Parasites
Leishmaniasis, Visceral
A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.
Host-Parasite Interactions
Leishmania infantum
A parasitic hemoflagellate of the subgenus Leishmania leishmania that infects man and animals and causes visceral leishmaniasis (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL). Human infections are confined almost entirely to children. This parasite is commonly seen in dogs, other Canidae, and porcupines with humans considered only an accidental host. Transmission is by Phlebotomus sandflies.
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous
An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.
Parasitic Diseases, Animal
Leishmania major
Leishmania
A genus of flagellate protozoa comprising several species that are pathogenic for humans. Organisms of this genus have an amastigote and a promastigote stage in their life cycles. As a result of enzymatic studies this single genus has been divided into two subgenera: Leishmania leishmania and Leishmania viannia. Species within the Leishmania leishmania subgenus include: L. aethiopica, L. arabica, L. donovani, L. enrietti, L. gerbilli, L. hertigi, L. infantum, L. major, L. mexicana, and L. tropica. The following species are those that compose the Leishmania viannia subgenus: L. braziliensis, L. guyanensis, L. lainsoni, L. naiffi, and L. shawi.
Leishmaniasis
A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).
Leishmania donovani
Platyhelminths
Trypanosoma cruzi
Parasitemia
Chagas Disease
Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.
Hawks
Ectoparasitic Infestations
Toxoplasma
Plasmodium falciparum
Leishmania braziliensis
A parasitic hemoflagellate of the subgenus Leishmania viannia that infects man and animals. It causes cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS) depending on the subspecies of this organism. The sandfly, Lutzomyia, is the vector. The Leishmania braziliensis complex includes the subspecies braziliensis and peruviana. Uta, a form of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the New World, is caused by the subspecies peruviana.
Malaria
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.
Leishmania mexicana
A parasitic hemoflagellate of the subgenus Leishmania leishmania that infects man and animals including rodents. The Leishmania mexicana complex causes both cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS) and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS) and includes the subspecies amazonensis, garnhami, mexicana, pifanoi, and venezuelensis. L. m. mexicana causes chiclero ulcer, a form of cutaneous leishmaniasis (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS) in the New World. The sandfly, Lutzomyia, appears to be the vector.
Protozoan Vaccines
Antigens, Protozoan
DNA, Kinetoplast
DNA of kinetoplasts which are specialized MITOCHONDRIA of trypanosomes and related parasitic protozoa within the order KINETOPLASTIDA. Kinetoplast DNA consists of a complex network of numerous catenated rings of two classes; the first being a large number of small DNA duplex rings, called minicircles, approximately 2000 base pairs in length, and the second being several dozen much larger rings, called maxicircles, approximately 37 kb in length.
Dog Diseases
Meglumine
Malaria, Falciparum
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.
Chagas Cardiomyopathy
A disease of the CARDIAC MUSCLE developed subsequent to the initial protozoan infection by TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI. After infection, less than 10% develop acute illness such as MYOCARDITIS (mostly in children). The disease then enters a latent phase without clinical symptoms until about 20 years later. Myocardial symptoms of advanced CHAGAS DISEASE include conduction defects (HEART BLOCK) and CARDIOMEGALY.
Poecilia
Cryptosporidiosis
Psychodidae
Fish Diseases
Blood
Feces
Polymerase Chain Reaction
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
Apicomplexa
Life Cycle Stages
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic
Skin
Antimalarials
Parasitic Diseases
Interferon-gamma
The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.
Dogs
Cytokines
Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.
Disease Models, Animal
Trematoda
Disease Susceptibility
Erythrocytes
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
Mesocricetus
Protozoan Infections
Interleukin-10
A cytokine produced by a variety of cell types, including T-LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; DENDRITIC CELLS; and EPITHELIAL CELLS that exerts a variety of effects on immunoregulation and INFLAMMATION. Interleukin-10 combines with itself to form a homodimeric molecule that is the biologically active form of the protein.
Protozoan Infections, Animal
Macrophages
The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)
Haemosporida
Sensitivity and Specificity
Helminths
Helminthiasis, Animal
Genetic Load
Immunoglobulin G
Parasitic Sensitivity Tests
Schistosoma mansoni
Liver
Sporozoites
Drug Resistance
Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from DRUG TOLERANCE which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration.
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Th1 Cells
Subset of helper-inducer T-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete interleukin-2, gamma-interferon, and interleukin-12. Due to their ability to kill antigen-presenting cells and their lymphokine-mediated effector activity, Th1 cells are associated with vigorous delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions.
Plasmodium vivax
Chloroquine
Trophozoites
Trypanosoma brucei brucei
Mice, Knockout
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
Acanthocephala
Cricetinae
Oocysts
Schizonts
Merozoites
Trypanosoma
Microsporidia
Giardia lamblia
RNA, Protozoan
Coccidiosis
Eukaryota
One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and ARCHAEA), also called Eukarya. These are organisms whose cells are enclosed in membranes and possess a nucleus. They comprise almost all multicellular and many unicellular organisms, and are traditionally divided into groups (sometimes called kingdoms) including ANIMALS; PLANTS; FUNGI; and various algae and other taxa that were previously part of the old kingdom Protista.
Artemisinins
Entamoeba histolytica
Malaria Vaccines
Insect Vectors
Nematoda
1NM-PP1 treatment of mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii. (1/207)
Bumped kinase inhibitors (BKIs) target analog-sensitive kinases, which the genomes of mammals rarely encode. Previously, we demonstrated that a BKI effectively suppressed the in vitro replication of Toxoplasma gondii, the causative pathogen of toxoplasmosis, by targeting T. gondii calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (TgCDPK1) (Eukaryotic Cell, 9: 667-670). Here, we examined whether the BKI 1NM-PP1 reduced parasite replication in vivo. A high dose of 1NM-PP1, by intraperitoneal injection, just before the parasite inoculation effectively reduced the parasite load in the brains, livers, and lungs of T. gondii-infected mice, however, a low dose of 1NM-PP1 with oral administration didn't change the survival rates of infected mice. (+info)Comparative histological and immunohistochemical changes of dry type cutaneous leishmaniasis after administration of meglumine antimoniate, imiquimod or combination therapy. (2/207)
(+info)Long-term cleaner fish presence affects growth of a coral reef fish. (3/207)
(+info)In vitro and in vivo antileishmanial efficacy of a combination therapy of diminazene and artesunate against Leishmania donovani in BALB/c mice. (4/207)
(+info)In vitro and in vivo studies of the utility of dimethyl and diethyl carbaporphyrin ketals in treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. (5/207)
(+info)Accelerated healing of cutaneous leishmaniasis in non-healing BALB/c mice using water soluble amphotericin B-polymethacrylic acid. (6/207)
(+info)Analysis of the expression of toll-like receptors 2 and 4 and cytokine production during experimental Leishmania chagasi infection. (7/207)
(+info)Melarsoprol cyclodextrin inclusion complexes as promising oral candidates for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis. (8/207)
(+info)
An unusual trophic subsidy and species dominance in a tropical stream<...
biological form
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Changes in parasitic load, phagocytosis and ultra-structural pattern in experimental cryptosporidiosis following combined ...
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Run or be tortured - Pat's Blog
Caster Level
Its absolutely no different than a tank player figuring out how to load a 19 dam prime so they are not stuck with that 13 dam ... that said, i spent a lot of my time playing mages and i firmly believe there are many similarities between a parasite and a ... Maybe you find it difficult to load and maintain 30cl, I dont know, but I know from first hand experience that its really not ... Jorquin did make a very amusing point about spellbook loads, but whats more amusing is mages are most often omitted from high ...
Caster Level
Its absolutely no different than a tank player figuring out how to load a 19 dam prime so they are not stuck with that 13 dam ... that said, i spent a lot of my time playing mages and i firmly believe there are many similarities between a parasite and a ... Maybe you find it difficult to load and maintain 30cl, I dont know, but I know from first hand experience that its really not ... Jorquin did make a very amusing point about spellbook loads, but whats more amusing is mages are most often omitted from high ...
Caster Level
Its absolutely no different than a tank player figuring out how to load a 19 dam prime so they are not stuck with that 13 dam ... that said, i spent a lot of my time playing mages and i firmly believe there are many similarities between a parasite and a ... Maybe you find it difficult to load and maintain 30cl, I dont know, but I know from first hand experience that its really not ... Jorquin did make a very amusing point about spellbook loads, but whats more amusing is mages are most often omitted from high ...
Caster Level
Its absolutely no different than a tank player figuring out how to load a 19 dam prime so they are not stuck with that 13 dam ... that said, i spent a lot of my time playing mages and i firmly believe there are many similarities between a parasite and a ... Maybe you find it difficult to load and maintain 30cl, I dont know, but I know from first hand experience that its really not ... Jorquin did make a very amusing point about spellbook loads, but whats more amusing is mages are most often omitted from high ...
Caster Level
Its absolutely no different than a tank player figuring out how to load a 19 dam prime so they are not stuck with that 13 dam ... that said, i spent a lot of my time playing mages and i firmly believe there are many similarities between a parasite and a ... Maybe you find it difficult to load and maintain 30cl, I dont know, but I know from first hand experience that its really not ... Jorquin did make a very amusing point about spellbook loads, but whats more amusing is mages are most often omitted from high ...
Caster Level
Its absolutely no different than a tank player figuring out how to load a 19 dam prime so they are not stuck with that 13 dam ... that said, i spent a lot of my time playing mages and i firmly believe there are many similarities between a parasite and a ... Maybe you find it difficult to load and maintain 30cl, I dont know, but I know from first hand experience that its really not ... Jorquin did make a very amusing point about spellbook loads, but whats more amusing is mages are most often omitted from high ...
Caster Level
Its absolutely no different than a tank player figuring out how to load a 19 dam prime so they are not stuck with that 13 dam ... that said, i spent a lot of my time playing mages and i firmly believe there are many similarities between a parasite and a ... Maybe you find it difficult to load and maintain 30cl, I dont know, but I know from first hand experience that its really not ... Jorquin did make a very amusing point about spellbook loads, but whats more amusing is mages are most often omitted from high ...
Beginner's luck? - The Conn lab at Berry College
R. J. Howell
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Playing Netrunner Online | Steven Tu / @Tuism
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Commits · 2a48c63e90102172b70ce7f284e61086d4c7e0ee · GNOME / GIMP · GitLab
... parasite_find functions returning None when there isnt a parasite found. Fixed bug #310666.. ... plug-ins/common/poppler.c (load_dialog): display title of pdf at the top of the dialog, and show the page labels in the page ... plug-ins/pygimp/gimpmodule.c revert to old behavior of parasite_find · 1612db65 Manish Singh authored Jul 17, 2005. ... plug-ins/common/poppler.c (load_dialog): replaced resolution spinbutton with a GimpResolutionEntry.. ...
film
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Memories of Murder | Craig's Movie Report
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Poem - "Monsters in each Other's Belly" - Love Poetry - 5/16/2021 - Modern Romanticism
Indestructible parasite,Quickened to the grievous wound.Bleak nectar travelling fromDried, pursed lips. We are that,We were ... Indestructible parasite,. Quickened to the grievous wound.. Bleak nectar travelling from. Dried, pursed lips. ... Like Loading.... Posted on 16 May 2021. Author romanticindeedCategories PoetryTags #poet, #poets, Creative Writing, Love, Poems ...
InfectionPlasmodiumLeishmaniaCorrelatesParasiticMacrophagesPrevalenceHeavy parasiteMurineBurdenTraitsVirulenceTrematode parasitesIntracellularReduce the parasite loadHelminthPastureHigh parasite loadIntestinal parasiteHostsInfectionsQuantifyInteractionsImmuneLarvaeMalaria parasitesSpecies richnessInflammation2000MiceAlterationsSusceptibilityHigher parasiteType of parasiteRole of parasitesCytokinesInsectsFalciparumQuantificationProtozoan parasiteCutaneousDeterminantsRodent malariaGastrointestinalInteractionParasitismBehaviourDewormersSevere malariaMultiplicationFaecalVertebratesPasturesHeterogeneityFecesDewormingParasitemiaBacteriaDiversity1995Viral loadEffectsPopulations
Infection30
- Association of viral load and CD4+ count with infection of intestinal emerging parasites. (pitt.edu)
- Eligio-Garcia L, Cano-Estrada Ap, Cruz C, Jimenez-Cardoso E. Association of viral load and CD4+ count with infection of intestinal emerging parasites in HIV patients. (pitt.edu)
- We used an acute experimental disease model to evaluate the effect of T. cruzi on intestinal lesions and assessed correlations between parasite load and inflammation and intestinal injury at 7 and 14 days post-infection. (biomedcentral.com)
- Using a murine model that supports extensive skin infection with Leishmania donovani , spatial analyses at macro-(quantitative PCR) and micro-(confocal microscopy) scales indicate that parasite distribution is markedly skewed. (nature.com)
- Mathematical models accounting for this heterogeneity demonstrate that while a patchy distribution reduces the expected number of sand flies acquiring parasites, it increases the infection load for sand flies feeding on a patch, increasing their potential for onward transmission. (nature.com)
- Among this complex of diseases, Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL), which is caused by L. donovani or L. infantum , is one of the most severe clinical manifestations of infection with Leishmania parasites and is a major cause of human mortality and morbidity worldwide ( 2 - 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Despite having several microbicidal activities to control parasite growth, the host defense can be subverted by the Leishmania parasite to provide a typical microenvironment for initiation and maintenance of successful infection. (frontiersin.org)
- In the present study, we investigated the effect of neutrophil depletion at the time of Leishmania braziliensis infection of BALB/c mice and how neutrophils interact with the infected macrophage to promote parasite elimination. (jimmunol.org)
- The in vivo depletion of neutrophils led to a significant increase in parasite load and enhanced the Th1-Th2 immune response in this experimental model of infection. (jimmunol.org)
- BALB/c mice coinoculated with both parasites and live neutrophils displayed lower parasite burdens at the site of infection and in the draining lymph nodes. (jimmunol.org)
- C57BL/6 (B6) mice are resistant and control infection, whereas Leishmania parasites thrive in BALB/c mice, which are susceptible to develop cutaneous lesions in the course of infection with Leishmania major , but not upon infection with Leishmania braziliensis . (frontiersin.org)
- Data in the literature on parasite life cycle and host immune defense against VL are scarce regarding the effects of infection on the IT and GM. (bvsalud.org)
- Despite the absence of changes in the levels of Bf and LacB during the course of infection , the relative abundance of these bacteria was associated with parasite load and histological alterations. (bvsalud.org)
- However, since Leishmania infection and antileishmanial drugs can themselves modulate drug transport, metabolism and/or immune responses, immunotherapeutic approaches require integrated assessment of host and parasite responses. (unboundmedicine.com)
- More than reflecting only the main parasitological parameters of the animal infection, the mouse model can be used to elucidate the immunopathological mechanisms involved in parasite evasion and persistence, and the tissue damage seen during infection and disease. (plos.org)
- UMass Amherst and Dartmouth researchers found that toxic chemicals in nectar reduced infection levels of the common bumblebee parasite by as much as 81 percent by seven days after infection. (eurekalert.org)
- We used field sampling, citizen science data and experimental inoculations to quantify infection prevalence and parasite virulence among migratory and sedentary populations. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
- The effects of hookworm infection vary with the parasite load. (everything2.com)
- Here we report that for the murine model Plasmodium chabaudi, co-infection with drug-sensitive parasites can prevent the transmission of initially rare resistant parasites to mosquitoes. (nih.gov)
- Our data demonstrate that, at least for this mouse model, aggressive chemotherapy leads to very effective transmission of highly resistant parasites that are present in an infection, the very parasites which undermine the long term efficacy of front-line drugs. (nih.gov)
- Parasite infection can have pervasive effects on hosts, including altering host behaviour, and may thus contribute to differences in host personality. (springer.com)
- This confirms a link between parasite infection and host behaviour, and a relationship which may improve the horizontal transmission of Glugea . (springer.com)
- Parasite infection that alters host behaviour could be a possible avenue of research into the causes of animal personality. (springer.com)
- We studied the link between infection and personality using the three-spined stickleback and its parasite Glugea anomala . (springer.com)
- The past decades have seen mounting evidence that parasites alter their host's behaviour in ways that benefit transmission, based on differences in the expression of behavioural traits between infected and control individuals, or on significant correlations between trait expression and infection levels. (biologists.org)
- Following infection, a manipulative parasite could (i) change the temporal consistency of its host's behavioural responses, (ii) change the slope of a host reaction norm, i.e. the way host behavioural traits are expressed as a function of an environmental gradient, or (iii) decouple two or more host behavioural traits and/or change the way in which they correlate with each other. (biologists.org)
- Keep your goat herd on a regular deworming schedule to avoid parasite infection. (tractorsupply.com)
- Thus, the pre-erythrocytic stages, when parasite numbers are comparatively low, provide an excellent target for vaccines aimed at preventing infection ( Sinnis and Nussenzweig, 1996 ). (wiley.com)
- Long-term effects depend on parasite load and site of infection. (cmaj.ca)
- To test these predictions, we sampled 12 natural epidemics and tracked edible algae, fungal infection prevalence, body size, fecundity and density of hosts, as well as within-host parasite loads. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Plasmodium8
- For example, intracellular parasites such as the protozoan genus Plasmodium which causes Malaria in humans, are quantified through performing a blood smear and counting the number of white blood cells infected by viewing the smear through a microscope. (wikipedia.org)
- As technology advances, more modernized methods of parasite quantification are emerging such as hand held automated cell counters, in order to efficiently count parasites such as Plasmodium in blood smears. (wikipedia.org)
- In contrast to bacteria, archaea and fungi, parasitic protozoa such as Trypanosoma brucei and the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum allocate only a small proportion of their genomes (2-3%) to membrane transport ( Supplementary Fig. 1 ) 4 . (nature.com)
- In the search for targets for novel prophylactic, therapeutic and transmission-blocking intervention strategies to fight malaria, we report here a broad characterization of the importance of orphan MTP orthologues during the complete life cycle of the murine malaria model parasite Plasmodium berghei by relatively fast and efficient experimental genetics approaches. (nature.com)
- Examined under the microscope, four red blood cells (marked "P") are infected with Plasmodium falciparum parasites, the type that can cause severe, potentially fatal disease. (cdc.gov)
- Peripheral smear (both thick and thin) was positive for malarial parasite ( P. falciparum ) with parasite load of 190/ μ L. Antigen test for the same was positive for Plasmodium falciparum . (hindawi.com)
- The evolution of drug resistant Plasmodium parasites is a major challenge to effective malaria control. (nih.gov)
- Dengue virus (family Flaviridae , genus Flavivirus ) and Plasmodium parasites are widespread in American and Asian tropical regions and their endemic areas overlap extensively. (biomedcentral.com)
Leishmania7
- Kinetoplastid parasites of the Leishmania donovani complex are the causative agents of zoonotic and anthroponotic visceral leishmaniasis (VL), associated with 3.3 million disability-adjusted life years 1 and 20,000-40,000 annual deaths in 56 affected countries 2 . (nature.com)
- Herein, we demonstrated that A 2A R signaling is exploited by Leishmania infantum parasites, the etiologic agent that causes Visceral Leishmaniasis, to successfully colonize the vertebrate host. (frontiersin.org)
- Leishmania parasites are the etiological agent of a wide spectrum of diseases in mammals and other vertebrates ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
- In vitro, we observed that live neutrophils significantly reduced the parasite load in L. braziliensis -infected murine macrophages, an effect not observed with Leishmania major . (jimmunol.org)
- Furthermore, cooperation between neutrophils and macrophages toward parasite elimination was also observed in experiments performed with L. braziliensis -infected human cells and, importantly, with two other New World Leishmania species. (jimmunol.org)
- As key cells, able to host and kill Leishmania parasites, inflammatory monocytes/macrophages are potential vaccine and therapeutic targets to improve immune responses in Leishmaniasis. (frontiersin.org)
- Leishmania parasites infect macrophages and cause Leishmaniasis, ranging from localized cutaneous or mucocutaneous to visceral or disseminated diseases. (frontiersin.org)
Correlates3
- Numerous studies have been done looking at the effects of number of parasites present in a host and how this correlates with behaviors such as foraging, migration, and competitive behavior. (wikipedia.org)
- The goal of our study is to determine if an increased infestation of the black-spot parasite (Neasus pyriformis) in creek chub (Semotolis atromaculatus) also correlates with an increase in the density of ASC. (wisconsin.edu)
- Although an infected person may be asymptomatic, ingestion of a higher parasite load usually correlates with a shorter incubation period and with more severe symptoms. (cmaj.ca)
Parasitic6
- Depending on the parasitic species in question, various methods of quantification allow scientists to measure the numbers of parasites present and determine the parasite load of an organism. (wikipedia.org)
- In a study performed at the University of Georgia, it was found that beetles with higher parasite loads won more fights than those with lower parasitic loads. (wikipedia.org)
- We hope to extract information about: parasitic load and diversity within each amphipod and amphipod and trematode population structure of as measured by SNPs. (brown.edu)
- Many models of parasitic infections lead to an approximately Poisson distribution of parasites among hosts, in stark contrast to the highly over-dispersed distributions that are usually encountered in practice. (uzh.ch)
- The effectiveness of diatomaceous earth (DE) as a treatment against parasites and to increase feed efficiency and egg production of organically raised free-range layer hens was evaluated in 2 breeds of commercial egg layers [Bovan Brown (BB) and Lowmann Brown (LB)] that differ in their resistance to internal parasitic infections. (fao.org)
- some facultative (i.e., occasionally parasitic) parasites also produce them. (britannica.com)
Macrophages5
- These cells secrete IFN-γ, which activates phagocytic cells, such as neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs), to release reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO). These mediators lead to the death of the parasites ( 5 , 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Moreover, contact-dependent mechanisms that enable parasite elimination during the interaction of Lb-infected macrophages with live neutrophils are associated with TNF-α and superoxide production. (jimmunol.org)
- Here, we investigated whether a deficit in early maturation of inflammatory monocytes into macrophages in BALB/c mice underlies increased susceptibility to L. major versus L. braziliensis parasites. (frontiersin.org)
- Nonetheless, more mature macrophages from B6 mice expressed inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and higher NO production in response to L. braziliensis parasites, whereas BALB/c mice developed macrophages expressing an incomplete M1 phenotype. (frontiersin.org)
- Unexpectedly, treatment with ATRA reduced proinflammatory cytokines, iNOS expression, and parasite killing by macrophages. (frontiersin.org)
Prevalence6
- A school-based fortification program might benefit schoolchildren but a high prevalence of parasite infestation might affect effectiveness. (ajtmh.org)
- Consequently, little is known about the relationships between host traits and other aspects of parasite load, such as parasite abundance, prevalence and aggregation. (lu.se)
- We find that the number of host species that a particular host may encounter due to its habitat preferences emerges as a factor of general importance for parasite diversity, abundance and prevalence, but not parasite aggregation. (lu.se)
- In sum, sedentary populations could support greater parasite prevalence and virulence than their migratory counterparts [ 28 ]. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
- We assessed the prevalence of intestinal parasites among 268 2-12-year-old children living in rural areas, small villages, and semi-urban areas of the Chaco region, south-eastern Bolivia. (ajtmh.org)
- A significant progressive increase in overall parasite prevalence was found when passing from rural areas to small villages and semi-urban areas. (ajtmh.org)
Heavy parasite3
- When animals have a heavy parasite load, they shed eggs through their feces. (ncsu.edu)
- It also carried a fairly heavy parasite load for a whale not more than 2 years old. (dailyastorian.com)
- Using a strong dewormer can be disastrous for horses with an unknown deworming history or those with a heavy parasite load. (equisearch.com)
Murine1
- To gain more insight into the biology of T. vivax , its interactions with the host and consequently its pathogenesis, we have developed a number of reproducible murine models using a parasite isolate that is infectious for rodents. (plos.org)
Burden10
- Although much about the pathophysiological process of Chagas disease is already known, the influence of the parasite burden on the inflammatory process and disease progression remains uncertain. (biomedcentral.com)
- Similarly, in bird species with long caeca, consistent collection of one type of faeces may avoid significant errors in parasite burden estimates. (cambridge.org)
- Dietary nutrient ratio had a significant effect on parasite burden, the numbers of parasites developing in individual host larvae and on parasite biomass. (biologists.org)
- Three dimensional models developed to demonstrate the relationships between blood protein nitrogen and trehalose levels and parasite burden and biomass established that the levels of both metabolites are important for supporting growth and development of emerged and non-emerged parasites. (biologists.org)
- Blood metabolite levels supporting the greatest parasite burden and biomass of emerged and non-emerged parasites occupy a region of two dimensional space corresponding to approximately 60-200 mg per insect of protein nitrogen and 60-100 mg per insect of trehalose. (biologists.org)
- Concentrations of 4 μM of miltefosine and 8 μg SbV/mL were selected for evaluation in combination with immunomodulators based on the high but partial reduction of parasite burden by these antileishmanial concentrations without affecting cytokine secretion of infected PBMCs. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Here, we test the application of the candidate gene approach to identify the loci involved in variation in gastrointestinal parasite burden, a complex trait likely to be controlled by many loci, in a wild population of Soay sheep. (nih.gov)
- A panel of 192 candidate and control SNPs were then typed in 960 individual Soay sheep to examine whether they individually explained variation in parasite burden, as measured as faecal egg count, as well as two immune measures (Teladorsagia circumcincta-specific antibodies and antinuclear antibodies). (nih.gov)
- Furthermore, no significant difference was found between the proportions of candidate or control SNPs that were found to be significantly associated with parasite burden/immune measures. (nih.gov)
- Coartem® also demonstrated a faster reduction in parasite burden after 24-hours versus halofantrine4, chloroquine5 (in adults), chloroquine (in children) 7, and mefloquine6. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Traits6
- Using a Bayesian phylogenetic comparative framework, we tested evolutionary associations between five key host traits (body size, gut length, diet breadth, habitat complexity and number of sympatric hosts) predicted to influence parasitism, together with multiple measures of parasite load. (lu.se)
- Coevolution also leads to new predictions for the role of several host and parasite traits on selection for mate choice that will guide future experimental and comparative work. (pnas.org)
- The present study, however, demonstrates that coevolution can maintain stable host mate choosiness and parasite virulence or indeed coevolutionary cycling of both traits. (pnas.org)
- The multidimensional nature of host manipulation has only recently been recognised: parasites do not target single host traits, but instead suites of interrelated traits. (biologists.org)
- Resource availability can drive epidemics via traits of hosts and parasites that govern disease spread. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Structural equation modelling revealed that resource availability stimulated all three traits (host fecundity, host size and parasite load). (sigmaaldrich.com)
Virulence6
- Parasite load is a measure of the number and virulence of the parasites that a host organism harbours. (wikipedia.org)
- Despite this clear reciprocity, we lack a coevolutionary theory of mate choice and parasite virulence. (pnas.org)
- Here we develop a general coevolutionary model between host mate preference and the virulence of a sexually transmitted parasite. (pnas.org)
- We show when the characteristics of both the host and parasite lead to coevolutionarily stable strategies or runaway selection, and when coevolutionary cycling between high and low levels of host mate choosiness and virulence is possible. (pnas.org)
- We predict that choosiness should vary inversely with parasite virulence and that both relatively long and short life spans select against choosy behavior in the host. (pnas.org)
- Virulence differed among parasite strains but was similar between migratory and sedentary populations, potentially owing to high gene flow or insufficient time for evolutionary divergence. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
Trematode parasites2
- To this end, we will sequence whole amphipod samples--including trematode parasites. (brown.edu)
- Two case studies involving trematode parasites and their freshwater hosts are used to provide empirical illustrations of the above scenarios. (biologists.org)
Intracellular1
- Intracellular parasite survival was determined by luminometry and cytokine secretion measured by ELISA and multiplex assays. (unboundmedicine.com)
Reduce the parasite load2
- Not only does it benefit soil and forage quality, it can also reduce the parasite load in your animals. (ncsu.edu)
- While DE was able to reduce the parasite load, it did not eliminate it entirely, which means the chickens would continually re-infest themselves with both external and internal parasites. (canadian-forum.com)
Helminth1
- We conducted a field study of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes and their helminth parasites. (lu.se)
Pasture7
- While this method is not as practical for those that have only one species on the farm, or have no desire to add another species on the pasture, multi-species grazing can lessen the parasite load on pastures. (ncsu.edu)
- The parasite load on the pasture is spread out over multiple animals of multiple species. (ncsu.edu)
- This results in a lessened parasite load in the animal, and less eggs put back into the pasture from the animal. (ncsu.edu)
- With too many animals defecating in one area, the amount of eggs on the pasture has the potential to skyrocket, and if animals are grazed on this pasture when these eggs hatch, so will the parasite load in these animals. (ncsu.edu)
- Best practice is keeping livestock off of a pasture for 4-6 weeks before grazing, as the life span of parasites vary between species, and with temperature and conditions. (ncsu.edu)
- If you want a pasture that it totally 'clean' to graze your animals, the pasture needs to rest for roughly 12 months to allow all of the parasite eggs and larvae to die off. (ncsu.edu)
- Pasture rotation to minimize parasite load on pigs. (umn.edu)
High parasite load3
- High parasite load-bearing mice more rapidly and strongly developed parasitemia. (biomedcentral.com)
- TNF-α, INF-γ, IL-2, IL-17, IL-6), and intestinal amastigote nests were more pronounced in high parasite load-bearing animals. (biomedcentral.com)
- It's evidence of a high parasite load. (kare11.com)
Intestinal parasite2
- In this early and most comprehensive study of its kind, researchers at the University of Massachusetts Amherst and Dartmouth College studied hundreds of eastern bumblebees, Bombus impatiens , and their intestinal parasite Crithidia bombi , using eight separate toxic chemicals known as secondary metabolites produced by plants to protect themselves against predators. (eurekalert.org)
- For these experiments, the researchers infected a total of 539 eastern bumblebees with the intestinal parasite, Crithidia , which can shorten lifespan of individual bees and reduce a colony's queen production. (eurekalert.org)
Hosts10
- Quantitative parasitology deals with measures to quantify parasite loads in samples of hosts and to make statistical comparisons of parasitism across host samples. (wikipedia.org)
- A single parasite species usually has an aggregated distribution across host individuals, which means that most hosts harbor few parasites, while a few hosts carry the vast majority of parasite individuals. (wikipedia.org)
- Hosts coevolve with parasites and thus generate heritable resistance to parasites, which have a net negative effect on host viability. (wikipedia.org)
- The deterministic system describes the evolution over time of the proportions of the population with different parasite loads, and its equilibria are interpreted as typical distributions of parasites among hosts. (uzh.ch)
- The use of a biogenic amine as a mechanism of interaction by the parasites gives them an endless number of alternative potential actions on their intermediate hosts. (scielo.cl)
- Parasites with complex life cycles involving several hosts are faced with problems of how to spread from one host to the next. (scielo.cl)
- The model also reveals that hosts can evolve different behavioral responses from the same initial conditions, which highlights difficulties in using comparative analysis to detect parasite-mediated sexual selection. (pnas.org)
- During the associations of many insect endoparasites, including gregarious braconid wasps of the genus Cotesia , with their lepidopteran larval hosts, the effects of parasitism are initially mediated by a variety of parasite-derived factors. (biologists.org)
- In many situations, the behavioural decisions that benefit the host may differ from those that would benefit its parasites, i.e. those behavioural choices by the host that would facilitate parasite transmission to other hosts. (biologists.org)
- Thirdly, resources should fuel parasite reproduction within hosts. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Infections3
- Identification carditis, prolonged fever, various ocu- duce higher oocyst loads in feces than of 5 types of Cryptosporidium parasites in lar infections and, most commonly, children in Lima, Peru. (cdc.gov)
- Malaria is one of the life threatening infections caused by protozoan parasite. (hindawi.com)
- In theory, competitive interactions between sensitive parasites and resistant parasites within infections are a major determinant of the rate at which parasite evolution undermines drug efficacy. (nih.gov)
Quantify1
- 2005). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is a technique that can quantify parasite load in an accurate manner in different biological samples, including peripheral blood. (fiocruz.br)
Interactions5
- Less work has been done to apply the full power of next generation sequencing to host/parasite interactions in a habitat. (brown.edu)
- These results reveal that both host morphology and biotic interactions are key determinants of host-parasite associations and that consideration of multiple aspects of parasite load is required to fully understand patterns in parasitism. (lu.se)
- A serotonergic pathway is apparently involved in parasite-host interactions. (scielo.cl)
- If infected fish behaved differently from uninfected, to benefit this parasite with horizontal transmission, we predicted behaviour increasing interactions with other sticklebacks to increase. (springer.com)
- Although much work has been done to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which sporozoites invade hepatocytes, little is known about the interactions between host and parasite before the sporozoite enters the blood circulation. (wiley.com)
Immune5
- It was done by researchers from Oregon State University and other agencies, and concluded that heavy loads of parasites can affect salmon growth, weight, size , immune function, saltwater adaptation, swimming stamina, activity level, ability to migrate and other issues. (oregonstate.edu)
- The digestive manifestations of CD are quite diverse, and this diversity is related to the host immune response, environmental and genetic factors, and the parasite itself. (biomedcentral.com)
- How does parasite cleansing boost your immune system? (microbeformulas.com)
- Various infectious diseases, such as acquired immune deficiency syndrome and hepatitis C, have a clear correlation between microorganism load and disease outcome (Ghany et al. (fiocruz.br)
- Taking into account the opposing needs of limiting parasite multiplication and minimizing tissue destruction, the immune imbalance implies especially Th17 and T regulatory (Treg) cells.Methods. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
Larvae4
- In this system, the parasite loads in the animals decrease because there are less larvae consumed by the one species. (ncsu.edu)
- By not allowing your animals to graze below this 2-4-inch mark, it is likely that they will not eat low enough on the plant to ingest the parasite larvae. (ncsu.edu)
- This investigation examined the influence of dietary protein and carbohydrate balance in a chemically defined artificial diet for Manduca sexta larvae on development of the gregarious parasite Cotesia congregata . (biologists.org)
- Parasites included individuals that developed and eventually emerged as second instar larvae, moulted to third instars and pupated. (biologists.org)
Malaria parasites4
- Assigning function to orphan membrane transport proteins and prioritizing candidates for detailed biochemical characterization remain fundamental challenges and are particularly important for medically relevant pathogens, such as malaria parasites. (nature.com)
- Malaria parasites in the blood of Mansour Adisa. (cdc.gov)
- and intravenous drugs to destroy the malaria parasites. (cdc.gov)
- one out of every 20 of his red blood cells was infected by malaria parasites. (cdc.gov)
Species richness2
- Comparative studies of parasite load have largely examined measures of parasite species richness and are predominantly based on records obtained from published data. (lu.se)
- Meanwhile, understanding of parasite species richness may be clouded by limitations associated with data collation from multiple independent sources. (lu.se)
Inflammation2
- To further study the immunological mechanisms involved during ocular toxoplasmosis, weevaluated the intraocular inflammation, the parasite load and the immunological response characterized on mRNA and protein level in a mouse model. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
- Neutralizing IL-17A decreased intraocular inflammation and parasite load in mice. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
20001
- Parasitism is the association of two organisms where one, the parasite, lives at the expense of the other, the host ( Roberts and Janovy, 2000 ). (biologists.org)
Mice6
- Low (3 × 10 2 ), medium (3 × 10 3 ), and high (3 × 10 4 ) parasite loads were generated by infecting C57BL/6 mice with "Y"-strain trypomastigotes. (biomedcentral.com)
- Rag2 −/− (herein referred to as RAG) mice and Lutzomyia longipalpis , and its use in investigating skin parasite load and distribution (landscape) as potential predictors of host infectiousness. (nature.com)
- In resistant mice, transient depletion of neutrophils has been shown to lead to an increase in the parasite load ( 8 , 9 ). (jimmunol.org)
- However, neutrophil depletion in susceptible mice (BALB/c) has been shown to lead to the opposite effect, as demonstrated by an increase in parasite elimination ( 10 , 11 ). (jimmunol.org)
- Densities of asexual parasites (solid lines) and gametocytes (dotted lines) of drug-sensitive (clone S, black) and drug-resistant (clone R, gray) parasites within sham-treated (top panel) and drug-treated (bottom panel) mice.Dashed and shaded boxes show days of sham or drug treatment. (nih.gov)
- Lychnopholide (LYC) at low doses loaded in polymeric poly( d , l -lactide)- block -polyethylene glycol (PLA-PEG) nanocapsules (LYC-PLA-PEG-NC) exhibits anti- Trypanosoma cruzi efficacy in mice infected with a partially drug-resistant strain. (asm.org)
Alterations2
- Investigating associations between intestinal alterations and parasite load according to Bifidobacterium spp. (bvsalud.org)
- These clearly illustrate the full richness of behavioural alterations induced by parasites, and how these effects would go unnoticed using the classical trait-by-trait comparisons of mean values between parasitised and non-parasitised individuals. (biologists.org)
Susceptibility1
- In insects, susceptibility to parasite load has been linked to genetic variation in the insect colony. (wikipedia.org)
Higher parasite2
- In vertebrates, males frequently carry higher parasite loads than females. (wikipedia.org)
- Whenever sexual dimorphism is exhibited in species, the larger sex is thought to tolerate higher parasite loads. (wikipedia.org)
Type of parasite1
- Quantifying the parasite depends on what type of parasite is in question as well as where it resides in the host body. (wikipedia.org)
Role of parasites1
- We show how coevolution leads to a wide range of dynamics, including cycling and stable strategies, and that this resolves a key criticism of the role of parasites in mate choice: that parasites will evolve to be avirulent, thus reducing their impact on mating strategies. (pnas.org)
Cytokines2
- These results were remarkable because a positive correlation was observed between parasite load, inflammatory infiltrate, amastigote nests, and investigated cytokines. (biomedcentral.com)
- Les spectres de cytokines observés dans l'humeur aqueuse diffèrent nettement en fonction de la cause de l'inflammation. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
Insects2
- Adler says results may have implications for growers who depend on pollinators, who may want to think about planting pollinator-friendly hedgerows and gardens containing plants that produce natural herbal remedies for some of the common parasites and diseases that ail bees and other pollinating insects. (eurekalert.org)
- Seven days later, they measured the parasite load in the insects' intestines. (eurekalert.org)
Falciparum1
- Although the public health importance of P. vivax is overshadowed by P. falciparum , it is the most important parasite in Asia and South America. (hindawi.com)
Quantification1
- 2010). Both studies used microscopic methods for parasite quantification, which have limitations due to the invasive procedures required to obtain the spleen and BM aspirates and the excessive time required for the analysis of these samples (da Silva et al. (fiocruz.br)
Protozoan parasite1
- We focused on North American monarch butterflies and a specialist protozoan parasite to investigate how the loss of migratory behaviours affects pathogen spread and evolution. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
Cutaneous1
- To achieve an integrated assessment of current and innovative therapeutic strategies, we determined host and parasite responses to miltefosine and meglumine antimoniate alone and in combination with pentoxifylline or CpG 2006 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of cutaneous leishmaniasis patients. (unboundmedicine.com)
Determinants1
- Human PBMCs allow integrated ex vivo assessment of antileishmanial treatments, providing information on host and parasite determinants of therapeutic response that may be used to tailor therapeutic strategies to optimize clinical resolution. (unboundmedicine.com)
Rodent malaria1
- Enhanced transmission of drug-resistant parasites to mosquitoes following drug treatment in rodent malaria. (nih.gov)
Gastrointestinal1
- Their internal parasite loads were assessed by biweekly fecal egg counts (FEC) and by postmortem examination of the gastrointestinal tract. (fao.org)
Interaction1
- The host-parasite interaction is often depicted as a conflict between two antagonists over resources that appear to 'belong' to the host. (biologists.org)
Parasitism1
- It is well understood that parasitism may help to explain the evolution of mating strategies, but host behavior is, in turn, critical to the transmission and therefore the evolution of parasites. (pnas.org)
Behaviour1
- Among the many possible outcomes of such a conflict, in numerous cases natural selection has favoured the manipulation of host behaviour by its parasites. (biologists.org)
Dewormers3
- We tend to scratch our heads about what new combo of dewormer to use, when the best time to deworm is, how to make our dewormers more effective, but maybe our thinking should focus more on "how can I adjust my management practices to decrease the parasite load on the farm in addition to dewormer? (ncsu.edu)
- Less parasites mean less resistance to dewormers, and a more efficient and effective deworming system. (ncsu.edu)
- Strong dewormers may cause a massive die-off of parasites, which can lead to an impaction and colic. (equisearch.com)
Severe malaria1
- Apart from these, studies from Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Latine America Guyana, India, and Ethiopia show a strong association of this parasite with severe malaria symptoms [ 6 - 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
Multiplication1
- When IFN-γ was neutralized concomitantly, the initial parasite multiplication rate was partially restored.Conclusions. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
Faecal2
- After 14 days, parasite eggs were found in 0-10% of piglet faecal samples compared to 70-100% before treatment. (conservationevidence.com)
- faecal samples were used to assess parasites load and cortisol levels. (europa.eu)
Vertebrates1
- Nematode Parasites of the Vertebrates: their Development and Transmission , 2nd Edn. (cambridge.org)
Pastures2
- Allowing pastures to rest gives the parasites time to hatch, complete as much of their life cycle as they can without a host, and then die off. (ncsu.edu)
- Rotate goats among different pastures to keep parasite loads down. (tractorsupply.com)
Heterogeneity1
- In contrast to blood, skin has a greater potential for generating heterogeneity in parasite distribution, and both dispersal and dispersion of parasites within the skin is linked to that of the host myeloid cells in which these parasites reside. (nature.com)
Feces1
- UMass Amherst evolutionary ecologist Lynn Adler says, "We found that eating some of these compounds reduced pathogen load in the bumblebee's gut, which not only may help the individual bees, but likely reduced the pathogen Crithidia spore load in their feces, which in turn should lead to a lower likelihood of transmitting the disease to other bees. (eurekalert.org)
Deworming4
- Parasites are becoming more and more resistant, and farmers are having to become more and more creative and strategic with their deworming methods to keep the parasite loads in their herd or flock at a manageable level. (ncsu.edu)
- Keeping parasite loads at bay is not just a matter of deworming, but how you manage your farm, especially in the coming months when the weather is warming and the grass really starts to grow. (ncsu.edu)
- These management tools are a great way to lessen the parasite load on your animals, and to increase the efficacy of your deworming program. (ncsu.edu)
- Parasites have been the bane of horsemen for centuries, and deworming agents have been used for decades. (equisearch.com)
Parasitemia1
- Blood parasite load (parasitemia) has been considered the main determinant of outward transmission potential and as a surrogate measure of host infectiousness in VL 8 . (nature.com)
Bacteria2
- Some bacteria are obligate parasites and grow only within a living host cell. (britannica.com)
- I also believe you have bacteria overgrowth or candida if you have parasites so the dyeoff could be mixed ones so more stress on your body. (curezone.com)
Diversity3
- Parasite diversity and abundance (parasite load) vary greatly among host species. (lu.se)
- The influence of host phylogeny varies considerably among measures of parasite load, with the greatest influence exerted on parasite diversity. (lu.se)
- Urban areas are major hotspots of introduced species, but little is known about the effects of urban habitat structure on the parasite load and diversity of introduced species. (springer.com)
19952
- Parasites are harmful and in many cases the host ultimately dies ( Ewald, 1995 ). (biologists.org)
- Buchholz (1995) linked the appearance of these structures with parasite loads (and thus fitness). (scienceblogs.com)
Viral load1
- How do parasites affect the viral load in your body? (microbeformulas.com)
Effects3
- Here, we investigated such environmental effects on the ectoparasite load, richness, and occurrence of spillback in two widespread invasive parakeets, Psittacula krameri and Myiopsitta monachus , in the metropolitan area of Rome, central Italy. (springer.com)
- Many of the effects that parasites have on our grazing animals are species specific. (ncsu.edu)
- Pentoxifylline did not affect parasite survival or alter antileishmanial effects of miltefosine or meglumine antimoniate. (unboundmedicine.com)
Populations3
- Therefore, we highlight the importance of host population density and habitat composition in shaping the role of introduced parakeets in the spread of both native and introduced parasites, recommending the monitoring of urban populations of birds and their parasites to assess and manage the potential occurrence of parasite-mediated competition dynamics as well as potential spread of vector-borne diseases. (springer.com)
- Parasites can profoundly affect host populations and ecological communities. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Two of the parasites detected, Entamoeba dysentery and fish tapeworm, were common in northern Europe in the medieval period, but either very rare or almost completely absent among the populations of the medieval Middle East. (eurekalert.org)