Parasite load. Medical search

Measure of the number of the PARASITES present in a host organism.

Invertebrate organisms that live on or in another organism (the host), and benefit at the expense of the other. Traditionally excluded from definition of parasites are pathogenic BACTERIA; FUNGI; VIRUSES; and PLANTS; though they may live parasitically.

A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.

The relationship between an invertebrate and another organism (the host), one of which lives at the expense of the other. Traditionally excluded from definition of parasites are pathogenic BACTERIA; FUNGI; VIRUSES; and PLANTS; though they may live parasitically.

A parasitic hemoflagellate of the subgenus Leishmania leishmania that infects man and animals and causes visceral leishmaniasis (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL). Human infections are confined almost entirely to children. This parasite is commonly seen in dogs, other Canidae, and porcupines with humans considered only an accidental host. Transmission is by Phlebotomus sandflies.

An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.

Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.

Substances that are destructive to protozoans.

A parasitic hemoflagellate of the subgenus Leishmania leishmania that infects man and animals and causes cutaneous leishmaniasis (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS) of the Old World. Transmission is by Phlebotomus sandflies.

Determination of parasite eggs in feces.

A genus of flagellate protozoa comprising several species that are pathogenic for humans. Organisms of this genus have an amastigote and a promastigote stage in their life cycles. As a result of enzymatic studies this single genus has been divided into two subgenera: Leishmania leishmania and Leishmania viannia. Species within the Leishmania leishmania subgenus include: L. aethiopica, L. arabica, L. donovani, L. enrietti, L. gerbilli, L. hertigi, L. infantum, L. major, L. mexicana, and L. tropica. The following species are those that compose the Leishmania viannia subgenus: L. braziliensis, L. guyanensis, L. lainsoni, L. naiffi, and L. shawi.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with LEISHMANIA.

A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).

A parasitic hemoflagellate of the subgenus Leishmania leishmania that infects man and animals and causes visceral leishmaniasis (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL). The sandfly genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia are the vectors.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of protozoa.

A phylum of acoelomate, bilaterally symmetrical flatworms, without a definite anus. It includes three classes: Cestoda, Turbellaria, and Trematoda.

The agent of South American trypanosomiasis or CHAGAS DISEASE. Its vertebrate hosts are man and various domestic and wild animals. Insects of several species are vectors.

The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.

Proteins found in any species of protozoan.

Common name for many members of the FALCONIFORMES order, family Accipitridae, generally smaller than EAGLES, and containing short, rounded wings and a long tail.

Infestations by PARASITES which live on, or burrow into, the surface of their host's EPIDERMIS. Most ectoparasites are ARTHROPODS.

A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.

A genus of protozoa parasitic to birds and mammals. T. gondii is one of the most common infectious pathogenic animal parasites of man.

A species of protozoa that is the causal agent of falciparum malaria (MALARIA, FALCIPARUM). It is most prevalent in the tropics and subtropics.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to PROTOZOAN ANTIGENS.

A parasitic hemoflagellate of the subgenus Leishmania viannia that infects man and animals. It causes cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS) depending on the subspecies of this organism. The sandfly, Lutzomyia, is the vector. The Leishmania braziliensis complex includes the subspecies braziliensis and peruviana. Uta, a form of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the New World, is caused by the subspecies peruviana.

A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.

A parasitic hemoflagellate of the subgenus Leishmania leishmania that infects man and animals including rodents. The Leishmania mexicana complex causes both cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS) and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS) and includes the subspecies amazonensis, garnhami, mexicana, pifanoi, and venezuelensis. L. m. mexicana causes chiclero ulcer, a form of cutaneous leishmaniasis (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS) in the New World. The sandfly, Lutzomyia, appears to be the vector.

Suspensions of attenuated or killed protozoa administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious protozoan disease.

Any part or derivative of any protozoan that elicits immunity; malaria (Plasmodium) and trypanosome antigens are presently the most frequently encountered.

The study of parasites and PARASITIC DISEASES.

DNA of kinetoplasts which are specialized MITOCHONDRIA of trypanosomes and related parasitic protozoa within the order KINETOPLASTIDA. Kinetoplast DNA consists of a complex network of numerous catenated rings of two classes; the first being a large number of small DNA duplex rings, called minicircles, approximately 2000 base pairs in length, and the second being several dozen much larger rings, called maxicircles, approximately 37 kb in length.

Diseases of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). This term does not include diseases of wild dogs, WOLVES; FOXES; and other Canidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.

1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.

Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.

A disease of the CARDIAC MUSCLE developed subsequent to the initial protozoan infection by TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI. After infection, less than 10% develop acute illness such as MYOCARDITIS (mostly in children). The disease then enters a latent phase without clinical symptoms until about 20 years later. Myocardial symptoms of advanced CHAGAS DISEASE include conduction defects (HEART BLOCK) and CARDIOMEGALY.

A genus of livebearing cyprinodont fish comprising the guppy and molly. Some species are virtually all female and depend on sperm from other species to stimulate egg development. Poecilia is used in carcinogenicity studies as well as neurologic and physiologic research.

Acquired infection of non-human animals by organisms of the genus TOXOPLASMA.

Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.

Small, hairy, moth-like flies which are of considerable public health importance as vectors of certain pathogenic organisms. Important disease-related genera are PHLEBOTOMUS, Lutzomyia, and Sergentomyia.

An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.

Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).

The body fluid that circulates in the vascular system (BLOOD VESSELS). Whole blood includes PLASMA and BLOOD CELLS.

Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

A phylum of unicellular parasitic EUKARYOTES characterized by the presence of complex apical organelles generally consisting of a conoid that aids in penetrating host cells, rhoptries that possibly secrete a proteolytic enzyme, and subpellicular microtubules that may be related to motility.

The continuous sequence of changes undergone by living organisms during the post-embryonic developmental process, such as metamorphosis in insects and amphibians. This includes the developmental stages of apicomplexans such as the malarial parasite, PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM.

Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.

The outer covering of the body that protects it from the environment. It is composed of the DERMIS and the EPIDERMIS.

A protozoan parasite of rodents transmitted by the mosquito Anopheles dureni.

Agents used in the treatment of malaria. They are usually classified on the basis of their action against plasmodia at different stages in their life cycle in the human. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1585)

Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. They are often contracted through contact with an intermediate vector, but may occur as the result of direct exposure.

The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

Class of parasitic flukes consisting of three subclasses, Monogenea, Aspidogastrea, and Digenea. The digenetic trematodes are the only ones found in man. They are endoparasites and require two hosts to complete their life cycle.

A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the individual more than usually susceptible to certain diseases.

Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.

The functional hereditary units of protozoa.

Methods used for detecting the amplified DNA products from the polymerase chain reaction as they accumulate instead of at the end of the reaction.

A genus of the family Muridae having three species. The present domesticated strains were developed from individuals brought from Syria. They are widely used in biomedical research.

A subclass of segmented worms comprising the tapeworms.

Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa.

A cytokine produced by a variety of cell types, including T-LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; DENDRITIC CELLS; and EPITHELIAL CELLS that exerts a variety of effects on immunoregulation and INFLAMMATION. Interleukin-10 combines with itself to form a homodimeric molecule that is the biologically active form of the protein.

Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa. The infections may be experimental or veterinary.

The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)

An order of heteroxenous protozoa in which the macrogamete and microgamont develop independently. A conoid is usually absent.

The complete genetic complement contained in a set of CHROMOSOMES in a protozoan.

Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the ACANTHOCEPHALA; NEMATODA; and PLATYHELMINTHS. Some authors consider certain species of LEECHES that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths.

Infestation of animals with parasitic worms of the helminth class. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.

The relative amount by which the average fitness of a POPULATION is lowered, due to the presence of GENES that decrease survival, compared to the GENOTYPE with maximum or optimal fitness. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

Tests that demonstrate the relative effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents against specific parasites.

A species of trematode blood flukes of the family Schistosomatidae. It is common in the Nile delta. The intermediate host is the planorbid snail. This parasite causes schistosomiasis mansoni and intestinal bilharziasis.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

The product of meiotic division of zygotes in parasitic protozoa comprising haploid cells. These infective cells invade the host and undergo asexual reproduction producing MEROZOITES (or other forms) and ultimately gametocytes.

Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from DRUG TOLERANCE which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration.

Infections by nematodes, general or unspecified.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Subset of helper-inducer T-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete interleukin-2, gamma-interferon, and interleukin-12. Due to their ability to kill antigen-presenting cells and their lymphokine-mediated effector activity, Th1 cells are associated with vigorous delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions.

A species of PLASMODIUM causing malaria in rodents.

Infections caused by infestation with worms of the class Trematoda.

A protozoan parasite that causes vivax malaria (MALARIA, VIVAX). This species is found almost everywhere malaria is endemic and is the only one that has a range extending into the temperate regions.

The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.

Cells or feeding stage in the life cycle of sporozoan protozoa. In the malarial parasite, the trophozoite develops from the MEROZOITE and then splits into the SCHIZONT. Trophozoites that are left over from cell division can go on to form gametocytes.

A hemoflagellate subspecies of parasitic protozoa that causes nagana in domestic and game animals in Africa. It apparently does not infect humans. It is transmitted by bites of tsetse flies (Glossina).

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) that are known vectors of MALARIA.

A phylum of parasitic worms, closely related to tapeworms and containing two genera: Moniliformis, which sometimes infects man, and Macracanthorhynchus, which infects swine.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

Zygote-containing cysts of sporozoan protozoa. Further development in an oocyst produces small individual infective organisms called SPOROZOITES. Then, depending on the genus, the entire oocyst is called a sporocyst or the oocyst contains multiple sporocysts encapsulating the sporozoites.

Multinucleate cells or a stage in the development of sporozoan protozoa. It is exemplified by the life cycle of PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM in the MALARIA infection cycle.

Uninuclear cells or a stage in the life cycle of sporozoan protozoa. Merozoites, released from ruptured multinucleate SCHIZONTS, enter the blood stream and infect the ERYTHROCYTES.

Measurable quantity of bacteria in an object, organism, or organism compartment.

A genus of flagellate protozoans found in the blood and lymph of vertebrates and invertebrates, both hosts being required to complete the life cycle.

A phylum of fungi comprising minute intracellular PARASITES with FUNGAL SPORES of unicellular origin. It has two classes: Rudimicrosporea and MICROSPOREA.

A species of parasitic EUKARYOTES that attaches itself to the intestinal mucosa and feeds on mucous secretions. The organism is roughly pear-shaped and motility is somewhat erratic, with a slow oscillation about the long axis.

Ribonucleic acid in protozoa having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

Infections with true tapeworms of the helminth subclass CESTODA.

Protozoan infection found in animals and man. It is caused by several different genera of COCCIDIA.

One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and ARCHAEA), also called Eukarya. These are organisms whose cells are enclosed in membranes and possess a nucleus. They comprise almost all multicellular and many unicellular organisms, and are traditionally divided into groups (sometimes called kingdoms) including ANIMALS; PLANTS; FUNGI; and various algae and other taxa that were previously part of the old kingdom Protista.

A group of SESQUITERPENES and their analogs that contain a peroxide group (PEROXIDES) within an oxepin ring (OXEPINS).

A species of parasitic protozoa causing ENTAMOEBIASIS and amebic dysentery (DYSENTERY, AMEBIC). Characteristics include a single nucleus containing a small central karyosome and peripheral chromatin that is finely and regularly beaded.

The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.

Vaccines made from antigens arising from any of the four strains of Plasmodium which cause malaria in humans, or from P. berghei which causes malaria in rodents.

Insects that transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host.

A class of unsegmented helminths with fundamental bilateral symmetry and secondary triradiate symmetry of the oral and esophageal structures. Many species are parasites.

A genus of protozoan parasites of the subclass COCCIDIA. Various species are parasitic in the epithelial cells of the liver and intestines of man and other animals.

1NM-PP1 treatment of mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii. (1/207)

Bumped kinase inhibitors (BKIs) target analog-sensitive kinases, which the genomes of mammals rarely encode. Previously, we demonstrated that a BKI effectively suppressed the in vitro replication of Toxoplasma gondii, the causative pathogen of toxoplasmosis, by targeting T. gondii calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (TgCDPK1) (Eukaryotic Cell, 9: 667-670). Here, we examined whether the BKI 1NM-PP1 reduced parasite replication in vivo. A high dose of 1NM-PP1, by intraperitoneal injection, just before the parasite inoculation effectively reduced the parasite load in the brains, livers, and lungs of T. gondii-infected mice, however, a low dose of 1NM-PP1 with oral administration didn't change the survival rates of infected mice. (+info)

Comparative histological and immunohistochemical changes of dry type cutaneous leishmaniasis after administration of meglumine antimoniate, imiquimod or combination therapy. (2/207)

(+info)

Long-term cleaner fish presence affects growth of a coral reef fish. (3/207)

(+info)

In vitro and in vivo antileishmanial efficacy of a combination therapy of diminazene and artesunate against Leishmania donovani in BALB/c mice. (4/207)

(+info)

In vitro and in vivo studies of the utility of dimethyl and diethyl carbaporphyrin ketals in treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. (5/207)

(+info)

Accelerated healing of cutaneous leishmaniasis in non-healing BALB/c mice using water soluble amphotericin B-polymethacrylic acid. (6/207)

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Analysis of the expression of toll-like receptors 2 and 4 and cytokine production during experimental Leishmania chagasi infection. (7/207)

(+info)

Melarsoprol cyclodextrin inclusion complexes as promising oral candidates for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis. (8/207)

(+info)

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Association of viral load and CD4+ count with infection of intestinal emerging parasites. (pitt.edu)
Eligio-Garcia L, Cano-Estrada Ap, Cruz C, Jimenez-Cardoso E. Association of viral load and CD4+ count with infection of intestinal emerging parasites in HIV patients. (pitt.edu)
We used an acute experimental disease model to evaluate the effect of T. cruzi on intestinal lesions and assessed correlations between parasite load and inflammation and intestinal injury at 7 and 14 days post-infection. (biomedcentral.com)
Using a murine model that supports extensive skin infection with Leishmania donovani , spatial analyses at macro-(quantitative PCR) and micro-(confocal microscopy) scales indicate that parasite distribution is markedly skewed. (nature.com)
Mathematical models accounting for this heterogeneity demonstrate that while a patchy distribution reduces the expected number of sand flies acquiring parasites, it increases the infection load for sand flies feeding on a patch, increasing their potential for onward transmission. (nature.com)
Among this complex of diseases, Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL), which is caused by L. donovani or L. infantum , is one of the most severe clinical manifestations of infection with Leishmania parasites and is a major cause of human mortality and morbidity worldwide ( 2 - 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
Despite having several microbicidal activities to control parasite growth, the host defense can be subverted by the Leishmania parasite to provide a typical microenvironment for initiation and maintenance of successful infection. (frontiersin.org)
In the present study, we investigated the effect of neutrophil depletion at the time of Leishmania braziliensis infection of BALB/c mice and how neutrophils interact with the infected macrophage to promote parasite elimination. (jimmunol.org)
The in vivo depletion of neutrophils led to a significant increase in parasite load and enhanced the Th1-Th2 immune response in this experimental model of infection. (jimmunol.org)
BALB/c mice coinoculated with both parasites and live neutrophils displayed lower parasite burdens at the site of infection and in the draining lymph nodes. (jimmunol.org)
C57BL/6 (B6) mice are resistant and control infection, whereas Leishmania parasites thrive in BALB/c mice, which are susceptible to develop cutaneous lesions in the course of infection with Leishmania major , but not upon infection with Leishmania braziliensis . (frontiersin.org)
Data in the literature on parasite life cycle and host immune defense against VL are scarce regarding the effects of infection on the IT and GM. (bvsalud.org)
Despite the absence of changes in the levels of Bf and LacB during the course of infection , the relative abundance of these bacteria was associated with parasite load and histological alterations. (bvsalud.org)
However, since Leishmania infection and antileishmanial drugs can themselves modulate drug transport, metabolism and/or immune responses, immunotherapeutic approaches require integrated assessment of host and parasite responses. (unboundmedicine.com)
More than reflecting only the main parasitological parameters of the animal infection, the mouse model can be used to elucidate the immunopathological mechanisms involved in parasite evasion and persistence, and the tissue damage seen during infection and disease. (plos.org)
UMass Amherst and Dartmouth researchers found that toxic chemicals in nectar reduced infection levels of the common bumblebee parasite by as much as 81 percent by seven days after infection. (eurekalert.org)
We used field sampling, citizen science data and experimental inoculations to quantify infection prevalence and parasite virulence among migratory and sedentary populations. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
The effects of hookworm infection vary with the parasite load. (everything2.com)
Here we report that for the murine model Plasmodium chabaudi, co-infection with drug-sensitive parasites can prevent the transmission of initially rare resistant parasites to mosquitoes. (nih.gov)
Our data demonstrate that, at least for this mouse model, aggressive chemotherapy leads to very effective transmission of highly resistant parasites that are present in an infection, the very parasites which undermine the long term efficacy of front-line drugs. (nih.gov)
Parasite infection can have pervasive effects on hosts, including altering host behaviour, and may thus contribute to differences in host personality. (springer.com)
This confirms a link between parasite infection and host behaviour, and a relationship which may improve the horizontal transmission of Glugea . (springer.com)
Parasite infection that alters host behaviour could be a possible avenue of research into the causes of animal personality. (springer.com)
We studied the link between infection and personality using the three-spined stickleback and its parasite Glugea anomala . (springer.com)
The past decades have seen mounting evidence that parasites alter their host's behaviour in ways that benefit transmission, based on differences in the expression of behavioural traits between infected and control individuals, or on significant correlations between trait expression and infection levels. (biologists.org)
Following infection, a manipulative parasite could (i) change the temporal consistency of its host's behavioural responses, (ii) change the slope of a host reaction norm, i.e. the way host behavioural traits are expressed as a function of an environmental gradient, or (iii) decouple two or more host behavioural traits and/or change the way in which they correlate with each other. (biologists.org)
Keep your goat herd on a regular deworming schedule to avoid parasite infection. (tractorsupply.com)
Thus, the pre-erythrocytic stages, when parasite numbers are comparatively low, provide an excellent target for vaccines aimed at preventing infection ( Sinnis and Nussenzweig, 1996 ). (wiley.com)
Long-term effects depend on parasite load and site of infection. (cmaj.ca)
To test these predictions, we sampled 12 natural epidemics and tracked edible algae, fungal infection prevalence, body size, fecundity and density of hosts, as well as within-host parasite loads. (sigmaaldrich.com)

For example, intracellular parasites such as the protozoan genus Plasmodium which causes Malaria in humans, are quantified through performing a blood smear and counting the number of white blood cells infected by viewing the smear through a microscope. (wikipedia.org)
As technology advances, more modernized methods of parasite quantification are emerging such as hand held automated cell counters, in order to efficiently count parasites such as Plasmodium in blood smears. (wikipedia.org)
In contrast to bacteria, archaea and fungi, parasitic protozoa such as Trypanosoma brucei and the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum allocate only a small proportion of their genomes (2-3%) to membrane transport ( Supplementary Fig. 1 ) 4 . (nature.com)
In the search for targets for novel prophylactic, therapeutic and transmission-blocking intervention strategies to fight malaria, we report here a broad characterization of the importance of orphan MTP orthologues during the complete life cycle of the murine malaria model parasite Plasmodium berghei by relatively fast and efficient experimental genetics approaches. (nature.com)
Examined under the microscope, four red blood cells (marked "P") are infected with Plasmodium falciparum parasites, the type that can cause severe, potentially fatal disease. (cdc.gov)
Peripheral smear (both thick and thin) was positive for malarial parasite ( P. falciparum ) with parasite load of 190/ μ L. Antigen test for the same was positive for Plasmodium falciparum . (hindawi.com)
The evolution of drug resistant Plasmodium parasites is a major challenge to effective malaria control. (nih.gov)
Dengue virus (family Flaviridae , genus Flavivirus ) and Plasmodium parasites are widespread in American and Asian tropical regions and their endemic areas overlap extensively. (biomedcentral.com)

Kinetoplastid parasites of the Leishmania donovani complex are the causative agents of zoonotic and anthroponotic visceral leishmaniasis (VL), associated with 3.3 million disability-adjusted life years 1 and 20,000-40,000 annual deaths in 56 affected countries 2 . (nature.com)
Herein, we demonstrated that A 2A R signaling is exploited by Leishmania infantum parasites, the etiologic agent that causes Visceral Leishmaniasis, to successfully colonize the vertebrate host. (frontiersin.org)
Leishmania parasites are the etiological agent of a wide spectrum of diseases in mammals and other vertebrates ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
In vitro, we observed that live neutrophils significantly reduced the parasite load in L. braziliensis -infected murine macrophages, an effect not observed with Leishmania major . (jimmunol.org)
Furthermore, cooperation between neutrophils and macrophages toward parasite elimination was also observed in experiments performed with L. braziliensis -infected human cells and, importantly, with two other New World Leishmania species. (jimmunol.org)
As key cells, able to host and kill Leishmania parasites, inflammatory monocytes/macrophages are potential vaccine and therapeutic targets to improve immune responses in Leishmaniasis. (frontiersin.org)
Leishmania parasites infect macrophages and cause Leishmaniasis, ranging from localized cutaneous or mucocutaneous to visceral or disseminated diseases. (frontiersin.org)

Numerous studies have been done looking at the effects of number of parasites present in a host and how this correlates with behaviors such as foraging, migration, and competitive behavior. (wikipedia.org)
The goal of our study is to determine if an increased infestation of the black-spot parasite (Neasus pyriformis) in creek chub (Semotolis atromaculatus) also correlates with an increase in the density of ASC. (wisconsin.edu)
Although an infected person may be asymptomatic, ingestion of a higher parasite load usually correlates with a shorter incubation period and with more severe symptoms. (cmaj.ca)

Depending on the parasitic species in question, various methods of quantification allow scientists to measure the numbers of parasites present and determine the parasite load of an organism. (wikipedia.org)
In a study performed at the University of Georgia, it was found that beetles with higher parasite loads won more fights than those with lower parasitic loads. (wikipedia.org)
We hope to extract information about: parasitic load and diversity within each amphipod and amphipod and trematode population structure of as measured by SNPs. (brown.edu)
Many models of parasitic infections lead to an approximately Poisson distribution of parasites among hosts, in stark contrast to the highly over-dispersed distributions that are usually encountered in practice. (uzh.ch)
The effectiveness of diatomaceous earth (DE) as a treatment against parasites and to increase feed efficiency and egg production of organically raised free-range layer hens was evaluated in 2 breeds of commercial egg layers [Bovan Brown (BB) and Lowmann Brown (LB)] that differ in their resistance to internal parasitic infections. (fao.org)
some facultative (i.e., occasionally parasitic) parasites also produce them. (britannica.com)

These cells secrete IFN-γ, which activates phagocytic cells, such as neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs), to release reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO). These mediators lead to the death of the parasites ( 5 , 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
Moreover, contact-dependent mechanisms that enable parasite elimination during the interaction of Lb-infected macrophages with live neutrophils are associated with TNF-α and superoxide production. (jimmunol.org)
Here, we investigated whether a deficit in early maturation of inflammatory monocytes into macrophages in BALB/c mice underlies increased susceptibility to L. major versus L. braziliensis parasites. (frontiersin.org)
Nonetheless, more mature macrophages from B6 mice expressed inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and higher NO production in response to L. braziliensis parasites, whereas BALB/c mice developed macrophages expressing an incomplete M1 phenotype. (frontiersin.org)
Unexpectedly, treatment with ATRA reduced proinflammatory cytokines, iNOS expression, and parasite killing by macrophages. (frontiersin.org)

A school-based fortification program might benefit schoolchildren but a high prevalence of parasite infestation might affect effectiveness. (ajtmh.org)
Consequently, little is known about the relationships between host traits and other aspects of parasite load, such as parasite abundance, prevalence and aggregation. (lu.se)
We find that the number of host species that a particular host may encounter due to its habitat preferences emerges as a factor of general importance for parasite diversity, abundance and prevalence, but not parasite aggregation. (lu.se)
In sum, sedentary populations could support greater parasite prevalence and virulence than their migratory counterparts [ 28 ]. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
We assessed the prevalence of intestinal parasites among 268 2-12-year-old children living in rural areas, small villages, and semi-urban areas of the Chaco region, south-eastern Bolivia. (ajtmh.org)
A significant progressive increase in overall parasite prevalence was found when passing from rural areas to small villages and semi-urban areas. (ajtmh.org)

When animals have a heavy parasite load, they shed eggs through their feces. (ncsu.edu)
It also carried a fairly heavy parasite load for a whale not more than 2 years old. (dailyastorian.com)
Using a strong dewormer can be disastrous for horses with an unknown deworming history or those with a heavy parasite load. (equisearch.com)

To gain more insight into the biology of T. vivax , its interactions with the host and consequently its pathogenesis, we have developed a number of reproducible murine models using a parasite isolate that is infectious for rodents. (plos.org)

Although much about the pathophysiological process of Chagas disease is already known, the influence of the parasite burden on the inflammatory process and disease progression remains uncertain. (biomedcentral.com)
Similarly, in bird species with long caeca, consistent collection of one type of faeces may avoid significant errors in parasite burden estimates. (cambridge.org)
Dietary nutrient ratio had a significant effect on parasite burden, the numbers of parasites developing in individual host larvae and on parasite biomass. (biologists.org)
Three dimensional models developed to demonstrate the relationships between blood protein nitrogen and trehalose levels and parasite burden and biomass established that the levels of both metabolites are important for supporting growth and development of emerged and non-emerged parasites. (biologists.org)
Blood metabolite levels supporting the greatest parasite burden and biomass of emerged and non-emerged parasites occupy a region of two dimensional space corresponding to approximately 60-200 mg per insect of protein nitrogen and 60-100 mg per insect of trehalose. (biologists.org)
Concentrations of 4 μM of miltefosine and 8 μg SbV/mL were selected for evaluation in combination with immunomodulators based on the high but partial reduction of parasite burden by these antileishmanial concentrations without affecting cytokine secretion of infected PBMCs. (unboundmedicine.com)
Here, we test the application of the candidate gene approach to identify the loci involved in variation in gastrointestinal parasite burden, a complex trait likely to be controlled by many loci, in a wild population of Soay sheep. (nih.gov)
A panel of 192 candidate and control SNPs were then typed in 960 individual Soay sheep to examine whether they individually explained variation in parasite burden, as measured as faecal egg count, as well as two immune measures (Teladorsagia circumcincta-specific antibodies and antinuclear antibodies). (nih.gov)
Furthermore, no significant difference was found between the proportions of candidate or control SNPs that were found to be significantly associated with parasite burden/immune measures. (nih.gov)
Coartem® also demonstrated a faster reduction in parasite burden after 24-hours versus halofantrine4, chloroquine5 (in adults), chloroquine (in children) 7, and mefloquine6. (clinicaltrials.gov)

Using a Bayesian phylogenetic comparative framework, we tested evolutionary associations between five key host traits (body size, gut length, diet breadth, habitat complexity and number of sympatric hosts) predicted to influence parasitism, together with multiple measures of parasite load. (lu.se)
Coevolution also leads to new predictions for the role of several host and parasite traits on selection for mate choice that will guide future experimental and comparative work. (pnas.org)
The present study, however, demonstrates that coevolution can maintain stable host mate choosiness and parasite virulence or indeed coevolutionary cycling of both traits. (pnas.org)
The multidimensional nature of host manipulation has only recently been recognised: parasites do not target single host traits, but instead suites of interrelated traits. (biologists.org)
Resource availability can drive epidemics via traits of hosts and parasites that govern disease spread. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Structural equation modelling revealed that resource availability stimulated all three traits (host fecundity, host size and parasite load). (sigmaaldrich.com)

Parasite load is a measure of the number and virulence of the parasites that a host organism harbours. (wikipedia.org)
Despite this clear reciprocity, we lack a coevolutionary theory of mate choice and parasite virulence. (pnas.org)
Here we develop a general coevolutionary model between host mate preference and the virulence of a sexually transmitted parasite. (pnas.org)
We show when the characteristics of both the host and parasite lead to coevolutionarily stable strategies or runaway selection, and when coevolutionary cycling between high and low levels of host mate choosiness and virulence is possible. (pnas.org)
We predict that choosiness should vary inversely with parasite virulence and that both relatively long and short life spans select against choosy behavior in the host. (pnas.org)
Virulence differed among parasite strains but was similar between migratory and sedentary populations, potentially owing to high gene flow or insufficient time for evolutionary divergence. (royalsocietypublishing.org)

To this end, we will sequence whole amphipod samples--including trematode parasites. (brown.edu)
Two case studies involving trematode parasites and their freshwater hosts are used to provide empirical illustrations of the above scenarios. (biologists.org)

Intracellular parasite survival was determined by luminometry and cytokine secretion measured by ELISA and multiplex assays. (unboundmedicine.com)

Not only does it benefit soil and forage quality, it can also reduce the parasite load in your animals. (ncsu.edu)
While DE was able to reduce the parasite load, it did not eliminate it entirely, which means the chickens would continually re-infest themselves with both external and internal parasites. (canadian-forum.com)

We conducted a field study of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes and their helminth parasites. (lu.se)

While this method is not as practical for those that have only one species on the farm, or have no desire to add another species on the pasture, multi-species grazing can lessen the parasite load on pastures. (ncsu.edu)
The parasite load on the pasture is spread out over multiple animals of multiple species. (ncsu.edu)
This results in a lessened parasite load in the animal, and less eggs put back into the pasture from the animal. (ncsu.edu)
With too many animals defecating in one area, the amount of eggs on the pasture has the potential to skyrocket, and if animals are grazed on this pasture when these eggs hatch, so will the parasite load in these animals. (ncsu.edu)
Best practice is keeping livestock off of a pasture for 4-6 weeks before grazing, as the life span of parasites vary between species, and with temperature and conditions. (ncsu.edu)
If you want a pasture that it totally 'clean' to graze your animals, the pasture needs to rest for roughly 12 months to allow all of the parasite eggs and larvae to die off. (ncsu.edu)
Pasture rotation to minimize parasite load on pigs. (umn.edu)

High parasite load-bearing mice more rapidly and strongly developed parasitemia. (biomedcentral.com)
TNF-α, INF-γ, IL-2, IL-17, IL-6), and intestinal amastigote nests were more pronounced in high parasite load-bearing animals. (biomedcentral.com)
It's evidence of a high parasite load. (kare11.com)

In this early and most comprehensive study of its kind, researchers at the University of Massachusetts Amherst and Dartmouth College studied hundreds of eastern bumblebees, Bombus impatiens , and their intestinal parasite Crithidia bombi , using eight separate toxic chemicals known as secondary metabolites produced by plants to protect themselves against predators. (eurekalert.org)
For these experiments, the researchers infected a total of 539 eastern bumblebees with the intestinal parasite, Crithidia , which can shorten lifespan of individual bees and reduce a colony's queen production. (eurekalert.org)

Quantitative parasitology deals with measures to quantify parasite loads in samples of hosts and to make statistical comparisons of parasitism across host samples. (wikipedia.org)
A single parasite species usually has an aggregated distribution across host individuals, which means that most hosts harbor few parasites, while a few hosts carry the vast majority of parasite individuals. (wikipedia.org)
Hosts coevolve with parasites and thus generate heritable resistance to parasites, which have a net negative effect on host viability. (wikipedia.org)
The deterministic system describes the evolution over time of the proportions of the population with different parasite loads, and its equilibria are interpreted as typical distributions of parasites among hosts. (uzh.ch)
The use of a biogenic amine as a mechanism of interaction by the parasites gives them an endless number of alternative potential actions on their intermediate hosts. (scielo.cl)
Parasites with complex life cycles involving several hosts are faced with problems of how to spread from one host to the next. (scielo.cl)
The model also reveals that hosts can evolve different behavioral responses from the same initial conditions, which highlights difficulties in using comparative analysis to detect parasite-mediated sexual selection. (pnas.org)
During the associations of many insect endoparasites, including gregarious braconid wasps of the genus Cotesia , with their lepidopteran larval hosts, the effects of parasitism are initially mediated by a variety of parasite-derived factors. (biologists.org)
In many situations, the behavioural decisions that benefit the host may differ from those that would benefit its parasites, i.e. those behavioural choices by the host that would facilitate parasite transmission to other hosts. (biologists.org)
Thirdly, resources should fuel parasite reproduction within hosts. (sigmaaldrich.com)

Identification carditis, prolonged fever, various ocu- duce higher oocyst loads in feces than of 5 types of Cryptosporidium parasites in lar infections and, most commonly, children in Lima, Peru. (cdc.gov)
Malaria is one of the life threatening infections caused by protozoan parasite. (hindawi.com)
In theory, competitive interactions between sensitive parasites and resistant parasites within infections are a major determinant of the rate at which parasite evolution undermines drug efficacy. (nih.gov)

2005). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is a technique that can quantify parasite load in an accurate manner in different biological samples, including peripheral blood. (fiocruz.br)

Less work has been done to apply the full power of next generation sequencing to host/parasite interactions in a habitat. (brown.edu)
These results reveal that both host morphology and biotic interactions are key determinants of host-parasite associations and that consideration of multiple aspects of parasite load is required to fully understand patterns in parasitism. (lu.se)
A serotonergic pathway is apparently involved in parasite-host interactions. (scielo.cl)
If infected fish behaved differently from uninfected, to benefit this parasite with horizontal transmission, we predicted behaviour increasing interactions with other sticklebacks to increase. (springer.com)
Although much work has been done to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which sporozoites invade hepatocytes, little is known about the interactions between host and parasite before the sporozoite enters the blood circulation. (wiley.com)

It was done by researchers from Oregon State University and other agencies, and concluded that heavy loads of parasites can affect salmon growth, weight, size , immune function, saltwater adaptation, swimming stamina, activity level, ability to migrate and other issues. (oregonstate.edu)
The digestive manifestations of CD are quite diverse, and this diversity is related to the host immune response, environmental and genetic factors, and the parasite itself. (biomedcentral.com)
How does parasite cleansing boost your immune system? (microbeformulas.com)
Various infectious diseases, such as acquired immune deficiency syndrome and hepatitis C, have a clear correlation between microorganism load and disease outcome (Ghany et al. (fiocruz.br)
Taking into account the opposing needs of limiting parasite multiplication and minimizing tissue destruction, the immune imbalance implies especially Th17 and T regulatory (Treg) cells.Methods. (archives-ouvertes.fr)

In this system, the parasite loads in the animals decrease because there are less larvae consumed by the one species. (ncsu.edu)
By not allowing your animals to graze below this 2-4-inch mark, it is likely that they will not eat low enough on the plant to ingest the parasite larvae. (ncsu.edu)
This investigation examined the influence of dietary protein and carbohydrate balance in a chemically defined artificial diet for Manduca sexta larvae on development of the gregarious parasite Cotesia congregata . (biologists.org)
Parasites included individuals that developed and eventually emerged as second instar larvae, moulted to third instars and pupated. (biologists.org)

Assigning function to orphan membrane transport proteins and prioritizing candidates for detailed biochemical characterization remain fundamental challenges and are particularly important for medically relevant pathogens, such as malaria parasites. (nature.com)
Malaria parasites in the blood of Mansour Adisa. (cdc.gov)
and intravenous drugs to destroy the malaria parasites. (cdc.gov)
one out of every 20 of his red blood cells was infected by malaria parasites. (cdc.gov)

Comparative studies of parasite load have largely examined measures of parasite species richness and are predominantly based on records obtained from published data. (lu.se)
Meanwhile, understanding of parasite species richness may be clouded by limitations associated with data collation from multiple independent sources. (lu.se)

To further study the immunological mechanisms involved during ocular toxoplasmosis, weevaluated the intraocular inflammation, the parasite load and the immunological response characterized on mRNA and protein level in a mouse model. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
Neutralizing IL-17A decreased intraocular inflammation and parasite load in mice. (archives-ouvertes.fr)

Parasitism is the association of two organisms where one, the parasite, lives at the expense of the other, the host ( Roberts and Janovy, 2000 ). (biologists.org)

Low (3 × 10 2 ), medium (3 × 10 3 ), and high (3 × 10 4 ) parasite loads were generated by infecting C57BL/6 mice with "Y"-strain trypomastigotes. (biomedcentral.com)
Rag2 −/− (herein referred to as RAG) mice and Lutzomyia longipalpis , and its use in investigating skin parasite load and distribution (landscape) as potential predictors of host infectiousness. (nature.com)
In resistant mice, transient depletion of neutrophils has been shown to lead to an increase in the parasite load ( 8 , 9 ). (jimmunol.org)
However, neutrophil depletion in susceptible mice (BALB/c) has been shown to lead to the opposite effect, as demonstrated by an increase in parasite elimination ( 10 , 11 ). (jimmunol.org)
Densities of asexual parasites (solid lines) and gametocytes (dotted lines) of drug-sensitive (clone S, black) and drug-resistant (clone R, gray) parasites within sham-treated (top panel) and drug-treated (bottom panel) mice.Dashed and shaded boxes show days of sham or drug treatment. (nih.gov)
Lychnopholide (LYC) at low doses loaded in polymeric poly( d , l -lactide)- block -polyethylene glycol (PLA-PEG) nanocapsules (LYC-PLA-PEG-NC) exhibits anti- Trypanosoma cruzi efficacy in mice infected with a partially drug-resistant strain. (asm.org)

Investigating associations between intestinal alterations and parasite load according to Bifidobacterium spp. (bvsalud.org)
These clearly illustrate the full richness of behavioural alterations induced by parasites, and how these effects would go unnoticed using the classical trait-by-trait comparisons of mean values between parasitised and non-parasitised individuals. (biologists.org)

In insects, susceptibility to parasite load has been linked to genetic variation in the insect colony. (wikipedia.org)

In vertebrates, males frequently carry higher parasite loads than females. (wikipedia.org)
Whenever sexual dimorphism is exhibited in species, the larger sex is thought to tolerate higher parasite loads. (wikipedia.org)

Quantifying the parasite depends on what type of parasite is in question as well as where it resides in the host body. (wikipedia.org)

We show how coevolution leads to a wide range of dynamics, including cycling and stable strategies, and that this resolves a key criticism of the role of parasites in mate choice: that parasites will evolve to be avirulent, thus reducing their impact on mating strategies. (pnas.org)

These results were remarkable because a positive correlation was observed between parasite load, inflammatory infiltrate, amastigote nests, and investigated cytokines. (biomedcentral.com)
Les spectres de cytokines observés dans l'humeur aqueuse diffèrent nettement en fonction de la cause de l'inflammation. (archives-ouvertes.fr)

Adler says results may have implications for growers who depend on pollinators, who may want to think about planting pollinator-friendly hedgerows and gardens containing plants that produce natural herbal remedies for some of the common parasites and diseases that ail bees and other pollinating insects. (eurekalert.org)
Seven days later, they measured the parasite load in the insects' intestines. (eurekalert.org)

Although the public health importance of P. vivax is overshadowed by P. falciparum , it is the most important parasite in Asia and South America. (hindawi.com)

2010). Both studies used microscopic methods for parasite quantification, which have limitations due to the invasive procedures required to obtain the spleen and BM aspirates and the excessive time required for the analysis of these samples (da Silva et al. (fiocruz.br)

We focused on North American monarch butterflies and a specialist protozoan parasite to investigate how the loss of migratory behaviours affects pathogen spread and evolution. (royalsocietypublishing.org)

To achieve an integrated assessment of current and innovative therapeutic strategies, we determined host and parasite responses to miltefosine and meglumine antimoniate alone and in combination with pentoxifylline or CpG 2006 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of cutaneous leishmaniasis patients. (unboundmedicine.com)

Human PBMCs allow integrated ex vivo assessment of antileishmanial treatments, providing information on host and parasite determinants of therapeutic response that may be used to tailor therapeutic strategies to optimize clinical resolution. (unboundmedicine.com)

Enhanced transmission of drug-resistant parasites to mosquitoes following drug treatment in rodent malaria. (nih.gov)

Their internal parasite loads were assessed by biweekly fecal egg counts (FEC) and by postmortem examination of the gastrointestinal tract. (fao.org)

The host-parasite interaction is often depicted as a conflict between two antagonists over resources that appear to 'belong' to the host. (biologists.org)

It is well understood that parasitism may help to explain the evolution of mating strategies, but host behavior is, in turn, critical to the transmission and therefore the evolution of parasites. (pnas.org)

Among the many possible outcomes of such a conflict, in numerous cases natural selection has favoured the manipulation of host behaviour by its parasites. (biologists.org)

We tend to scratch our heads about what new combo of dewormer to use, when the best time to deworm is, how to make our dewormers more effective, but maybe our thinking should focus more on "how can I adjust my management practices to decrease the parasite load on the farm in addition to dewormer? (ncsu.edu)
Less parasites mean less resistance to dewormers, and a more efficient and effective deworming system. (ncsu.edu)
Strong dewormers may cause a massive die-off of parasites, which can lead to an impaction and colic. (equisearch.com)

Apart from these, studies from Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Latine America Guyana, India, and Ethiopia show a strong association of this parasite with severe malaria symptoms [ 6 - 11 ]. (hindawi.com)

When IFN-γ was neutralized concomitantly, the initial parasite multiplication rate was partially restored.Conclusions. (archives-ouvertes.fr)

After 14 days, parasite eggs were found in 0-10% of piglet faecal samples compared to 70-100% before treatment. (conservationevidence.com)
faecal samples were used to assess parasites load and cortisol levels. (europa.eu)

Nematode Parasites of the Vertebrates: their Development and Transmission , 2nd Edn. (cambridge.org)

Allowing pastures to rest gives the parasites time to hatch, complete as much of their life cycle as they can without a host, and then die off. (ncsu.edu)
Rotate goats among different pastures to keep parasite loads down. (tractorsupply.com)

In contrast to blood, skin has a greater potential for generating heterogeneity in parasite distribution, and both dispersal and dispersion of parasites within the skin is linked to that of the host myeloid cells in which these parasites reside. (nature.com)

UMass Amherst evolutionary ecologist Lynn Adler says, "We found that eating some of these compounds reduced pathogen load in the bumblebee's gut, which not only may help the individual bees, but likely reduced the pathogen Crithidia spore load in their feces, which in turn should lead to a lower likelihood of transmitting the disease to other bees. (eurekalert.org)

Parasites are becoming more and more resistant, and farmers are having to become more and more creative and strategic with their deworming methods to keep the parasite loads in their herd or flock at a manageable level. (ncsu.edu)
Keeping parasite loads at bay is not just a matter of deworming, but how you manage your farm, especially in the coming months when the weather is warming and the grass really starts to grow. (ncsu.edu)
These management tools are a great way to lessen the parasite load on your animals, and to increase the efficacy of your deworming program. (ncsu.edu)
Parasites have been the bane of horsemen for centuries, and deworming agents have been used for decades. (equisearch.com)

Blood parasite load (parasitemia) has been considered the main determinant of outward transmission potential and as a surrogate measure of host infectiousness in VL 8 . (nature.com)

Some bacteria are obligate parasites and grow only within a living host cell. (britannica.com)
I also believe you have bacteria overgrowth or candida if you have parasites so the dyeoff could be mixed ones so more stress on your body. (curezone.com)

Parasite diversity and abundance (parasite load) vary greatly among host species. (lu.se)
The influence of host phylogeny varies considerably among measures of parasite load, with the greatest influence exerted on parasite diversity. (lu.se)
Urban areas are major hotspots of introduced species, but little is known about the effects of urban habitat structure on the parasite load and diversity of introduced species. (springer.com)

Parasites are harmful and in many cases the host ultimately dies ( Ewald, 1995 ). (biologists.org)
Buchholz (1995) linked the appearance of these structures with parasite loads (and thus fitness). (scienceblogs.com)

How do parasites affect the viral load in your body? (microbeformulas.com)

Here, we investigated such environmental effects on the ectoparasite load, richness, and occurrence of spillback in two widespread invasive parakeets, Psittacula krameri and Myiopsitta monachus , in the metropolitan area of Rome, central Italy. (springer.com)
Many of the effects that parasites have on our grazing animals are species specific. (ncsu.edu)
Pentoxifylline did not affect parasite survival or alter antileishmanial effects of miltefosine or meglumine antimoniate. (unboundmedicine.com)

Therefore, we highlight the importance of host population density and habitat composition in shaping the role of introduced parakeets in the spread of both native and introduced parasites, recommending the monitoring of urban populations of birds and their parasites to assess and manage the potential occurrence of parasite-mediated competition dynamics as well as potential spread of vector-borne diseases. (springer.com)
Parasites can profoundly affect host populations and ecological communities. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Two of the parasites detected, Entamoeba dysentery and fish tapeworm, were common in northern Europe in the medieval period, but either very rare or almost completely absent among the populations of the medieval Middle East. (eurekalert.org)

Anatomy13

Organisms46

Diseases26

Chemicals and Drugs19

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment8

Phenomena and Processes14

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science1

Health Care2

Geographicals1

1NM-PP1 treatment of mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii. (1/207)

Comparative histological and immunohistochemical changes of dry type cutaneous leishmaniasis after administration of meglumine antimoniate, imiquimod or combination therapy. (2/207)

Long-term cleaner fish presence affects growth of a coral reef fish. (3/207)

In vitro and in vivo antileishmanial efficacy of a combination therapy of diminazene and artesunate against Leishmania donovani in BALB/c mice. (4/207)

In vitro and in vivo studies of the utility of dimethyl and diethyl carbaporphyrin ketals in treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. (5/207)

Accelerated healing of cutaneous leishmaniasis in non-healing BALB/c mice using water soluble amphotericin B-polymethacrylic acid. (6/207)

Analysis of the expression of toll-like receptors 2 and 4 and cytokine production during experimental Leishmania chagasi infection. (7/207)

Melarsoprol cyclodextrin inclusion complexes as promising oral candidates for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis. (8/207)

No images available that match "parasite load"

Parasite Load

Parasites

Leishmaniasis, Visceral

Host-Parasite Interactions

Leishmania infantum

Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous

Parasitic Diseases, Animal

Antiprotozoal Agents

Leishmania major

Parasite Egg Count

Leishmania

Leishmaniasis Vaccines

Leishmaniasis

Leishmania donovani

DNA, Protozoan

Platyhelminths

Trypanosoma cruzi

Parasitemia

Chagas Disease

Protozoan Proteins

Hawks

Ectoparasitic Infestations

Sulfadimethoxine

Toxoplasma

Plasmodium falciparum

Mice, Inbred BALB C

Antibodies, Protozoan

Leishmania braziliensis

Malaria

Leishmania mexicana

Protozoan Vaccines

Antigens, Protozoan

Parasitology

DNA, Kinetoplast

Dog Diseases

Meglumine

Malaria, Falciparum

Chagas Cardiomyopathy

Poecilia

Toxoplasmosis, Animal

Cryptosporidiosis

Psychodidae

Spleen

Lizards

Fish Diseases

Blood

Feces

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Apicomplexa

Life Cycle Stages

Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Skin

Plasmodium berghei

Antimalarials

Parasitic Diseases

Interferon-gamma

Dogs

Cytokines

Disease Models, Animal

Brazil

Trematoda

Disease Susceptibility

Erythrocytes

Genes, Protozoan

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

Mesocricetus

Cestoda

Protozoan Infections

Interleukin-10

Protozoan Infections, Animal

Macrophages

Haemosporida

Genome, Protozoan

Sensitivity and Specificity

Helminths

Helminthiasis, Animal

Genetic Load

Immunoglobulin G

Parasitic Sensitivity Tests