid hormone (PTH) and intermittent use activates osteoblasts more than ... Teriparatide is a portion of human parathyroid hormone (PTH), amino acid sequence 1 through 34, of the complete molecule ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teriparatide

... is related to parathyroid hormone (PTH; MIM 168450) and PTH-related protein (PTHRP; MIM 168470) and is a ligand for PTH ... Misiano P, Scott BB, Scheideler MA, Garnier M (2004). "PTH2 receptor-mediated inhibitory effect of parathyroid hormone and ... 2004). "Agonist-specific regulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptor type 2 activity: structural and functional analysis ... 2003). "Tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues (TIP39): molecular structure and activity for parathyroid hormone 2 receptor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIP39

Parathyroid hormone is required for tooth eruption. The following tables present the development timeline of human teeth. Times ... Philbrick WM, Dreyer BE, Nakchbandi IA, Karaplis AC (September 1998). "Parathyroid hormone-related protein is required for ... Bisphenol A (BPA) is a hormone-disrupting chemical that has been implicated in having negative effects on human health, ... Researchers theorize that the delay is a manifestation of fluoride's depressing impact on thyroid hormones. The delay in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_tooth_development

"Hormone replacement after thyroid and parathyroid surgery". Deutsches Arzteblatt International. 107 (47): 827-34. doi:10.3238/ ... Another sign of Graves' disease is hyperthyroidism, i.e., overproduction of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4. Normal thyroid ... The TSHr is expressed on the follicular cells of the thyroid gland (the cells that produce thyroid hormone), and the result of ... Lugol's iodine may be used to block hormone synthesis before surgery. A randomized control trial testing single-dose treatment ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graves

Elevated parathyroid hormone (due to low calcium). Furthermore, a technetium bone scan will show increased activity (also due ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteomalacia

It is more properly Albright hereditary osteodystrophy although without resistance of parathyroid hormone frequently seen in ... It was characterized in 1952 by Fuller Albright as "pseudo-pseudohypoparathyroidism" (with hyphen). GNAS1 Parathyroid hormone ... Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism can be best understood by comparing it to other conditions: Hormone resistance is not present in ... David Terris; Christine G. Gourin (15 November 2008). Thyroid and Parathyroid Diseases: Medical and Surgical Management. Thieme ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism

... the parathyroid glands are underdeveloped and therefore do not produce enough parathyroid hormone. This is caused by a mutation ... Supplementation with parathyroid hormone is another treatment option. "Hypoparathyroidism". www.socialstyrelsen.se. Retrieved ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-linked_recessive_hypoparathyroidism

As a result of the receptor "thinking" there is sufficient calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion will be reduced. Lower ... Cinacalcet mimics calcium at the parathyroid hormone receptor. This binding will increase the sensitivity of calcium-sensing ... Common side effects include: nausea and vomiting, hypocalcemia, and adynamic bone disease if intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) ... Etelcalcetide binds to the CaSR on the parathyroid gland, which results in receptor activation and ultimately reduction in PTH ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcimimetic

Poole KE, Reeve J (December 2005). "Parathyroid hormone - a bone anabolic and catabolic agent". Current Opinion in Pharmacology ... "Role of inorganic pyrophosphatase in the mechanism of action of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin". Endocrinology. 89 (3): 852 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_pyrophosphatase

The NaPi channels are regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH acts to decrease phosphate reabsorption from the renal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-dependent_phosphate_transport_protein_2A

May 1, 2002). "Parathyroid hormone is essential for normal fetal bone formation". J Clin Invest. 109 (9): 1173-1182. doi: ... The Sertoli cells are the point of origin for anti-Müllerian hormone. Once synthesized, the anti-Müllerian hormone initiates ... At 10 weeks of gestation, the Leydig cells begin to produce androgen hormones. The androgen hormone dihydrotestosterone is ... The genes, TBX1, CRKL, GATA3, GCM2, and SOX3 have also been shown to play a crucial role in the formation of the parathyroid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_of_the_endocrine_system

Calcium is tightly regulated by the parathyroid hormone (PTH). In response to low calcium levels, PTH levels rise, and ... body's own immune system mistakenly attacks parathyroid tissue and leads to the loss of the secretion of parathyroid hormone. ... However, in the setting of absent, decreased, or ineffective PTH hormone, the body loses this regulatory function, and ... Parathyroid symptoms and disease , Patient". Patient. Retrieved 2015-09-05. "Hypoparathyroidism". NORD (National Organization ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocalcemia

Secretion of parathyroid hormone-related protein by certain tumors. Resorption of bone due to Primary bone marrow tumors (e.g. ... Hypercalcemia, elevated blood calcium, has numerous causes, including Elevated levels of parathyroid hormone due to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastatic_calcification

... the uses of calcium and active vitamin D or recombinant human parathyroid hormone treatment are viable since there were many ... "Use of recombinant human parathyroid hormone in hypocalcemic cardiomyopathy". European Journal of Endocrinology. 166 (6): 1113- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasodilatory_shock

... parathyroid hormone-like hormone); rs62314947 near AREG (amphiregulin);[82] as well as rs10086016 at 8p11.23 (which is in ... Hormones[edit]. The master regulators of breast development are the steroid hormones, estrogen and progesterone, growth hormone ... and thyroid hormones such as thyroxine (and by extension thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone ( ... In contrast to the female-associated sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone, the male-associated sex hormones, the androgens, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_development

Sclerostin is inhibited by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and mechanical loading. Sclerostin antagonizes the activity of BMP (bone ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteocyte

... s are regulated by several hormones, including parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the parathyroid gland, calcitonin from ... The osteoclasts do not have receptors for parathyroid hormone (PTH). However, PTH stimulates the osteoblasts to secrete the ... The activity of osteoclasts is controlled by hormones and cytokines. Calcitonin, a hormone of thyroid gland, suppresses the ... the thyroid gland, and growth factor interleukin 6 (IL-6). This last hormone, IL-6, is one of the factors in the disease ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoclast

Another hypothesis includes impaired secretion of PTH or Parathyroid hormone. Risk factors of early neonatal hypocalcemia ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatal_hypocalcemia

Ozkurt IC, Tetradis S (July 2003). "Parathyroid hormone-induced E4BP4/NFIL3 down-regulates transcription in osteoblasts". The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFIL3

"JCI - PARATHYROID HORMONE IN THE BLOOD OF PREGNANT WOMEN 1". Jci.org. Retrieved 2015-06-26. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter ( ... "Parathyroid Hormone in the Blood of Pregnant Women, " "The Changes in Total Calcium Content of the Bones During the Development ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengt_Hamilton

He did pioneering work with the hormone Parathyroid hormone (PTH). He died on June 19, 1965 at the age of 72. Fellow of the ... and to pursue his own studies on hormone research. In 1928 he was recruited to McGill University in Montreal by his former ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Collip

The parathyroid and thyroid glands in the neck produce those hormones; thus, problems with those glands (such as hypo- or ... Parathormone and calcitonin are the principal hormones with which the neuroendocrine system controls this ongoing process. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_mineral

A particularly important bone-targeted hormonal regulator is parathyroid hormone (PTH). Parathyroid hormone is a protein made ... Two of these are adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and follicle stimulating hormone. The physiological role for responses to ... The skeleton is also modified for reproduction and in response to nutritional and other hormone stresses; it responds to ... Nicks KM, Fowler TW, Gaddy D (June 2010). "Reproductive hormones and bone". Curr Osteoporos Rep. 8 (2): 60-7. doi:10.1007/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoblast

2005). "The protein phosphatase calcineurin determines basal parathyroid hormone gene expression". Mol. Endocrinol. 19 (2): 516 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPP3CB

They cause hypophosphatemia, hypocalcemia, low Vitamin D levels, and increased parathyroid hormone. Anticonvulsants also ... a synthetic steroid hormone, to the point where its withdrawal from the regimen of a 14-year-old living in the United Kingdom ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primidone

2011). "Chapter 17: Pancreatic hormones & diabetes mellitus". Greenspan's basic & clinical endocrinology (9th ed.). New York: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_2_diabetes_mellitus

It may also be used to treat goiter via its ability to lower thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), a hormone that is considered ... Levothyroxine, also known as L-thyroxine, is a manufactured form of the thyroid hormone, thyroxine (T4).[1][4] It is used to ... Thyroid hormone requirements increase during and last throughout pregnancy.[11] As such, it is recommended that pregnant women ... The primary pathway of thyroid hormone metabolism is through sequential deiodination.[20] The liver is the main site of T4 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levothyroxine

For example, the pancreas, thyroid, liver, and parathyroids are also endocrine glands that make hormones like insulin. ... Salivary glands, lips, teeth, tongue, epiglottis, thyroid, and parathyroids. Food does not go through these organs. But they ...

https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparato_digestive

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (1. *2). *Ghrelin. * Kisspeptin. *Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin. *MAS (1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FZD5

For instance, serum calcium concentration affects parathyroid hormone synthesis; bluid succar (serum glucose concentration) ... Regulation o hormone synthesis o gonadal hormones, adrenocortical hormones, an thyroid hormones is eften dependent on complex ... Some hormones are completely active whan released intae the bluidstream (as is the case for insulin an growthe hormones), while ... Ither hormones, includin steroid an thyroid hormones, are lipid-soluble; tae allou for their widespread distribution, thir ...

https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone

Exposure to stress and the stress hormone corticosterone has been shown to decrease the expression of BDNF in rats, and, if ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDNF

পার্শ্ব থাইরয়েড গ্রন্থি (ফলকপার্শ্ব গ্রন্থি) (Parathyroid gland). *অধিবৃক্ক গ্রন্থি (অ্যাড্রিনাল গ্রন্থি) (Adrenal gland) ... উদ্বোধক (গ্রন্থিরস) (Hormone). এই নিবন্ধটি অসম্পূর্ণ। আপনি চাইলে এটিকে সম্প্রসারিত করে উইকিপিডিয়াকে সাহায্য করতে পারেন।. *দে ...

https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/নিতম্বাস্থি

Because the ANS, specifically the sympathetic division, exerts direct control over the chromaffin cells, the hormone release ... Rather than releasing a neurotransmitter, the cells of the adrenal medulla secrete hormones.[1] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_medulla

... pairs with parathyroid hormone. Together they act to assemble cells in order to increase the calcium stores taken from bone. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_D_deficiency_in_Australia

... parathyroid gland, hypothalamus, and adrenal glands.. endocrine system. The collection of glands that produce hormones which ... The primary male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid.. thymine. One of the four nucleobases used in the nucleic acid DNA (but ... hormone. Any member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the ... A major female hormone-responsive secondary sex organ of the reproductive system in humans and most other mammals.. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_biology

Parathyroid hormone. *Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP). *Semparatide. *Teriparatide. Relaxin. *Agonists: Insulin- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradykinin

TNF can be produced ectopically in the setting of malignancy and parallels parathyroid hormone both in causing secondary ... In 1985, Bruce A. Beutler and Anthony Cerami discovered that cachectin (a hormone which induces cachexia) was actually TNF.[18] ... Stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by stimulating the release of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNF-alpha

hormone secretion. • negative regulation of apoptotic process. • response to peptide. • cellular response to hormone stimulus. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPR120

A peptide hormone, gastrin, produced by G cells in the gastric glands, stimulates the production of gastric juice which ... The bile is released in response to cholecystokinin (CCK) a peptide hormone released from the duodenum. The production of CCK ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_system

... together with luteinizing hormone (LH). Thus, IGF2 acts as a co-hormone together with both FSH and LH.[10] ... hormone activity. • GO:0001948 protein binding. • growth factor activity. • insulin-like growth factor receptor binding. • ... Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) is one of three protein hormones that share structural similarity to insulin. The MeSH ... Fowden AL, Sibley C, Reik W, Constancia M (2006). "Imprinted genes, placental development and fetal growth". Hormone Research. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_2

Bradykinin is a peptide-based hormone that is formed locally in tissues, very often in response to a trauma. It increases ... Parathyroid hormone. *Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP). *Semparatide. *Teriparatide. Relaxin. *Agonists: Insulin- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icatibant

... used to determine vitamin D status because it often is regulated by other hormones in the body such as parathyroid hormone.[44] ... neurosteroid hormone essential for the development of the brain and of its normal function.[3] ... to patients who have had their parathyroid glands removed (most commonly kidney dialysis patients who have had tertiary ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_D_deficiency

This article is about adrenocorticotropic hormone as a natural hormone. For adrenocorticotropic hormone as a medication and ... Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, also adrenocorticotropin, corticotropin) is a polypeptide tropic hormone produced by and ... Reference ranges for blood tests, showing adrenocorticotropic hormone (green at left) among the hormones with smallest ... of the pituitary gland in response to the hormone corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) released by the hypothalamus.[3] ACTH ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone

The parathyroid chief cells secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) in response to a fall in the plasma ionized calcium level; the ... over-production of parathyroid hormone by a parathyroid adenoma resulting in the typically features of hyperparathyroidism, ... Parathyroid hormone (in high concentrations in the blood) causes bone resorption, releasing calcium into the plasma. This is a ... Angiotensin II is a hormone which acts on the adrenal cortex, causing the release into the blood of the steroid hormone, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_homeostasis

... produces prolactin in response to hormonal signals including dopamine which is inhibitory and thyrotropin-releasing hormone ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin_cell

Parathyroid hormone-related protein. *Semaphorin. *Somatomedin. *Tolloid-like metalloproteinase. *Tumor necrosis factor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFNA4

Parathyroid hormone. *Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP). *Semparatide. *Teriparatide. Relaxin. *Agonists: Insulin- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucagon-like_peptide_2

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (1. *2). *Ghrelin. * Kisspeptin. *Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin. *MAS (1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_receptor

Cholecystokinin tetrapeptide (CCK-4, Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2) is a peptide fragment derived from the larger peptide hormone ... Parathyroid hormone. *Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP). *Semparatide. *Teriparatide. Relaxin. *Agonists: Insulin- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCK-4

One substance made by the testicles is a type of substance known as a hormone. It is the hormone testosterone. Testosterone is ... Adrenal gland - Corpus luteum - Hypothalamus - Ovaries - Pancreas - Parathyroid gland - Pineal gland - Pituitary gland - Testes ... Making hormonesEdit. Testicles are a type of organ called glands. (This makes them part of the body's endocrine system.) The ... This makes them part of the body's reproductive system.) Apart from hormones, the other important substances made by the ...

https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testis

... parathyroid hormone) ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ ଓ କ୍ଷରଣ କରନ୍ତି ଓ ଏହି ହରମୋନ ଶରୀରରେ ଓ ଅସ୍ଥି ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଥିବା କ୍ୟାଲସିଅମ ପରିମାଣକୁ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ କରେ । ... parathyroid hormone/ PTH) କ୍ଷରଣ କରି ଥାଇରଏଡ ଗ୍ରନ୍ଥି ଏହି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ସମ୍ପାଦନ କରେ ।[୮] ... Thyroid and parathyroids as viewed from the back of the neck ଲାଟିନ ଭାଷାରେ glandula parathyreoidea inferior, glandula ... The four green shaded areas represent the most common position of the parathyroid glands, which are generally four in number ...

https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/ପାରାଥାଇରଏଡ_ଗ୍ରନ୍ଥି

পার্শ্ব থাইরয়েড গ্রন্থি (ফলকপার্শ্ব গ্রন্থি) (Parathyroid gland). *অধিবৃক্ক গ্রন্থি (অ্যাড্রিনাল গ্রন্থি) (Adrenal gland) ...

https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/শুক্রাশয়

The thyroid produces several hormones, such as thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin.After the removal of a ... in the vicinity of the recurrent laryngeal nerve entry point and the superior parathyroid gland. ... Toxic thyroid nodule (produces too much thyroid hormone). *Multinodular goiter (enlarged thyroid gland with many nodules), ... need for lifelong thyroid hormone replacement, bleeding, infection, and the remote possibility of airway obstruction due to ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroidectomy

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut

... a hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that regulates the metabolism of calcium and phosphate in the body. It has been ... parathyroid hormone or parathormone, a hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that regulates the metabolism of calcium and ... Parathyroid hormone acts to raise the extracellular calcium concentration, that is, the concentration of calcium ions in the ... the disease associated with a deficiency in parathyroid hormone secretion, is characterized by muscle spasms leading eventually ...

https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/biochemistry/concepts/parathyroid-hormone

Parathyroid hormone. Parathyroid hormone (PTH), also called parathormone, substance produced and secreted by the parathyroid ... Magnesium controls parathyroid hormone secretion in a similar fashion.. PTH has multiple actions, all of which result in an ... In addition, parathyroid hormone plays a role in the regulation of magnesium metabolism by increasing its excretion. Magnesium ... When serum calcium concentrations increase, more calcium binds to the receptors, causing a decrease in parathyroid hormone ...

https://www.britannica.com/print/article/443312

The application was partly based on solid evidence that parathyroid hormone, given as a daily injection for several weeks or ... The first experiments showing an anabolic effect of parathyroid hormone on bone in young rats took place in various North ... The hearings advisory panel voted unanimously in favour of the parathyroid hormone and approval could be expected after ... which showed that treatment with parathyroid hormone reduced spine fractures by 66% to 90% (according to whether smaller ...

http://www.bmj.com/content/324/7335/435

This test measures the level of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in your blood. PTH controls the level of calcium in the blood. Too ... www.hormone.org/your-health-and-hormones/glands-and-hormones-a-to-z/hormones/parathyroid-hormone ... Parathyroid Hormone; p. 398.. *Hormone Health Network [Internet]. Endocrine Society; c2019. What is Parathyroid Hormone?; [ ... What is a parathyroid hormone (PTH) test?. This test measures the level of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the blood. PTH, also ...

https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/parathyroid-hormone-pth-test/

HypoparathyroidismRisks Associated with IOPTH Measurement Source for information on Intra-Operative Parathyroid Hormone ... Intra-Operative Parathyroid Hormone MeasurementDefinitionDemographicDescriptionHow IOPTH Measurement is PerformedIOPTH ... Intra-Operative Parathyroid Hormone (IOPTH) Measurement is a method of monitoring the blood for levels of parathyroid hormone ( ... Intra-Operative Parathyroid Hormone Measurement. Updated About encyclopedia.com content Print Article Share Article ...

https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/intra-operative-parathyroid-hormone-measurement

Parathyroid hormone (PTH), also called parathormone or parathyrin, is a hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that ... Media related to Parathyroid hormone at Wikimedia Commons Parathyroid hormone: analyte monograph - the Association for Clinical ... In-depth immunological phenotyping Disorders of calcium metabolism Parathyroid hormone family Parathyroid hormone-related ... Its action is opposed by the hormone calcitonin. There are two types of PTH receptors. Parathyroid hormone 1 receptors, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone

The PTH test measures the level of parathyroid hormone in the blood. ... PTH stands for parathyroid hormone. It is a protein hormone released by the parathyroid gland. ... PTH is released by the parathyroid glands. The 4 small parathyroid glands are located in the neck, near or attached to the back ... The PTH test measures the level of parathyroid hormone in the blood. ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003690.htm

parathyroid hormone. Names. parathormone. parathyrin. parathyroid hormone 1. prepro-PTH. preproparathyroid hormone. ... PTH parathyroid hormone [Homo sapiens] PTH parathyroid hormone [Homo sapiens]. Gene ID:5741 ... Family B GPCRs include secretin, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide... ... The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate a protein that binds to the parathyroid hormone/parathyroid ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?LinkName=pubmed_gene_citedinomim&from_uid=6220408

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH). Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and its analogue, teriparatide, are a new class of osteoporosis treatments ... Hormone Therapy. Hormone Therapy (HT) or estrogen/progesterone, is commonly used to relieve the symptoms of menopause. However ...

https://osteoporosis.ca/about-the-disease/treatment/parathyroid-hormone/

... is usually given after calcium and vitamin D alone have been tried without success. Parathyroid hormone is ... in people who also have low levels of parathyroid hormone. ... Parathyroid hormone is used together with calcium and vitamin D ... What is parathyroid hormone?. Parathyroid hormone is used together with calcium and vitamin D to treat hypocalcemia (low levels ... What should I discuss with my healthcare provider before using parathyroid hormone?. You should not use parathyroid hormone if ...

https://www.rexhealth.com/rh/health-library/document-viewer/?id=d06650a1

These receptors bind parathyroid hormone and are members of the GPCR family of transmembrane proteins. parathyroid hormone 1 ... Parathyroid+Hormone+Receptors at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) "Parathyroid Hormone ... Jüppner H (1994). "Molecular cloning and characterization of a parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor ... Offermanns S, Iida-Klein A, Segre GV, Simon MI (1996). "G alpha q family members couple parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone_receptor

... Abdallah Sassine Geara,1 Mario R. Castellanos,1 Claude Bassil,1 Georgia ... E. Bogin, S. G. Massry, and I. Harary, "Effect of parathyroid hormone on rat heart cells," Journal of Clinical Investigation, ... D. Myetes, E. Bogin, A. Ma, P. P. Dukes, and S. G. Massry, "Effect of parathyroid hormone on erythropoiesis," Journal of ... E. Bogin, S. G. Massry, J. Levi, M. Djaldeti, G. Bristol, and J. Smith, "Effect of parathyroid hormone on osmotic fragility of ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jir/2010/418695/ref/

Tell us about your personal experience with Parathyroid Hormone as a treatment: Has it worked? Have you had any issues? Any ... which is the human parathyroid hormone, now to be approved any day by the FDA. The human parathyroid hormone will be called ... Hypoparathyroidism is decreased function of the parathyroid glands, leading to decreased levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH). ... I will say that the patients who took the human parathyroid hormone in the trials did very well on it and I have done well on ...

https://www.dailystrength.org/group/hypoparathyroidism/discussion/parathyroid-hormone-for-hypoparathyroidism

hormone activity. • parathyroid hormone receptor binding. • type 1 parathyroid hormone receptor binding. • protein N-terminus ... Parathyroid hormone (PTH), also called parathormone or parathyrin, is a hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that ... Media related to Parathyroid hormone at Wikimedia Commons. *Parathyroid hormone: analyte monograph - the Association for ... PTH is parathyroid hormone, 1,25 OH VIT D3 is calcitriol or 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3, and CALCITONIN is a hormone secreted by ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone

Parathyroid hormone-related protein: elevated levels in both humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy and hypercalcemia complicating ... Identifying Parathyroid Hormone Disorders and Their Phenotypes Through a Bone Health Screening Panel ... encoded search term (What is the pathophysiology of parathyroid hormone (PTH)-mediated hypercalcemia?) and What is the ... What is the pathophysiology of parathyroid hormone (PTH)-mediated hypercalcemia?. Updated: Apr 11, 2018 ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/766373-122617/874690-overview

LBXPT21 - Parathyroid Hormone(Elecys method) pg/mL. Variable Name: LBXPT21. SAS Label: Parathyroid Hormone(Elecys method) pg/mL ... Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is an 84 amino acid peptide produced by the parathyroid gland. Since the PTH molecule undergoes ... intact parathyroid hormone. This Elecsys 1010 method is for the in vitro quantitative determination of intact parathyroid ... Parathyroid Hormone(Elecys method) pg/mL. Target: Both males and females 6 YEARS - 150 YEARS. Code or Value. Value Description ...

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/Nchs/Nhanes/2005-2006/PTH_D.htm

Appropriate studies have not been performed on the relationship of age to the effects of parathyroid hormone injection in the ... performed to date have not demonstrated geriatric-specific problems that would limit the usefulness of parathyroid hormone ...

https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/parathyroid-hormone-subcutaneous-route/before-using/drg-20137779

Detailed drug Information for parathyroid hormone Subcutaneous. Includes common brand names, drug descriptions, warnings, side ... Proper Use of parathyroid hormone. A doctor or other trained health professional will give you parathyroid hormone. Parathyroid ... Pharmacologic Class: Parathyroid. Uses For parathyroid hormone. Parathyroid hormone injection is used together with calcium and ... Do not use parathyroid hormone together with alendronate (Fosamax®).. Parathyroid hormone may increase your risk of having ...

https://www.drugs.com/cons/parathyroid-hormone-subcutaneous.html

Parathyroid Hormone Analogs. Class Summary. Recombinant human parathyroid hormone may be required in addition to calcium and ... Silver J, Yalcindag C, Sela-Brown A, Kilav R, Naveh-Many T. Regulation of the parathyroid hormone gene by vitamin D, calcium ... Parathyroid hormone raises serum calcium by increasing renal tubular calcium reabsorption, increasing intestinal calcium ... Patients with hypocalcemia due to resistance to parathyroid hormone (PTH) generally will require long-term therapy with vitamin ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/241893-medication

... test measures the level of a hormone in the blood, called parathyroid hormone-related protein. Learn more. ... The parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTH-RP) test measures the level of a hormone in the blood, called parathyroid hormone- ... Hormones and disorders of mineral metabolism. In: Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Larsen PR, Kronenberg HM, eds. Williams Textbook of ... The parathyroid glands, hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. ...

https://www.ucsfhealth.org/medical-tests/003691

Parathyroid hormone - A hormone released by the parathyroid glands that plays a role in controlling calcium levels in the bloo ... Medical Word - Parathyroid hormone. Ans : A hormone released by the parathyroid glands that plays a role in controlling calcium ... Parathyroid hormone - Glossary. Written & Compiled by Medindia Content Team. Medically Reviewed by The Medindia Medical Review ...

https://www.medindia.net/glossary/parathyroid_hormone.htm

Pth parathyroid hormone [Rattus norvegicus] Pth parathyroid hormone [Rattus norvegicus]. Gene ID:24694 ... Magnesium modulates parathyroid hormone secretion and upregulates parathyroid receptor expression at moderately low calcium ... Title: Effects of FGF-23-mediated ERK/MAPK signaling pathway on parathyroid hormone secretion of parathyroid cells in rats with ... Title: Magnesium modulates parathyroid hormone secretion and upregulates parathyroid receptor expression at moderately low ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24694

... and hormone antagonists hormone substitutes hormones , hormones , peptide hormones , parathyroid hormone ... parathyroid hormone. Summary. Summary: A polypeptide hormone (84 amino acid residues) secreted by the PARATHYROID GLANDS which ... parathyroid glands*parathyroid hormone related protein*phosphates*calcitriol*chronic kidney failure*phosphorus*parathyroid ... b>Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), and its receptor, parathyroid hormone receptor 1 (PTH1R), expressed in almost ...

https://www.labome.org/topics/chemicals/and/hormones/peptide/parathyroid-hormone-12158.html

Covers why and how parathyroid hormone tests are done. Covers what possible results might mean. Includes info on what might ... Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Test. Test Overview. A parathyroid hormone (PTH) blood test measures the level of parathyroid hormone ... A parathyroid gland growth (hyperplasia) or a parathyroid tumor.. *A low level of calcium in the blood. A low blood calcium ... PTH is made by the parathyroid glands , which are four pea-sized glands that lie behind the thyroid gland . If the blood ...

https://www.cigna.com/individuals-families/health-wellness/hw/medical-tests/parathyroid-hormone-test-hw8101

Parathyroid hormone is hormone substance released by your parathyroid glands. It functions in the regulation of Calcium and ... Parathyroid hormone is made in the parathyroid glands which are located in the neck. There are usually 4 parathyroid glands - 2 ... Parathyroid hormone is hormone substance released by your parathyroid glands. It functions in the regulation of Calcium and ... As parathyroid hormone is made in the glands, it is secreted into the blood-stream and gets circulated throughout the body. ...

https://www.zocdoc.com/answers/7589/what-tests-measure-parathyroid-hormone-levels

Skimp and you could trigger your parathyroid gland to spew our too much parathyroid hormone, according to a new study. ... which is marked by an uncontrolled release of the parathyroid hormone. In healthy bodies, the parathyroid hormone is gradually ... PHPT occurs when benign tumors on the parathyroid gland open the parathyroid hormone floodgates, causing symptoms such as ... a hormone condition that can suck the calcium from your bones and elsewhere if left untreated. In the 22-year-long Nurses ...

https://www.womenshealthmag.com/food/a19928589/do-you-get-enough-calcium/

... Cevdet Aydin. ,1 Sefika Burcak ... G. el-Hajj Fuleihan, E. B. Klerman, E. N. Brown, Y. Choe, E. M. Brown, and C. A. Czeisler, "The parathyroid hormone circadian ... D. F. Kripke, P. Lavie, D. Parker, L. Huey, and L. J. Deftos, "Plasma parathyroid hormone and calcium are related to sleep ... R. P. Shrestha, C. V. Hollot, S. R. Chipkin, C. P. Schmitt, and Y. Chait, "A mathematical model of parathyroid hormone response ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ije/2014/628010/

Parathyroid hormone regulates fates of murine osteoblast precursors in vivo. Deepak H. Balani,1 Noriaki Ono,1,2 and Henry M. ... Vitamin D and parathyroid hormone. In: Bilezikian JP, Marcus R, Levine MA, Marcocci C, Silverberg SJ, Potts JT, eds. The ... Parathyroid hormone (PTH) acts as a major regulator of mammalian calcium homeostasis, partly through actions on bone (1). When ... Intermittent parathyroid hormone administration converts quiescent lining cells to active osteoblasts. J Bone Miner Res. 2012; ...

https://jci.org/articles/view/91699

... a comparison of human parathyroid hormone 1-34, parathyroid hormone-related protein 1-36, and SDZ-parathyroid hormone 893. J ... Parathyroid Hormone - 2 Picomoles/kg/hr. Parathyroid Hormone(1-34) - 4 Picomoles/kg/hr Total ... A G protein-linked receptor for parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related peptide. Science. 1991 Nov 15;254(5034): ... Six-month daily administration of parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related protein peptides to adult ovariectomized ...

https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/results/NCT00377312

Vitamin D, Parathyroid Hormone, and Sudden Cardiac Death. Results From the Cardiovascular Health Study. Rajat Deo, Ronit Katz, ... Vitamin D, Parathyroid Hormone, and Sudden Cardiac Death. Rajat Deo, Ronit Katz, Michael G. Shlipak, Nona Sotoodehnia, Bruce M ... Vitamin D, Parathyroid Hormone, and Sudden Cardiac Death. Rajat Deo, Ronit Katz, Michael G. Shlipak, Nona Sotoodehnia, Bruce M ... Parathyroid hormone has a prosclerotic effect on vascular smooth muscle cells. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2003;26:27-33. ...

http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/58/6/1021

The parathyroid glands are located in the neck area usually behind or within the thyroid gland . (encyclopedia.com)
The parathyroid gland releases PTH in response to low blood calcium. (encyclopedia.com)
Approximately 85% of parathyroid glands are found behind the thyroid gland , but they can be located anywhere between the jaw and the chest (very rarely). (encyclopedia.com)
It is a protein hormone released by the parathyroid gland. (medlineplus.gov)
The 4 small parathyroid glands are located in the neck, near or attached to the back side of the thyroid gland. (medlineplus.gov)
The Parathyroid Gland releases PTH which keeps Calcium in homeostasis. (wikipedia.org)
PTH is parathyroid hormone, 1,25 OH VIT D 3 is calcitriol or 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D 3 , and CALCITONIN is a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland when the plasma ionized calcium level is high or rising. (wikipedia.org)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is an 84 amino acid peptide produced by the parathyroid gland. (cdc.gov)
The secretory activity of the parathyroid gland can be determined by the selective measurement of the (mainly) intact parathyroid hormone. (cdc.gov)
PTH is made by the parathyroid glands , which are four pea-sized glands that lie behind the thyroid gland . (cigna.com)
A parathyroid gland growth (hyperplasia) or a parathyroid tumor. (cigna.com)
There have been instances where a 5th parathyroid gland has been found in certain individuals, but this is a relatively rare anatomic variation and is not generally significant from the standpoint of parathyroid levels or production. (zocdoc.com)
PHPT occurs when benign tumors on the parathyroid gland open the parathyroid hormone floodgates, causing symptoms such as fragile, sometimes painful bones, kidney stones , nausea , fatigue, and depression. (womenshealthmag.com)
PTH excess represents, in part, inadequate vitamin D activity, because the parathyroid gland is an established target of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Thus, lower serum 25-OHD and higher serum PTH concentrations in combination may identify individuals who are at the highest risk of SCD. (ahajournals.org)
IHC-P: Human parathyroid gland tissue. (abcam.com)
[1] ) While PTH acts to increase the concentration of ionic calcium (Ca 2+ ) in the blood , calcitonin , a hormone produced by the parafollicular cells (C cells) of the thyroid gland , acts to decrease ionic calcium concentration. (wikidoc.org)
Damage to the parathyroid gland , which can by caused by neck surgery or radiation treatments. (peacehealth.org)
Our parathyroid gland secretes different types of PTH. (healthtestingcenters.com)
Parathyroid hormone is a protein hormone released by the parathyroid gland, which helps regulate the body's calcium and phosphorus levels. (cardiosmart.org)
Under conditions of dietary Ca restriction, a decrement in serum Ca concentration induces release of PTH from the parathyroid gland. (genome.jp)
BACKGROUND: Intra-operative parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels have successfully been used to assess surgical ablation of parathyroid adenomas, the use of this same test to predict preservation of viable gland has not been widely used. (smw.ch)
If levels were reduced, or less than 3 parathyroid glands were detected, removed thyroid gland was examined for unintentionally removed parathyroid tissue for possible auto transplantation. (smw.ch)
Careful dissection and aid of the operating microscope should preserve the important structures in close vicinity to the thyroid gland, namely, the parathyroid glands and the laryngeal nerves. (smw.ch)
causes of such a drop of parathyroid levels may be due to several reasons, such as inadvertent excision of a parathyroid gland(s), which according to Lin et al. (smw.ch)
A hormone (from greek ὁρμή, "impetus") is a chemical released by a cell or a gland in one part of the body that sends out messages that affect cells in other parts of the organism. (healthtap.com)
If you have a primary parathyroid gland disorder, then it is the gland (s) secreting too much. (healthtap.com)
The parathyroid gland regulates calcium levels in your body. (healthtap.com)
Parathormone or parathyrin, is secreted by the chief cells of the parathyroid gland. (healthtap.com)
The most common cause of hyperparathyroidism is a growth on your parathyroid gland causing overproduction of this hormone. (healthtap.com)
The parathyroid hormone ( PTH ) is secreted by the parathyroid gland , four small glands located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland . (healthhype.com)
Over- or underactivity of the parathyroid gland ultimately impacts on the blood and urine calcium levels due to an excess or deficiency of parathyroid hormone. (healthhype.com)
Smaller peptide fragments of just 34 amino acids are also found in the parathyroid gland and have a similar but longer lasting effect than PTH. (healthhype.com)
This regulation is tightly controlled and by bypassing intermediate regulation by releasing hormones, the parathyroid gland can change the circulating calcium and phosphate calcium levels almost immediately. (healthhype.com)
If there is any chronic deficiency of calcium, the parathyroid gland will expand in size (hypertrophy) to compensate for sustained PTH secretion. (healthhype.com)

As with other protein hormones , PTH is synthesized as a large inactive prohormone. (britannica.com)
At the time of secretion the prohormone is split, and the active hormone (a protein containing 84 amino acids ) is released from the inactive precursor. (britannica.com)
The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate a protein that binds to the parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor and regulates blood calcium and phosphate levels. (nih.gov)
Parathyroid hormone-related protein: elevated levels in both humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy and hypercalcemia complicating metastatic breast cancer. (medscape.com)
See also Parathyroid hormone related protein. (edu.au)
The present invention is directed to peptide analogues of fragment of parathyroid hormone (PTH) or parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), a method of using said analogues alone or in combination with a bisphosphonate or calcitonin to treat osteoporosis and pharmaceutical compositions comprising said analogues alone or in combination with a bisphosphonate or calcitonin. (google.com)
Parathyroid hormone-related protein ("PTHrP") is a 139 to 173 amino acid-protein with N-terminal homology to PTH. (google.com)
A ubiquitously expressed, secreted protein with bone resorption and renal calcium reabsorption activities that are similar to PARATHYROID HORMONE. (curehunter.com)
Overexpression of parathyroid hormone-related protein by tumor cells results in humoral calcemia of malignancy. (curehunter.com)
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is produced by prostate carcinoma cells and tumors, but little is known of its role in prostate carcinogenesis. (aacrjournals.org)
Tannehill Gregg S, Kergosien E, Rosol T. Feline head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell line: characterization, production of parathyroid hormone-related protein, and regulation by transforming growth factor-beta. (labome.org)
Transcriptional regulation of parathyroid hormone-related protein promoter P2 by NF-kappaB in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. (labome.org)
Sellers R, Capen C, Rosol T. Messenger RNA stability of parathyroid hormone-related protein regulated by transforming growth factor-beta1. (labome.org)
Combination radioprotectors maintain proliferation better than single agents by decreasing early parathyroid hormone-related protein changes after growth plate irradiation. (labome.org)
Low free 25-hydroxyvitamin D and high vitamin D binding protein and parathyroid hormone in obese Caucasians. (plos.org)
Functional roles of the nuclear localization signal of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) in osteoblastic cells. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Mg was administered intravenously, and serum concentrations of PTH, parathyroid hormone‑related protein (PTH‑rP), creatinine and Mg were prospectively measured. (spandidos-publications.com)
Therefore, PTH or parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTH-rP), which was previously reported to be secreted by certain types of tumor cell, including ESCC ( 14 ), may influence the physiological regulation of Mg homeostasis and cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in patients receiving chemotherapy. (spandidos-publications.com)

Hyperparathyroidism, the result of oversecretion of the hormone, often leads to the resorption of bone and can only be treated by the surgical removal of all of the parathyroid glands, which can be found in unusual locations. (infoplease.com)
Increased PTH secretion is known as hyperparathyroidism and may be caused by a benign tumour in one of the parathyroid glands or by vitamin D deficiency or kidney disease. (britannica.com)
One form of abnormal parathyroid function is hyperparathyroidism. (encyclopedia.com)
The most common cause of hyperparathyroidism is a parathyroid adenoma. (encyclopedia.com)
The ratios of intact hormone to peptide fragments may vary from individual to individual as well as between patients with hyperparathyroidism or chronic renal failure. (cdc.gov)
Title: Effects of FGF-23-mediated ERK/MAPK signaling pathway on parathyroid hormone secretion of parathyroid cells in rats with secondary hyperparathyroidism. (nih.gov)
But a new study suggests that skimping on this vital mineral could increase your risk of developing hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), a hormone condition that can suck the calcium from your bones and elsewhere if left untreated. (womenshealthmag.com)
The causes of hypercalcemia that result in elevated parathyroid hormone level are few including familial benign (hypocalciuric) hypercalcemia (FHH), lithium-induced hypercalcemia, and tertiary hyperparathyroidism. (hindawi.com)
A subset of patients had calcium levels within the reference range with elevated parathyroid hormone, so-called normocalcemic hyperparathyroidism [ 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
A parathyroid test is used to diagnose certain parathyroid conditions, including hypoparathyroidism (underactive parathyroid) and hyperparathyroidism (overactive parathyroid). (healthtestingcenters.com)
Renal Resistance to Parathyroid Hormone with Osteitis Fibrosa "Hypo-Hyperparathyroidism. (annals.org)
Hyperparathyroidism is a disorder in which the parathyroid glands in your neck produce too much parathyroid hormone (PTH). (stlukes-stl.com)

The effect of parathyroid hormone on the uptake and retention of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in skeletal muscle cells. (nih.gov)
We previously reported the lack of a significant phosphaturic effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the fasted hamster 1 . (springer.com)
40 milligrams per kilogram of body weight per day) to reduce the hypercalcemic effect of parathyroid hormone in thyroparathyroidectomized rats was confirmed. (sciencemag.org)

This Elecsys 1010 method is for the in vitro quantitative determination of intact parathyroid hormone in human serum and plasma. (cdc.gov)
In populations with chronic kidney disease, low levels of 25(OH)D and 1,25[OH]2D, and high levels of intact parathyroid hormone have been suggested to explain the association between chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular mortality. (eurekalert.org)
Dr. Jassal continued, "After adjusting for age alone, there was no independent association between serum levels of 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH)2D, or intact parathyroid hormone and cardiovascular mortality. (eurekalert.org)
We hypothesized that a higher serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) level is associated with the higher likelihood of hyperphosphatemia, hyperphosphatasemia [high serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels] and hypercalcemia. (biomedsearch.com)
The PTH Intact test measures the amount of intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the body. (healthtestingcenters.com)

Synthetic peptide within Human Parathyroid Hormone aa 50 to the C-terminus (internal sequence). (abcam.com)
In addition, we show that Ctsk deletion in osteocytes increased bone parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) and prevented the decrease in serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) induced by lactation, but amplified the increase in serum 1,25-dyhydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D]. (jci.org)
PTH Intact is a peptide hormone made of 84 amino acids. (healthtestingcenters.com)
Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) was initially identified as a product of malignant tumors that mediates paraneoplastic hypercalcemia. (pnas.org)
This hormone exerts its actions via binding to the PTH/PTH-related peptide receptor (PTH1R). (genome.jp)

The application was partly based on solid evidence that parathyroid hormone, given as a daily injection for several weeks or months in experimental animals, increases bone mass and strength. (bmj.com)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and its analogue, teriparatide, are a new class of osteoporosis treatments called bone formation agents. (osteoporosis.ca)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH), also called parathormone or parathyrin, is a hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that regulates the serum calcium concentration through its effects on bone, kidney, and intestine. (wikipedia.org)
Parathyroid hormone 1 receptors, activated by the 34 N-terminal amino acids of PTH, are present at high levels on the cells of bone and kidney. (wikipedia.org)
Parathyroid hormone regulates serum calcium through its effects on bone, kidney, and the intestine: In bone, PTH enhances the release of calcium from the large reservoir contained in the bones. (wikipedia.org)
In animal studies, parathyroid hormone caused bone cancer. (rexhealth.com)
parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R) is the classical PTH receptor, is expressed in high levels in bone and kidney and regulates calcium ion homeostasis through activation of adenylate cyclase and phospholipase C. parathyroid hormone 2 receptor (PTH2R) is expressed primarily in the central nervous system, pancreas, testis, and placenta. (wikipedia.org)
Evaluation of bone mineral status will utilize an evaluation of vitamin D status based on two analytes: serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH). (cdc.gov)
Parathyroid hormone raises serum calcium by increasing renal tubular calcium reabsorption, increasing intestinal calcium absorption, and increasing bone turnover. (medscape.com)
Parathyroid hormone increases intracellular calcium by promoting the release of CALCIUM from BONE, increases the intestinal absorption of calcium, increases the renal tubular reabsorption of calcium, and increases the renal excretion of phosphates. (labome.org)
Teriparatide, a type of parathyroid hormone, is approved for the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and in men who are at high risk of breaking a bone. (nof.org)
Teriparatide, a recombinant form of parathyroid hormone (PTH), is the only approved treatment for osteoporosis that increases the rate of bone formation. (jci.org)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) has potent bone-building actions and has been approved for the treatment of osteoporosis as FORTEO by Eli Lilly & Co. Numerous studies have verified its effectiveness in increasing bone mass and potential for PTH to positively impact oral bone. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Parathyroid hormone is an endogenous hormone with potent anabolic and catabolic actions in bone. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a critical regulator of skeletal development that promotes both bone formation and bone resorption. (jci.org)
This annotation describes some early rat studies which conclude that parathyroid hormone (PTH) has more dramatic stimulatory effects on bone repair than on untraumatized bone. (diva-portal.org)
Parathyroid hormone ( PTH ), also called parathormone or parathyrin , is a hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that is important in bone remodeling , which is an ongoing process in which bone tissue is alternately resorbed and rebuilt over time. (wikidoc.org)
PTH essentially acts to increase the concentration of calcium in the blood by acting upon the parathyroid hormone 1 receptor , which is present at high levels in bone and kidney, and the parathyroid hormone 2 receptor , which is present at high levels in the central nervous system, pancreas, testes, and placenta. (wikidoc.org)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases bone formation and thereby improves bone density and bone strength in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. (clinicaltrials.gov)
In male and female rats, parathyroid hormone caused an increase in the incidence of osteosarcoma (a malignant bone tumor) that was dependent on dose and treatment duration. (nih.gov)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a parathyroid-secreted polypeptide hormone that increases the level of calcium in blood by enhancing calcium mobilization from bone, increasing the calcium:phosphate ratio in the kidney and promoting the absorption of calcium by the intestines. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) activates receptors on osteocytes to orchestrate bone formation and resorption. (harvard.edu)
Two recent reports have made the provocative suggestion that parathyroid hormone (PTH) and, by implication, bone play a critical role in the early phase of acid buffering. (biomedsearch.com)
D uring recent years , a number of animal studies have demonstrated that intermittent parathyroid hormone (PTH) administration induces anabolic effects on both cancellous and cortical bone. (wiley.com)
The results of these studies suggest that parathyroid function as related to its influence on bone follows the same pattern in the frog as has been reported previously for the rat. (rice.edu)
EB613 is an orally delivered human parathyroid hormone (1-34), or PTH, drug candidate positioned as the first potential once daily, oral, bone building (anabolic) treatment for osteoporosis patients. (globenewswire.com)
Hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone causes elevation of blood calcium and that will cause elevation of urine calcium which may lead to kidney stones and bone pain . (healthtap.com)
Parathyroid hormone is critical for maintaining a normal blood calcium level through its actions on bone, kidney and indirectly on the intestine . (healthtap.com)
The hormone is regulated by the calcium and phosphate levels in the blood and acts primarily on the bone and kidneys to increase circulating levels of calcium. (healthhype.com)
however, large amounts of parathyroid hormone (PTH) influence serum Mg concentrations by affecting loop of Henle and bone resorption ( 13 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

thus hypoparathyroidism, the disease associated with a deficiency in parathyroid hormone secretion, is characterized by muscle spasms leading eventually to generalized convulsions and various psychiatric symptoms. (infoplease.com)
Decreased PTH secretion, known as hypoparathyroidism , results from destruction or surgical removal of the parathyroid glands. (britannica.com)
Hypoparathyroidism is decreased function of the parathyroid glands, leading to decreased levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH). (dailystrength.org)
Emergency treatment is usually only needed for certain patients, such as those with primary hypoparathyroidism, or hypoparathyroidism that is secondary to procedures that have been used to correct excessive levels of thyroid hormone or excessive levels of parathyroid hormone -- that is, procedures that have been medically used to lower the amount of parathyroid hormone in the blood, and have resulted in levels of parathyroid hormone that are now too low. (petmd.com)
NATPARA is a parathyroid hormone indicated as an adjunct to calcium and vitamin D to control hypocalcemia in patients with hypoparathyroidism. (nih.gov)
AIM: to test the sensitivity and specificity of intraoperative rapid PTH assay test in predicting permanent postoperative hypoparathyroidism, and applicability to guide the search for inadvertently removed parathyroid glands for possible auto transplantation. (smw.ch)
CONCLUSION: Intraoperative PTH assay may allow intraoperative monitoring of parathyroid function, predicting postoperative outcomes, may identify patients at risk of developing postoperative hypoparathyroidism, guiding surgeons to re-examine removed specimens for inadvertently removed parathyroid tissue with possible auto transplantation, or more practically a guide to early replacement therapy to prevent hypocalcaemia, leading to safe and early hospital discharge. (smw.ch)

parathyroid hormone or parathormone, a hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that regulates the metabolism of calcium and phosphate in the body. (infoplease.com)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) , also called parathormone , substance produced and secreted by the parathyroid glands that regulates serum calcium concentration. (britannica.com)
PTH, also known as parathormone, is made by your parathyroid glands . (medlineplus.gov)
What does parathyroid hormone (parathormone) work together with? (healthtap.com)

It is now known that the parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTHrP genes are evolutionarily related and that the products of these two genes share a common receptor, the PTH/PTHrP receptor. (pnas.org)
To determine the mechanism of action of PTHrP in prostate cancer cells, the parathyroid hormone/PTHrP receptor status of the cells was determined. (aacrjournals.org)
These cell lines did not demonstrate parathyroid hormone/PTHrP receptor-mediated binding of iodinated PTHrP or steady-state receptor message by Northern blot analysis, but they did have a detectable receptor message by reverse transcription-PCR analysis. (aacrjournals.org)

Do not take more than 1 dose of parathyroid hormone in the same day. (drugs.com)
Infusion of a submaximally phosphaturic dose of parathyroid hormone, together with calcium chloride, into a second group of acute TPTX rats, however, had the effect of reproducing the striking declines in filtration rate and Kf noted in non-TPTX rats given calcium chloride alone. (nih.gov)

FIH is characterized by hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia due to inadequate secretion of parathyroid hormone. (abcam.com)
What are the symptoms of excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone? (healthtap.com)
The secretion of parathyroid hormone is controlled primarily by what? (healthtap.com)
The secretion of parathyroid hormone is dependent on the calcium levels of the blood and not the action of any releasing-hormones. (healthhype.com)

Patients with hypocalcemia due to resistance to parathyroid hormone (PTH) generally will require long-term therapy with vitamin D and calcium supplementation. (medscape.com)
Two female patients, ages 10 and 17, with primary renal resistance to parathyroid hormone and osteitis fibrosa were studied. (annals.org)
In both patients there was renal resistance to parathyroid hormone. (annals.org)

Disturbances in calcium-phosphorus metabolism, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) have been implicated as novel risk factors for cardiovascular events. (ahajournals.org)
Just 6.7% of patients had target levels of calcium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone a year after surgery. (renalandurologynews.com)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a key regulator of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. (genome.jp)

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates the metabolism of calcium and phosphate. (anaspec.com)
Parathyroid hormone regulates calcium metabolism. (healthtap.com)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates Mg homeostasis. (spandidos-publications.com)

Serum calcium concentration is monitored by calcium-sensing receptors located on the surface of the parathyroid cells. (britannica.com)
When serum calcium concentrations increase, more calcium binds to the receptors, causing a decrease in parathyroid hormone secretion. (britannica.com)
Parathyroid hormone 2 receptors are present at high levels on the cells of central nervous system, pancreas, testes, and placenta. (wikipedia.org)
There are two known parathyroid hormone receptors in mammals termed PTH1R and PTH2R. (wikipedia.org)
These receptors bind parathyroid hormone and are members of the GPCR family of transmembrane proteins. (wikipedia.org)

On 27 July the US Food and Drug Administration held a public hearing on an application for a licence for the use of recombinant human parathyroid hormone in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. (bmj.com)
Recombinant human parathyroid hormone may be required in addition to calcium and vitamin D supplementation for hypocalcemia. (medscape.com)

How the reference values for serum parathyroid hormone concentration are (or should be) established? (springer.com)

The human parathyroid hormone will be called NatPara, produced by the NPS pharmaceutical co. (dailystrength.org)

Parathyroid hormone is used together with calcium and vitamin D to treat hypocalcemia (low levels of calcium in the blood) in people who also have low levels of parathyroid hormone. (rexhealth.com)
The parathyroid glands, hypercalcemia, and hypocalcemia. (drugs.com)
The test provides quantitative results on the amount of parathyroid hormone in human serum and plasma to diagnose hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia, which helps physicians diagnose parathyroid dysfunction. (emaxhealth.com)

PTH levels help your healthcare provider find out whether an abnormal calcium level is from a problem with your parathyroid glands or has another cause. (brighamandwomens.org)

This potentiates the ability of parathyroid hormone to increase serum calcium concentrations because fewer insoluble calcium-phosphate complexes are formed when serum phosphate concentrations are low. (britannica.com)
A molecular model of parathyroid hormone (PTH), a hormone secreted by chief cells in the parathyroid glands, responsible for increasing calcium concentrations in the blood. (sciencephoto.com)
Vitamin D and parathyroid hormone concentrations are two important markers of cardiovascular and overall health. (cardiosmart.org)
Therefore, high concentrations of parathyroid hormones in the blood indicate a variety of health concerns, one of which is vitamin D deficiency. (cardiosmart.org)
OBJECTIVE To examine whether concentrations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) are associated with surrogate markers of insulin resistance (IR) in U.S. adults without physician-diagnosed diabetes. (diabetesjournals.org)

The data suggest that EHDP may have a direct effect on the renal action of parathyroid hormone and, in this way, may also affect vitamin D metabolism by the kidney. (sciencemag.org)
Anabolic action of parathyroid hormone regulated by the β2-adrenergic receptor. (asbmr.org)

Title: Effects of parathyroid hormone 1-34 on osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of human fracture haematoma-derived cells in vitro. (nih.gov)
Appropriate studies have not been performed on the relationship of age to the effects of parathyroid hormone injection in the pediatric population. (mayoclinic.org)

What's the function of parathyroid hormone? (healthtap.com)
The main function of parathyroid hormone is to maintain a normal blood calcium level. (healthtap.com)
In order to understand the function of parathyroid hormone, it is important to look at in calcium and phosphate metabolism. (healthhype.com)

Our studies were done with the receptor for parathyroid hormone (PTH). (pnas.org)
This is a specific receptor for parathyroid hormone. (uniprot.org)

If calcium blood levels are too low, your parathyroid glands will release PTH into the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
For this reason calcium is the only mineral present in our bodies that has its own set of glands to regulate blood levels called the parathyroid glands. (encyclopedia.com)
The sole function of the parathyroid glands is to keep calcium levels within a narrow, safe, and functional range in the blood. (encyclopedia.com)
The parathyroid glands monitor present levels of blood calcium and use PTH to increase or decrease levels as necessary throughout the day. (encyclopedia.com)
In this disorder, one or more of the parathyroid glands secretes too much PTH despite high blood calcium levels. (encyclopedia.com)
With some parathyroid adenomas, blood levels may exceed 200 pg/ml, while others may be present with blood PTH still within the normal range. (encyclopedia.com)
While using parathyroid hormone, you may have high levels of calcium in your blood. (rexhealth.com)
Immunologic disturbances and levels of parathyroid hormone in uremic patients in replacement dialysis therapy," Clinical Nephrology , vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 246-250, 1994. (hindawi.com)
Hypercalcemia of this disorder may remain mild for long periods because some parathyroid adenomas respond to the feedback generated by the elevated calcium levels. (medscape.com)
Do not take parathyroid hormone if you have Paget's disease, high levels of alkaline phosphatase in the blood, radiation therapy of the bones, or if your bones have not finished growing. (drugs.com)
It is used to control low blood calcium levels in people who have low blood parathyroid hormone levels. (drugs.com)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) has an important role in the maintenance of serum calcium levels. (mdpi.com)
A polypeptide hormone (84 amino acid residues) secreted by the PARATHYROID GLANDS which performs the essential role of maintaining intracellular CALCIUM levels in the body. (labome.org)
What tests measure parathyroid hormone levels? (zocdoc.com)
When an individuals blood calcium levels fall below a certain level, Parathyroid hormone production increases and is secreted into the bloodstream. (zocdoc.com)
Of course, when the calcium levels are high, parathyroid production (and therefore levels in the blood) decrease. (zocdoc.com)
Therefore the easiest and quickest way to assess parathyroid hormone levels is by a simple blood test. (zocdoc.com)
I strongly recommend that any diagnostic testing and possible treatment in relation to parathyroid hormone, Calcium and phosphate levels be discussed with your endocrinologist or internal medicine doctor. (zocdoc.com)
The major determinants of parathyroid (PTH) secretion are serum calcium (Ca) and vitamin D levels [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
A change in posture, from the recumbent to upright position, leads to an increase in the plasma levels of several hormones, including cortisol, prolactin, renin, and aldosterone [ 13 , 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
Recent studies have demonstrated greater risks of cardiovascular events and mortality among persons who have lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) and higher parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. (ahajournals.org)
In a study published in the December 2010 issue of The American Journal of Medicine, investigators found that there was no independent association between serum levels of vitamin D or parathyroid hormone and cardiovascular mortality in this prospective study, the first in a population of older community-dwelling adults with a low prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and a broad range of kidney function. (eurekalert.org)
A parathyroid test can help understand the cause of a low or high calcium levels. (healthtestingcenters.com)
Being the most frequently ordered parathyroid hormone test, PTH Intact helps diagnose the root cause of an abnormal increase or decrease in calcium levels. (healthtestingcenters.com)
However, most patients are being investigated for abnormal calcium levels and in non-parathyroid disease PTH levels should reflect calcium status (i.e. high calcium, low PTH). (southend.nhs.uk)
Together, vitamin D and parathyroid hormone levels are important markers that can tell a lot about an individual's health. (cardiosmart.org)
When calcium levels are low, parathyroid hormones are released by the body to help counteract this deficiency. (cardiosmart.org)
Elevated parathyroid hormone levels were associated with 30% increased risk for heart failure. (cardiosmart.org)
These findings suggest that vitamin D deficiency is strongly associated with increased risk for heart attack and death, and elevated parathyroid hormone levels are associated with heart failure. (cardiosmart.org)
As vitamin D deficiency and elevated parathyroid hormone levels are extremely common in older adults, it is important that adults get enough calcium and vitamin D to promote cardiovascular health. (cardiosmart.org)
The aim of this retrospective longitudinal naturalistic study was to evaluate the effects of maintenance lithium treatment on parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcium levels. (dovepress.com)
Mean serum phosphate and median parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels were in the normal range, but median FGF23 was markedly greater than in healthy populations, and increased significantly with decreasing estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). (nih.gov)
There were elevated plasma levels of parathyroid hormone as determined by radioimmunoassay in both patients. (annals.org)
The 4 patients who had parathyroid tissue reimplanted intraoperatively restored some of their parathyroid function as indicated by relative rise of their PTH levels, but did not reach even the low normal levels. (smw.ch)
Conversely, a persistent elevation in the calcium levels will cause the parathyroid glands to shrink in size. (healthhype.com)

Its action is opposed by the hormone calcitonin. (wikipedia.org)
[6] Its action is opposed by the hormone calcitonin . (wikipedia.org)

The influence of intermittent parathyroid hormone (PTH(1-34)) administration on callus formation and mechanical strength of tibial fractures in rats was investigated after 20 and 40 days of healing. (wiley.com)

The surgical procedure and IOPTH measurement are usually performed on patients with parathyroid adenomas (benign tumors). (encyclopedia.com)
Significance of HCG to distinguish parathyroid carcinoma from benign disease and in adding prognostic information: a hospital based study from Nepal. (nih.gov)

The role of vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) in metabolic syndrome and diabetes is receiving increased attention. (diabetesjournals.org)

Parathyroid cancer is considered extremely rare, and adenomas make up most of the demographic for IOPTH measurement during parathyroidectomy. (encyclopedia.com)
Parathyroid adenomas may grow to the size of a walnut. (encyclopedia.com)

The hormone also enhances both the excretion of phosphate by the kidneys and its uptake by the cells. (infoplease.com)
Investigating the parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptor → inositol phosphate pathway, we report here that GRKs can inhibit receptor signaling already under nonphosphorylating conditions. (pnas.org)

What is the pathophysiology of parathyroid hormone (PTH)-mediated hypercalcemia? (medscape.com)
These findings suggest that the decline in filtration rate associated with hypercalcemia is due largely to the reduction in Kf, the latter dependent upon the presence of parathyroid hormone. (nih.gov)

In addition, the distribution and frequency of osteoclasts in the various bones of this frog were examined to relate their occurrence with the state of activity of the parathyroid glands. (rice.edu)

Rare parathyroid tumors, without a set point error, overproduce C-PTH fragments. (ovid.com)

Lepage R, Roy L, Brossard JH, Rousseau L, Dorais C, Lazure C et al (1998) A non (1-84) circulating parathyroid hormone fragment interferes significantly with intact PTH commercial assay in uremic samples. (springer.com)

The N-terminal fragment 1-34 of parathyroid hormone (PTH) has been crystallized and the structure has been refined to 0.9 Å resolution. (wikipedia.org)
Participants will receive synthetic human parathyroid hormone fragment 1-34 (hPTH 1-34) once-daily in a constant dose of 30 mcg/day. (clinicaltrials.gov)

Independence of the acute acid-buffering response from endogenous parathyroid hormone. (biomedsearch.com)
The apparent exhaustion produced in the parathyroid tissue of lavaged frogs indicated that the lavage procedures produced a marked, though probably temporary, increase in endogenous parathyroid hormone production. (rice.edu)

In answer to your question, I was selected for clinical trials on the new human parathyroid hormone (I-84) made by NPS. (dailystrength.org)
I will say that the patients who took the human parathyroid hormone in the trials did very well on it and I have done well on the Forteo. (dailystrength.org)
I am waiting for the 1-84 (NOT 1-184) which is the human parathyroid hormone, now to be approved any day by the FDA. (dailystrength.org)
The solution conformations of a selectively osteogenic 1-31 fragment of the human parathyroid hormone (hPTH), hPTH(1-31)NH(2), have been characterized by use of very high field NMR spectroscopy at 800 MHz. (rcsb.org)
BOSTON and JERUSALEM, Israel, Dec. 10, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Entera Bio Ltd. (NASDAQ: ENTX), a leader in the development of orally delivered large molecule therapeutics, announced today that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has reviewed the company's Investigational New Drug (IND) application for EB613, orally delivered human parathyroid hormone (1-34), or PTH and informed Entera that it may proceed with its initial U.S. clinical trial. (globenewswire.com)

Adenomatous Colon Polyps in Diabetes: Increased Prevalence in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and Its Association with Parathyroid Hormone. (nih.gov)

What does hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone result in? (healthtap.com)

Surgeons use the test to establish a PTH baseline on patients with parathyroid adenoma that can cause their parathyroids to malfunction. (emaxhealth.com)

Magnesium modulates parathyroid hormone secretion and upregulates parathyroid receptor expression at moderately low calcium concentration. (nih.gov)
Correlates of parathyroid hormone concentration in hemodialysis patients. (biomedsearch.com)

The mature circulating form of the hormone is comprised of 84 amino acid residues. (google.com)

Therefore, even if all of your parathyroid glands are removed, you would develop symptoms over a short time--which the other mechanisms try to compensate. (healthtap.com)

Parathyroid hormone and T-cellular immunity in uremic patients in replacement dialytic therapy," Artificial Organs , vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 73-75, 1993. (hindawi.com)

This test measures the level of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
If the blood calcium level is too low, the parathyroid glands release more PTH. (cigna.com)
As parathyroid hormone is made in the glands, it is secreted into the blood-stream and gets circulated throughout the body. (zocdoc.com)
This test measures a substance called parathyroid hormone (PTH) in your blood. (brighamandwomens.org)
If your calcium level is too low, your parathyroid glands release PTH to get more calcium into your blood. (brighamandwomens.org)
Both hormones regulate the glucose level in blood. (bartleby.com)
Absence of the hormone causes a marked lowering of blood calcium and a variety of symptoms. (healthtap.com)
Parathyroid hormone is responsible for regulating calcium level in blood. (healthtap.com)
The blood calcium is very precisely controlled by the parathyroid hormone and vice versa. (healthtap.com)

Patients with confirmed or suspected conditions with a resistance to vitamin D or parathyroid hormone (PTH) will be admitted for diagnosis and treatment, and inclusion in other studies pertaining to similar conditions. (clinicaltrials.gov)
FDA clearance of Roche Diagnostics' 9-minute Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) test during parathyroid surgery provides faster results for surgeons, which may result in shorter surgeries for patients. (emaxhealth.com)
Dr. Chen's research, published in Surgery in 2005, determined that intraoperative parathyroid hormone measurement improves cure rates in patients undergoing minimally invasive parathyroidectomies because it allows surgeons to recognize and address additional hyperfunctioning parathyroids during surgery that were missed by preoperative imaging. (emaxhealth.com)
Assessment of parathyroid activity in patients with chronic renal failure. (southend.nhs.uk)
A recent study published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology followed a total of 2,312 patients over 14 years to assess the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and elevated parathyroid hormone with cardiovascular risk. (cardiosmart.org)
2002)'s study occurred in 9% of patients undergoing thyroidectomy [4], as the majority of patients (95%) had two or less parathyroid glands in their excised specimens, in addition to induced capsular bleeding due to inadvertent incision which commonly occurred [5-7], or indirect injury to the glands by a very meticulous homeostasis technique, with subsequent avascular necrosis. (smw.ch)

Check to see whether a problem with the parathyroid glands is causing the abnormal calcium level. (cigna.com)

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Bone resorption induced by parathyroid hormone is strikingly diminished in collagenase-resistant mutant mice. (1/3417)

Postoperative tetany in Graves disease: important role of vitamin D metabolites. (2/3417)

Megalin antagonizes activation of the parathyroid hormone receptor. (3/3417)

22-oxacalcitriol suppresses secondary hyperparathyroidism without inducing low bone turnover in dogs with renal failure. (4/3417)

The structure of human parathyroid hormone-related protein(1-34) in near-physiological solution. (5/3417)

Calcium absorption and kinetics are similar in 7- and 8-year-old Mexican-American and Caucasian girls despite hormonal differences. (6/3417)

Pregnancy decreases immunoreactive parathyroid hormone level in rats with chronic renal failure. (7/3417)

Acute fasting diminishes the circadian rhythm of biochemical markers of bone resorption. (8/3417)

Parathyroid Hormone

Parathyroid Glands

Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 1

Parathyroid Neoplasms

Receptors, Parathyroid Hormone

Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein

Hyperparathyroidism

Parathyroid Diseases

Teriparatide

Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 2

Parathyroidectomy

Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary

Hypercalcemia

Hypocalcemia

Hypoparathyroidism

Hormones

Calcium

Phosphorus

Receptors, Calcium-Sensing

Phosphates

Hyperparathyroidism, Primary

Bone and Bones

Calcitriol

Vitamin D

Calcitonin

Pseudohypoparathyroidism

Thyroid Hormones

Adenoma

Osteoblasts

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Bone Resorption

Uremia

Bone Density

Bone Remodeling

Luteinizing Hormone

Vitamin D Deficiency

Calcifediol

Cyclic AMP

Renal Osteodystrophy

Thyroidectomy

Osteocalcin

Kidney Failure, Chronic

Ergocalciferols

Alkaline Phosphatase

Hydroxycholecalciferols

Renal Dialysis

Dihydroxycholecalciferols

Calcium, Dietary

Gonadal Steroid Hormones

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone

Opossums

Peptide Fragments

Phosphorus, Dietary

Hypophosphatemia

Cholecalciferol

Calcium Carbonate

Kidney

Human Growth Hormone

Calcium Gluconate

Hyperplasia

Radioimmunoassay

Osteoporosis

Bone Diseases, Metabolic

Receptors, Thyroid Hormone

Naphthalenes

Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins

Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

Hyperphosphatemia

Time Factors

Osteogenesis

Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type IIa

RNA, Messenger

Minerals

Magnesium Deficiency

Bone Diseases

Adenylate Cyclase

Biological Markers

25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2

Calcimimetic Agents