Diquat
Paraquat
Herbicides
Ethane
Diquat is a herbicide that is used to control the growth of weeds and unwanted vegetation in various settings, such as agricultural land, aquatic environments, and industrial sites. It is a type of chemical known as a contact herbicide, which means that it kills plants on contact rather than being absorbed through the plant's roots and transported throughout its tissues.
Diquat works by disrupting the plant's ability to photosynthesize, or convert light energy into chemical energy. When applied to plant leaves, diquat causes the formation of free radicals, which are highly reactive molecules that can damage cell membranes and other cell structures. This leads to the death of the plant cells and ultimately the death of the entire plant.
Diquat is a fast-acting herbicide that is often used to control weeds in aquatic environments, such as ponds and lakes. It is also used in agriculture to desiccate crops before harvest, which can make them easier to harvest and reduce post-harvest losses. However, diquat can be harmful to non-target organisms, including fish, aquatic invertebrates, and beneficial insects, so it must be used carefully and in accordance with label instructions to minimize off-target impacts.
Like all pesticides, diquat is subject to regulation by government agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the United States. The EPA sets limits on the amount of diquat that can be applied to crops and other surfaces, and requires manufacturers to provide information about the potential risks and hazards associated with its use. It is important to follow all safety precautions and guidelines when using diquat or any other pesticide to protect yourself, others, and the environment.
Paraquat is a highly toxic herbicide that is used for controlling weeds and grasses in agricultural settings. It is a non-selective contact weed killer, meaning it kills any green plant it comes into contact with. Paraquat is a fast-acting chemical that causes rapid desiccation of plant tissues upon contact.
In a medical context, paraquat is classified as a toxicological emergency and can cause severe poisoning in humans if ingested, inhaled, or comes into contact with the skin or eyes. Paraquat poisoning can lead to multiple organ failure, including the lungs, kidneys, and liver, and can be fatal in severe cases. There is no specific antidote for paraquat poisoning, and treatment typically focuses on supportive care and managing symptoms.
It's important to note that paraquat is highly regulated and its use is restricted to licensed professionals due to its high toxicity. Proper protective equipment, including gloves, goggles, and respiratory protection, should be used when handling paraquat to minimize the risk of exposure.
Herbicides are a type of pesticide used to control or kill unwanted plants, also known as weeds. They work by interfering with the growth processes of the plant, such as inhibiting photosynthesis, disrupting cell division, or preventing the plant from producing certain essential proteins.
Herbicides can be classified based on their mode of action, chemical composition, and the timing of their application. Some herbicides are selective, meaning they target specific types of weeds while leaving crops unharmed, while others are non-selective and will kill any plant they come into contact with.
It's important to use herbicides responsibly and according to the manufacturer's instructions, as they can have negative impacts on the environment and human health if not used properly.
Ethane is not a medical term, but it is a chemical compound that is part of the human environment. Ethane is a hydrocarbon, which means it contains only hydrogen and carbon atoms. Specifically, ethane is made up of two carbon atoms and six hydrogen atoms (C2H6). It is a colorless gas at room temperature and has no smell or taste.
In the context of human health, ethane is not considered to be harmful in small amounts. However, exposure to high levels of ethane can cause respiratory irritation and other symptoms. Ethane is also a greenhouse gas, which means that it contributes to global warming when released into the atmosphere.
Ethane is produced naturally during the breakdown of organic matter, such as plants and animals. It is also produced in small amounts during the digestion of food in the human body. However, most ethane used in industry is extracted from natural gas and petroleum deposits. Ethane is used as a fuel and as a raw material in the production of plastics and other chemicals.
Pyridinium compounds are organic salts that contain a positively charged pyridinium ion. Pyridinium is a type of cation that forms when pyridine, a basic heterocyclic organic compound, undergoes protonation. The nitrogen atom in the pyridine ring accepts a proton (H+) and becomes positively charged, forming the pyridinium ion.
Pyridinium compounds have the general structure of C5H5NH+X-, where X- is an anion or negatively charged ion. These compounds are often used in research and industry, including as catalysts, intermediates in chemical synthesis, and in pharmaceuticals. Some pyridinium compounds have been studied for their potential therapeutic uses, such as in the treatment of bacterial infections or cancer. However, it is important to note that some pyridinium compounds can also be toxic or reactive, so they must be handled with care.
Diquat
Paraquat
4,4'-Bipyridine
Pesticide poisoning
Pyridine
William Boon
Orellanine
Paraquat murders
Roundup (herbicide)
Glyphosate-based herbicides
Viologen
Swather
Superoxide dismutase
Crop desiccation
Bipyridine
Saku District, Shinano
South East England
List of MeSH codes (D03)
Herbicide
Index of pesticide articles
List of herbicides
Fine chemical
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What Products Contain Paraquat? (Brands & Manufacturers)
Herbicides11
- Sensitive and Rapid Determination of Paraquat and Diquat in Tap and Environmental Water demonstrates use of a mixed-mode column to provide sufficient retention, excellent resolution, and good peak shape for these herbicides. (labbulletin.com)
- Paraquat and diquat are widely used as agriculture herbicides to control crop and aquatic weeds. (labbulletin.com)
- We analyzed the binding of paraquat (PQ) and diquat (DQ) herbicides to natural calf thymus DNA and a DNA G-quadruplex by spectrophotometric titrations, ethidium bromide exchange tests, viscometry, and melting experiments. (unipi.it)
- Paraquat and diquat belong to the same herbicide mode of action group (Group L). This group of herbicides are inhibitors of photosynthesis at photosystem I. Traits of this group include being non-selective, causing rapid plant desiccation, acting primarily as contact herbicides and having only foliar activity. (cropsmart.com.au)
- These two herbicides are highly toxic, with paraquat being one of the most toxic herbicides used in agriculture. (cropsmart.com.au)
- Paraquat was first manufactured and sold by ICI in early 1962 under the trade name Gramoxone, and is today among the most commonly used herbicides. (wikipedia.org)
- Background: Paraquat and diquat are among the most commonly used herbicides in the world. (cdc.gov)
- Ultra-high performance liquid chromatographic (UHPLC) separation of polar herbicides, paraquat and diquat using SupelTM Carbon LC column with baseline resolution, excellent peak shape, and good lot-to-lot reproducibility. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to paraquat and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 22 (Legacy D) herbicides. (weedscience.org)
- Syngenta and Chevron Chemical Company are currently facing several paraquat lawsuits for suspected negligence in manufacturing and selling dangerous herbicides containing paraquat. (schmidtandclark.com)
- Among them, glyphosate and paraquat were most frequently mentioned, far ahead of other herbicides, accounting for about 30% and 15% respectively. (blogspot.com)
Glyphosate1
- Paraquat, with its distinctive mode of action, is one of few chemical options that can be used to prevent and mitigate problems with weeds that have become resistant to the very widely used non-selective herbicide glyphosate. (wikipedia.org)
Herbicide9
- For crop-topping and desiccation the most used active ingredients are Paraquat ( Smart Paraquat 250 ) and diquat , both these products are also present in the herbicide Combination 250 . (cropsmart.com.au)
- Paraquat is classified as a non-selective contact herbicide. (wikipedia.org)
- paraquat]0 As an herbicide, paraquat acts by inhibiting photosynthesis. (wikipedia.org)
- When herbicide application site was known, the vast majority of acute paraquat-related illnesses (81%) arose from agricultural applications. (cdc.gov)
- Paraquat is a herbicide found in many weed control products (e.g. (drugsandpoisons.com)
- Paraquat is an herbicide that's commonly used in the US. (schmidtandclark.com)
- Overall, using paraquat herbicide risks developing Parkinson's disease, damaging some brain areas, and raising oxidative stress in people with already developed Parkinson's disease. (schmidtandclark.com)
- Paraquat is a toxic chemical that is widely used as an herbicide (plant killer), primarily for weed and grass control. (schmidtandclark.com)
- Paraquat is a highly toxic non-selective herbicide and is responsible for high accidental or provoked lethality rates, mainly due to respiratory failure. (bvsalud.org)
Pesticides4
- Methods: Illnesses associated with paraquat or diquat exposure occurring from 1998 through 2011 were identified from the Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks (SENSOR)- Pesticides Program, the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) Pesticide Illness Surveillance Program (PISP), and the Incident Data System (IDS). (cdc.gov)
- The two substances paraquat in the salt form ( N , N ′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride) and diquat in the salt form (1,1′-ethylene-2,2′-bipyridyldiylium dibromide) have been used as pesticides. (hindawi.com)
- The investigation reveals the presence of highly hazardous pesticides banned by the Palestinian Authority, but illegally traded into the Occupied Palestinian Territories - pesticides such as endosulfan and Dukatalon, a mix of paraquat and diquat. (ens-newswire.com)
- In addition to genetic mutations, a potential risk factor for Parkinson's disease is exposure to some toxins, such as pesticides, including the recently banned paraquat, but also diquat. (euchems.eu)
19842
- The most obvious inversion caused spray drift resulted from aerial application of Sprayseed (Paraquat/Diquat) 1 Litre ha-1 + 2,4-D Amine 500 ml + Spraying oil (1%) in 15 L ha-1 + Spraying oil (1%) in 15 L ha-1 water on a paddock at the top of a slope on 31st May, 1984. (australianmap.net)
- EVALUATION FOR ACCEPTABLE INTAKE BIOLOGICAL DATA Biochemical aspects Absorption, distribution and excretion The absorption, distribution, and excretion of paraquat in experimental animals have been reviewed by WHO (1984). (inchem.org)
Parkinson's3
- In 2007, the court annulled the directive authorizing paraquat as an active plant protection substance stating that the 2004 decision was wrong in finding that there were no indications of neurotoxicity associated with paraquat and that the studies about the link between paraquat and Parkinson's disease should have been considered. (wikipedia.org)
- Paraquat may lead to loss of function in sensitive areas of the brain, which causes Parkinson's disease. (schmidtandclark.com)
- It's also suspected that these corporations didn't include adequate warning labels and that they knew there was an increased risk of developing and worsening effects in people with developed Parkinson's disease if using paraquat. (schmidtandclark.com)
Toxic2
- Paraquat is dangerous because it's a restricted-use pesticide that's highly toxic for humans, which is why it comes with the Danger/Poison signal. (schmidtandclark.com)
- But, due to its toxic effects, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced in 2019 that paraquat users first have to go through the required training. (schmidtandclark.com)
Acute7
- Magnitude and characteristics of acute paraquat- and diquat-related illnesses in the US: 1998-2013. (cdc.gov)
- Objectives: Determine the magnitude, characteristics, and root causes for acute paraquat- and diquat-related illnesses in the US. (cdc.gov)
- Results: A total of 300 paraquat- and 144 diquat-related acute illnesses were identified by SENSOR, PISP, and IDS. (cdc.gov)
- NPDS identified 693 paraquat- and 2128 diquat-related acute illnesses. (cdc.gov)
- In SENSOR/PISP/IDS, paraquat and diquat-related acute illnesses were work-related in 68% (n=203) and 29% (n=42) of cases, respectively. (cdc.gov)
- Conclusions: Although the magnitude of acute paraquat/diquat-related illnesses was relatively low, several fatalities were identified. (cdc.gov)
- Paraquat is a restricted-use pesticide because it has a high level of acute toxicity to people. (schmidtandclark.com)
Toxicity2
- Paraquat has the ability to interrupt electron transfer processes in biological systems, and its toxicity arises from eruption of electron transport in living organisms. (hindawi.com)
- Diquat toxicity somewhat resembles the toxicity of orellanine, by injuring the kidneys and exhibiting a prolonged intoxication period. (hindawi.com)
Exposure2
- Today we'll explain what products have paraquat and what to do in case of paraquat exposure. (schmidtandclark.com)
- Recent research has shown that paraquat exposure can lead to severe medical issues. (schmidtandclark.com)
Ingestion1
- Nineteen paraquat-related deaths were due to ingestion, seven of which were unintentional, often due to improper storage in beverage bottles. (cdc.gov)
Electron transfer1
- Paraquat is an oxidant that interferes with electron transfer, a process that is common to all life. (wikipedia.org)
Weeds1
- Paraquat has more activity on grasses while diquat has more activity on broadleaf weeds. (cropsmart.com.au)
Reduction1
- OTHER PROPERTIES Solutions of paraquat become intensely purple on reduction, due to the formation of a water soluble, relatively stable free radical, which absorbs at 400 nm. (inchem.org)
Agriculture2
- According to an October 2021 estimate, the use of paraquat in US agriculture as mapped by the US Geological Survey showed a doubling from 2013 to 2018, reaching 10,000,000 pounds (4,500,000 kg) annually. (wikipedia.org)
- Those at the highest risk include agriculture workers and farm owners, adjacent agricultural workers and farm owners, and schoolchildren who go to rural schools near farms that use paraquat. (schmidtandclark.com)
Active1
- This training is obligatory for all products with paraquat as an active ingredient to avoid health risks. (schmidtandclark.com)
Brazil1
- Paraquat, although banned in Brazil in 2020, continues to be used illegally. (bvsalud.org)
Agricultural1
- Agricultural workers are most usually exposed to paraquat. (schmidtandclark.com)
Products2
- What Products Contain Paraquat? (schmidtandclark.com)
- Nowadays, paraquat dangerous products are prohibited in 32 countries worldwide, including China, who's the largest paraquat manufacturer. (schmidtandclark.com)
Determine2
- The method described in AN 1051 demonstrates that use of on-line SPE-HPLC to determine paraquat and diquat in water samples offers the advantages of full automation, the absence of operator influence, time savings, and strict process control. (labbulletin.com)
- Knowing paraquat manufacturers can help you determine whether you've been exposed or not. (schmidtandclark.com)
Group1
- A small group of countries, including India and Guatemala and supported by manufacturers, have blocked the listing of paraquat as a hazardous chemical for the purposes of the Rotterdam Convention. (wikipedia.org)
Risk1
- Contamination of drinking and environmental waters with paraquat and diquat is considered a risk factor for liver, heart, lung, and kidney illnesses. (labbulletin.com)
Include2
- FORMULATIONS These include aqueous concentrates (100 - 240 g/l) and water-soluble granules (24 g/kg) of paraquat dichloride. (inchem.org)
- COMBINATIONS These include mixtures of paraquat with diquat (e.g. (inchem.org)
Form1
- In forming these reactive oxygen species, the oxidized form of paraquat is regenerated, and is again available to shunt electrons from photosystem I to restart the cycle. (wikipedia.org)
Found2
- Following oral single-dose administration of 4 - 6 mg/kg b.w. 14 C-paraquat dichloride to rats, 99 - 102% of the administered dose was found in the faeces (93 - 96%) and in the urine (6%) within 3 days. (inchem.org)
- Another study found that paraquat has a chemical structure very similar to MPTP. (schmidtandclark.com)
Continues1
- There is an ongoing international campaign for a global ban, but the cheap and popular paraquat continues to be unrestricted in most developing countries. (wikipedia.org)
Manufacturers1
- There are many manufacturers of paraquat in the US. (schmidtandclark.com)
Plant2
- Down Garden Services recommends pulling and composting the plant or applying a treatment of Paraquat or Diquat to eliminate it. (gardenguides.com)
- The plant can also be treated with Paraquat or Diquat. (gardenguides.com)